Animals

23 pages, 10386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hair Metabolomic Profiling of Diseased Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)

by Lina Yi, Han Jiang, Yajun Li, Zongtao Xu, Haolin Zhang and Defu Hu

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142155 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hair, as a non-invasive biospecimen, retains metabolic deposits from sebaceous glands and capillaries, reflecting substances from the peripheral circulation, and provides valuable biochemical information linked to phenotypes, yet its application in animal disease research remains limited. This work applied ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass [...] Read more.

Hair, as a non-invasive biospecimen, retains metabolic deposits from sebaceous glands and capillaries, reflecting substances from the peripheral circulation, and provides valuable biochemical information linked to phenotypes, yet its application in animal disease research remains limited. This work applied ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to compare the hair metabolomic characteristics of healthy forest musk deer (FMD, Moschus berezovskii) and those diagnosed with hemorrhagic pneumonia (HP), phytobezoar disease (PD), and abscess disease (AD). A total of 2119 metabolites were identified in the FMD hair samples, comprising 1084 metabolites in positive ion mode and 1035 metabolites in negative ion mode. Differential compounds analysis was conducted utilizing the orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. In comparison to the healthy control group, the HP group displayed 85 upregulated and 92 downregulated metabolites, the PD group presented 124 upregulated and 106 downregulated metabolites, and the AD group exhibited 63 upregulated and 62 downregulated metabolites. Functional annotation using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the differential metabolites exhibited significant enrichment in pathways associated with cancer, parasitism, energy metabolism, and stress. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that both the individual and combined panels of differential metabolites exhibited area under the curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.7, demonstrating good sample discrimination capability. This research indicates that hair metabolomics can yield diverse biochemical insights and facilitate the development of non-invasive early diagnostic techniques for diseases in captive FMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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11 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress Response of Siniperca chuatsi to Transport Stimuli Using Compound Feed and Live Bait

by Yuanliang Duan, Qiang Li, Zhipeng Huang, Zhongmeng Zhao, Han Zhao, Yang Feng, Senyue Liu, Chengyan Mou, Jian Zhou and Lu Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142154 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

The transition from live bait (LF) feeding to compound feed (CF) feeding in aquaculture is of great production significance. In recent decades, cultivation with CF has become a focus for practitioners and researchers dealing with Siniperca chuatsi. This study focused on experimental [...] Read more.

The transition from live bait (LF) feeding to compound feed (CF) feeding in aquaculture is of great production significance. In recent decades, cultivation with CF has become a focus for practitioners and researchers dealing with Siniperca chuatsi. This study focused on experimental subjects of S. chuatsi fed with CF and LF, using short-distance transportation as a stimulating factor. For the first time, the differences between S. chuatsi fed with CF and LF were analyzed from the perspective of stress response during transportation. This study found that after transportation stimulation, the activities of LZM and the contents of MDA, TGs, and glucose in the brain, liver, kidneys, muscles, stomach, pyloric caecum, intestines, and blood of S. chuatsi fed with CF were higher compared to S. chuatsi fed with LF (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the impacts of various diets on the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the intestine. In summary, this study found that S. chuatsi fed with CF could retain more energy after transport stimulation and exhibited stronger resistance to microbial stress, but they had a weaker antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in future research on CF for S. chuatsi, we need to focus on its ability to enhance antioxidant capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

13 pages, 896 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Prevalence and Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus in Bulk Tank Milk from Community-Based Alpine Dairy Pastures in Tyrol, Austria

by Nasrin Ramezanigardaloud, Igor Loncaric, Patrick Mikuni-Mester, Masoumeh Alinaghi, Monika Ehling-Schulz, Johannes Lorenz Khol and Tom Grunert

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142153 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes intramammary infections in dairy cows (bovine mastitis), which impair animal welfare, milk yield, and food safety. This study determined the prevalence and genetic diversity of S. aureus in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from community-based Alpine dairy pastures in [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes intramammary infections in dairy cows (bovine mastitis), which impair animal welfare, milk yield, and food safety. This study determined the prevalence and genetic diversity of S. aureus in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from community-based Alpine dairy pastures in Tyrol, a major milk-producing region in Austria. Throughout the 2023 Alpine season (May–September), 60.3% (94/156) of BTM samples tested positive for S. aureus at least once over the course of up to four samplings. A total of 140 isolates collected from the 94 S. aureus-positive community-based Alpine dairy pastures revealed 33 distinct spa types, with t2953 (n = 33), t529 (n = 12), t267 (n = 11), and t024 (n = 10) being the most common. Selected isolates representing the different spa types were characterised by DNA microarray-based genotyping, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Isolates with spa types associated with bovine-adapted CC8 (CC8bov/GTB) were identified as the most common subtype, being detected in BTM samples from 35.3% (55/156) of the pastures. This emphasises the high prevalence of this subtype in dairy herds across European Alpine countries. Other common bovine-associated subtypes were also detected, including CC97, CC151, and CC479. While antimicrobial resistance was rare, enterotoxin-producing genes were detected in all CC8bov-associated spa types. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of rigorous hygiene practices in dairy farming, particularly in community-based Alpine dairy pastures, where the risk of transmission is particularly high. It also emphasises the need for continued surveillance and subtyping to improve animal health, ensure food safety, and promote sustainable milk production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Products)

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25 pages, 2700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Temperature and Ethinylestradiol May Reduce Body Growth, Liver and Hepatocyte Volumes and Lipid Droplets in Adult Male Guppies

by Margarida Vilaça, Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji, Maria João Rocha and Eduardo Rocha

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142152 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Global warming raises surface water temperatures, impacting fish alongside pollutants, such as ubiquitous xenoestrogens. Combined stressor effects are poorly studied but likely to worsen impacts and hinder biota adaptation, warranting further research. Unadapted fish face heightened risks. The liver is a vital metabolic [...] Read more.

Global warming raises surface water temperatures, impacting fish alongside pollutants, such as ubiquitous xenoestrogens. Combined stressor effects are poorly studied but likely to worsen impacts and hinder biota adaptation, warranting further research. Unadapted fish face heightened risks. The liver is a vital metabolic organ, sensitive to temperature and xenoestrogens, eventually adjusting hepatocyte size and number to ensure survival, growth, and reproduction. This study assessed, for the first time, the impact of exposure (45 days) to thermal stress (29 °C versus 26 °C) and ethinylestradiol (EE2, 5 ng/L) on male guppies, primarily on body and quantitative liver morphology. Higher temperature reduced body mass (14%) and standard length (3.6%) gain. EE2 exposure reduced body mass increase (14%), hepatosomatic index (20%), and the volumes of the liver (32%), hepatocytes (16%), and their nuclei (17%). The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and total hepatocyte number remained stable. No histopathological lesions existed. Guppies appear to have adapted to stressors by reducing hepatocyte size and utilizing lipid reserves, yet they exhibited deficits in body growth and hepatosomatic index. Gonadal maturation was unaffected. Only under EE2 at 29 °C did hepatocytes show minimal lipid droplet content (less vacuolation). This indicated exhausted reserves, reinforcing how heat and toxicants interact to exacerbate impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

17 pages, 3749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Brown Bear’s Days in Vilnius, the Capital of Lithuania

by Linas Balčiauskas and Laima Balčiauskienė

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142151 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

In June 2025, a two-year-old female brown bear (Ursus arctos) appeared in the streets of Vilnius, the capital city of Lithuania. This sparked significant public, institutional, and media responses. This paper analyzes the event through ecological, social, and symbolic lenses to [...] Read more.

In June 2025, a two-year-old female brown bear (Ursus arctos) appeared in the streets of Vilnius, the capital city of Lithuania. This sparked significant public, institutional, and media responses. This paper analyzes the event through ecological, social, and symbolic lenses to explore how large carnivores are perceived and managed at the wildland–urban interface. Through an examination of media reports, policy responses, and theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and narrative studies, we explore how the bear’s presence became a public safety concern and a culturally significant symbol. Public discourse revealed tensions between institutional authority and local ethical values, as evidenced by hunters’ refusal to carry out a kill permit. This case also illustrates the growing use of technology, such as drones, in urban wildlife management. The bear’s peaceful departure reinforced the effectiveness of nonlethal conflict resolution. This case underscores the importance of integrating ecological realities with social perceptions, media framing, and symbolic interpretations in large carnivore conservation. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches that address the emotional and cultural aspects of human–wildlife interactions in rapidly urbanizing areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carnivores and Urbanization)

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21 pages, 12098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Hsp70 Gene Family of Procambarus clarkii Reveals Its Immune Role in Response to Bacterial Challenge After Non-Lethal Heat Shock

by Xin Zhang, Xiuhong Cai, Shirui Yue, Zhangxuan Chen, Yulong Sun, Lei Cheng, Yewen Xi and Shunchang Wang

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142150 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Water temperature significantly affects the physiological balance of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial for stress resistance and pathogen defense. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis to explore the functional characteristics of the Hsp70 gene family in Procambarus [...] Read more.

Water temperature significantly affects the physiological balance of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial for stress resistance and pathogen defense. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis to explore the functional characteristics of the Hsp70 gene family in Procambarus clarkii. Fifteen Hsp70 family members were identified, with several genes showing upregulation under non-lethal heat shock (NLHS) and pathogen challenges. RNA-Seq and qPCR analyses confirmed increased expression of certain PcHsp70s during NLHS, indicating NLHS activation of the Hsp70 family to enhance immune regulation. dsRNA-mediated silencing of Hsp70 led to downregulation of TLR pathway genes (e.g., TLR1, TLR6), suggesting Hsp70 regulates the TLR signaling pathway for immune responses. These findings reveal that NLHS-induced Hsp70 upregulation improves pathogen resistance, offering insights for addressing temperature fluctuations and disease outbreaks in aquaculture to optimize management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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22 pages, 14158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced YOLOv8 for Robust Pig Detection and Counting in Complex Agricultural Environments

by Jian Li, Wenkai Ma, Yanan Wei and Tan Wang

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142149 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate pig counting is crucial for precision livestock farming, enabling optimized feeding management and health monitoring. Detection-based counting methods face significant challenges due to mutual occlusion, varying illumination conditions, diverse pen configurations, and substantial variations in pig densities. Previous approaches often struggle with [...] Read more.

Accurate pig counting is crucial for precision livestock farming, enabling optimized feeding management and health monitoring. Detection-based counting methods face significant challenges due to mutual occlusion, varying illumination conditions, diverse pen configurations, and substantial variations in pig densities. Previous approaches often struggle with complex agricultural environments where lighting conditions, pig postures, and crowding levels create challenging detection scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose EAPC-YOLO (enhanced adaptive pig counting YOLO), a robust architecture integrating density-aware processing with advanced detection optimizations. The method consists of (1) an enhanced YOLOv8 network incorporating multiple architectural improvements for better feature extraction and object localization. These improvements include DCNv4 deformable convolutions for irregular pig postures, BiFPN bidirectional feature fusion for multi-scale information integration, EfficientViT linear attention for computational efficiency, and PIoU v2 loss for improved overlap handling. (2) A density-aware post-processing module with intelligent NMS strategies that adapt to different crowding scenarios. Experimental results on a comprehensive dataset spanning diverse agricultural scenarios (nighttime, controlled indoor, and natural daylight environments with density variations from 4 to 30 pigs) demonstrate our method achieves 94.2% mAP@0.5 for detection performance and 96.8% counting accuracy, representing 12.3% and 15.7% improvements compared to the strongest baseline, YOLOv11n. This work enables robust, accurate pig counting across challenging agricultural environments, supporting precision livestock management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Livestock Farming: New Techniques for Monitoring the Behaviour and Welfare of Farm Animal)

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8 pages, 4837 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Rehabilitation and Release of a Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) After a Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO)

by Sohwon Bae, Minjae Jo, Woojin Shin, Chea-Un Cho, Son-Il Pak and Sangjin Ahn

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142148 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

A water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) was rescued following a vehicle collision and presented with suspected hip injury. Radiographic examination confirmed coxofemoral luxation, and a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) was performed to restore functional mobility. Postoperatively, the water deer underwent intensive [...] Read more.

A water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) was rescued following a vehicle collision and presented with suspected hip injury. Radiographic examination confirmed coxofemoral luxation, and a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) was performed to restore functional mobility. Postoperatively, the water deer underwent intensive rehabilitation, including controlled movement and physical therapy, to enhance limb function. Following successful recovery, the water deer was equipped with a GPS collar and released into its natural habitat. GPS tracking data were collected to evaluate the water deer’s post-release adaptation and movement patterns. The Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method was used to determine the home range, showing an overall home range (MCP 95%) of 8.03 km² and a core habitat (MCP 50%) of 6.967 km². These results indicate a successful post-surgery outcome, with the water deer demonstrating mobility comparable to healthy individuals. This case demonstrates the clinical feasibility of an FHO in managing hip luxation in water deer and underscores the critical role of post-release monitoring in evaluating functional rehabilitation success in wildlife medicine. This study underscores the importance of integrating surgical intervention, structured rehabilitation, and post-release monitoring to ensure the successful reintroduction of injured wildlife. GPS tracking provides valuable insights into long-term adaptation and mobility, contributing to evidence-based conservation medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Medicine: Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Diagnosis, Treatment and Preventative Care)

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19 pages, 2699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Utilization and Ruminal Microbiota of Hu Lambs in Response to Varying Dietary Metabolizable Protein Levels

by Yitao Cai, Jifu Zou, Yibang Zhou, Jinyong Yang, Chong Wang and Huiling Mao

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142147 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Optimizing the metabolizable protein level in ruminant diets represents a promising strategy to increase nitrogen use efficiency and mitigate environmental pollution. This study explored the impacts of varying metabolizable protein (MP) levels on amino acid (AA) balance, nitrogen (N) utilization, and the ruminal [...] Read more.

Optimizing the metabolizable protein level in ruminant diets represents a promising strategy to increase nitrogen use efficiency and mitigate environmental pollution. This study explored the impacts of varying metabolizable protein (MP) levels on amino acid (AA) balance, nitrogen (N) utilization, and the ruminal microbiota in Hu lambs. Fifty-four female Hu lambs of 60 d old, with an average body weight (BW) of 18.7 ± 2.37 kg, were randomly allocated to three dietary MP groups: (1) low MP (LMP, 7.38% of DM), (2) moderate MP (MMP, 8.66% of DM), and (3) high MP (HMP, 9.93% of DM). Three lambs with similar BW within each group were housed together in a single pen, serving as one experimental replicate (n = 6). The feeding trial lasted for 60 days with 10 days for adaptation. The final BW of lambs in the MMP and HMP groups increased (p < 0.05) by 5.64% and 5.26%, respectively, compared to the LMP group. Additionally, lambs fed the MMP diet exhibited an 11.6% higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain than those in the LMP group. Increasing dietary MP levels enhanced (p < 0.05) N intake, urinary N, retained N, and percent N retained, but decreased apparent N digestibility (p < 0.05). Urinary uric acid, total purine derivatives, intestinally absorbable dietary protein, microbial crude protein, intestinally absorbable microbial crude protein, and actual MP supply all increased (p < 0.05) with higher MP values in the diet. The plasma concentrations of arginine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, aspartic acid, proline, total essential AAs, and total nonessential AAs were the lowest (p < 0.05) in the LMP group. In the rumen, elevated MP levels led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the ammonia N content. The relative abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Ruminococcus, and Oscillospira were the lowest (p < 0.05), whereas the relative abundances of Terrisporobacter and the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group were the highest (p < 0.05) in the MMP group. In conclusion, the moderate dietary metabolizable protein level could enhance growth performance, balance the plasma amino acid profiles, and increase nitrogen utilization efficiency in Hu lambs, while also altering the rumen bacterial community by increasing beneficial probiotics like the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Modulation Strategies for Rumen Microbiota Structure and Methane Emissions)

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16 pages, 2913 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Smart Dairy Farming: A Mobile Application for Milk Yield Classification Tasks

by Allan Hall-Solorio, Graciela Ramirez-Alonso, Alfonso Juventino Chay-Canul, Héctor A. Lee-Rangel, Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez and David R. Lopez-Flores

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142146 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study analyzes the use of a lightweight image-based deep learning model to classify dairy cows into low-, medium-, and high-milk-yield categories by automatically detecting the udder region of the cow. The implemented model was based on the YOLOv11 architecture, which enables efficient [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the use of a lightweight image-based deep learning model to classify dairy cows into low-, medium-, and high-milk-yield categories by automatically detecting the udder region of the cow. The implemented model was based on the YOLOv11 architecture, which enables efficient object detection and classification with real-time performance. The model is trained on a public dataset of cow images labeled with 305-day milk yield records. Thresholds were established to define the three yield classes, and a balanced subset of labeled images was selected for training, validation, and testing purposes. To assess the robustness and consistency of the proposed approach, the model was trained 30 times following the same experimental protocol. The system achieves precision, recall, and mean Average Precision (mAP@50) of 0.408 ± 0.044, 0.739 ± 0.095, and 0.492 ± 0.031, respectively, across all classes. The highest precision (0.445 ± 0.055), recall (0.766 ± 0.107), and mAP@50 (0.558 ± 0.036) were observed in the low-yield class. Qualitative analysis revealed that misclassifications mainly occurred near class boundaries, emphasizing the importance of consistent image acquisition conditions. The resulting model was deployed in a mobile application designed to support field-level assessment by non-specialist users. These findings demonstrate the practical feasibility of applying vision-based models to support decision-making in dairy production systems, particularly in settings where traditional data collection methods are unavailable or impractical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 737 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of Levamisole on Subclinical Mastitis in Bovine Leukemia Virus-Infected Cows Classified by Proviral Load

by Aiko Watanabe, Yosuke Maeda, Hironobu Murakami, Shiro Miyoshi, Michisaburo Miura, Koki Murao, Yasunori Shinozuka, Tomomi Kurumisawa and Kazuhiro Kawai

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142145 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Subclinical mastitis causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield and elevated somatic cell counts (SCCs), despite no visible clinical signs. A higher incidence of subclinical mastitis has been reported in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Levamisole (LMS), known for its [...] Read more.

Subclinical mastitis causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield and elevated somatic cell counts (SCCs), despite no visible clinical signs. A higher incidence of subclinical mastitis has been reported in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Levamisole (LMS), known for its immunomodulatory properties, has been suggested as a potential alternative to antibiotics for mastitis treatment; however, its efficacy in BLV-infected cows, particularly in relation to proviral load (PVL), remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LMS on subclinical mastitis and its impact on milk immune responses by classifying BLV-infected cows based on PVL. A total of 42 dairy cows with subclinical mastitis (48 quarters) were grouped as BLV-negative, low-PVL, or high-PVL using a PVL cut-off value of 17.8 copies/10 ng DNA, and were administered LMS orally. Changes in viable bacterial counts, SCCs, and milk leukocyte populations were compared. LMS administration significantly reduced the SCC and milk macrophage numbers, especially in BLV-negative and low-PVL cows. These results suggest that LMS may improve subclinical mastitis in certain BLV-infected cows and that PVL may serve as a useful indicator for treatment responsiveness. However, the limited effect in high-PVL cows and the small sample size have limitations, warranting further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Health: Management, Challenges, and Veterinary Solutions)

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16 pages, 6248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Hotspots of Whale–Ship Collision Risk: A Multi-Species Framework Integrating Critical Habitat Zonation and Shipping Pressure for Conservation Prioritization

by Bei Wang, Linlin Zhao, Tong Lu, Linjie Li, Tingting Li, Bailin Cong and Shenghao Liu

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142144 - 20 Jul 2025

Abstract

The expansion of global maritime activities threatens marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Collisions between ships and marine megafauna profoundly impact vulnerable species such as whales, who serve as keystone predators. However, the specific regions most heavily affected by shipping traffic and the multi-species facing [...] Read more.

The expansion of global maritime activities threatens marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Collisions between ships and marine megafauna profoundly impact vulnerable species such as whales, who serve as keystone predators. However, the specific regions most heavily affected by shipping traffic and the multi-species facing collision risk remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed global shipping data to assess the distribution of areas with high shipping pressure and identify global hotspots for whale–ship collisions. The results reveal that high-pressure habitats are primarily distributed within exclusive economic zones (EEZs), which are generally consistent with the distribution of collision hotspots. High-pressure habitats exhibit significant spatial mismatch: 32.9% of Marine Protected Areas endure high shipping stress and yet occupy merely 1.25% of protected ocean area. Additionally, 25.1% of collision hotspots (top 1% risk) affect four or more whale species, forming critical aggregation in regions like the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northeast Asian marginal seas. Most of these high-risk areas lack protective measures. These findings offer actionable spatial priorities for implementing targeted conservation strategies, such as the introduction of mandatory speed restrictions and dynamic vessel routing in high-risk, multi-species hotspots. By focusing on critical aggregation areas, these strategies will help mitigate whale mortality and enhance marine biodiversity protection, supporting the sustainable coexistence of maritime activities with vulnerable marine megafauna. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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13 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variability of Loci Affecting Meat Quality and Production in Nero Siciliano Pig Breed

by Serena Tumino, Morena Carlentini, Giorgio Chessari, Andrea Criscione, Aurora Antoci, Donata Marletta and Salvatore Bordonaro

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142143 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

Nero Siciliano (NS) is an autochthonous pig breed reared in northeastern Sicily; despite its high-quality meat products, NS is currently endangered. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability at nine loci within candidate genes for meat traits—Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R), [...] Read more.

Nero Siciliano (NS) is an autochthonous pig breed reared in northeastern Sicily; despite its high-quality meat products, NS is currently endangered. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability at nine loci within candidate genes for meat traits—Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R), Ryanodine Receptor 1 (RYR1), Class 3 Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PIK3C3) and Leptin (LEP)—to provide useful information for preservation and exploitation of the NS pig breed. Distribution of the genetic variants was assessed in a representative sample of 87 pigs (18 boars and 69 sows) collected in nine farms located in the original breeding area. Genotypes have been determined using PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing. Alleles linked to different growth rates and back fat deposition showed high frequencies (MC4R c.175C—0.93; LEP g.3469T—0.91) in the whole sample. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and different allele distribution in boars and sows were observed. The RYR1 g.1843T allele, associated with Malignant Hyperthermia and Pale Soft Exudative meat defect, was reported in seven heterozygote pigs (q = 0.04) with one farm exhibiting a frequency of 0.29. Our results suggest the need for continuous monitoring of the genetic variants in NS both to maintain high meat quality and eradicate the RYR1 g.1843T allele. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Genetics and Feeding on Growth Performance of Pigs)

19 pages, 1771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neutral Sodium Humate Modulates Growth, Slaughter Traits, Antioxidant Status, and Gut Health in Yellow-Feathered Broilers

by Junran Lv, Mingzhu Cen, Benkuan Li, Xin Feng, Hongyu Cai and Huihua Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142142 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study, we explored the dose-dependent effects of neutral sodium humate (NSH) on the growth performance, slaughter traits, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated into three groups, with each [...] Read more.

In this study, we explored the dose-dependent effects of neutral sodium humate (NSH) on the growth performance, slaughter traits, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated into three groups, with each group consisting of four replicates containing 20 birds per replicate. The control group (Blank) received a basal diet, while the NSH-L and NSH-H groups were provided with the same basal diet included with neutral sodium humate at concentrations of 0.15% and 0.3%, respectively. The results indicate that dietary inclusion of neutral sodium humate at both low (NSH-L) and high (NSH-H) doses significantly increased the body weight and leg muscle yield of yellow-feathered broilers and improved meat quality (p < 0.05). Furthermore, NSH inclusion effectively reduced serum total cholesterol levels and elevated total protein concentration (p < 0.05). In addition, NSH significantly improved duodenal and ileal morphology (e.g., increased villus height and reduced crypt depth), strengthened intestinal barrier integrity (p < 0.05), and enhanced antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). Notably, the high-dose NSH group (NSH-H) demonstrated significantly greater enhancements in intestinal and barrier integrity compared to the low-dose group (NSH-L). Microbiome analysis revealed that, compared to the Blank group, both the NSH-L and NSH-H groups exhibited significant shifts in cecal microbiota composition, including increased abundance of Bacteroidota and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and reduced abundance of Euryarchaeota and Methanobrevibacter. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that neutral sodium humate acts as a multifunctional feed additive in yellow-feathered broilers, enhancing productivity and gut health. The study provides a theoretical foundation for the scientific application of neutral sodium humate in broiler production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition)

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25 pages, 5687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using an Equine Cadaver Head to Investigate Associations Between Sub-Noseband Space, Noseband Tension, and Sub-Noseband Pressure at Three Locations

by Orla Doherty, Richard Conway and Paul McGreevy

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142141 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

Pressures applied to horses via nosebands are of growing concern. The current study applied noseband pressure to the head of a dead horse. Pressure sensors were placed on the left nasal bone to record pressures as the noseband was progressively tightened. Tightness increased [...] Read more.

Pressures applied to horses via nosebands are of growing concern. The current study applied noseband pressure to the head of a dead horse. Pressure sensors were placed on the left nasal bone to record pressures as the noseband was progressively tightened. Tightness increased as predicated by holes in the strap of the noseband (as supplied) through eight steps from two fingers’ space, assessed using the standard International Society for Equitation Science Taper Gauge through to zero space. Sensors were also placed at the midline frontal plane and intra-orally at the level of the second premolar tooth. A strain gauge integrated into the noseband recorded tensions within the noseband at each tightness level, and a digital taper gauge under the noseband recorded forces on the face. Pressures at the left nasal bone rose to 403 kPa, while those at the frontal nasal plane reached 185 kPa. Pressures rose rapidly once the noseband was tightened at the equivalent of 1.4 fingers’ space under the noseband. These findings may help to explain cases of bone and skin damage at the noseband location and indicate the need to ensure that nosebands can accommodate more than the equivalent of 1.4 fingers beneath them in the nasal midline. Given that pressures are expected to rise from those reported here when horses wear bits, locomote, and when the reins are under tension, we conclude that the traditional provision of two fingers’ space should be retained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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12 pages, 366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Cryptosporidium in Ochotona curzoniae and Bos grunniens of Zoige County, Sichuan Province

by Tian-Cai Tang, Ri-Hong Jike, Liang-Quan Zhu, Chao-Xi Chen and Li-Li Hao

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142140 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

In order to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium in O. curzoniae and B. grunniens in Zoige County, Sichuan Province, fecal samples from B. grunniens and gastrointestinal contents from captured O. curzoniae were collected between March and December 2023 from five townships (Dazhasi, [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium in O. curzoniae and B. grunniens in Zoige County, Sichuan Province, fecal samples from B. grunniens and gastrointestinal contents from captured O. curzoniae were collected between March and December 2023 from five townships (Dazhasi, Axi, Hongxing, Tangke, and Maixi). Genomic DNA was extracted, and nested PCR targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium was performed. PCR-positive products were sequenced, trimmed, aligned, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine species and genotypes. A total of 242 samples were obtained, of which 20 were Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA-positive, yielding an overall detection rate of 8.3% (20/242). The detection rates of O. curzoniae and B. grunniens were 7.0% (8/114) and 9.4% (12/128), respectively. Among the five sampling sites, Maixi town exhibited the highest detection rate (32.4%, 11/44), followed by Hongxing town (15.2%, 7/46) and Tangke town (4.6%, 2/44). Phylogenetic analysis detected an unidentified Cryptosporidium sp. in O. curzoniae, while C. bovis (n = 10) and C. ryanae (n = 2) were detected in B. grunniens. These findings demonstrate that Cryptosporidium infections are present in both O. curzoniae and B. grunniens in Zoige County, with notable differences in infection rates and species composition. Continued surveillance of Cryptosporidium in local livestock and wildlife is warranted to provide critical data for regional public health management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coccidian Parasites: Epidemiology, Control and Prevention Strategies)

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23 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Natural Savanna Systems Within the “One Health and One Welfare” Approach: Part 2—Sociodemographic and Institution Factors Impacting Relationships Between Farmers and Livestock

by Marlyn H. Romero, Sergio A. Gallego-Polania and Jorge A. Sanchez

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142139 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

The relationships between farmers and livestock are multifaceted. The aim of this study was to describe the sociodemographic, biogeographic, and institutional factors that influence the relationships between humans and animals in the natural savanna. Visits were made to 65 farms, followed by interviews [...] Read more.

The relationships between farmers and livestock are multifaceted. The aim of this study was to describe the sociodemographic, biogeographic, and institutional factors that influence the relationships between humans and animals in the natural savanna. Visits were made to 65 farms, followed by interviews (n = 13) and three focus group interviews (n = 24) directed at farmers and institutional representatives. The results were triangulated to extract the key findings. The following findings were obtained: (a) cultural gender transitions and the lack of generational succession have transformed livestock farming; (b) the relationships between farmers and livestock have favored the implementation of new productive practices and innovations, as well as improvements in animal welfare practices; (c) conditioning factors affecting these relationships include gender discriminatory norms, low profitability and credit access, poor sanitation, animal handling infrastructure, security, and resistance to change; and (d) improvement opportunities include the inclusion of young people and women in livestock farming, education for work practices, credit facilitation, access to technologies, governance, and improvement in the cattle logistics chain. The results are useful for enhancing the relationships between farmers and livestock, guiding training activities, and responsible governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond the Home: Exploring Human–Animal Relationships in Veterinary, Agricultural, and Workplace Contexts)

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19 pages, 767 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Precision Livestock Farming Applied to Swine Farms—A Systematic Literature Review

by Aldie Trabachini, Michele da Rocha Moreira, Érik dos Santos Harada, Magno do Nascimento Amorim and Késia Oliveira da Silva-Miranda

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142138 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

This systematic review, which analyzed 75 articles published between 2019 and 2024, investigated the application of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies in pig farming. Using a rigorous methodology, including SWOT analysis and categorization into four thematic groups, the research identified that 37% of [...] Read more.

This systematic review, which analyzed 75 articles published between 2019 and 2024, investigated the application of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies in pig farming. Using a rigorous methodology, including SWOT analysis and categorization into four thematic groups, the research identified that 37% of the studies focused on animal identification and monitoring, while 28% addressed animal welfare. The SWOT analysis revealed that PLF offers significant opportunities to improve animal welfare, optimize production processes, and reduce environmental impact. The results of this research can guide the development of research to promote the adoption of PLF technologies in pig farming, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Livestock Farming: New Techniques for Monitoring the Behaviour and Welfare of Farm Animal)

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12 pages, 3638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Evaluation and Systematic Classification of Endoscopic Gastrointestinal Findings in 176 French Bulldogs with Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome

by Enrico Bottero, Pietro Ruggiero, Daniele Falcioni, Fabiano Raponi, Andrea Campanile, Giuseppe De Cata, Davide De Lorenzi, Samuele Gonella, Emanuele Mussi, Antonio Borrelli, Ugo Ala and Paola Gianella

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142137 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

The respiratory consequences of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS) are well known; however, brachycephalic dogs may also present with alimentary tract signs. The electronic medical records of 176 French bulldogs with BAOS were reviewed to classify the gastrointestinal endoscopic findings, and to evaluate [...] Read more.

The respiratory consequences of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS) are well known; however, brachycephalic dogs may also present with alimentary tract signs. The electronic medical records of 176 French bulldogs with BAOS were reviewed to classify the gastrointestinal endoscopic findings, and to evaluate the associations between clinicopathological data, endoscopic respiratory, and digestive findings. Dogs that did not undergo endoscopic examination of both airways and the upper digestive tract were excluded. The type and frequency of respiratory and digestive signs were assessed according to a previously described grading system, in addition to gastrointestinal histopathological findings. Video documentation was reviewed to assign a score to each gastrointestinal endoscopic finding (EGF) and to obtain a total EGF score. All dogs showed at least one EGF. The median total EGF score was 5 (range 1–9). A significant association between the score from digestive signs and the total EGF score was found. In addition, laryngeal granulomas were significantly associated with regurgitation. No associations were found between gastrointestinal histopathological findings and the scores from respiratory or digestive signs. Overall, gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and laryngeal granulomas are common among French bulldogs with BAOS. Therefore, a systematic endoscopic approach to alimentary signs is desirable to determine the most appropriate treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases of Companion Animals)

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