Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators

A special issue of Actuators (ISSN 2076-0825). This special issue belongs to the section "Miniaturized and Micro Actuators".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 19602

Special Issue Editors

Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: electromagnetics; active magnetic bearing; mechanical vibration; magnetic-levitated rotating machinery; vibration and noise control; nuclear power engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Interests: magnetic bearings; vibration control; rotor dynamics; mechatronics; rotating machinery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
Interests: Magnetic levitation technology;Magnetic bearings;Magnetic actuators applications;Active vehicle suspension using magnetic actuators
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
Interests: magnetic levitation; robotics in applied electromagnetics and mechanics; advanced magnetic engineering; dynamics; control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnetic actuators are actuators which use magnetic force or Lorentz force, and are widely used in industry, defense, aviation, aerospace, and daily life. Magnetic actuators integrate electromagnetism, electronic technology, superconducting and cryogenic technology, control engineering, signal processing, mechanics, and dynamics. They have attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad, thus representing a research hotspot in related fields. In order to solve the basic scientific problems and key technical problems related to magnetic actuators, and gather the frontier achievements of magnetic actuators and vibration control, Actuators has set up a Special Issue, titled "Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators", which is addressed to all types of designed actuators using the magnetic force or Lorentz force.

This Special Issue also cooperates with the 10th Chinese Symposium on Magnetic Levitation Technology and Vibration Control (https://csve.scimall.org.cn/meeting/CSMLVC10/), held on 29 July–1 August 2022, Shenyang, China. Authors of outstanding papers on topics related to the Special Issue presented at the conference are invited to submit extended versions of their work to this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Suyuan Yu
Prof. Dr. Jin Zhou
Prof. Dr. Feng Sun
Dr. Ming Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Actuators is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnetic bearing
  • maglev traffic
  • magnetic drive
  • magnetic vibration isolation
  • magnetic vibration control
  • magnetic cross field

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 7278 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on Unbalance Response of Dual-Rotor System Based on Nonlinear Bearing Characteristics of Active Magnetic Bearings
by Nianxian Wang, Mingzheng Liu, Junfu Yao, Pingping Ge and Huachun Wu
Actuators 2023, 12(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12020086 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
The magnetic suspended dual-rotor system (MSDS) has the advantage of a high power density. The system can be used in high-speed rotating machinery. The major purpose of this study is to predict the unbalance response of the MSDS considering the nonlinear bearing characteristics [...] Read more.
The magnetic suspended dual-rotor system (MSDS) has the advantage of a high power density. The system can be used in high-speed rotating machinery. The major purpose of this study is to predict the unbalance response of the MSDS considering the nonlinear bearing characteristics of active magnetic bearings (AMBs). Firstly, the nonlinear bearing model was established by a non-linear magnetic circuit method (NMCM). The model considers magnetic flux leakage, magnetic saturation, and working position flotation accurately. Then, the dynamic model of the system was established by using the finite element method and solved by the Newmark-β method. Finally, the effects of external load, rotational speeds, and control parameters were studied. Axial trajectory diagrams, stability zone diagrams, and waterfall diagrams were employed to analyze the dynamic behaviors of the MSDS. The results indicate that the external load, rotational speeds, and control parameters have a significant impact on the unbalance response of the system. Super harmonics of rotational frequencies and their combined frequencies may be excited by heavy load conditions. Appropriate control parameters can suppress the nonlinear phenomena. The obtained results of this research will contribute to the design and fault diagnosis of MSDSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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20 pages, 7426 KiB  
Article
Research on the Residual Vibration Suppression of Delta Robots Based on the Dual-Modal Input Shaping Method
by Zhongfeng Guo, Jianqiang Zhang and Peisen Zhang
Actuators 2023, 12(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12020084 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
The Delta robot is a high-speed and high-precision parallel robot. When it is in function, the end effector generates residual vibration, which reduces the repeat positioning accuracy and positioning efficiency. The input shaping method has previously been shown to suppress the residual vibration [...] Read more.
The Delta robot is a high-speed and high-precision parallel robot. When it is in function, the end effector generates residual vibration, which reduces the repeat positioning accuracy and positioning efficiency. The input shaping method has previously been shown to suppress the residual vibration of the robot, but the vibration suppression effect of the single-modal input shaper is not good for the delta robot, which has multiple dominant modes for the residual vibration. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an effective method for residual vibration suppression of Delta robots based on dual-modal input shaping technology. Firstly, the modal analysis of the Delta robot is performed using finite element software, and the dominant modal of its residual vibration is determined. Secondly, six dual-modal input shapers are designed according to the obtained modal parameters. Finally, Simulink is used for simulation analysis to verify the robustness and vibration suppression performance of the designed six dual-modal input shapers and traditional single-modal input shapers. The simulation results show that the designed ZVD-EI dual-modal input shaper has good robustness, can effectively suppress the residual vibration of the Delta robot, and can effectively improve the repetitive positioning accuracy and work efficiency of the Delta robot when it is running at high speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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17 pages, 6905 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of Permanent and Electromagnet Composite Vibration Isolation System Based on Negative Stiffness Theory
by Mingda Zhai, Bo Zhang, Xiaolong Li and Zhiqiang Long
Actuators 2023, 12(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12010044 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
In order to decrease the transmission of vibration and achieve the attenuation of the vibration magnitude of an isolated object, a new type of permanent and electromagnet composite vibration isolation system is designed based on negative stiffness theory. Firstly, according to the characteristic [...] Read more.
In order to decrease the transmission of vibration and achieve the attenuation of the vibration magnitude of an isolated object, a new type of permanent and electromagnet composite vibration isolation system is designed based on negative stiffness theory. Firstly, according to the characteristic analysis, the design of a permanent and electromagnet hybrid actuator is accomplished; secondly, the vibration isolation system model is established, and the active control strategy based on the fuzzy PID algorithm is designed. Finally, a test platform is built to verify the vibration isolation effect. The results indicate that the developed permanent and electromagnet composite vibration isolation system renders the sharp attenuation of external vibration in multiple frequency bands. When the external vibration frequency is within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 100 Hz, the vibration attenuation is greater than 80%; when the external vibration frequency is within the frequency range of 100 Hz to 500 Hz, the vibration attenuation rate is greater than 90%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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14 pages, 5911 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Notch Filter Insertion Position for Natural Frequency Vibration Suppression in a Magnetic Suspended Flywheel Energy Storage System
by Hongjin Hu, Jingbo Wei, Haoze Wang, Peng Xiao, Yuan Zeng and Kun Liu
Actuators 2023, 12(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12010022 - 04 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1573
Abstract
The composite material flywheel rotor of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) has a low natural frequency. When the system suffers from noise interference, the magnetic bearing generates a force with the same frequency as the natural frequency and causes vibration to occur. [...] Read more.
The composite material flywheel rotor of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) has a low natural frequency. When the system suffers from noise interference, the magnetic bearing generates a force with the same frequency as the natural frequency and causes vibration to occur. Thus, it is necessary to suppress the natural vibration of the magnetic suspended (MS) FESS. The LMS adaptive notch filter is generally adopted for vibration suppression. The vibration suppression performance of the system is different when the insertion position of the notch filter is different. This paper analyzes the influence of the notch filter in different insertion positions of the control system. Through the transfer function from noise to magnetic bearing force, theoretical analysis of the influence of different positions of the notch filter is performed. Corresponding experiments are performed in a 500 kW MS FESS prototype. The theoretical analysis is verified experimentally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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20 pages, 6494 KiB  
Article
Improvement in Position Response of Laser Focus Controlled Magnetic Actuator Based on Mixed Sensitivity Robust Control
by Liping Wu, Ling Tong, Guang Yang, Qi Zhang, Fangchao Xu, Junjie Jin, Xiaoyou Zhang and Feng Sun
Actuators 2023, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12010004 - 21 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1223
Abstract
The relative position between the laser beam and the nozzle is controlled by laser-focus-controlled magnetic actuators to achieve non-coaxial laser cutting and improve laser cutting efficiency. In this paper, a 3-DOF (degrees of freedom) magnetic actuator is designed to solve the inconsistency of [...] Read more.
The relative position between the laser beam and the nozzle is controlled by laser-focus-controlled magnetic actuators to achieve non-coaxial laser cutting and improve laser cutting efficiency. In this paper, a 3-DOF (degrees of freedom) magnetic actuator is designed to solve the inconsistency of the laser beam focus and the nozzle focus in off-axis laser cutting. A mixed sensitivity robust controller is designed, and its simulation analysis and experimental research are carried out. First, the kinetic mathematical equations are established according to the structure of the actuator. Then, a mixed sensitivity robust controller is designed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. The control performance is simulated and analyzed under 20% parameter variation and pulse disturbance with an uncertain mathematical model and external disturbance, respectively. Finally, the experimental study of the step response of the actuator is carried out. The experimental results show that the step response of the actuator in the Y, X, and θ directions can quickly reach the steady-state value. Furthermore, the steady-state error in the X is 1.6%; the steady-state error in the Y is 0.39%; the steady-state error in the θ is 0.45%. Their errors are all less than 0.025 mm, so they meet the position performance requirements. It can provide technical support for laser off-axis cutting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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16 pages, 8572 KiB  
Article
Characteristics Analysis of an Electromagnetic Actuator for Magnetic Levitation Transportation
by Junjie Jin, Xin Wang, Chuan Zhao, Fangchao Xu, Wenzhe Pei, Yuhang Liu and Feng Sun
Actuators 2022, 11(12), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11120377 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1833
Abstract
In this article, an electromagnetic actuator is proposed to improve the driving performance of magnetic levitation transportation applied to ultra-clean manufacturing. The electromagnetic actuator mainly includes the stator with the Halbach array and the mover with a symmetrical structure. First, the actuator principle [...] Read more.
In this article, an electromagnetic actuator is proposed to improve the driving performance of magnetic levitation transportation applied to ultra-clean manufacturing. The electromagnetic actuator mainly includes the stator with the Halbach array and the mover with a symmetrical structure. First, the actuator principle and structure are illustrated. Afterward, in order to select a suitable secondary structure and analyze the characteristics of the actuator, the electromagnetic characteristics of actuators with different secondary structures are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). Analysis results show that the actuator adopting the secondary structure with a Halbach array will increase the electromagnetic force and working stability. The secondary with the three-section Halbach array is selected for the electromagnetic actuator. Then, the influence of secondary permanent magnet (PM) thickness on the electromagnetic force is analyzed by FEM. The results indicate that the increase in PM thickness will lead to increased electromagnetic force and decreased utilization ratio of PM. Finally, a prototype of an electromagnetic actuator is built, and experiments are implemented. The correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the electromagnetic actuator are verified by experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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17 pages, 3970 KiB  
Article
Research on an Intelligent Control Method of a Magnetic Actuator for Micro Electrical Discharge Machining
by Chengcheng Xu, Fangchao Xu, Feng Sun, Xiaoyou Zhang, Junjie Jin, Boran Luan and Koichi Oka
Actuators 2022, 11(12), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11120371 - 09 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1466
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is not limited to the strength and hardness of conductive materials, and is a non-contact special processing technology. In micro-EDM, there are problems such as untimely axial positioning, unstable inter-electrode machining voltage, and difficulty in discharging inter-electrode electric erosion [...] Read more.
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is not limited to the strength and hardness of conductive materials, and is a non-contact special processing technology. In micro-EDM, there are problems such as untimely axial positioning, unstable inter-electrode machining voltage, and difficulty in discharging inter-electrode electric erosion products. This paper considers a magnetic actuator with fast response and high accuracy as the local actuator for a micro-EDM. By introducing a domain adjustment mechanism, a variable domain fuzzy PID controller was designed to control the inter-electrode voltage control system of the magnetic actuator for micro-EDM using an intelligent control strategy. During the micro-EDM machining process, the controlled magnetic actuator drives the tool electrode in the axial direction for rapid micro-positioning, thus maintaining effective inter-electrode machining voltage and achieving a high-speed and high precision EDM. Simulation and experimental results showed that compared with traditional micro-EDM, the machining efficiency of the variable domain fuzzy PID control magnetic actuator, and traditional micro-EDM cooperative control, was increased by 40%, the machining process was more stable, and the quality of the machined surface was better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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15 pages, 5571 KiB  
Article
Energy-Harvesting Characteristics of a Dual-Mode Magnetic Suspension for Vehicles: Analysis and Experimental Verification
by Weikang Jiang, Yuanyuan Song, Yongming Xu, Ran Zhou, Feng Sun and Xiaoyou Zhang
Actuators 2022, 11(12), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11120363 - 03 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1451
Abstract
The advantages of the proposed dual-mode magnetic suspension are it having a high level of safety and a compact structure compared with the previous studies. However, the structure parameters can affect the energy harvesting of the suspension system. Therefore, this paper aims to [...] Read more.
The advantages of the proposed dual-mode magnetic suspension are it having a high level of safety and a compact structure compared with the previous studies. However, the structure parameters can affect the energy harvesting of the suspension system. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the energy-harvesting characteristics of the proposed dual-mode magnetic suspension. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the proposed suspension are introduced. Then, the influences of the various parameters for the actuator on the energy regeneration characteristics are analyzed by the finite element method, such as the magnetic ring, the fixed plug thickness, the heat dissipation, and the air gap, and the actuator parameters are defined by the orthogonal analysis method. Furthermore, the numerical results of the energy harvesting are calculated. Finally, the vibration experimental setup is manufactured, and the simulation analysis is verified by the experiment. The results demonstrate that the excitation amplitude is 3.1 mm, the frequency is 18 Hz, and the maximum induced EMF is 8.8 V. Additionally, compared with passive suspension, the energy harvesting of the proposed suspension has been verified in the laboratory, which lays the foundation for the design and analysis of the dual-mode magnetic suspension in a real vehicle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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17 pages, 10110 KiB  
Article
High Precision Magnetic Levitation Actuator for Micro-EDM
by Boran Luan, Xiaoyou Zhang, Fangchao Xu, Guang Yang, Junjie Jin, Chengcheng Xu, Feng Sun and Koichi Oka
Actuators 2022, 11(12), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11120361 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1767
Abstract
Aiming at the efficiency and precision in micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) is affected because the interpole voltage is unstable in conventional micro-EDM. This paper describes a five-degrees-of-freedom (5-DOF) controlled, wide-bandwidth, and high-precision magnetic levitation actuator. The conventional micro-EDM can install the actuator [...] Read more.
Aiming at the efficiency and precision in micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) is affected because the interpole voltage is unstable in conventional micro-EDM. This paper describes a five-degrees-of-freedom (5-DOF) controlled, wide-bandwidth, and high-precision magnetic levitation actuator. The conventional micro-EDM can install the actuator to maintain a stable interpole voltage between the electrode and workpiece to realize the high-speed micro-EDM. In this paper, the structure of the magnetic levitation actuator is designed, and the magnetic field characteristics are analyzed. On this basis, an integrator and regulator are used along with a controller with local current feedback to eliminate steady-state errors, stabilize the control system, and improve the bandwidth and positioning accuracy of the magnetic levitation actuator, and the dynamic performance of the actuator is evaluated. The experimental results show that the developed actuator has excellent positioning performance with micron-level positioning accuracy to meet the demand for the real-time, rapid, and accurate adjustment of the interpole gap during micro-EDM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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13 pages, 5413 KiB  
Article
Unbalance Vibration Suppression of Maglev High-Speed Motor Based on the Least-Mean-Square
by Huachun Wu, Mengying Yu, Chunsheng Song and Nianxian Wang
Actuators 2022, 11(12), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11120348 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1304
Abstract
The harmonic response caused by unbalanced excitation vibration for the high-speed rotating machinery will reduce the control accuracy and stability of the maglev high-speed motor, and limit the increase of its speed. When the active magnetic bearing is used to solve the unbalanced [...] Read more.
The harmonic response caused by unbalanced excitation vibration for the high-speed rotating machinery will reduce the control accuracy and stability of the maglev high-speed motor, and limit the increase of its speed. When the active magnetic bearing is used to solve the unbalanced vibration, it will increase additional electromagnetic force and energy consumption, sometimes leading to the saturation of the power amplifier, and will transfer to the bearing foundation, causing the foundation to vibrate. In this paper, we analyzed periodic unbalance excitation force and the principle of rotor unbalanced vibration suppression, and the unbalance vibration model of the maglev rotor is derived. The Least-Mean-Square (LMS) algorithm is introduced into the PID control, an unbalance vibration control strategy based on real-time filtering compensation of rotor displacement signal is proposed, the vibration is eliminated by filtering the synchronous frequency and harmonic signal of the input of the PID control. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the maglev rotor’s rotation accuracy, reduce the magnetic bearing’s maximum control current, and decrease the vibration of the supporting foundation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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13 pages, 5125 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Trajectory Tracking Characteristics of a Magnetically Driven Oil-Free Scroll Compressor
by Ce Shi, Feng Sun, Fangchao Xu, Junjie Jin, Ling Tong, Qing Zhou and Koichi Oka
Actuators 2022, 11(11), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11110312 - 27 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1299
Abstract
The conventional scroll compressor cannot run oil-free because of wear and tear and lubrication problems during operation due to some parts, such as anti-rotation devices. The magnetic drive oil-free scroll compressor (MDOFSC) uses a contactless drive method to avoid this drawback. In order [...] Read more.
The conventional scroll compressor cannot run oil-free because of wear and tear and lubrication problems during operation due to some parts, such as anti-rotation devices. The magnetic drive oil-free scroll compressor (MDOFSC) uses a contactless drive method to avoid this drawback. In order to solve the swing problem of the orbiting scroll during the operation of the MDOFSC, decentralized control and centralized control are used to study the trajectory tracking characteristics. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the MDOFSC are introduced, and the system’s magnetic circuit and differential control principle are analyzed. Then, the dynamic model of the MDOFSC under the condition of non-compressed gas is established, and the coordinate matrix decoupling method is used to analyze the relationship between the degree of freedom of the system and the measurement distance of the displacement sensor. Finally, the system is simulated and experimentally studied under centralized PID control, and the experimental comparison study between decentralized control and centralized control is conducted. The results show that centralized control dramatically improves the trajectory control ability of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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15 pages, 3942 KiB  
Article
Dynamic and Thermal Investigations of the Forward Dry-Friction Whirl/Whip of a Vertical Rotor-AMB System during Touchdowns
by Zilin Li, Mindong Lyu, Guojun Yang, Jingjing Zhao, Yuming Wang and Zixi Wang
Actuators 2022, 11(10), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11100291 - 11 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1311
Abstract
When an active magnetic bearing (AMB) rotor drops, it impacts the touchdown bearing (TDB) and produces friction on its surface. The vertical AMB rotor has no stable support in the radial direction, and the rotor exhibits a violent whirl motion in the gap [...] Read more.
When an active magnetic bearing (AMB) rotor drops, it impacts the touchdown bearing (TDB) and produces friction on its surface. The vertical AMB rotor has no stable support in the radial direction, and the rotor exhibits a violent whirl motion in the gap of the TDB. In this study, a complete dynamic and thermal model of the AMB-rotor-TDB system was established, and the complete drop process was simulated. When the rotor dropped, it obtained stable support after several bounces on the thrust surface of the TDB inner ring in the axial direction. In the radial direction, the rotor entered whirl motion after the initial collisions. There is a natural whirl frequency so that the drop forward whirl is divided into the dry-friction whirl and whip states. The contact force and heat generation of the TDB were monitored in the simulation and had different performancs in the two states. Both the initial collisions and the stabilized whirl motions were studied to evaluate the reliability of the TDB. Finally, a series of drop tests were performed, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators)
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