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Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Abdul Ghani Abro and Saad Ahmed Qazi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046001 - 19 Sep 2023

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Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

1 pages, 166 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface of the 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference 2023

by Abdul Ghani Abro, Saad Ahmed Qazi and Sohail Bashir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046002 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1075

Abstract

The Department of Electrical Engineering at NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, in collaboration with the Institute of Engineers Pakistan (IEP), organized the yearly International Electrical Engineering Conference on June 16th and 17th, 2023 [...] Full article

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7 pages, 2901 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Local Area Network Applications

by Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Mahnoor Butt, Zainab Nadeem, Muhammad Zahid and Yasar Amin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046003 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6854

Abstract

This study focuses on the design of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna, which is capable of operating in two different frequency bands, specifically the 4.9 GHz and 6.7 GHz WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) bands. With the growing popularity of wireless communication technology [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the design of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna, which is capable of operating in two different frequency bands, specifically the 4.9 GHz and 6.7 GHz WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) bands. With the growing popularity of wireless communication technology and the ability to utilize frequency bands without the need for authorization, WLAN usage is becoming increasingly widespread. The design of the antenna is conducted using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) electromagnetic simulation software. The proposed antenna is made on a low-cost FR-4 substrate with a dielectric permittivity of 4.4, which offers benefits such as affordability and compactness. The resulting antenna has a compact size of 17.952 mm by 16.896 mm, including a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm, making it one of the smallest dual-band microstrip patch antenna. The antenna utilizes microstrip line feeding, and its radiating patch is formed by cutting inverted C-shaped from the patch and inverted U-shaped grooves from the feed line, allowing it to be compatible with 4.9 GHz and 6.7 GHz WLAN bands. The design and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed antenna has a dual-band capability and favorable transmission characteristics within its operating frequency range, meeting the demands of WLAN communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 2734 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Position and Speed Tracking of DC Motor Based on Experimental Analysis in LabVIEW

by Muhammad Ilyas, Attaullah Khidrani and Syed Ali Raza Shah

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046004 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3482

Abstract

DC motors are widely used in industries to provide mechanical power in speed and torque. The position and speed control of DC motors is receiving interest from the scientific community in robotics, especially in robotic arms, a flexible joint manipulator. The current research [...] Read more.

DC motors are widely used in industries to provide mechanical power in speed and torque. The position and speed control of DC motors is receiving interest from the scientific community in robotics, especially in robotic arms, a flexible joint manipulator. The current research work is based on the position control of DC motors using experimental investigations in LabVIEW. The linear control strategy is applied to track the position and speed of the DC motor with comparative analysis in the LabVIEW platform and simulation analysis in MATLAB. The tracking error in the hardware setup based on LabVIEW programming is slightly greater than the simulation analysis in MATLAB due to the inertial load of the motor during steady-state conditions. The controller output shows the input voltage applied to the DC motor varies between 0 and 8 V to ensure minimal steady error while tracking the position and speed of the DC motor. Full article

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7 pages, 676 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of TF–IDF and Hashing Vectorizer for Fake News Detection in Sindhi: A Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approach

by Rubab Roshan, Irfan Ali Bhacho and Sammer Zai

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046005 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3346

Abstract

Social media has become a popular platform for accessing and sharing news, but it has also led to a rise in fake news, posing serious risks. The ease of dissemination and constant flow of information raise concerns about the spread of incorrect information. [...] Read more.

Social media has become a popular platform for accessing and sharing news, but it has also led to a rise in fake news, posing serious risks. The ease of dissemination and constant flow of information raise concerns about the spread of incorrect information. Timely verification of news is crucial to combat false news. However, most research on false news identification has focused on English, neglecting South Asian languages. This study examines a dataset of Sindhi tweets, employing text feature extraction techniques such as TF–IDF and hashing vectorizer. Several machine learning algorithms, along with advanced deep learning models such as Transformer BERT, were utilized for analysis. Full article

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7 pages, 466 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Early Detection of Mesothelioma Using Machine Learning Algorithms

by Taimur Shahzad Gill, Muhammad Ayaz Shirazi and Syed Sajjad Haider Zaidi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046006 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

Early detection of mesothelioma, a severe form of cancer commonly associated with asbestos exposure, is a significant challenge that greatly affects prognosis. This study addresses this issue using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, including Gradient-Boosted Trees (GBT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Logistic Regression [...] Read more.

Early detection of mesothelioma, a severe form of cancer commonly associated with asbestos exposure, is a significant challenge that greatly affects prognosis. This study addresses this issue using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, including Gradient-Boosted Trees (GBT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR). This study uses the mesothelioma dataset from the UCI Machine Learning Repository to evaluate the proposed models, achieving 100% accuracy and F1 score in detecting the disease, accurately classifying 98 patients with 30 true positives and 68 true negatives. Further analysis using the AUC-ROC score showed that the ‘duration of symptoms’ feature was most informative for the GBT model, with a score of 0.595. In contrast, ‘C-reactive protein’ was the most significant feature for the SVM and LR models, each achieving an AUC-ROC of 0.603. Despite these promising results, validating these findings with additional datasets is critical to confirm their generalisability. However, this study provides strong support for using ML algorithms in the early detection of mesothelioma, potentially leading to improved patient diagnoses. Full article

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6 pages, 1806 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Control Performance and Analysis for Environment-Friendly Electric Vehicle Applications

by Muhammad Usman Sardar, Muhammad Yaqoob, Siddique Akbar, Syed Imran Ahmad Shah, Muhammad Usama Shahid and Tayyaba Mutloob

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046007 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3686

Abstract

Due to its superior performance, rapid development, and environmental friendliness, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), in all of its various design forms, is becoming a crucial component in electric vehicle (EV) applications. This research article shows the numerical implementation and design of [...] Read more.

Due to its superior performance, rapid development, and environmental friendliness, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), in all of its various design forms, is becoming a crucial component in electric vehicle (EV) applications. This research article shows the numerical implementation and design of a potential vector control for PMSM, intended for electric vehicle application and implemented analytically to achieve maximum efficiency at the lowest possible costs. Additionally, this paper contains crucial machine features, operation assumptions, and simulation validations that are used to actualize machine design. It is shown, via intensive analytical expression and discussion, that step-up changes account for 90% of the rated value, whereas step-down changes account for 10% of the rated value. By implementing advanced measures, the present research endeavors to augment the control effectiveness, operational efficiency, and dependability of PMSMs in EVs. Full article

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9 pages, 1692 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Accurate Position Estimation of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles by a Kalman Filter Using an Inertial Navigation Sensor

by Bushra Raza, Maryam Arshad, Maria Ashraf and Syed Sajjad Haider Zaidi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046008 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

Due to the precarious underwater environment, many tasks are impossible to carry out with manned vehicles. It is due to the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that exploration, surveillance, and research have been carried out like never before. AUVs are now extensively [...] Read more.

Due to the precarious underwater environment, many tasks are impossible to carry out with manned vehicles. It is due to the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that exploration, surveillance, and research have been carried out like never before. AUVs are now extensively used for lengthy missions but face challenges in maintaining an accurate position over a larger operational area due to water currents and oceanic complexities. Hence, more sophisticated navigation systems are required for AUVs. As global positioning systems (GPS) and radio signals are attenuated under water, it becomes difficult to navigate subsea areas. In this research work, we propose the accurate position estimation of an AUV by a Kalman filter using an inertial navigation system (INS). In the MATLAB environment, a sample of the INS accelerometer’s data is simulated to determine position from acceleration using the Kalman filter, and the double integration method of determining position is contrasted. Our experimental results imply that our suggested method produces better outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 771 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Risk Assessment for Autonomous Ships Using an Integrated Machine Learning Approach

by Rafi Ullah Khan, Jingbo Yin, Siqi Wang and Yingchao Gou

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046009 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2373

Abstract

The inherent complexities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies expose autonomous ships to a wide range of multifaceted interconnected risks. However, very few studies have aimed at the holistic risk assessment of autonomous ships. To this end, this study employs [...] Read more.

The inherent complexities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies expose autonomous ships to a wide range of multifaceted interconnected risks. However, very few studies have aimed at the holistic risk assessment of autonomous ships. To this end, this study employs an expert-opinion-based integrated machine learning approach amalgamating logistic regression and Bayesian network to conduct risk assessment for autonomous ships. The results reveal human factor interactions and operational issues as the prominent accident causation factors. The findings of this study will contribute significantly to the existing literature on autonomous ships and the complexities involved in their operational systems. By identifying critical factors causing accidents and their impact on autonomous ship safety and resilience, stakeholders such as autonomous ship manufacturers, port authorities, shipping companies, and governments can develop more efficient and effective operational and safety systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1832 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Circular Slotted Triangular Patch Antenna for 5.8 GHz ISM Band Applications

by Ashweena Atif, Alishba Majid, Muhammad Zahid and Yasar Amin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046010 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3179

Abstract

The design of a circularly slotted triangular patch radiator with a full-ground structure for 5.8 GHz ISM band applications is the basis for this research. The working band of the suggested miniaturized patch radiator may be adjusted by adjusting the slot size. The [...] Read more.

The design of a circularly slotted triangular patch radiator with a full-ground structure for 5.8 GHz ISM band applications is the basis for this research. The working band of the suggested miniaturized patch radiator may be adjusted by adjusting the slot size. The practical reduction in size is calculated by comparing the size of the standard elliptical-shaped slot with the size of the circular slot. Changes in the practical radius of the triangular patch, the main axis radius of the circular slot, the ground plane length, and feed line width are investigated. The proposed radiator has the dimensions of 25.5 mm × 22.5 mm × 1.6 mm. This small construction has a broad bandwidth of 100 MHz (5.8 GHz), with a 3% fractional bandwidth (FBW). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 804 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Minimization of High Maintenance Cost and Hazard Emissions Related to Aviation Engines: An Implementation of Functions Optimizations by Using Genetic Algorithm for Better Performance

by Nitasha Khan, Syed Azmat Ali Abdi, Talha Ahmed Khan and Syed Safdar Ali Rizvi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046011 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1696

Abstract

This research paper explores the relationship between different functionalities of aircraft and investigates the impact of increased air travel on carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and hydrocarbon emissions. These emissions contribute to both local airport pollution and global atmospheric pollution, posing significant [...] Read more.

This research paper explores the relationship between different functionalities of aircraft and investigates the impact of increased air travel on carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and hydrocarbon emissions. These emissions contribute to both local airport pollution and global atmospheric pollution, posing significant environmental challenges. The study aims to minimize the high maintenance costs associated with aviation engines and to reduce the hazardous emissions from aircraft engines in order to protect the environment. A genetic algorithm is employed for multi-objective optimization, generating a set of desirable solutions applicable in real-world scenarios. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and simplicity of the genetic algorithm in iteratively searching for optimal solutions. This research provides valuable insights for the research community and paves the way for further investigations into these critical issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1453 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Design Parameters for Modern Radio Frequency Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Ultra-Low Power Amplifier Architecture Trends

by Muhammad Ovais Akhter

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046012 - 20 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1230

Abstract

This research presents a comparative analysis of design parameters in modern power amplifier (PA) architecture trends in various CMOS nano-meter technologies. The design parameters include the signal gain, linearity, output power, and output power back-off. The resultant parameters are compared using a table, [...] Read more.

This research presents a comparative analysis of design parameters in modern power amplifier (PA) architecture trends in various CMOS nano-meter technologies. The design parameters include the signal gain, linearity, output power, and output power back-off. The resultant parameters are compared using a table, and various parameters of various designs are visually shown for comparison. These comparative findings will provide any designer with practical information to choose the best CMOS PA design for a specific application. The most important RF CMOS PA integrated implementations are addressed in the conclusion section. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1305 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Line Current Estimation Using Deep Neural Network—A Generalized Approach

by Shariq Shaikh, Sharjeel Ahmed and Muhammad Mohsin Aman

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046013 - 20 Sep 2023

Viewed by 997

Abstract

Distribution system parameter estimation plays a vital role in the overall control and monitoring of the network. A conventional technique to obtain information about the system voltages and line currents involves iterative load flow procedures. Such methods sometimes do not converge due to [...] Read more.

Distribution system parameter estimation plays a vital role in the overall control and monitoring of the network. A conventional technique to obtain information about the system voltages and line currents involves iterative load flow procedures. Such methods sometimes do not converge due to the limited number of available measurements. This paper proposes a simulated data-driven approach for estimating feeder loadings under various operating scenarios of the IEEE 15 bus system. A deep neural network using the MATLAB nntool is implemented, and promising results are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 9332 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Underwater Image Enhancement Using Hyper-Laplacian Reflectance Priors and CNN-Based Classification

by Talha Minhas, Faizan Hassan and Rubia Irshad

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046014 - 20 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1796

Abstract

The physical properties of water cause an underwater image to degrade. Enhancing damaged underwater photos is an important topic of study. Several academics have used various picture-enhancing methods and models. We have included a hyper-Laplacian reflectance priors enhancement technique for underwater images and [...] Read more.

The physical properties of water cause an underwater image to degrade. Enhancing damaged underwater photos is an important topic of study. Several academics have used various picture-enhancing methods and models. We have included a hyper-Laplacian reflectance priors enhancement technique for underwater images and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the classification of images. The classification is performed on the real images and the enhanced images when passed through an HLRP code. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 2054 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Solar Irradiance Forecasting Using Deep Learning Techniques

by Hammad Ali Khan, Moeed Alam, Hassan Ali Rizvi and Abdullah Munir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046015 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3494

Abstract

Solar irradiance, the power of sunlight received on a given surface area during a specific time, is crucial in determining the efficiency and performance of solar power systems, as it directly influences the electricity units generated by photovoltaic (PV) cells. In recent years, [...] Read more.

Solar irradiance, the power of sunlight received on a given surface area during a specific time, is crucial in determining the efficiency and performance of solar power systems, as it directly influences the electricity units generated by photovoltaic (PV) cells. In recent years, deep learning and machine learning techniques have been leveraged to enhance the accuracy of solar adsorption and wind power forecasting. In this context, this study presents a comparative study of various deep learning models for very short term solar irradiance forecasting, aiming to find the most effective model for this specific purpose for our local city Karachi. The key findings indicate that the LSTM model outperforms the other architectures, achieving the highest R-squared value and the lowest RMSE. These results emphasize the importance of accurate forecasting models in optimizing renewable energy generation and grid management and their potential applications in various sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 769 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Compact Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for C- and X- and Ku-Band Applications

by Muhammad Zahid, Muhammad Muqadas Taqdeer and Yasar Amin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046016 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3288

Abstract

The paper presents a compact dual-band pentagonal-shaped patch antenna, with resonating frequencies 7.6 GHz and 12 GHz, that is used for satellite communication, 5G application, and high-speed applications. The proposed antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with an overall dimension of 16 [...] Read more.

The paper presents a compact dual-band pentagonal-shaped patch antenna, with resonating frequencies 7.6 GHz and 12 GHz, that is used for satellite communication, 5G application, and high-speed applications. The proposed antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with an overall dimension of 16 × 16 mm where the height of the substrate is 0.8 mm. The proposed antenna contains a pentagonal-shaped patch with four circles at each corner of the patch that is used for the dual-band; in addition, the circular slot with the combination of the cross-shaped slot achieves better results. The proposed antenna has a partial ground configuration for better bandwidth and gain. The peak gain of the antenna is 8.07 dB at 12 GHz and has a 7.13 dB gain at 7.6 GHz. With its compact size and wide bandwidth capabilities, the antenna proves to be an ideal solution for mobile communication systems, satellite ground stations, and remote sensing applications across C-, X-, and Ku-bands. The proposed antenna also covers Ku used for satellite and high-speed communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 2104 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improving the Low-Speed Operation Performance of IPMSM Sensorless Vector Control with ADRC DC-Offset Compensation Loop

by Sadiq Ur Rahman, Chaoying Xia, Sayyed Haleem Shah, Usman Abubakar and Mahmood Ul Hassan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046017 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

The elimination of position sensors allows sensorless control to minimizing the size, cost, and additional layers of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In this work, a new flux estimator with an active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) drift-elimination capability is developed in order [...] Read more.

The elimination of position sensors allows sensorless control to minimizing the size, cost, and additional layers of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In this work, a new flux estimator with an active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) drift-elimination capability is developed in order to accomplish precise flux estimation. The ESO integrated into the ADRC is capable of detecting and compensating each of the inner model’s fluctuation along with external loads disturbances, enabling a control system with a more effective dynamic response and robust regulations. As a result, the drift issue is greatly mitigated, and the stator flux is accurately predicted throughout a broad range of speeds. The proposed flux observer is validated via sensorless speed vector control of a 15 kW IPMSM motor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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12 pages, 7724 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Three-Phase Load Balancing in Distribution Systems Using Load Sharing Technique

by Abbas Khan and Muhammad Ali

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046018 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 13413

Abstract

Electrical Power quality in distribution systems is crucial to both utility and consumers simultaneously. The main issue that affects the quality factor of electrical distribution systems is phase load imbalance. Phase imbalance is a major issue in distribution networks in Pakistan, India, the [...] Read more.

Electrical Power quality in distribution systems is crucial to both utility and consumers simultaneously. The main issue that affects the quality factor of electrical distribution systems is phase load imbalance. Phase imbalance is a major issue in distribution networks in Pakistan, India, the United States, China, and other nations and regions. The distribution system in Pakistan is normally a three-phase, four-wire system, whereas our residential and commercial loads are often single-phase, resulting in an unbalanced system. These unbalanced circumstances in the system result in single-phasing, overloading, and overheating situations, and the return of current to neutral, as well as increased power system investment and operational expenses. In this paper, several methodologies for phase balance are being studied. After researching several techniques of phase balancing and building on that methodology, a simulation prototype is developed, and different unbalanced situations are studied. To analyze unbalanced conditions in practical mode, a hardware prototype is developed on the basis of simulation. Examined some unbalanced loads on the simulation prototype and then on the hardware prototype and achieved the best possible load balancing on phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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9 pages, 3238 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Rare-Earth Ion-Doped Zinc Oxide as a Viable Photoanode Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Optoelectrical and Wettability Aspects

by Altamash Shabbir, Zuhair S. Khan, Hina Pervaiz and Hafiz Muhammad Haseeb

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046019 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2059

Abstract

In the realm of renewable energy harvesting, nanomaterials doping with rare-earth ions is gaining traction. Lanthanum-doped ZnO thin films were synthesized using the sol–gel technique, with various La weight percentages. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) findings indicated that the hexagonal wurtzite structure of lanthanum-doped [...] Read more.

In the realm of renewable energy harvesting, nanomaterials doping with rare-earth ions is gaining traction. Lanthanum-doped ZnO thin films were synthesized using the sol–gel technique, with various La weight percentages. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) findings indicated that the hexagonal wurtzite structure of lanthanum-doped ZnO was maintained at various La weight percentage, despite a variation in the average crystallite size from 39 nm to 26 nm. The granule-like structure was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the morphology remained unchanged with the inclusion of lanthanum. The direct energy bandgap was estimated to extend from 3.55 eV to 3.40 eV, revealing a discernible shift as the lanthanum concentration increased. The dc electrical conductivity of the films improved as the lanthanum doping in the ZnO lattice structure increased. Furthermore, increasing the La content altered the water contact angles from 51.5° to 26.4°, making the surface more hydrophilic. These findings can allow for the ubiquitous development of nanostructures for photoanode materials made of metal oxides with future applications in DSSC devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 409 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Feature Fusion for Emotion Recognition ^†

by Awais Mahmood

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046020 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1608

Abstract

The information that needs to be communicated to the partner depends heavily on how emotions are expressed in human communication. There are many different ways that people can communicate their feelings. Body language, facial expressions, eye contact, humor, and tone of speech are [...] Read more.

The information that needs to be communicated to the partner depends heavily on how emotions are expressed in human communication. There are many different ways that people can communicate their feelings. Body language, facial expressions, eye contact, humor, and tone of speech are all potential indicators. The people of the world speak a variety of languages, but even when communicating without understanding the other partner’s language, one can nearly always infer what they are trying to say from their emotional expressions. The combined features were provided to CNN. The RAVDESS dataset was used in this work and all the emotions were used for accuracy. The feature parameters used for recognition include the Mel spectral coefficients, chroma_STFT, zero crossing, RMS, pitch frequency, and Mel spectrogram. The results have shown that our proposed technique achieved 87.17% accuracy, which outperforms the existing literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1486 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Using Fuzzy Logic for Monitoring Students Academic Performance in Higher Education

by Najeeb Ullah Jan, Shabbar Naqvi and Qambar Ali

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046021 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3969

Abstract

Imparting quality higher education is one of the main tasks of the higher education institutes (HEIs). With advancements in teaching, learning, and assessment, new methods have evolved. In engineering education, the Washington Accord is considered a benchmark. Pakistan, through the Pakistan Engineering Council [...] Read more.

Imparting quality higher education is one of the main tasks of the higher education institutes (HEIs). With advancements in teaching, learning, and assessment, new methods have evolved. In engineering education, the Washington Accord is considered a benchmark. Pakistan, through the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC), became a full-time member in 2017. Outcome-based education (OBE) is the pivot around which this system revolves. This is a student-centric system. Student evaluation in OBE is a complicated task that involves multiple factors and evaluation mechanisms. In this research work, we have used the artificial intelligence (AI) technique of fuzzy logic for monitoring students’ academic performance. From the literature, three factors, including direct assessment, indirect assessment, and stress, have been identified. The third factor stress has been added as an additional factor to gain more insight into student monitoring. Fuzzy inferencing systems using both Mamdani and Sugeno inferencing methods have been designed. The output of the system shows the comfort zone, which is satisfied evaluation; the average zone, which shows medium or acceptable evaluation; and the highly stressed zone, reflecting areas of concern where work is required to be performed to improve students’ evaluation. A prototype mobile application for the system has also been developed. Results have shown that the Mamdani system performed better than the Sugeno system. The results are promising and indicate that more work is required to be executed to develop fully automated intelligent systems for students’ performance monitoring and to help in achieving the United Nation’s sustainable development goal (SDG) No. 4, which is quality education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 555 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Development of Net Metering-Based Energy Meter

by Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Ammar Asad, Ussama Muwahid, Ahmed Raza and Aun Haider

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046022 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3178

Abstract

Solar energy is a green and sustainable source of energy which can be converted to electrical power through photovoltaic (PV) panels. In an electrical network system, electrical energy is supplied to end consumers through utility networks. Smart Grids allow consumers to generate electrical [...] Read more.

Solar energy is a green and sustainable source of energy which can be converted to electrical power through photovoltaic (PV) panels. In an electrical network system, electrical energy is supplied to end consumers through utility networks. Smart Grids allow consumers to generate electrical energy locally and surplus energy at the user’s end can be supplied to the national grid. Bidirectional energy meters keep the record of the imported and exported units to the grid and vice versa. Photovoltaic panels cannot generate power at night, so users have to import power from electric grid. The utility charges the consumer monthly as per net balance of the energy meter depending on the energy trade balance. This IoT-based meter allows real-time monitoring of power ratings via the Android application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1576 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Implementation of Prepaid Energy Meter with Home Automation and Peak Load Management Using Android Application

by Zainab Mubeen Tahir, Tayyab Tahir, Talha Arfan, Atif Asim, Muhammad Fahad and Shoaib Rauf

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046023 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4480

Abstract

This research attempts to develop a smart kit that is compatible with any single-phase energy meter with features like home automation and peak load management. Power values are obtained by measuring current, voltage and power factor on the load side via CT and [...] Read more.

This research attempts to develop a smart kit that is compatible with any single-phase energy meter with features like home automation and peak load management. Power values are obtained by measuring current, voltage and power factor on the load side via CT and PT. These power values are sent to suppliers. A program-based algorithm is established to compute power quantities and power factors. This IOT meter measures all these values and uploads them to an online database. Android application is industrialized for user control and for buying credits. At the user end, load terminals are distinguished for peak load management and automatically disconnect the power load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1067 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Voltage Collapse Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network

by Atiqa Asif, Ayesha Ijaz, Ayesha Urooj, Taskeen Khan and Abdullah Munir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046024 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1952

Abstract

Voltage instability is a serious condition that can occur in a power system. An imbalance in reactive power, inadequate utilization of voltage control devices, loss of a component or an abrupt rise in load demand can cause this entire disturbance which leads a [...] Read more.

Voltage instability is a serious condition that can occur in a power system. An imbalance in reactive power, inadequate utilization of voltage control devices, loss of a component or an abrupt rise in load demand can cause this entire disturbance which leads a system to blackout, either partial or complete. In order to avoid the condition of voltage collapse, we need to predict the state of buses in the system so that we can prevent the occurrence of major outages. This research puts forward two methods for voltage collapse prediction. The first one is to compute a new line stability index (NLSI_1) through an artificial neural network, and the other one is to present a normalized power change index (NPCI) for the prediction. These indices are applied and examined on the IEEE-14 bus system; they check the state of the buses and tell us about the stability of the system. A detailed methodology and explanation are given in the following sections. According to the neural network outcomes, the normalized power change index (NPCI) proves to be more accurate than NLSI_1 for the test system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1512 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Estimation of Technical Losses on Transmission Systems Using a Neural Network Prognosis Algorithm (NNPA)

by Shariq Shaikh, Adeel Arif and Muhammad Mohsin Aman

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046025 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Technical losses in transmission systems are crucial for short-term planning and decision-making, particularly in complex systems. Traditional deterministic methods like Newton–Raphson prove ineffective in handling systems with a large number of buses and intricate topologies. Consequently, there is a growing interest in employing [...] Read more.

Technical losses in transmission systems are crucial for short-term planning and decision-making, particularly in complex systems. Traditional deterministic methods like Newton–Raphson prove ineffective in handling systems with a large number of buses and intricate topologies. Consequently, there is a growing interest in employing heuristic and intelligent algorithms to achieve faster and more accurate technical loss estimations. This paper introduces the Neural Network Prognosis Algorithm (NNPA), a simple and robust technique that exclusively relies on technical parameters derived from a Newton–Raphson-based load flow analysis, specifically active and reactive power, for 22 buses. The algorithm demonstrates promising progress, exhibiting notable convergence toward the desired mean squared error and achieving a commendable correlation coefficient of 0.999. Despite incorporating randomized data points with Gaussian noise, the algorithm’s results present compelling evidence of its effectiveness and validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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9 pages, 5224 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Smart IoT-Enabled Cage for the Farming of Ground Birds

by Rizwan Aslam Butt, Tariq Rehman and Muhammad Amir Qureshi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046026 - 25 Sep 2023

Viewed by 2963

Abstract

The farming of ground birds requires extensive labor for the timely feeding and watering of the birds, in addition to cleaning their manure. An autonomous farming system can not only reduce labor costs but can also ensure timely feeding and automatic watering. Moreover, [...] Read more.

The farming of ground birds requires extensive labor for the timely feeding and watering of the birds, in addition to cleaning their manure. An autonomous farming system can not only reduce labor costs but can also ensure timely feeding and automatic watering. Moreover, IoT connectivity can help the farmer keep an eye on the birds while physically being away from the farming site. Inspired by this concept, this study presents the design and implementation of a smart autonomous cage for the farming of ground birds. A design of sensors based on ambient temperature and an air quality monitoring system, the mechatronic design of autonomous egg collection and a manure cleaning system are presented in this paper. A novel system control algorithm for the autonomous control of the smart cage is also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1073 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimal Protection Scheme for the Coordination of Bi-Directional Overcurrent Relays in a Carbon-Free AC Microgrid

by Umbrin Sultana, Syeda Rimsha and Javed Rashid

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046027 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1685

Abstract

With the increasing predilection for renewable energy sources across the world, the novel idea of a miniature version of a grid, called a microgrid, has emerged. The efficiency and sustainability of a power grid increase by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs). However, designing [...] Read more.

With the increasing predilection for renewable energy sources across the world, the novel idea of a miniature version of a grid, called a microgrid, has emerged. The efficiency and sustainability of a power grid increase by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs). However, designing an optimum protection scheme has become a substantial challenge due to bi-directional power flows and varying fault levels in the microgrid with distributed energy resources (DERs). The existing protection strategies are not capable of dealing with the different operational states and natures of DERs. Therefore, modifications to the conventional protection schemes are required to benefit from the advantages of de-centralized power generation. Optimum co-ordination between the protection devices (PDs) is needed to achieve fast, secure, and reliable protection of the system. This paper proposes a protection philosophy for a renewable-based AC microgrid and validates its resilience by analyzing the response of the system in different faulty scenarios. Moreover, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the proposed protection scheme to achieve a cost-effective, resilient, reliable, and long-term solution for sustainable power generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 2245 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Demand Side Management for the Energy-Efficient Future of Pakistan Using a Low Emission Analysis Platform

by Mazhar Ali Bhaagat, Nayyar Hussain Mirjat, Shoaib Ahmed Khatri, Asadullah Mahar and Muhammad Amir Raza

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046028 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2538

Abstract

The energy demand in Pakistan is escalating owing to the growing population, rapid urbanization, and industrial growth. Therefore, the development and execution of Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) policies and initiatives are critical for the Government in order to enhance energy efficiency and [...] Read more.

The energy demand in Pakistan is escalating owing to the growing population, rapid urbanization, and industrial growth. Therefore, the development and execution of Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) policies and initiatives are critical for the Government in order to enhance energy efficiency and to address the country’s increasing energy demand. In this study, the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) tool is used to develop and analyze the effects of load control, energy efficiency, and conservation-based measures. Based on the policy analysis and energy consumption patterns, macro-economic modeling has been undertaken using LEAP for the study period 2020–2050. The two scenarios developed are Business-As-Usual (BAU) and Demand-Side-Management (DSM). The model results forecast 1910.2 TWh electricity demand by 2050 under the BAU scenario, with an average annual growth rate of 5.5%, which is eighteen times greater than energy demand in the base year. The sustainable electricity generation path followed under the DSM scenario ensures a lower demand of 1597.5 TWh and an average annual growth rate of 4.5%. This scenario will reduce energy use by 16% compared to the BAU scenario. Therefore, it is proposed that policy may be envisaged using infrastructural and consumer engagement approaches to encourage DSM development in Pakistan. The proposed LEAP model can be used to undertake the supply policy selection and demand assumption for future power production in Pakistan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 3897 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dual-Band UWB Monopole Antenna for IoT Applications

by Sharjeel Muzaffar, Doha Turab, Muhammad Zahid and Yasar Amin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046029 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2377

Abstract

A dual-band UWB coplanar waveguide monopole antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna proposed in this paper consists of an FR4 substrate, two ground planes, and a rectangular patch. The size of the antenna proposed is 24 × 25 × 1 mm [...] Read more.

A dual-band UWB coplanar waveguide monopole antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna proposed in this paper consists of an FR4 substrate, two ground planes, and a rectangular patch. The size of the antenna proposed is 24 × 25 × 1 mm³ with a slit of length and width of 5.7 and 0.5 mm, respectively. We received two operating bands, a C- and Ku-band, with both Bi and Omni-directional radiation patterns. The bandwidth values of the first (3.65–7.49) GHz and second (11.5–13.4) GHz band of the proposed antenna are 3.9 GHz and 1.7 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna operating at a frequency 5.8 GHz has a maximum bandwidth of 4.5 GHz and minimum bandwidth of 1.6 GHz. The characteristics of this antenna show that the antenna proposed in this paper is suitable for dual-band and UWB communication systems. We achieved a wide bandwidth by improving the ground plane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 5089 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comparative Analysis of a Multilevel Inverter Topology Based on Phase Disposition Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

by Muhammad Hammad Uddin, Areeba Abid, Usra Inam, Ayesha Urooj and Mahma Rauf Siddiqui

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046030 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2482

Abstract

A Multilevel Inverter (MLI) meets the power requirements of most power electronic applications. It can provide an AC supply with better power quality. The higher number of levels in an MLI results in better power quality output. The fundamental question that comes to [...] Read more.

A Multilevel Inverter (MLI) meets the power requirements of most power electronic applications. It can provide an AC supply with better power quality. The higher number of levels in an MLI results in better power quality output. The fundamental question that comes to mind is what the optimal number of levels can be in designing an MLI for better performance. This paper aims to provide a comparison of three-, five-, and seven-level schemes based on a “Diode Clamped MLI” and will analyze their performance on the reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 2154 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Photovoltaic and Impedance Analysis of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Counter Electrodes of Manganese Dioxide and Silver-Doped Manganese Dioxide

by Wakeel Shah, Rabia Waheed Khwaja, Sadia Muniza Faraz, Zahoorul Hussain Awan and Muhammad Hassan Sayyad

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046031 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are made of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and Ag-doped manganese dioxide (Ag-MnO₂) counter electrodes (CEs). Herein, MnO₂ and Ag-MnO₂ were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and deposited through the drop casting technique. Electrical characterizations [...] Read more.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are made of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and Ag-doped manganese dioxide (Ag-MnO₂) counter electrodes (CEs). Herein, MnO₂ and Ag-MnO₂ were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and deposited through the drop casting technique. Electrical characterizations were performed to obtain the fill factor (FF), short-circuit current density (J_SC), open-circuit voltage (V_OC), and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Frequency- and voltage-dependent impedance spectroscopy were performed to gain an insight into the charge transport characteristics. DSSCs fabricated with a MnO2-coated electrode gave a PCE of 2.86% with a V_OC of 0.60 V and a J_SC of 8.72 mA/cm², while DSSCs fabricated with Ag-MnO₂ CEs demonstrated a higher PCE of 3.05%, with a V_OC of 0.66 v and a J_SC of 13.3 mA/cm². The obtained results indicate that Ag-doped MnO₂-coated counter electrodes have the potential to replace expensive Pt=coated counter electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1417 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Analysis of Half-Bridge Commutation Cells of a Modular Multilevel Voltage Source Converter

by Muhammad Raza, Amna Aslam and Talia Aamir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046032 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1715

Abstract

This study presents a performance analysis of a half-bridge commutation cell using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. The behavior of IGBTs as semiconductor switches is examined under diverse load conditions, and the power losses, including conduction and switching losses, of two IGBT models, IXGH25N120 and IRG7IA19UPbF, [...] Read more.

This study presents a performance analysis of a half-bridge commutation cell using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. The behavior of IGBTs as semiconductor switches is examined under diverse load conditions, and the power losses, including conduction and switching losses, of two IGBT models, IXGH25N120 and IRG7IA19UPbF, are evaluated. A simulation-based design methodology is proposed for selecting suitable IGBTs for the half-bridge commutation cell. The comparative analysis reveals that the IXGH25N120 IGBT is well-suited for high-performance applications, while the IRG7IA19UPbF IGBT is optimized for energy recovery circuits. Furthermore, it is observed that IGBT1 (IXGH25N120) exhibits higher power losses due to its significant conduction losses compared to IGBT2 (IRG7IA19UPbF). The IGBT2 exhibits low conduction losses but has dominant switching losses due to high switching frequency. The utilization of a simulation-based approach provides valuable insights into the influence of IGBT characteristics on the responses of the half-bridge commutation cell, enabling an enhanced understanding for the design and performance analysis of the cell within the context of MMC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1407 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multi-Objective ABC Algorithm to Optimally Place UPFC and Its Parameter Settings for Transmission Efficiency Enhancement

by Muzamil Rajper, Aneel Kumar, Amna Qaimuddin and Faraz Ullah

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046033 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 989

Abstract

The increasing demand for electricity has put a strain on existing power transmission and distribution systems. As a result, utilities are often forced to overload their existing systems, which can lead to voltage instability, transmission line congestion, and even blackouts. To fix these [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for electricity has put a strain on existing power transmission and distribution systems. As a result, utilities are often forced to overload their existing systems, which can lead to voltage instability, transmission line congestion, and even blackouts. To fix these problems, flexible AC transmission system controllers (FACTs) can be used. This paper deals with two objectives: minimizing voltage deviation and real power losses, and the minimization has been performed using the multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm (MOABC). UPFC has been optimally placed on the IEEE bus-39 system. The proposed work is implemented through MATLAB coding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 219 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis for Machine-Learning-Based Optimal Control of Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Robots

by Muhammad Kamran, Talha Ahmed Khan, Umar Iftikhar, Safdar A. Rizvi, Irfan Tanoli and Kushsairy Kadir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046034 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1526

Abstract

It has been observed from many pieces of research and through applications that robotic movements using human interaction are considered dangerous, tiresome and require extraordinary precision and smooth control. Specifically, medical and healthcare applications have been the highest priority in recent years. The [...] Read more.

It has been observed from many pieces of research and through applications that robotic movements using human interaction are considered dangerous, tiresome and require extraordinary precision and smooth control. Specifically, medical and healthcare applications have been the highest priority in recent years. The concept of rehabilitation using robotics was introduced during the 1980s with the motive of freeing therapists from repetitive work while treating an increasing elderly population requiring physiotherapy. Furthermore, the consistency of the robot’s operation and the volume of repetitions has increased. They can assist therapists in performing tedious tasks and let them concentrate on several patients simultaneously. Several types of rehabilitation robot devices have been produced in recent years with different modes of training and control strategies using various control algorithms. In this research paper, a comprehensive overview of rehabilitation in relation to robotics is presented. The main aim is to determine robust controlling optimization for the smooth control of robotic movement, as these movements require a lot of precision and accuracy. The analysis showed that M-PSO was found to be very effective and robust in finding the best optimal values, as the Modified PSO achieved the minimum root mean square value and a best fit of 98.7. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

7 pages, 594 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Diagnosis of Energy Crisis of Pakistan and Assessment of DSM as Viable Solution

by Arshad Chughtai, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili, Nayyar Hussain Mirjat and Faheem Ullah Shaikh

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046035 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 12201

Abstract

Pakistan is facing the deepest energy and economic crisis of its history. In fact, the ongoing economic crisis is more or less due to the energy crisis. In spite of this critical situation, Pakistan began from a meager 70 MW installed capacity at [...] Read more.

Pakistan is facing the deepest energy and economic crisis of its history. In fact, the ongoing economic crisis is more or less due to the energy crisis. In spite of this critical situation, Pakistan began from a meager 70 MW installed capacity at the time of the creation of the country and now has raised that capacity to 40,923 MW with a huge transmission network infrastructure based on 58,679 km transmission lines and a consumer base of 36.5 million. Despite this massive progress, there is a continued power deficit, mounting circular debt, and large losses, which all indicate a depleted picture of the power sector. This paper primarily undertakes the diagnosis of these crises and provides a basic assessment of demand-side management as a potential avenue to overcome energy crises. In this context, a detailed overview of the energy and power sectors of Pakistan, including the outdated T&D system, is undertaken. These diagnoses suggest that poor administration, governance, and inappropriate policies have contributed to these crises. In the meantime, efforts to overcome these crises with expensive capacity additions have also failed to address the energy crisis. However, a careful review of the literature and on-the-ground matters indicates that DSM is the most reliable solution. Sectoral DSM potential is estimated. Implementing the proposed measures will help greatly to overcome these crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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8 pages, 1448 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Which Simulator to Choose for Next Generation Wireless Network Simulations? NS-3 or OMNeT++

by Sohaib Manzoor, Mahak Manzoor, Hira Manzoor, Durr E Adan and Muhammad Akbar Kayani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046036 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5162

Abstract

A common medium access control (MAC) protocol used in Wi-Fi networks is the distributed coordination function (DCF). In the past few decades, a number of network simulators have been developed to validate their analytical models for DCF and other MAC protocols, among which [...] Read more.

A common medium access control (MAC) protocol used in Wi-Fi networks is the distributed coordination function (DCF). In the past few decades, a number of network simulators have been developed to validate their analytical models for DCF and other MAC protocols, among which OMNET has gained popularity. NS3 and OMNET provide fundamental modeling framework for the IEEE 802.11 MAC and PHY layers. In this paper, we conducted a comparative study of a unified IEEE 802.11 DCF analytical model with NS3 and OMNET for performance evaluation. Various access modes and different topologies were examined for comparing the theoretical study with the simulators. This study provided a basis that the results obtained from NS3 and OMNET Wi-Fi modules are also credible just like in the theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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9 pages, 4644 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of Three-Level NPC AC/DC Bidirectional Converter Using Model Predictive Controller for DC Bus Voltage Stability of Subway

by Mohsin Ihsan and Shunfeng Yang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046037 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3420

Abstract

In this paper, the model predictive control technique is proposed to control the voltage balancing for the subway train 1500 V DC system for variable loads. This paper compares the conventional neutral point clamped converter (NPC) using the control technique of a PI [...] Read more.

In this paper, the model predictive control technique is proposed to control the voltage balancing for the subway train 1500 V DC system for variable loads. This paper compares the conventional neutral point clamped converter (NPC) using the control technique of a PI controller with model predictive control in variable load conditions. MPC enhances the stability of the system during variable loads in comparison with the conventional technique. Consequently, the suggested control technique using MPC can maintain the DC bus output voltage dynamics at variable loads for the subway. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the DC bus output voltage dynamics for the proposed control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1124 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Designing of a Wireless Integrated Building Infrastructure Automation System

by Numair Nadeem, Umbrin Sultana, Bilal Ahmed Khan and Huzaifa Zaib

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046038 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

An IoT-based wireless centralized monitoring system has been proposed which is an effective way to monitor and control building systems. The system will serve the purpose of replacing an old and expensive PLC-based and wire-based management system. The system here uses several nodes [...] Read more.

An IoT-based wireless centralized monitoring system has been proposed which is an effective way to monitor and control building systems. The system will serve the purpose of replacing an old and expensive PLC-based and wire-based management system. The system here uses several nodes of networks which are connected through wireless mesh and sending data to the centralized edge computing device (raspberry pi) through MQTT protocol. Then, the edge will update the data on the cloud using Firebase to generate a library and update the data on the cloud on a real-time basis and through the cloud, which will then allow us to monitor and control the system through the website which can be used easily and remotely on any browsing device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1321 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Driver Safety: Real-Time Eye Detection for Drowsiness Prevention Driver Assistance Systems

by Zainah Md. Zain, Mohd Shahril Roseli and Nurul Athirah Abdullah

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046039 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3971

Abstract

Drowsiness has become a significant contributing factor to traffic accidents in modern times, posing a major concern to society. Driver fatigue or sleepiness leads to decreased reaction time, diminished attention, and compromised decision-making abilities, thereby affecting the overall driving experience. This paper addresses [...] Read more.

Drowsiness has become a significant contributing factor to traffic accidents in modern times, posing a major concern to society. Driver fatigue or sleepiness leads to decreased reaction time, diminished attention, and compromised decision-making abilities, thereby affecting the overall driving experience. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a drowsiness detection system based on image processing, utilizing a cascade of classifiers built on Haar-like features. The system effectively detects the eyes, allowing for determination of eye closure or opening, which serves as an indicator of driver drowsiness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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8 pages, 2731 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Review of Islanding Detection Techniques for Inverter-Based Distributed Generation

by Muhammad Waleed Jalil, Wania Ishtiaque and Adeel Arif

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046040 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

The classical problem of islanding detection in distributed generation falls into the commonly used categories known as passive, active, and hybrid techniques. These approaches vary in terms of their accuracy, security, and dependability. Detecting islanding in modern inverter-based distribution systems is of the [...] Read more.

The classical problem of islanding detection in distributed generation falls into the commonly used categories known as passive, active, and hybrid techniques. These approaches vary in terms of their accuracy, security, and dependability. Detecting islanding in modern inverter-based distribution systems is of the utmost importance to ensuring the protection of equipment, ensuring the safety of workers, and preventing operational and cascaded faults when the system is specially subjected to renewable integration. This research paper presents a technical comparison of the aforementioned techniques, discussing their detection rate, Non-Detection Zone (NDZ), distinct topologies, and their effectiveness in integration for low-frequency grids. The review offers a thorough analysis comparing the key attributes found in the current literature while also highlighting the forthcoming needs for advanced management, optimization, and control technologies. These technologies are crucial to effectively tackling the difficulties that arise from integrating renewable energy sources into established grid systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Online Condition Monitoring of 120 kV Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters Using Correlation Method

by Syeda Sakina Haider, Hania Ahmed, Umme Aaiman, Syeda Khansa Shakeel and Abdullah Munir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046041 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

The degradation of Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters (ZnOSA) is commonly detected by the resistive component of its leakage current ‘I_r’. The methods previously employed to extract the resistive component of the leakage current were intricate and demanded a greater number of [...] Read more.

The degradation of Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters (ZnOSA) is commonly detected by the resistive component of its leakage current ‘I_r’. The methods previously employed to extract the resistive component of the leakage current were intricate and demanded a greater number of computational steps. The objective of this paper is to propose a new technique for the age detection and degradation analysis of ZnOSA, named the ‘Correlation Method’, which does not require the extraction of the resistive leakage current. The correlation coefficient is calculated between the power factor (pf) and total leakage current (I_t) on the MATLAB software (Version R2018a). The performance of this method is analyzed experimentally by changing the voltage, ranging from 70 to 120 kV, of surge arresters. The proposed research offers improved computational efficiency and provides valuable insights into the relationship between the power factor, leakage current, and the aging process of ZnOSA. Moreover, the results of the proposed methods are compared with those of existing techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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8 pages, 2073 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Green Synthesis of Nano Graphite Materials from Lemon and Orange Peel: A Sustainable Approach for Carbon-Based Materials

by Mirza Farrukh Waheed Baig, Syed Farhan Hasany and Muhammad Faizan Shirazi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046042 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

This research paper presents a study on the preparation and characterization of nano graphite materials (NGMs) from lemon and orange peel powder using the pyrolysis method. The NGMs were analyzed using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural and [...] Read more.

This research paper presents a study on the preparation and characterization of nano graphite materials (NGMs) from lemon and orange peel powder using the pyrolysis method. The NGMs were analyzed using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural and compositional properties. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the NGMs, while the FTIR analysis provided information about the functional groups present in the materials. Our results suggest that NGMs fabricated from lemon and orange peel powder have potential for applications in various fields, including energy storage and catalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1540 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Efficient Underwater Wireless Data Transmission Technique and Signal Processing

by Dur-e-Jabeen, Habib Shaukat, Mehwish Siddiqui, Sarah Ahmed, Muhammad Yasir Zaheen, Amad Ud Din ahmad, Hassan Ali Mirza and Muhammad Sami

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046043 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1366

Abstract

This paper is based on a project titled underwater acoustic communication in which communication is performed between transmitter and receiver side underwater using water as a channel; data are is transmitted through a piezo transducer underwater, which are then be received by a [...] Read more.

This paper is based on a project titled underwater acoustic communication in which communication is performed between transmitter and receiver side underwater using water as a channel; data are is transmitted through a piezo transducer underwater, which are then be received by a receiver, i.e., a wireless hydrophone. Signal processing and analysis are performed on the received wireless signals. Data reception and propagation are important parts on the receiver side, which involve conditioning and processing of the received signal. Morse code is used to detect the signals and processed data, which are then analyzed using MATLAB simulation software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1427 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

DigitalNizam: Shaping the Future of Pakistani Elections through Secure Field-Programmable Gate Array-Based Voting Solutions

by Areeb Adnan Khan, Nimra Sohail, Mohit Rai and Muhammad Farhan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046044 - 27 Oct 2023

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Abstract

This paper represents the ways in which a secure and reliable voting machine could be implemented using hardware descriptive language, which in this case is Verilog. In order to emphasize security, the proposed design is implemented in two ways. The first variant is [...] Read more.

This paper represents the ways in which a secure and reliable voting machine could be implemented using hardware descriptive language, which in this case is Verilog. In order to emphasize security, the proposed design is implemented in two ways. The first variant is a basic version comprising some basic safety protocols; however, the subsequent variant is a safer kind of FPGA-based voting machine. Furthermore, concrete illustration is presented using the Vivado and Artix-7-based FPGA Basys-3. Finally, the obtained conclusions seem to be encouraging to a certain extent, as, evidently, the system provides robust and assured voting, along with minimizing latency and power consumption. In addition to this, this design could be utilized as a starting point for the development of superior voting systems utilizing FPGAs in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 3766 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Assessment of Multi-Phase Switched Reluctance Machine for Wind Energy Applications

by Waqar Ali Alias Sarang and Ali Asghar Memon

Eng. Proc. 2023, 46(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023046045 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

The adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly wind energy, has seen remarkable growth in recent years. Wind energy generation requires efficient and reliable generators that can convert wind energy into usable electrical energy. Switched Reluctance Generators (SRGs) have been gaining popularity in wind [...] Read more.

The adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly wind energy, has seen remarkable growth in recent years. Wind energy generation requires efficient and reliable generators that can convert wind energy into usable electrical energy. Switched Reluctance Generators (SRGs) have been gaining popularity in wind energy applications due to their high efficiency, reliability, and low maintenance requirements. The multiphase switched reluctance generators are used especially in wind power plants due to their ability to operate in variable speed ranges. In this paper, a MATLAB/SIMULINK based model of Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) is presented. The obtained results show good agreement under different operating conditions. The obtained results (current, voltage, torque, speed, flux, and angle of generator) are shown in graphs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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