Current Worldwide Trends in Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Search
3. Pediatric H. pylori Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia
4. Pediatric H. pylori Antimicrobial Resistance in America
5. Pediatric H. pylori Antimicrobial Resistance in Africa
6. Pediatric H. pylori Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe
Continents | Countries | Antibiotics Resistance Rate (%) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clarithromycin | Metronidazole | Amoxicillin | Levofloxacin | Clarithromycin + Metronidazole | Tetracycline | Others | Observations | |||||||||
Asia | General (Savoldi et al. [33] | Primary 10% | Secondary 15% | Primary 51% | Secondary 44% | Primary 2% or less | Secondary – | Primary 2% or less | Secondary 24% | Primary – | Secondary – | Primary – | Secondary – | – | – | |
Turkey | 24.8% to 36.7% [45] 40% [46] | 33.7% to 35.5% [45] | 0.9% [45] | 23.7% [45] | – | 3.5% [45] | – | |||||||||
China | 55.2% [53] | 71.3% [53] | - | 18.4% [53] | - | - | 60.9% for Rifampicin [53] | Eradication rates of the genotype-guided therapy were superior to that of phenotype-guided therapy—92% [52] | ||||||||
20.6% [54] | 68.8% [54] | 0 [54] | 9% [54] | - | - | No resistance to furazolidone and gentamycin [54] | – | |||||||||
Iran | 12.2% [66] | 71% [66] | 20.4% [66] | - | - | - |
|
| ||||||||
Korea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14-day quadruple therapy (bismuth, amoxicillin or tetracycline, metronidazole, and proton pump inhibitor—PPI) the optimal choice taking into account the lack of initial testing for H. pylori antibiotic susceptibility [58]; rifabutin an option in this population [58] | ||||||||
Vietnam | Primary 34.1% [59] | Secondary 74.9% [59] | Primary 69.4% [59] | Secondary 61.5% [59] | Primary 15% [59] | Secondary (9.5%) [59] | Primary 27.9% [59] | Secondary 45.7% | - | Primary 17.9% [59] | Secondary 23.5% [59] | - | Primary 48.8% for multidrug resistance [59] | Secondary 62.3% multidrug resistance [59] | ||
80.6% [60] 92.1% [61] | 80.6% [60] 14.5% [61] | 71.7% [60] 50% [61] | 45.1% [60] 31.6% [61] | - | 11.4% [60] 0% [61] | - | - | |||||||||
Israel | Primary 9.5% [62] | Secondary 29% [62] | Primary 32.6% [62] | Secondary 61% [62] | - | - | Primary 4.2% [62] | Secondary 18% [62] | - | - | - | |||||
America (North, South, and Latin) | General (Savoldi et al. [33] | Primary 10% | Secondary 18% | - | - | Primary 10% [33] | Secondary 7% [33] | Primary 15% | Secondary 22% [33] | Primary 0 [33] | Secondary 0 [33] | - | – | – | ||
Peru | 79.6% [67] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||
Brasilia | 19.5% [28] | 40% [28] | 10.4% [28] | - | - | 0 for tetracycline [28] | 0% for furazolidone [28] | - | ||||||||
Columbia | (8%) [69] | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
Chile | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 67% of the patients in whom the clarithromycin-based standard triple therapy failed carried A2143G mutations [70] | ||||||||
Africa | General (Savoldi et al. [33] | 15% [33] | 91% [33] | 38% [33] | 14% [33] | - | 13% [33] | - | - | |||||||
Jaka et al. [71] | 29.2% [71] | 75.8% [71] | 72.6% [71] | - | - | 48.7% [71] | - | 17.4% of the H. pylori isolated → resistant to quinolones [71] | ||||||||
Algeria | 13% [72] | 37% [72] | no resistance [72] | - | no resistance [72] | - | - | - | ||||||||
Kenya | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sequential therapy—higher eradication rate as compared to conventional triple therapy [73] | ||||||||
Europe | General (Savoldi et al. [33] | Primary 18% [33] | Secondary 48% [33] | Primary 32% [33] | Secondary 48% [33] | - | Primary 11% [33] | Secondary 19% [33] | Primary 1% [33] | Secondary 18% [33] | - | - | - | |||
Spain | 44.9% [75] 34.7% | 16.3% [75] 16.9% [76] | 2% [75] | 7.9% [75] | - | - | - | - | ||||||||
Poland | 33.3% [77] 38.9% [78] 54.5% [82] | 44.8% [77] 27.8% [78] 31.8%, [82] | - | - | - | - | 1.9% simultaneous resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin [77] | - | ||||||||
Slovenia | 23.4% [83] | 20.2% [83] | 1% [83] | 2.8% [83] | 11.5% [83] | No resistance [83] | 2.9% to metronidazole and levofloxacin and 2.8% clarithromycin and levofloxacin [83] | - | ||||||||
Germany | 45% [84] | 59% [84] | 20% [84] | - | - | - | Multiple resistant strains in 16% of the cases [84] | - | ||||||||
Croatia | 11.9% [85] | 10.1% [85] | 0.6% [85] | - | - | - | Azithromycin (17.9%) [85] | - | ||||||||
Sweden | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Clarithromycin should not be used as first-line empirical therapy in children detected with H. pylori infection [86] | ||||||||
Italia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Clarithromycin should be used in children harboring H. pylori strains with proved clarithromycin susceptibility [87] | ||||||||
Portugal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Triple therapy consisting of amoxicillin and metronidazole as well as bismuth-based therapy might be the most suitable [88] |
7. H. pylori Resistance and Treatment Failure
8. Eradication Strategies for Preventing H. pylori Antimicrobial Resistance
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Borka Balas, R.; Meliț, L.E.; Mărginean, C.O. Current Worldwide Trends in Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance. Children 2023, 10, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020403
Borka Balas R, Meliț LE, Mărginean CO. Current Worldwide Trends in Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance. Children. 2023; 10(2):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020403
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorka Balas, Reka, Lorena Elena Meliț, and Cristina Oana Mărginean. 2023. "Current Worldwide Trends in Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance" Children 10, no. 2: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020403