International Journal of Plant Biology

11 pages, 956 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Growth-Promoting Ability of Serratia liquefaciens UNJFSC 002, a Rhizobacterium Involved in Potato Production

by Cristina Andrade Alvarado, Zoila Honorio Durand, Pedro M. Rodriguez-Grados, Dennis Lloclla Tineo, Diego Hiroshi Takei, Carlos I. Arbizu and Sergio Contreras-Liza

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030082 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Several strains of the genus Serratia isolated from the rhizosphere of crops are plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that may possess various traits associated with nitrogen metabolism, auxin production, and other characteristics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro [...] Read more.

Several strains of the genus Serratia isolated from the rhizosphere of crops are plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that may possess various traits associated with nitrogen metabolism, auxin production, and other characteristics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the growth-promoting activity of S. liquefaciens UNJFSC 002 in potato plants. This strain was inoculated into potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to determine the bacterial strain’s ability to promote growth under controlled conditions. It was found that the S. liquefaciens strain UNJFSC 002 had a significantly greater effect on the fresh and dry weight of the foliage and induced a higher tuber weight per plant and larger tuber diameter compared to the uninoculated potato plants (p < 0.05). Additionally, in vitro, the strain demonstrated the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), as well as the capacity to solubilise tricalcium phosphate in the laboratory. This research reveals the potential of S. liquefaciens UNJFSC 002 as an inoculant to improve potato production, demonstrating its ability to promote the growth and productivity of potato varieties suitable for direct consumption and processing under controlled conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Characterization of Diaspores, Seed Germination and Estimation of Reproductive Phenology of Cereus fernambucensis (Cactaceae)

by João Henrique Constantino Sales Silva, Aline das Graças Souza and Edna Ursulino Alves

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030081 - 22 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study the objective was to morphologically characterize fruits, seeds and seedlings of Cereus fernambucensis Lem., as well as evaluate the seed germination and phenological dynamics of these columnar cacti, native to Brazil, which occur in restinga ecosystems. Biometric and morphological determinations [...] Read more.

In this study the objective was to morphologically characterize fruits, seeds and seedlings of Cereus fernambucensis Lem., as well as evaluate the seed germination and phenological dynamics of these columnar cacti, native to Brazil, which occur in restinga ecosystems. Biometric and morphological determinations were performed using 100 fruits, describing seed morphology in external and internal aspects and considering five stages of development for the characterization of seedlings. In the study of seed germination, two light conditions (12 h photoperiod and complete darkness) were tested under 25 °C, in a completely randomized design with four replicates of 50 seeds each. In the estimation of reproductive phenology, information was collected from herbarium specimens on the SpeciesLink online platform, and the exsiccatae were analyzed for the notes on their labels to evaluate reproductive aspects. Fruits showed an average mass of 21.11 g, length of 44.76 mm, diameter of 28.77 mm and about 336 seeds per fruit. Seeds behave as positive photoblastic, with a high percentage of germination under controlled conditions (94%). Germination is epigeal and phanerocotylar, with slow growth and, at 30 days after sowing, the seedling measures approximately 2 cm, which makes it possible to visualize the appearance of the epicotyl and the first spines. The species blooms and bears fruit throughout the year, with peaks of flowering and fruiting in January and March, respectively. The various characteristics make C. fernambucensis a key species for maintaining the biodiversity of restingas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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8 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Stomatal Blocker Delays Strawberry Production

by Jie Xiang, Laura Vickers, James M. Monaghan and Peter Kettlewell

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030080 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

Strawberries have a short shelf-life leading to food loss and waste when production unexpectedly exceeds demand. PGRs may have potential to delay production and reduce food loss and waste, but no PGRs are available for delaying strawberry production. The aim of this preliminary [...] Read more.

Strawberries have a short shelf-life leading to food loss and waste when production unexpectedly exceeds demand. PGRs may have potential to delay production and reduce food loss and waste, but no PGRs are available for delaying strawberry production. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate re-purposing a stomatal blocking film antitranspirant polymer as a PGR to temporarily delay production. Poly-1-p-menthene or water was applied during early fruit ripening in two glasshouse experiments, one on a June-bearer cultivar and one on an everbearer cultivar. Ripe strawberries were harvested during the next 23 days, the cumulative yield was recorded, and the production curves were fitted using polynomial regression in groups. The statistical analysis showed that cubic polynomial regression curves could be fitted separately to each treatment. Application of the blocker delayed the production of both cultivars by 1–2 days during the period of rapid berry production. The delay diminished and cumulative yield returned to the water-treated value by 13 and 18 days after application in the June-bearer and everbearer cultivars, respectively. At 23 days after application, the blocker gave 8% greater cumulative yield in the June-bearer, but not in the everbearer. It was concluded that, if a greater delay could be achieved, there may be potential to use stomatal blockers as PGRs in some cultivars of strawberry to delay production and reduce food loss and waste when unanticipated lower demand occurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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20 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

by Mengzi Zhang, Nicholas A. Wendrick, Sean M. Campbell, Jacob E. Gazaleh, Heqiang Huo, Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick and Brian J. Pearson

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030079 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are a critical component in beer brewing. The growing demand for craft beer has increased interest in hop cultivation in non-traditional regions where unfavorable climatic conditions hinder optimal yield and quality. To address these challenges, this study investigates [...] Read more.

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are a critical component in beer brewing. The growing demand for craft beer has increased interest in hop cultivation in non-traditional regions where unfavorable climatic conditions hinder optimal yield and quality. To address these challenges, this study investigates the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on hop cone yield and chemical compositions. In two separate studies, year-1 Cascade hops were subjected to various PGR treatments in the field. PGR treatments generally had minimal effect on the dry cone yield in study I. In study II, a combination of Ethephon at 45 mg/L and ProGibb at 3 mg/L significantly increased the cone yield by 125% compared to the control. While all treatments had a “good quality” hop storage index, a combination of Ethephon and ProGibb produced alpha acid percentages within the commercial standard range. Ethephon at 30 mg/L combined with ProGibb at 2 mg/L enhanced bitterness and aroma, delivering the highest concentration of volatile organic compounds at 569.7 mg/L, thereby enhancing aroma compounds associated with fruity esters, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. This study demonstrates that specific PGR treatments can improve the chemical composition of hops grown in non-traditional regions, with implications for optimizing aroma and bitterness in beer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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19 pages, 2268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methyl Jasmonate and Ammonium Bicarbonate: Distinct and Synergistic Impacts on Indoor Cannabis Production Dynamics

by Jose F. Da Cunha Leme Filho, Spencer Schuchman, Avery Shikanai, Shiksha Sharma, Thais Alberti, Andre A. Diatta, Alan Walters and Karla L. Gage

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030078 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

As high-CBD cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) gains legal and commercial relevance in the United States, studies evaluating how external inputs impact critical traits remain limited. This study investigates the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ammonium bicarbonate (AB), and the genetic source (mother [...] Read more.

As high-CBD cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) gains legal and commercial relevance in the United States, studies evaluating how external inputs impact critical traits remain limited. This study investigates the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ammonium bicarbonate (AB), and the genetic source (mother plant identity) on the growth and secondary metabolite traits of indoor cannabis. Plants were treated with 1 mM MeJA and/or AB under controlled conditions, and key traits, such as plant height, chlorophyll content, biomass, trichome density, and cannabinoid concentration, were measured. The MeJA treatment led to a significant 32% increase in trichome density. However, it did not significantly alter CBD or THC concentrations. The AB treatment enhanced vegetative growth, increasing chlorophyll content and plant height while reducing CBD concentrations, but the biomass gains could compensate for the lower cannabinoid in the total production. An interaction between MeJA and AB altered the CBD content, suggesting that MeJA may mitigate AB’s negative effect on cannabinoid synthesis. The genetic source significantly influenced most of the measured traits, highlighting the role of the genotype in trait expression and the importance of clonal consistency. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of external inputs and genetic factors in cannabis production, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize cultivation strategies. Future studies should refine input combinations and doses to improve both yield and cannabinoid profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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21 pages, 4024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floristic Diversity, Indicator and Suitable Species for Andean Livestock in the Sillapata Micro-Watershed, Acopalca

by Raúl M. Yaranga, Fernan C. Chanamé, Edith M. Maldonado and Javier A. Orellana

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030077 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Andean grassland ecosystems in Peru are characterized by diverse plant species adapted to environmental factors including weather, soil type, elevation, slope orientation, and soil moisture. This study evaluated the floristic composition, alpha diversity, indicator species, and suitable species for Andean livestock in the [...] Read more.

Andean grassland ecosystems in Peru are characterized by diverse plant species adapted to environmental factors including weather, soil type, elevation, slope orientation, and soil moisture. This study evaluated the floristic composition, alpha diversity, indicator species, and suitable species for Andean livestock in the Sillapata micro-watershed, Junín region, Peru, across rainy and dry seasons. Data collection involved 100 m linear transects, and analyses included floristic composition and dissimilarity, Shannon-Wiener (H′) and Simpson (D) diversity indices, and the identification of indicator and suitable species using QGIS vs 3.28.14 and R software vs 4.3.2. Results revealed a total of 130 species classified into 74 genera and 23 families, with Asteraceae and Poaceae as the dominant families, exhibiting variations in richness and dissimilarity between control points and seasonal periods. Alpha diversity (H′) ranged from 2.07 to 3.1867, while Simpson’s index (D) ranged from 0.7644 to 0.9234. Six indicator species were identified, along with 11 families containing suitable species, predominantly Poaceae (38–60%), Cyperaceae (11–15%), and Asteraceae (3–9%). The findings indicate that the studied ecosystem exhibits a heterogeneous floristic composition with medium to low and variable diversity, influenced by seasonal climatic changes and the current grassland management regime, which involves rotational grazing with cattle adapted to high-altitude conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interactive Effect of Copper and Herbivory on the Whole-Plant Growth of Leucaena leucocephala

by Shirley Margarita Amaya-Martín, Horacio Salomón Ballina-Gómez, Esaú Ruíz-Sánchez, Gabriel Jesús Azcorra-Perera, Roberto Rafael Ruiz-Santiago and Jacques Fils Pierre

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030076 - 6 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated how Leucaena leucocephala, a dry forest plant, copes with soil copper and herbivory caused by Schistocerca piceifrons, crucial for understanding species adaptation in stressed environments. A 33-day factorial experiment with three copper and two herbivory treatments assessed seedling [...] Read more.

This study investigated how Leucaena leucocephala, a dry forest plant, copes with soil copper and herbivory caused by Schistocerca piceifrons, crucial for understanding species adaptation in stressed environments. A 33-day factorial experiment with three copper and two herbivory treatments assessed seedling growth rates (relative growth rate of biomass—RGR_B, and leaf area—RGR_LA), morphology, net assimilation rate (NAR), biomass allocation, and survival. Seedlings demonstrated compensatory growth in terms of RGR_B and RGR_LA under high copper and herbivory. Although copper decreased overall survival, surviving individuals effectively compensated for herbivory damage. These tolerance responses, primarily driven by an increased NAR (accounting for 98% of compensation), aligned with the limiting resource model. While most morphological components remained stable, herbivory specifically increased the root–shoot ratio. These findings indicate L. leucocephala possesses significant resilience through physiological adjustments, like enhancing NAR, and biomass reallocation strategies, allowing it to persist despite multiple stressors common in dry forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Resistance to Insects)

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14 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Biocontrol Agent Against Root and Stem Rot Disease in Durian (Durio zibethinus)

by Ponchanok Datmanee, Nattarika Jitfour, Dusit Athinuwat and Wilawan Chuaboon

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030075 - 6 Jul 2025

Abstract

The study of antagonistic bacterial strains isolated from the soil around durian tree roots demonstrated their ability to inhibit the growth of Phytophthora palmivora. The pathogens were screened from 30 samples collected around durian trees (leaves, soil around the roots, and debris [...] Read more.

The study of antagonistic bacterial strains isolated from the soil around durian tree roots demonstrated their ability to inhibit the growth of Phytophthora palmivora. The pathogens were screened from 30 samples collected around durian trees (leaves, soil around the roots, and debris under the tree) showing symptoms of root and stem rot disease. A total of 17 pathogen strains were isolated and grouped into 3 groups, TNP05, MNP13, and KNP21, originating from Chanthaburi province, Thailand. When P. palmivora isolates were tested for pathogenicity on leaves and durian trees, it was found that the strain MNP13 had the highest capacity to cause root and stem rot disease. A total of 196 beneficial bacteria isolates were collected from several samples around durian trees. The samples included leaves, soil surrounding the roots, and organic debris beneath the trees. Based on their colony characteristics on nutrient glucose agar (NGA), these isolates were divided into 8 groups. The efficacy of the beneficial bacteria against root and stem rot disease was tested using the Dual culture method and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 replications. The experiment showed that bacterial isolates NJTU05, NJTU10, and NJTU13 effectively inhibited the growth of P. palmivora isolate MNP13, with inhibition rates of 76.66, 67.59, and 69.07%, respectively, compared to chemical control using metalaxyl 80% WP. Among the tested strains, NJTU05 was identified as the most effective bacterial strain for controlling major durian diseases. Biochemical identification and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that bacterial strain NJTU05 was closely related to Brevibacillus formosus with a 99.70% identity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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14 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ascorbate Regulates Root Development Through Auxin Response in Arabidopsis thaliana

by Taras Pasternak

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030074 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a furan-based lactone derived from 2-ketogluconic acid that functions as a major antioxidant and redox buffer in mature plant tissues, although its content is lower in meristematic cells. ASC is commonly considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger; however, [...] Read more.

Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a furan-based lactone derived from 2-ketogluconic acid that functions as a major antioxidant and redox buffer in mature plant tissues, although its content is lower in meristematic cells. ASC is commonly considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger; however, its role in the regulation of plant development remains unclear. Additionally, the chemical behavior of ascorbate warrants special attention during ASC supplementation in in vitro plant culture. In this study, I investigated in detail the behavior of ascorbate in plant tissue culture medium and its uptake by plants. As a secondary objective, the role of ascorbate in root growth regulation was evaluated. The effects of low ASC levels on root architecture and its interaction with auxin signaling were studied using the vtc1 and vtc2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as through external ascorbate supplementation. Several marker lines for auxin response/distribution were used, along with direct ascorbate measurement via HPLC. Reducing ascorbate content through mutations had no significant effect on root development or auxin signaling, whereas high-concentration ASC supplementation inhibited both auxin signaling and root development, as demonstrated using auxin response and transport markers. At the organ level, ASC supplementation significantly downregulated auxin response-mediated cell cycle activation during lateral root induction. Based on the data presented, exogenous ascorbate may regulate root development through its interaction with auxin signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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24 pages, 3225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. Regeneration Capacity Through Root Cutting Diameters, Growth Hormone doses and Soil Types

by Afef H. Nasraoui, Yasmin M. Heikal, Mohammed Ali, Chedly Abidi and Youssef Ammari

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030073 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This investigation proposes an effective protocol (cutting) for Paulownia tomentosa production in Tunisia during the 2022–2024 period. The effects of the three interactive parameters: root cutting diameter (L1, 0.5; L2, 0.8; L3, 1.25; and L4, 2 cm), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone concentrations (C, [...] Read more.

This investigation proposes an effective protocol (cutting) for Paulownia tomentosa production in Tunisia during the 2022–2024 period. The effects of the three interactive parameters: root cutting diameter (L1, 0.5; L2, 0.8; L3, 1.25; and L4, 2 cm), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone concentrations (C, 0; T1, 0.1%; and T2, 0.3%), and soil type (S1: 50% silt + 50% potting soil, and S2: 43% potting soil + 43% silt + 14% sand), were investigated. The data showed that cutting roots with 0.5 cm dimensions, a cutting treatment with hormone (0.3%), and the S2 soil type corresponded to a growth enhancement in height. These results revealed the broad changes in flowering of P. tomentosa. Also, data revealed that the root cutting diameter had the greatest influence on the biochemical contents of 4-month-old P. tomentosa sprouts. The studied pathway revealed that the auxin precursor IBA contributes toward active auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] biosynthesis. Overall, this study found substantial changes in the morphological, biochemical, and floral features of new P. tomentosa sprouts under the interactive factors. To summarize, vegetative propagation of Paulownia, particularly through root cutting, allows for proliferation and plantation development. These findings can be applied to future breeding efforts with Paulownia to improve and protect it as a woody species, forage, and medicinal plant. Full article

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11 pages, 6980 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Pollination and Essential Oil Production of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae)

by Riley B. Jackson, Tyler M. Wilson, Joseph S. Wilson, Zabrina Ruggles, Lindsey Topham Wilson, Chris Packer, Jacob G. Young, Christopher R. Bowerbank and Richard E. Carlson

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030072 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Lavandula angustifolia Mill., lavender, is an aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family. Lavender, which is native to the Mediterranean region but cultivated throughout the world, is an important economic plant. Several studies have investigated two aspects of this aromatic plant: (1) which pollinators, [...] Read more.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill., lavender, is an aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family. Lavender, which is native to the Mediterranean region but cultivated throughout the world, is an important economic plant. Several studies have investigated two aspects of this aromatic plant: (1) which pollinators, particularly bees, pollinate lavender, and (2) the composition of lavender essential oil. However, little research has been conducted to investigate how pollination affects either the yield or phytochemistry of lavender. The current study, which was conducted in North America, investigates which bee species visit lavender and how pollination affects plant chemistry, specifically the essential oil produced by lavender. Over the course of the 5-week observational period, a total of 12 species (across 10 genera) of bees were identified visiting lavender. Compared to previous studies on cultivated lavender at the same site (Mt. Nebo Botanical Farm, Mona, UT), four bee species not previously observed on lavender were identified. These included Hoplitis producta, Nomada sp., Osmia trevoris, and Megachile snowi. Pollinated lavender, compared to lavender excluded from pollinators, produced more essential oil (yield (w/w) = 1.49% vs. 1.07%), lower relative amounts of linalool (35.4% vs. 39.9%), and higher relative amounts of linalyl acetate (21.3% vs. 16.8%). The findings of this study demonstrate the ecological interactions between pollinators and lavender, and how those interactions impact phytochemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Resistance to Insects)

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11 pages, 25050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Ty1-copia Retrotransposons in Water Onion (Crinum thaianum), an Endangered Species in Thailand

by Piriya Putanyawiwat, Chatuporn Kuleung, Mayura Veerana and Vipa Hongtrakul

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030071 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Crinum thaianum, commonly known as water onion, is an endangered species which is primarily threatened by flood-control-related habitat destruction and illegal harvesting for export, resulting in a sharp population decline; its genetic data still remains poorly studied. Retrotransposon-based markers have received significant [...] Read more.

Crinum thaianum, commonly known as water onion, is an endangered species which is primarily threatened by flood-control-related habitat destruction and illegal harvesting for export, resulting in a sharp population decline; its genetic data still remains poorly studied. Retrotransposon-based markers have received significant attention due to their higher potential informativeness compared to conventional marker methods in genetic diversity studies. This study focused on the screening of Ty1-copia retrotransposons, which have been widely studied and are commonly used as molecular markers in various plant species. Ty1-copia reverse transcriptase (rt) fragments were amplified using degenerate primers targeting conserved regions, followed by cloning and sequencing. Sequences were screened for rt gene homology and translated into amino acid sequences. Lineages were assigned by alignment, and phylogenetic analysis was performed for each isolated sequence with a set of well-classified rt genes. The p-distance values were calculated between the isolated sequences and their closest homologous sequences. A total of 123 isolated sequences were analyzed, representing conserved domains in the rt gene of Ty1-copia elements from C. thaianum and four other Crinum species. The results revealed sequence homology to the Ale, TAR, or Angela lineages, which showed the closest resemblance to 9, 4, and 110 isolated rt sequences, respectively. The conserved rt domain SIYGLKQA was mostly found in Angela (87.27%), while SLY/HGLKQS/L and SLYG/ELKQF/S were mostly found in Ale (66.67%) and TAR (75.00%), respectively. The p-distance values obtained from comparisons with Ty1-copia elements in other plants suggest that the Angela and TAR lineages are more evolutionarily conserved than the Ale lineage. Whilst our study sheds light on the variety of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in C. thaianum and other Crinum species, further research on additional Crinum species and other plants is required to enhance our understanding and facilitate future retrotransposon-based marker development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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24 pages, 6399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA Networks in Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Micro-Nanoplastics

by Roberta Galbo, Domenico Giosa, Gaetano Gargiulo, Andrea Bonomo, Marcos Fernando Basso, Miriam Negussu, Antonio Giovino, Chiara Vergata, Ilaria Colzi, Cristina Gonnelli, Marco Dainelli, Federico Martinelli and Letterio Giuffrè

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020070 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of genetic networks in numerous biological processes. Micro-nanoplastics represent a novel abiotic stress, having a direct xenobiotic impact on plant cells, while the regulation of lncRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana under this kind of abiotic stress remains [...] Read more.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of genetic networks in numerous biological processes. Micro-nanoplastics represent a novel abiotic stress, having a direct xenobiotic impact on plant cells, while the regulation of lncRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana under this kind of abiotic stress remains largely unclear. We explored RNA-seq data sets of A. thaliana roots treated with two types of micro-nanoplastics: transparent polyethylene terephthalate (Tr-PET) and blue polyethylene terephthalate (Bl-PET) to reveal known and new unannotated lncRNAs. Our findings showed that the Tr-PET changed the expression of 104 lncRNAs, while the Bl-PET changed the expression of just 19. We speculate on the possible significance of the differential expressions for plant tolerance and resistance to micro-nanoplastic stress. A key finding of this work is that the studied lncRNAs tend to regulate their neighboring protein-coding genes. Consistent with this regulatory role, their promoters were found to contain cis-acting regulatory elements responsive to abscisic acid, light, MeJA, MYC/MYB, and other stress-related signals. Furthermore, some of the miRNAs that participate in plant development and defense were also predicted to be sponged by the differentially expressed lncRNAs. In summary, this study adds to our knowledge of A. thaliana lncRNAs through the discovery of new transcripts, describing their expression under micro-nanoplastic stress, and revealing their possible roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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13 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micropropagation of ‘Manacá-de-Cheiro’ (Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don), an Ornamental Species Native to Brazil

by Ana Victória Conde van den Broek, Mariana Pelais Leite and Jean Carlos Cardoso

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020069 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The introduction of new ornamental species and cultivars is one of the hallmarks of innovation in global floriculture. Brunfelsia uniflora, a subshrub native to Brazil, has white, lilac, and blue flowers on the same plant, in addition to a distinctive fragrance. As [...] Read more.

The introduction of new ornamental species and cultivars is one of the hallmarks of innovation in global floriculture. Brunfelsia uniflora, a subshrub native to Brazil, has white, lilac, and blue flowers on the same plant, in addition to a distinctive fragrance. As it is a wild species, technologies such as large-scale clonal propagation of superior genotypes are still scarce, limiting its supply to the flower market. Therefore, a successful micropropagation protocol was developed for B. uniflora using nodal segments and shoot tips as initial explants. In the multiplication phase, the use of 6-benzylaminopurine produced the highest multiplication rates (10.3–10.9 shoots/explant) and the number of leaves in the shoots. In vitro shoot rooting using MS medium with reduced macronutrient concentrations and supplemented with IBA resulted in a 91.7% rooting rate. The greatest difficulty in micropropagating this species was the high percentage of shoots that developed calli. The highest percentage of callus formation occurred with the addition of auxins at high concentrations (1.0 and 1.5 mg L⁻¹). Even so, the shoots and plantlets were acclimatized, demonstrating the effectiveness of this technique for the production of B. uniflora plantlets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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16 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Jasmonates in Modulating Growth, Trichome Density, and Cannabinoid Accumulation in Cannabis sativa L.

by Jose F. Da Cunha Leme Filho, Spencer Schuchman, Rodrigo De Sarandy Raposo, Andre A. Diatta, Fardad Didaran, Shiksha Sharma, Alan Walters and Karla L. Gage

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020068 - 17 Jun 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Jasmonates have emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis). These glandular trichomes synthesize and store important cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which determine the yield, potency, and quality of cannabis flowers. [...] Read more.

Jasmonates have emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis). These glandular trichomes synthesize and store important cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which determine the yield, potency, and quality of cannabis flowers. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) acts through the COI1–JAZ–MYC signaling pathway to upregulate genes associated with trichome initiation and cannabinoid precursor formation. Evidence suggests that moderate MeJA concentrations (typically 50–100 µM) can effectively boost trichome density, elevate hexanoyl-CoA availability, and modestly enhance key biosynthetic enzyme activities, ultimately increasing THC and CBD content. However, higher methyl jasmonate doses can amplify these benefits, yet pose a risk of excessive vegetative stunting, highlighting the crucial trade-off between enhancing cannabinoid potency and maintaining overall biomass yield. Interaction with hormones like gibberellins, salicylic acid, and ethylene further shapes the plant’s stress responses and secondary metabolism. Application in controlled environments, such as greenhouses or vertical farms, shows promise for enhancing resin production while minimizing biomass loss. In outdoor conditions, the application may offer additional defense benefits against pests and pathogens. These responses can vary depending on the cultivar, underscoring the importance of cultivar-specific optimization. As demand for high-cannabinoid cannabis products continues to grow and agrochemical options remain limited, leveraging MeJA treatments offers a practical, non-genetically modified approach to optimize yield, quality, and resilience in cannabis cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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16 pages, 3188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Expression and Seed Yield Stability in Thai Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Seasonal Effects on Dioecious Cultivars for Optimized Seed Production

by Pheeraphan Thongplew, Jakkrapong Kangsopa, Sutheera Hermhuk, Krittiya Tongkoom, Prakash Bhuyar and Nednapa Insalud

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020067 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the environmental regulation of sex expression and seed yield stability in four Thai dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (RPF1, RPF2, RPF3, and RPF4) under different seasonal conditions to optimize seed production. The experiment was conducted across two planting [...] Read more.

This study investigates the environmental regulation of sex expression and seed yield stability in four Thai dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (RPF1, RPF2, RPF3, and RPF4) under different seasonal conditions to optimize seed production. The experiment was conducted across two planting periods (in-season and off-season) to evaluate the effects of varying day lengths and temperatures on growth, reproductive development, and yield. The results showed that shorter day lengths and lower temperatures during the off-season led to an increased proportion of female plants across all cultivars, except RPF3, which exhibited a stable female-to-male ratio. RPF4 had the highest increase in female plants (16%), followed by RPF1 and RPF2 (10%). Seed yield was significantly influenced by seasonal changes, with RPF3 and RPF4 consistently outperforming the other cultivars. In the in-season, RPF3 and RPF4 produced the highest seed yields, reaching 83.4 g/plant and 81.6 g/plant, respectively. During the off-season, both cultivars experienced a decline in seed yield (by 24–26%), primarily due to a reduction in seed production in secondary inflorescences. However, RPF3 compensated for this loss with a 31% increase in seed production at main inflorescences, ensuring yield stability. RPF4 maintained its high yield potential by increasing the proportion of female plants, offsetting the decline in seed yield per plant. Additionally, cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) at harvest were comparable between seasons, with values of 2434 °Cd (in-season) and 2502 °Cd (off-season), indicating that temperature accumulation remained within an optimal range for seed maturation. The study highlights the importance of cultivar selection based on yield component stability and adaptability to seasonal variations. These findings provide valuable insights for improving hemp seed production strategies in Thailand’s diverse agro-climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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15 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Foliar Nutrients on the Alkaloid Content in Poppy Straw of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

by Ľuboš Nastišin, Jozef Fejér, Richard Hercek, Alena Miháliková, Alexander Fehér, Pavol Porvaz, Štefan Tóth and Peter Hozlár

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020066 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important industrial plant worldwide. It is legally cultivated in seven countries around the world for the production of poppy straw or raw opium in India for alkaloid extraction. This work focused on testing different types of [...] Read more.

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important industrial plant worldwide. It is legally cultivated in seven countries around the world for the production of poppy straw or raw opium in India for alkaloid extraction. This work focused on testing different types of growth regulators and foliar nutrients to increase and stabilize basic alkaloids, mainly morphine in dry capsules. Field trials were carried out for three years (2021–2023). Selected preparations and their combinations were applied on the seeds before sowing and on the leaves during vegetation. The content of basic alkaloids in the dry capsules was analyzed by liquid chromatography. The results obtained confirmed the demonstrable effects of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar treatment during the growing season on alkaloid content. In the experimental treatments in which the seeds were not treated but foliar treatment was applied during vegetation, more alkaloids were accumulated compared to the control (untreated seeds, not foliar treatment), but this difference was not statistically significant. The influence of the weather conditions during the experimental year on the accumulation of alkaloids was confirmed. Environmental conditions during the growing season and plant stress influenced alkaloid accumulation. An additional supply of growth regulators and foliar fertilizers reduced the stress and positively influenced the accumulation of individual alkaloids. The results obtained provide important insights into the technology of cultivating industrial poppy varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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10 pages, 2832 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Survey of Potyviruses, Carlaviruses, and Begomoviruses in Potato Cultivation Centers of West, Central, and East Java Provinces, Indonesia

by Adyatma Irawan Santosa, Rossa Wulandari, Meyrin Novia Vadilah, Erlin Sabila, Asista Fatma Kusuma, Dedi Mulyadi, Intan Berlian, Made Getas Pudak Wangi, Ade Mahendra Sutejo and Ali Çelik

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020065 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Our knowledge of the molecular data on viruses infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its weeds in Indonesia still needs to be expanded. Thirteen potato leaves, together with one carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) and one Oxalis latifolia leaves grew [...] Read more.

Our knowledge of the molecular data on viruses infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its weeds in Indonesia still needs to be expanded. Thirteen potato leaves, together with one carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) and one Oxalis latifolia leaves grew adjacent to potato fields were sampled in West, Central, and East Java Provinces of Indonesia to be tested using RT-PCR with universal primers to monitor the presence of potyviruses, carlaviruses, and begomoviruses in the surveyed regions. According to the test results and BLAST nucleotide analysis, four potato samples were found to be infected by potato virus Y (PVY, Potyvirus). All samples tested negative for carlaviruses and begomoviruses. Both phylogenetic trees constructed by MEGA11 software based on partial coat protein and partial coat protein + 3′-UTR sequences demonstrated that the four new PVY isolates belong to strain N. Nucleotide and amino acid homology analysis determined that all four new and 12 other strain N isolates registered in NBCI GenBank were identical at the observed genome region, suggested the same origin of Indonesian isolates. This study improved our understanding of the variation in PVY isolates in Indonesia and highlighted the need for tight surveillance since the country imports most of its tubers used as planting material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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14 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Efficient Micropropagation Protocol for Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1

by Atcha Boonprasert, Pundanai Chitphet, Nuttha Sanevas, Ekaphan Kraichak, Supachai Vuttipongchaikij and Narong Wongkantrakorn

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020064 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional [...] Read more.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional vegetative propagation. This study aimed to improve the propagation efficiency of turmeric cv. Trang 1 by developing optimized protocols for explant sterilization, shoot proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization. Sprouted rhizome buds were sterilized and cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, including cytokinins (benzyladenine [BA], thidiazuron [TDZ], and meta-topolin [mT]) and auxins (indole-3-butyric acid [IBA] and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA]). The shoot induction (4.60 ± 1.47 shoots per explant) and shoot height (2.34 ± 0.61 cm) were observed on the MS medium with 3.0 mg/L BA, while the TDZ, at 0.5 mg/L, also induced a high number of shoots (5.22 ± 0.64). When using single shoots derived from bud explants, mT at 1.5 mg/L significantly enhanced the shoot formation. For the root induction, 2.0 mg/L IBA yielded the highest number of roots (7.33 ± 1.49), while NAA was less effective. The plantlets acclimatized in a 1:1 soil and peat moss mixture showed the highest survival rate (86.67%). This improved protocol enables the efficient production of turmeric plantlets, supporting commercial deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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