Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Permanent Hearing Impairment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Eligibility
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Instrument
- Parental distress (12 items), reflecting personal factors that contribute to stress in the role of the parent;
- Parent–child dysfunctional interaction (12 items), examining the parent’s perception that the child is not responding to their expectations as well as the lack of reinforcement in the parent–child relationship;
- Difficult child (12 items), considering key characteristics of the child that may make them difficult to manage, including traits related to their temperament and acquired patterns of defiance, disobedience and demanding behavior.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Child Gender | ||
Male | 56 | 68 |
Female | 26 | 32 |
Child age | ||
<24 months | 19 | 23 |
25–36 months | 28 | 34 |
>36 months | 35 | 43 |
Mother’s school education | ||
Primary/middle school | 35 | 43 |
High school/degree | 47 | 57 |
Mother’s job | ||
Housewife | 57/82 | 69 |
Employed | 25/82 | 31 |
Mother’s age | ||
18–25 years | 8 | 10 |
26–34 years | 39 | 47 |
35–37 years | 35 | 43 |
Other brothers and sisters | ||
Yes | 42 | 51 |
No | 40 | 49 |
Hearing loss severity | ||
Mild | 22 | 27 |
Severe | 16 | 19.5 |
Profound | 44 | 53.6 |
Presence of cognitive delay | 35 | 43 |
Hearing loss familiarity | 17 | 22 |
Low birth weight | 36 | 45 |
Positivity for connexin 26 mutation | 19 | 23 |
Congenital infections | 9 | 12 |
Syndromes/craniofacial malformation | 32 | 39 |
Time of diagnosis | ||
<6 months | 32 | 39 |
7–12 months | 26 | 32 |
13–24 months | 12 | 15 |
>25 months | 8 | 10 |
Cochlear implant | 30 | 37 |
PSI subscales (Values > 85 centile) | ||
Parental distress | 16 | 19.5 |
Dysfunctional parent–child interaction | 24 | 29 |
Difficult child | 31 | 38 |
Overall stress | 26 | 32 |
Defensive response | 16 | 19 |
Variables | Stress > 85 Centile Number (%) | Odds Ratio (IC 95%) | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
Child Gender | |||
Male (n = 56) | 17 (30) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 0.7 |
Female (n = 26) | 9 (34) | ||
Child age | |||
<36 months (n = 47) | 15 (32) | 1 (0.4–2.6) | 0.9 |
>36 months (n = 35) | 11 (31) | ||
Mother’s age | |||
<35 years (n = 47) | 14 (30) | 0.8 (0.3–2) | 0.6 |
>35 years (n = 35) | 12 (34) | ||
Other brothers and sisters | |||
Yes (n = 42) | 14 (33) | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | 0.7 |
No (n = 40) | 12 (30) | ||
Low birth weight | |||
Yes (n = 36) | 12 (33) | 0.8 (0.3–2) | 0.6 |
No (n = 46) | 14 (30) | ||
Mother’s school education | |||
≤8 years (n = 35) | 16 (46) | 3.1 (1.1–9.1) | 0.02 * |
>8 years (n = 47) | 10 (21) | ||
Mother’s job | |||
Housewife (n = 57) | 20 (35) | 1.7 (0.5–5.7) | 0.3 |
Outside home (n = 25) | 6 (24) | ||
Hearing loss severity | |||
Mild (n = 22) | 4 (18) | ||
Severe (n = 16) | 6 (37) | ||
Deep (n = 44) | 16 (36) | 0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 0.1 |
Connexin 26 homozygosis | |||
Yes (n = 19) | 3 (16) | 0.35 (0.07–1.5) | 0.1 |
No (n = 52) | 18 (35) | ||
Hearing loss familiarity | |||
Yes (n = 17) | 7 (41) | 1.7 (0.5–6.0) | 0.3 |
No (n = 59) | 17 (29) | ||
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) | |||
Yes (n = 36) | 14 (39) | 1.9 (0.7–5.5) | 0.2 |
No (n = 44) | 11 (25) | ||
Syndromes/dysmorphisms | |||
Yes (n = 32) | 14 (44) | 2.4 (0.8–7.0) | 0.07 |
No (n = 49) | 12 (24.5) | ||
Congenital infections | |||
Yes (n = 9) | 6 (67) | 5.9 (1.1–39) | 0.02 * |
No (n = 67) | 17 (25) | ||
Craniofacial anomalies | |||
Yes (n = 11) | 6 (54.5) | 3.2 (0.7–15) | 0.1 |
No (n = 70) | 19 (27) | ||
Presence of cognitive delay | |||
Yes (n = 35) | 15 (43) | 4.1 (1.2–14.9) | 0.01 * |
No (n = 39) | 6 (15) | ||
Cochlear implant | |||
Yes (n = 30) | 7 (23) | 0.5 (0.02–1.6) | 0.2 |
No (n = 52) | 19 (36) | ||
Months from diagnosis | |||
<6 (n = 32) | 8 (25) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 0.3 |
>7 (n = 46) | 17 (37) |
Variables | Stress > 85 Centile Number (%) | Odds Ratio (IC 95%) | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
<85 Centile | ≥85 Centile | |||
Cochlear implant Yes | 23 | 7 | ||
Cochlear implant No | 15 | 15 | 3.29 (0.96–11.6) | 0.05 |
Cochlear implant Yes | ||||
Mother’s school education ≤ 8 years | 10 | 3 | ||
Mother’s school education > 8 years | 13 | 4 | 1.0 (0.14–7.0) | ns |
Cochlear implant No | ||||
Mother’s school education ≤ 8 years | 9 | 13 | 0.17 (0.04–0.69) | 0.01 |
Mother’s school education > 8 years | 24 | 6 |
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Continisio, G.I.; D’Errico, D.; Toscano, S.; Maldonato, N.M.; De Falco, R.; Nunziata, F.; Rodio, A.; Casarella, A.; Del Vecchio, V.; Fetoni, A.R.; et al. Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Permanent Hearing Impairment. Children 2023, 10, 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030517
Continisio GI, D’Errico D, Toscano S, Maldonato NM, De Falco R, Nunziata F, Rodio A, Casarella A, Del Vecchio V, Fetoni AR, et al. Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Permanent Hearing Impairment. Children. 2023; 10(3):517. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030517
Chicago/Turabian StyleContinisio, Grazia Isabella, Domenico D’Errico, Silvia Toscano, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, Raffaella De Falco, Francesco Nunziata, Angelica Rodio, Antonio Casarella, Valeria Del Vecchio, Anna Rita Fetoni, and et al. 2023. "Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Permanent Hearing Impairment" Children 10, no. 3: 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030517