Pharmacy

15 pages, 1802 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Classroom to Cleanroom: Evaluating Industrial Field Visits as a Pedagogical Tool in Parenteral Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Quality Control Education

by Sandi Ali Adib and Husam M. Younes

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020062 - 17 Apr 2026

Viewed by 669

Abstract

This study investigates the educational impact of an industrial field visit on the learning experience of second-year pharmacy students at Qatar University. The visit, integrated within the Pharmaceutics II course (PHAR 310), was designed to complement theoretical instruction by providing exposure to real-world [...] Read more.

This study investigates the educational impact of an industrial field visit on the learning experience of second-year pharmacy students at Qatar University. The visit, integrated within the Pharmaceutics II course (PHAR 310), was designed to complement theoretical instruction by providing exposure to real-world pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality control processes, particularly for parenteral dosage forms. A mixed-methods approach was employed using quantitative and qualitative data derived from post-visit questionnaires. Findings indicated that students reported positive perceptions of the experience, with the majority indicating improved understanding of key pharmaceutical manufacturing concepts and strong support for the inclusion of similar activities within the curriculum. Qualitative analysis further suggested that the visit facilitated contextualization of theoretical knowledge, enhanced engagement, and supported early professional awareness. While these findings suggest that structured industrial visits may serve as a valuable complementary educational strategy in pharmacy training, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and single-institution design. Further research incorporating larger cohorts, objective learning assessments, and longitudinal evaluation is underway to better establish the educational impact of these interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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23 pages, 475 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding the Disposal of Unused and Expired Medicines in Romania During the Early Implementation of the 2023 Hospital-Based Collection Framework

by Anca Lupu, Ștefan Roșca, Ancuța Iacob, Marius Moroianu and Ramona-Oana Roșca

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020061 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 699

Abstract

Background: Improper disposal of unused and expired medicines represents an environmental and public health concern. In Romania, Law No. 269/2023 assigned the responsibility for collecting household pharmaceutical waste to public and private hospitals, while operational procedures were further detailed in the Ministry of [...] Read more.

Background: Improper disposal of unused and expired medicines represents an environmental and public health concern. In Romania, Law No. 269/2023 assigned the responsibility for collecting household pharmaceutical waste to public and private hospitals, while operational procedures were further detailed in the Ministry of Health (MoH) Instruction No. 6226/2024. Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to the disposal of unused and expired medicines among the general public and community pharmacy staff during the early phase of implementation of the hospital-based medicine take-back system in Romania. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted between 1 and 31 August 2023. Two structured questionnaires were administered: one targeting the general public/patients and another addressing community pharmacy staff. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. Several items allowed multiple responses. Results: Among public respondents (n = 108; predominantly male, 90.7%; urban, 75.0%), household waste disposal was the most frequently reported method (58.3%), followed by pharmacy return (43.5%). Willingness to use a dedicated collection system was very high (96.3%). Among pharmacy staff (n = 71; predominantly female, 78.9%; urban, 74.6%), 40.8% reported no collection activity; where collection occurred, it was typically on demand. Disposal routes included transfer to specialized waste companies (56.3%) and regulated destruction (43.7%). Only 1.4% of pharmacies offered incentives, while 45.4% of the public indicated discounts could motivate returns. Conclusions: Findings indicate an implementation and communication gap during the transition to a hospital-based pharmaceutical waste collection system. Strengthening public communication on official collection points and providing clearer operational guidance may support safer disposal practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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10 pages, 360 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Improper Disposal of Drugs and the Lack of Information About It Among a Highly Educated Population in Brazil: Analysis of the Factors Influencing Correct Disposal

by Jamila Alessandra Perini, Thais da Silva Figueiredo, Mayara Calixto da Silva, Daniel Escorsim Machado and Jéssica Vilarinho Cardoso

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020060 - 15 Apr 2026

Viewed by 412

Abstract

The improper disposal of household pharmaceuticals is a global public health concern, posing risks to both human health and the environment and highlighting the need to raise public awareness. This study aimed to identify individual characteristics associated with the inappropriate disposal of household [...] Read more.

The improper disposal of household pharmaceuticals is a global public health concern, posing risks to both human health and the environment and highlighting the need to raise public awareness. This study aimed to identify individual characteristics associated with the inappropriate disposal of household pharmaceuticals and to determine which individuals may require greater awareness. This cross-sectional study included 310 participants who completed an online questionnaire collecting sociodemographic and clinical information, as well as data regarding the participants’ use, storage, and disposal of medications. Most participants were female (74%), single (57%), had a university degree (81%), and were 34 ± 12 years old; 37% had some non-communicable disease (NCD), 85% used some medication, and 62% disposed of pharmaceuticals inappropriately. Having no undergraduate degree (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.01–9.8), an absence of NCDs (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1–5.6), a lack of knowledge about reverse logistics (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.7–7.6) or environmental risks (OR = 13.5; 95% CI = 1.5–125), and a lack of guidance from healthcare professionals (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.2–10.6) were associated with inappropriate disposal. Although most respondents (88.6%) were aware of the negative environmental impacts of improper disposal, 69.7% did not know what reverse logistics was or where to find collection points (73.5%). These findings highlight the importance of environmental education for the effective implementation of reverse logistics for household pharmaceuticals. Full article

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15 pages, 1755 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Faculty-Constructed AI Tutor for Personalized Learning and Remediation in a U.S. PharmD Immunology Course: An “In-House” Evaluation of New Learning Technology

by Ashim Malhotra

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020059 - 3 Apr 2026

Viewed by 648

Abstract

While generative AI becomes increasingly available in higher education, faculties find it challenging to design, implement, and evaluate AI-enabled personalized learning systems within accreditation-constrained professional curricula. This method paper describes ADAPT (Assessment-Driven AI for Personalized Tutoring), a home-grown AI tutoring and remediation ecosystem [...] Read more.

While generative AI becomes increasingly available in higher education, faculties find it challenging to design, implement, and evaluate AI-enabled personalized learning systems within accreditation-constrained professional curricula. This method paper describes ADAPT (Assessment-Driven AI for Personalized Tutoring), a home-grown AI tutoring and remediation ecosystem implemented in a required PharmD immunology course. Using standard learning management (Canvas) and assessment (ExamSoft) platforms, a 20-item quiz mapped to six immunology mastery domains (N = 34; mean 69.1%, SD 17.9; Cronbach’s α = 0.73) was used to trigger tiered, structured generative AI remediation at both individual student and cohort levels. Instructional impact was evaluated using reliability indices, item-level difficulty analyses, and paired pre/post-assessment comparisons. Following AI-guided remediation, mean performance increased to 79.8% (+10.7 percentage points), variability decreased (SD 14.4), and assessment reliability improved (ExamSoft KR-20 0.87) compared with the diagnostic exam, the first midterm exam, and the final exam, respectively. Item difficulty stabilized (mean ≈ 0.80), with sustained retention of targeted concepts on the final examination. ADAPT provides a replicable, low-cost methodological blueprint for faculties to independently construct assessment-driven AI tutoring systems and lays the foundational steps for future AI-based predictive analysis workflow for at-risk students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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16 pages, 1109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lacosamide Safety During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Single-Centre Experience and Comprehensive Narrative Review

by Kamila Saramak, Manuela Kaml, Marina Peball, Luisa Delazer, Gerald Walser, Anna Hussl, Iris Unterberger and Alexandra Astner-Rohracher

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020058 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 858

Abstract

(1) Background: The management of epilepsy during pregnancy requires balancing effective seizure control against potential teratogenic effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs). Data on the safety of lacosamide (LCM), a third-generation ASM, during pregnancy and breastfeeding are limited. (2) Methods: To evaluate the safety [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The management of epilepsy during pregnancy requires balancing effective seizure control against potential teratogenic effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs). Data on the safety of lacosamide (LCM), a third-generation ASM, during pregnancy and breastfeeding are limited. (2) Methods: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of LCM during pregnancy and breastfeeding, we report a single-centre case series and provide a comprehensive narrative review of the literature. (3) Results: In total, 22 cases of maternal exposure to LCM throughout pregnancy (1 monotherapy, 21 polytherapy) were identified, resulting in 21 live births (95.5%). Congenital malformations (atrial septal defect) were observed in one offspring exposed to LCM and levetiracetam (4.8%). Twelve newborns were breastfed (57.1%) without neurodevelopmental delay after twelve months. The literature search identified 16 studies, overall reporting data on 627 pregnancies with LCM (236 monotherapy, 391 polytherapy). Among 632 available pregnancy outcomes (3 twin pregnancies and 1 triplet in the polytherapy group) the proportion of live births was 81.3% (514/632). Major congenital malformations were reported in 2.5% (6/236) with LCM monotherapy and 11.9% (47/396) with polytherapy. (4) Conclusions: According to the literature, no major safety concerns, especially in LCM monotherapy, and no specific malformations associated with LCM exposure were identified. Conclusions are limited by the heterogeneity of studies and the small number of monotherapy-exposed cases. Larger, prospective studies with longer follow-up are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy Practice for Women’s/Reproductive Health)

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17 pages, 230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Guidance for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Community Pharmacy Practice: Perspectives and Needs of Pharmacists in Ontario, Canada

by Zubin Austin and Paul Gregory

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020057 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1054

Abstract

Background: As Artificial Intelligence (AI) proliferates in society, community pharmacists must make decisions as to how to responsibly adopt this technology in their practice. Currently, there are few regulatory requirements or tools to support pharmacists in ensuring safe and ethical integration of AI [...] Read more.

Background: As Artificial Intelligence (AI) proliferates in society, community pharmacists must make decisions as to how to responsibly adopt this technology in their practice. Currently, there are few regulatory requirements or tools to support pharmacists in ensuring safe and ethical integration of AI in their work. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study of community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada was undertaken to examine their needs for guidance, regulation, and support in adopting AI in their practice. Results: Semi-structured interviews with 24 community pharmacists were undertaken to the point of thematic saturation. Constant-comparative analysis highlighted three key themes: (a) currently, AI is being used in unstandardized and unregulated ways; (b) pharmacists desire guidance or regulation focused on patient safety considerations; and (c) in the absence of regulation, ad hoc informal decision making is occurring. Conclusions: With or without formal regulation, AI is being adopted in pharmacy practice. Current reliance on informal network support without clear regulatory guidance raises concerns for pharmacists regarding patient safety and their work as professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Use in Pharmacy and Pharmacy Education)

12 pages, 621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Pharmacy in Radiopharmacy: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Practices Within the HUGOPharm Network

by Evan Terrier, Laura Foucault-Fruchard, Nicolas Arlicot, Yann Venel, Mickaël Bourgeois, Serge Maia and Anne-Claire Dupont

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020056 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 649

Abstract

Radiopharmacy is a specialized area of hospital pharmacy dedicated to the preparation and appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and targeted therapies. While clinical pharmacy activities are well established in many hospital settings, their integration into radiopharmacy remains poorly documented and lacks [...] Read more.

Radiopharmacy is a specialized area of hospital pharmacy dedicated to the preparation and appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and targeted therapies. While clinical pharmacy activities are well established in many hospital settings, their integration into radiopharmacy remains poorly documented and lacks standardization, particularly in the context of the rapid development of theranostic applications. This descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to assess current clinical pharmacy practices in radiopharmacy across the HUGOPharm network. Between July and September 2025, an anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to radiopharmacy teams, collecting information on prescription analysis, biological monitoring, interdisciplinary collaboration, and other clinical pharmacy activities. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses. All participating centers reported verifying patient identity and key prescription parameters; however, substantial variability in practices was observed. Pharmacotherapeutic analysis was more frequently performed for therapeutic procedures (71%) than for diagnostic procedures (57%). Pre-procedure biological testing was common in therapeutic contexts (86%) but infrequent for diagnostic applications (29%). No center reported conducting structured medication reviews or pharmaceutical consultations. The implementation of radioligand therapies, such as [¹⁷⁷Lu]-PSMA, was associated with enhanced safety checks and increased interdisciplinary collaboration. Overall, clinical pharmacy in radiopharmacy is developing but remains inconsistently implemented. Structured clinical pharmacy activities appear particularly relevant for theranostic procedures and may represent priorities for future practice development to support patient safety and integrated care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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14 pages, 1179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Gabapentinoids in Neuropathic Pain: A Single-Center Retrospective Study at a Specialized Institution in Mexico

by Carlos Eduardo Estrada-De La Rosa, Felipe Alexis Avalos-Salgado, Nancy Evelyn Navarro-Ruiz, Erika Fabiola López-Villalobos, Roberto de Jesús Sandoval-Muñiz, Monserratt Abud-González, María Luisa Muñoz-Almaguer and Raymundo Escutia-Gutiérrez

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020055 - 29 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gabapentinoids are first-line treatments for neuropathic pain (NP); however, real-world evidence regarding their safety and effectiveness in complex clinical populations remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of gabapentinoid therapy in patients managed within a specialized pain [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Gabapentinoids are first-line treatments for neuropathic pain (NP); however, real-world evidence regarding their safety and effectiveness in complex clinical populations remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of gabapentinoid therapy in patients managed within a specialized pain relief institution. Methods: A retrospective cohort study (n = 109) was conducted (January 2024 to December 2024). Effectiveness was assessed via DN4 and VAS over one year. Time to improvement was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves. Results: The cohort (mean age 66.2 ± 15.3 years) presented 100% comorbidity and polypharmacy (66.1% opioids; 67.9% antidepressants). Although all patients showed improvement, only 35.8% achieved “maximal improvement.” Pregabalin demonstrated faster VAS reduction than gabapentin (p = 0.029), though long-term success was comparable (p = 0.30). Significantly, 100% of patients reported at least one adverse drug event (ADE), primarily somnolence (66.1%), though no serious ADEs occurred. Lower baseline pain scores were significant predictors of therapeutic success. Conclusions: Gabapentinoids are effective for long-term NP management; however, their use is consistently associated with non-serious ADEs. In specialized settings characterized by extensive CNS-active polypharmacy, proactive pharmacovigilance and multidisciplinary oversight are essential to balance analgesic effectiveness with medication safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Systems Approaches to Medication Safety in Pharmacy Practice)

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7 pages, 175 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Community Pharmacies Face Critical Sustainability Challenges in the United States: Academic Pharmacy Can Help

by Karl M. Hess and Peter Lim

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020054 - 29 Mar 2026

Viewed by 573

Abstract

Community pharmacies in the United States (US) face an increasingly unsustainable future due to declining third-party reimbursement (remuneration) and ongoing cash flow challenges following the elimination of retroactive direct and indirect remuneration (DIR) fees. These pressures have contributed to widespread pharmacy closures, the [...] Read more.

Community pharmacies in the United States (US) face an increasingly unsustainable future due to declining third-party reimbursement (remuneration) and ongoing cash flow challenges following the elimination of retroactive direct and indirect remuneration (DIR) fees. These pressures have contributed to widespread pharmacy closures, the emergence of pharmacy deserts, and reduced access to care for millions of patients. Despite these challenges, community pharmacy remains the most common employment setting for pharmacy school graduates in the US. However, currently required community pharmacy Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) student rotations may offer limited exposure to business, management, and entrepreneurial activities, potentially leaving students underprepared for practice in this setting. US colleges and schools of pharmacy are uniquely positioned to address this gap by partnering with their community pharmacy APPE rotation sites to intentionally integrate business- and practice-focused knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) into the APPE. Equipping students with these KSAs may enhance early career readiness while also supporting the financial sustainability of US community pharmacies through the development of innovative, revenue-generating services. These efforts further align with the 2025 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standards and may help advance the profession. Future research should examine optimal community pharmacy APPE structures, models, and assessment strategies to maximize student preparedness and long-term community pharmacy sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Workforce Challenges and Solutions: Perspectives from Research and Practice)

9 pages, 196 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Assessing the Frequency, Prescribing Patterns, and Characteristics of Patients Receiving Drugs with Pharmacogenomic (PGx) Guidelines Through an EMR: Follow-Up Analysis 5 Years Later

by George E. MacKinnon III, Megan Mills and Ulrich Broeckel

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020053 - 25 Mar 2026

Viewed by 705

Abstract

(1) Background: This follow-up retrospective analysis used electronic medical record (EMR) data from a health system to identify patients and medications prescribed in accordance with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. (2) Methods: This analysis included EMR data from a clinical research data [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This follow-up retrospective analysis used electronic medical record (EMR) data from a health system to identify patients and medications prescribed in accordance with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. (2) Methods: This analysis included EMR data from a clinical research data warehouse encompassing 928,291 patients seen at an academic medical center between 2020 and 2024. The study evaluated 75 commercially available medications linked to 52 evidence-based CPIC pharmacogenomic (PGx) guidelines. (3) Results: Of the 928,291 patient encounters, 709,673 medication orders were recorded, with 416,621 patients (44.8%) prescribed at least 1 of the 75 CPIC-associated medications. This compares with 845,518 patients who had an encounter in 2015–2019 with 590,526 medication orders, and 335,849 (56.9%) patients had medication orders represented by CPIC-associated medications. One to three CPIC-associated medications accounted for 76.6% of patients in 2020–2024 compared to 75.6% in 2015–2019. (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the proportion of patients prescribed a CPIC-actionable medication remained just under half of those evaluated within a single institution’s EMR. About three-quarters of patients over the ten-year period had between one to three CPIC-associated medications identified, and the top five classes of medications remained the same in the two periods. This understanding of patient volume may help organizations as they begin to assess the implementation of PGx services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

14 pages, 243 KB

Open AccessReview

Access to Medicines in Bulgaria and North Macedonia: Legislative, Pricing, and Reimbursement Perspectives

by Anna Todorova, Dijana Miceva, Mariya Ivanova, Tanya Kazakova and Bistra Angelovska

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020052 - 23 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

National legislative frameworks governing prescribing, pricing, reimbursement, and dispensing play a decisive role in shaping access to medicines. This study examines the financial availability of medicines in Bulgaria and North Macedonia through a comparative review of national pharmaceutical legislation, pricing mechanisms, reimbursement models, [...] Read more.

National legislative frameworks governing prescribing, pricing, reimbursement, and dispensing play a decisive role in shaping access to medicines. This study examines the financial availability of medicines in Bulgaria and North Macedonia through a comparative review of national pharmaceutical legislation, pricing mechanisms, reimbursement models, and digitalisation policies, assessed in relation to European Union standards. The findings indicate that access to medicines in both countries is shaped by the combined effects of multiple regulatory and financial instruments rather than by individual policy measures. Both systems apply strict control of prescribing and dispensing, external reference pricing, and positive reimbursement lists, reflecting alignment with international recommendations. However, significant differences in policy design lead to divergent access outcomes. Bulgaria’s more advanced digitalisation of prescribing and reimbursement, including mandatory electronic prescribing for selected therapeutic groups, enhances regulatory oversight and expenditure control but is associated with higher patient out-of-pocket expenditure, partly due to the application of the standard value-added tax on medicines. In contrast, North Macedonia combines lower taxation with capped patient co-payments, higher regulated pharmacy margins, and fixed pharmacy remuneration per prescription, contributing to improved financial affordability for patients while supporting pharmacy sustainability. Additional instruments, such as the Generics without Co-Payment List, further strengthen patient financial protection. The study provides comparative evidence relevant to pharmaceutical policy reforms and highlights the importance of balanced regulatory approaches that promote affordability, system sustainability, and equitable access to medicines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

17 pages, 1957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Potential Exposure to Pregnancy-Contraindicated Medications Among Women of Reproductive Age in Japan: A Retrospective Database Study

by Hiroyuki Ura and Noriko Matsuoka

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020051 - 20 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 739

Abstract

Preconception care is globally recognized as essential for optimizing pregnancy outcomes; however, in Japan, comprehensive data on medication-related potential exposure to pregnancy-contraindicated medications among women of reproductive age remain limited. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study using data from Japan’s National Database [...] Read more.

Preconception care is globally recognized as essential for optimizing pregnancy outcomes; however, in Japan, comprehensive data on medication-related potential exposure to pregnancy-contraindicated medications among women of reproductive age remain limited. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study using data from Japan’s National Database of Health Insurance Claims (fiscal year 2022) to assess the potential exposure to pregnancy-contraindicated medications among women of reproductive age. Outpatient prescriptions for oral medications dispensed to women aged 15–49 years were analyzed. In total, 270 medications classified as contraindicated during pregnancy were identified, of which 75 were also contraindicated for women planning pregnancy. Of these, 58 active ingredients were restricted in both phases. Notably, 212 medications were uniquely contraindicated during pregnancy, highlighting the broader contraindication profiles during fetal development than during the preconception period. Despite these contraindications, high prescription volumes were observed for medications such as loxoprofen sodium hydrate, sodium valproate, and metformin hydrochloride among women of reproductive age. These findings illustrate a high baseline utilization of pregnancy-contraindicated medications among women of reproductive age. As most women in this demographic are neither pregnant nor actively planning conception, these volumes primarily reflect standard care rather than inappropriate prescribing. In conclusion, pharmacists serve as an important supplementary safety net by routinely confirming pregnancy status to prevent inadvertent exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy Practice for Women’s/Reproductive Health)

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20 pages, 356 KB

Open AccessReview

Global Pharmaceutical Regulation: Comparative Frameworks and Operations

by Omolayo Tinuke Umaru, Adebowale Sylvester Adeyemi, Olajumoke Aderonmu, Balyodh Singh Bhangu, Harjot Singh Dhaliwal, Hae Lim and Taiwo Opeyemi Aremu

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020050 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1792

Abstract

Pharmaceutical regulation plays a central role in protecting public health by governing clinical trials, market authorization, and post-marketing safety monitoring throughout the medicine life cycle. While substantial literature describes established systems, particularly the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and [...] Read more.

Pharmaceutical regulation plays a central role in protecting public health by governing clinical trials, market authorization, and post-marketing safety monitoring throughout the medicine life cycle. While substantial literature describes established systems, particularly the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and the European medicines regulatory network coordinated by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) together with national competent authorities, comparative analyses that integrate both mature authorities, emerging regulators and transnational harmonization networks remain limited. This narrative review draws on primary regulator/network documentation and targeted peer-reviewed literature to compare core regulatory functions across jurisdictions, including approval pathways and evidentiary expectations, inspection and good manufacturing practice (GMP) oversight, transparency practices, and pharmacovigilance and risk-management approaches. Across regions, we observe increasing convergence in scientific expectations through initiatives such as the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) and reliance and work-sharing models, alongside persistent differences in legal mandates, resourcing, timelines, and data requirements. These differences are most consequential for complex products (e.g., advanced therapies) and in crisis settings, where emergency or conditional authorizations amplify the need for strong lifecycle monitoring, real-world evidence governance, and cross-border communication. We conclude by outlining opportunities to strengthen regulatory resilience and equity through fit-for-purpose harmonization, investment in enabling infrastructure, and future work on interoperable data systems, signal detection, and coordinated post-marketing evaluation. Full article

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9 pages, 217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drug-Induced Hyponatremia as a Cause of Emergency Department Attendance

by Joel Gené Grasa, Natalia Sanz López, Marta Docio Alfaya, Verónica Mate García, Alicia Serrano García-Calvo, Adrián Plaza Díaz and Jesús Ruiz Ramos

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020049 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 888

Abstract

Background: Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances in emergency departments. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of patients presenting with drug-induced hyponatremia and analyse factors associated with 30-day revisits. Methods: Retrospective observational study including adult patients who attended the [...] Read more.

Background: Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances in emergency departments. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of patients presenting with drug-induced hyponatremia and analyse factors associated with 30-day revisits. Methods: Retrospective observational study including adult patients who attended the emergency department for drug-induced hyponatremia between 2020 and 2024. Results: 141 patients were analysed (mean age 80.5 years; 78% women). Thiazide diuretics were the most frequently implicated pharmacological class (50.3%). In univariable analyses, polypharmacy, dementia, and treatment changes at discharge were associated with a higher risk of revisit for hyponatremia. In the multivariable model, only polypharmacy remained significantly associated with 30-day revisits. Conclusions: Thiazide diuretics were the leading drug-related cause of hyponatremia in the emergency setting. Polypharmacy was identified as an independent factor associated with increased revisit risk, underscoring the need for systematic medication review and close clinical follow-up after hospital discharge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Repurposing: Strengthening Outcomes of Existing Pharmaceuticals to Shift Emerging Health Challenges)

15 pages, 310 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Comparison of Intravenous vs. Oral Antimicrobial Therapy for Bone and Joint Infections

by Maura Kreiser, Sarah Al Mansi, Ismaeel Yunusa, Caroline Derrick, P. Brandon Bookstaver, Majdi N. Al-Hasan, Yorika Hammett and Morgan Pizzuti

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020048 - 14 Mar 2026

Viewed by 953

Abstract

Well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated safe and effective use of oral antimicrobial therapy for bone and joint infections. Application of data for implementation into real-world practice, however, has inherent challenges. This retrospective cohort study compared real-world use of intravenous versus oral [...] Read more.

Well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated safe and effective use of oral antimicrobial therapy for bone and joint infections. Application of data for implementation into real-world practice, however, has inherent challenges. This retrospective cohort study compared real-world use of intravenous versus oral antimicrobial therapy in bone and joint infections within a large healthcare system comprising both academic and community medical centers. The primary outcome was the proportion of treatment failure. Key secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients with logistical failure and risk factors associated with treatment and logistical failure. Among 166 patients included, 136 (82%) and 30 (18%) received predominantly intravenous and oral antimicrobial therapy, respectively. Treatment failure occurred in (77/121) 64% versus (18/25) 72% of patients in the intravenous and oral antimicrobial groups (p = 0.491; OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.56–3.33). Logistical failure occurred in 29% versus 47% of patients in the intravenous and oral antimicrobial groups (p = 0.150; OR, 1.93; 95% CI 0.79–4.70). Risk factors for treatment failure included peripheral vascular disease (OR, 2.61; 95% CI 1.02–7.80) and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores (OR, 1.18; 95% CI 1.04–1.36). Similar to previously published RCTs, treatment failure appeared comparable between groups; however, oral antimicrobial therapy was overall underutilized. Full article

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21 pages, 560 KB

Open AccessReview

Effectiveness of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Integrative Review of Reviews and Comparative Effectiveness Studies (2020–2025)

by Desislava Stanimirova, Guenka Petrova and Zornitsa Mitkova

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020047 - 12 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1563

Abstract

This systematic integrative review evaluates the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors in relation to improving glycaemic control, reducing cardiovascular events, and preserving renal function based on the latest published evidence. Search for publications referenced in PubMed, from January 2020 to January 2025, was conducted; [...] Read more.

This systematic integrative review evaluates the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors in relation to improving glycaemic control, reducing cardiovascular events, and preserving renal function based on the latest published evidence. Search for publications referenced in PubMed, from January 2020 to January 2025, was conducted; 48 abstracts were reviewed, and 27 full-text articles were included for analysis—systematic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews and comparative effectiveness studies. SGLT2 inhibitors are effective in reducing glucose levels, but the magnitude of reduction varies compared to other classes of antidiabetics. A noticeable reduction in the risk of major cardiovascular events, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was reported, particularly compared to DPP-4 inhibitors and placebo. SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrated the most pronounced and consistent benefits in reducing hospitalisation for heart failure among all other evaluated classes. However, outcomes like myocardial infarction and stroke results were inconsistent. Renal outcomes consistently favoured SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing the risk of acute kidney injury, slowing chronic kidney disease and lowering the risk of end-stage kidney disease. SGLT2 inhibitors provide consistent glucose-lowering, cardiovascular and renal benefits. However, heterogeneity in study designs, patient populations, and treatment durations does not allow drawing definitive conclusions and highlights the need for future research focused on conducting well-designed trials with standardised methodology. Full article

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14 pages, 296 KB

Open AccessReview

Older Adults’ Access to Pharmacological Treatment, a Human Right to Health: Scoping Review (2020–2025)

by Doris Cardona, Valeria Santacruz-Restrepo, Juliana Madrigal-Cadavid, Alejandra Rendón-Montoya, Angela Segura-Cardona, Jorge Iván Estrada-Acevedo and Marcela Agudelo-Botero

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020046 - 12 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background: Limitations in timely and equitable access to essential medicines among older adults not only constitute a clinical barrier to the effective management of chronic conditions, but also represent a violation of the fundamental right to life, health and the principles of dignity, [...] Read more.

Background: Limitations in timely and equitable access to essential medicines among older adults not only constitute a clinical barrier to the effective management of chronic conditions, but also represent a violation of the fundamental right to life, health and the principles of dignity, equality and non-discrimination that safeguard this population within the framework of human rights. Objective: To examine access to essential medicines for older adults with high-cost chronic conditions as a constitutive dimension of the fundamental rights to health, life and human dignity, in accordance with international human rights standards. Design: A literature review was conducted of articles published between 2020 and March 2025 in five databases, using the search terms: “pharmacological treatment,” “access to health,” “chronic diseases,” and “barriers to access.” After evaluating the inclusion criteria (language and year) and exclusion criteria (case studies), 12 articles were selected. A narrative synthesis was performed on the following aspects: application of the principles of the right to health, barriers to access, and rights violated or at risk. Results: The expansion of health coverage faces several barriers that violate fundamental principles of the right to health: equity, accessibility to medical advances, and long-term, quality, and specialized services, thus limiting autonomy. In conclusion, guaranteeing access to pharmacological treatments in old age will contribute to building more just and humane societies through public policies on coverage and pharmaceutical education, the simplification of treatment regimens, and the implementation of programs that allow people to age with dignity, considering health a human right based on equality and non-discrimination, participation and transparency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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16 pages, 459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intention/Reflection (I/R) Practice Creates a Deeper APPE Connection for Student Pharmacists After COVID-19

by Kerry K. Fierke, Gardner A. Lepp and Alina Cernasev

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020045 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

(1) Background: In response to the educational challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, APPE preceptors implemented the Intention/Reflection (I/R) practice as a structured engagement tool. I/R is designed to promote engagement, motivation, metacognitive growth, and self-awareness among student pharmacists with the goal [...] Read more.

(1) Background: In response to the educational challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, APPE preceptors implemented the Intention/Reflection (I/R) practice as a structured engagement tool. I/R is designed to promote engagement, motivation, metacognitive growth, and self-awareness among student pharmacists with the goal of enhancing learning experiences in diverse APPE settings. This project aimed to assess the impact of I/R strategies on student pharmacist engagement during APPEs in the post-pandemic landscape, with the overarching goal of identifying and advancing best practices in experiential pharmacy education. (2) Methods: This retrospective qualitative study included 20 student pharmacists from two U.S. colleges who participated in APPE elective rotations featuring I/R activities. Student pharmacists’ responses to five structured I/R prompts were collected and thematically analyzed by two independent researchers using qualitative data analysis software. (3) Results: Four themes were identified in the I/R responses: two themes each from the intention and reflection responses. The intention themes “Embracing Discomfort as a Catalyst for Confidence, Engagement, and Leadership Growth” and “Purposeful Precision: Growing into Adaptive Leadership” both illustrate the students’ journeys as they develop greater confidence and resilience in overcoming challenges. The reflection themes “Reflection as a Catalyst for Professional Learning and Engagement” and “Reflection as a Tool for Focused Growth and Self-Awareness” synthesized the evolution of the student pharmacist and forward thinking for future career. (4) Conclusion: Overall, participants perceived the I/R practice as transformative, citing benefits such as sustained learning, increased confidence, and continued professional development. These findings suggest that integrating I/R into experiential pharmacy education can significantly enhance student engagement and contribute to best practices for post-pandemic pharmacy training. Full article

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16 pages, 1161 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Thickening Agents Used in Dysphagia on the In Vitro Dissolution of Gliclazide

by Ayman Allahham, Seerat Fatima, Ieva Stupans, Thilini Thrimawithana and Vivek B. Nooney

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020044 - 4 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Dysphagia is common among older adults and frequently necessitates the use of thickening agents to facilitate safe swallowing of medicines, which may in turn alter their bioavailability. This study investigated the impact of two commercially available lubricants—Gloup^® Forte and extremely thick water—on [...] Read more.

Dysphagia is common among older adults and frequently necessitates the use of thickening agents to facilitate safe swallowing of medicines, which may in turn alter their bioavailability. This study investigated the impact of two commercially available lubricants—Gloup^® Forte and extremely thick water—on the in vitro dissolution behaviour of immediate-release gliclazide tablets. Dissolution studies were conducted using crushed and whole tablets in different media consisting of reverse osmosis water, phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), and 0.1 N HCl at 37 °C. Dissolution profiles were compared using similarity factor (f₂) analysis and modelled using established kinetic equations. Gliclazide dissolution was significantly delayed in the presence of Gloup^® Forte across all media for both crushed and whole tablets, with f₂ values below 50, indicating dissimilar profiles. Dissolution kinetics confirmed that mixing the formulated gliclazide with Gloup^® Forte delayed the release and reduced the dissolution rate constant for drug from both crushed and whole gliclazide tablets in media studied. Full article

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14 pages, 3494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beta Blocker Intoxications in Belgium: A Data Analysis with Focus on Propranolol

by Brechje van den Boogaard, Maria van de Lavoir, Rani Robeyns, Celine Gys, Adrian Covaci and Hans De Loof

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020043 - 4 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background: The issue of beta blocker poisoning has received little attention, despite the widespread use of these compounds in cardiac and neuropsychiatric care. Safety profiles differ, and some beta blockers appear in poisonings far beyond what their usage rates imply. This study characterizes [...] Read more.

Background: The issue of beta blocker poisoning has received little attention, despite the widespread use of these compounds in cardiac and neuropsychiatric care. Safety profiles differ, and some beta blockers appear in poisonings far beyond what their usage rates imply. This study characterizes beta blocker intoxication patterns in Belgium, focusing on propranolol, by integrating national prescription data, poisoning reports, and adverse drug reaction records. Methods: Belgian prescription data, poison centre reports, and European ADR databases were analysed to identify intoxication patterns and demographic or clinical characteristics associated with these events. Results: Poisoning data revealed propranolol as markedly overrepresented compared to prescription rates and was the primary beta blocker implicated in self-harm-related overdoses. These cases occurred mainly in women, younger individuals, and patients with psychiatric or cardiovascular comorbidities. Co-exposures with benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and other psychoactive agents were frequent, and propranolol was linked to more complex intoxication patterns than other beta blockers. Conclusions: Propranolol shows a distinct toxicological profile and is disproportionately involved in intoxications, especially in vulnerable groups and in combination with psychoactive drugs. These findings highlight the need for greater awareness, targeted prevention, and careful monitoring. Full article

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17 pages, 477 KB

Open AccessArticle

A University-Led Take-Back Program for Pharmaceutical Waste Management: Eleven Years of Real-World Evidence on Medication Non-Use and Disposal Patterns

by Alejandra E. Hernández-Rangel, Gustavo A. Hernández-Fuentes, Iván Delgado-Enciso, Hortensia Parra-Delgado, Jesús E. Castrejón-Antonio, Héctor R. Galván-Salazar, Alicia Olvera-Montejano, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Fabian Rojas-Larios, Josuel Delgado-Enciso, César G. Silva-Vázquez, Uriel Díaz-Llerenas, Juan M. Sánchez-Galindo, Mario A. Alcalá-Pérez and Daniel A. Montes-Galindo

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020042 - 3 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Improper medication use, premature treatment discontinuation, and inadequate disposal contribute to irrational drug consumption and environmental contamination. Although pharmaceutical take-back programs have expanded globally, real-world evidence on household medication accumulation in academic and community settings remains limited. This study aimed to describe [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Improper medication use, premature treatment discontinuation, and inadequate disposal contribute to irrational drug consumption and environmental contamination. Although pharmaceutical take-back programs have expanded globally, real-world evidence on household medication accumulation in academic and community settings remains limited. This study aimed to describe longitudinal patterns of medication collection during an eleven-year university-based take-back campaign, with detailed pharmacological characterization available for selected post-pandemic years. Methods: Real-world data were analyzed from a sustainable medication take-back campaign conducted annually at the University of Colima between 2015 and 2025. Expired or unused medications were voluntarily returned by students and community members. Total collected weight was recorded for all years, while detailed classification by dosage form, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) group, and Mexican regulatory fraction (Fractions II, IV, V, and VI) was performed for years with complete records (2023–2025). All materials were disposed of through an authorized hazardous-waste company in compliance with NOM-052-SEMARNAT-2005. Descriptive analyses were performed using SPSS version 29.0. Results: Approximately 3.9 tons of pharmaceutical products were collected over eleven years, reflecting persistent household accumulation of unused or expired medicines. In the years with detailed analysis, oral solid dosage forms predominated. In 2025, ATC groups M, A, and C were most frequently returned, consistent with medications used for chronic conditions. Therapeutic composition varied annually, with NSAIDs/analgesics predominating in 2023–2024 and antibiotics in 2025. Across analyzed years, 5–7% of collected items corresponded to non-medication products. Conclusions: This long-term campaign provides valuable real-world evidence on medication non-use and disposal, highlighting ongoing challenges in rational medicine use, treatment continuity, and environmentally responsible pharmaceutical waste management. Full article

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15 pages, 561 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacy Students’ Perceptions of Self-Reflection and Peer and Educator Feedback on the Development of Patient Counselling Skills: A Qualitative Analysis

by Jessica Pace, Andrew Bartlett, Tiffany Iu and Jonathan Penm

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020041 - 3 Mar 2026

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Abstract

(1) Background: Simulation is an effective way to develop practical pharmacy skills; combining simulation and self-reflection can increase impacts on learning. While existing literature highlights the benefits of reflection in developing self-awareness, critical thinking, and professional skills, there are few specific insights into [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Simulation is an effective way to develop practical pharmacy skills; combining simulation and self-reflection can increase impacts on learning. While existing literature highlights the benefits of reflection in developing self-awareness, critical thinking, and professional skills, there are few specific insights into how reflective practices enhance learning in patient counselling role-plays. This study aimed to explore pharmacy students’ perceptions of self-reflection and peer and educator feedback on the development of patient counselling skills. (2) Methods: Thematic analysis of student reflections on learning in patient counselling activities. Responses to four structured self-reflection prompts were collected and analyzed thematically. (3) Results: Reflections from 201 students were analyzed. We identified four themes and ten associated subthemes: impact of peer feedback (subthemes supportive peer dynamics and developing a personal counselling style through peer practice); impact of self-reflection and assessment (subthemes goal setting through self-reflection and video review as a tool for skill refinement); impact of educator feedback (subthemes feedback variation in learning growth and addressing self-doubt); and professional identity (subthemes value pharmacists can bring, struggles in real-life practice, incorporating feedback to working opportunities, and reinforcing skills to self-reflect in future practice). (4) Conclusions: Integrating consistent, high-quality feedback from educators and peers with self-reflection in patient counselling activities is perceived as valuable to enhancing enhances students’ learning experiences and preparing them for professional practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Pharmacy Education: Integrating Science and Clinical Practice)

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11 pages, 393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Pharmacist Interventions to Reduce Medication-Related Problems in a Neonatal Clinical Care Unit

by Stephanie W. K. Teoh, Tamara Lebedevs, Geena Dickson, Marcus Femia and Nabeelah Mukadam

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020040 - 2 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1048

Abstract

(1) Background: Medication-related problems (MRPs) are a significant burden on health care systems. Pharmacists play an important role in preventing and reducing MRPs through clinical review, education, and policy governance. This study analyzed pharmacist interventions within a 92-bed neonatal clinical care unit to [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Medication-related problems (MRPs) are a significant burden on health care systems. Pharmacists play an important role in preventing and reducing MRPs through clinical review, education, and policy governance. This study analyzed pharmacist interventions within a 92-bed neonatal clinical care unit to better understand MRPs and guide targeted medication safety initiatives. (2) Methods: All pharmacist interventions documented in REDCap^® between 1 July 2022 and 30 June 2025 were analyzed identifying MRP incidence, types, and acceptability following interventions. (3) Results: A total of 873 pharmacist interventions were recorded during the study period. The most common MRPs were related to dosing errors (320/873, 36.7%), compliance with hospital policy (152/873, 17.4%), no indication apparent (106/873, 12.1%), drug interactions (66/873, 7.6%), and inadequate laboratory monitoring (40/873, 4.6%). Of these, 545/873, 62.4% were accepted by prescribers, while 228/873, 26.1% had unknown outcomes at the time of data entry. 343/873, 39.3% of interventions documented were from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, involving medications such as gentamicin (n = 46/343, 13.4%), benzylpenicillin (n = 37/343, 10.8%), caffeine (n = 34/343, 9.9%), parenteral nutrition (n = 23/343, 6.7%), and morphine (n = 16/343, 4.7%) and meropenem (n = 16/343, 4.7%)). (4) Conclusions: Regular analysis of pharmacist interventions provides valuable insights into local MRP trends and highlights opportunities for quality improvement and education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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15 pages, 235 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Community Pharmacists’ Awareness, Attitudes, and Experiences with Digital Health Technologies: A Focus on Mobile Applications for Diabetes Mellitus Self-Management

by Dušan Vukmirović, Dušanka Krajnović and Marina Odalović

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020039 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health challenge, and digital health technologies offer new opportunities to support self-management. Mobile applications can benefit both patients and healthcare professionals; however, awareness and integration of these tools into community pharmacy practice remain limited. As accessible frontline [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health challenge, and digital health technologies offer new opportunities to support self-management. Mobile applications can benefit both patients and healthcare professionals; however, awareness and integration of these tools into community pharmacy practice remain limited. As accessible frontline providers, pharmacists are well positioned to promote digital health, yet their readiness and engagement require further investigation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among community pharmacists in Serbia using a structured questionnaire. Developed through a consensus-based process, the instrument assessed pharmacists’ awareness, attitudes, and experiences with digital health technologies, focusing on mobile applications for diabetes self-management. Only 15.8% of pharmacists were aware of such applications, and 2.4% reported receiving relevant training. Higher digital health technology literacy was associated with greater awareness, confidence, and preference for digital learning. Most participants supported expanding pharmacists’ roles in advising patients on digital tools and expressed interest in structured education and official guidance. These findings indicate limited awareness and training in mobile health applications among community pharmacists. Enhancing digital competencies through targeted education and structured guidance may facilitate greater integration of digital tools into routine pharmacy practice and strengthen pharmacists’ roles in chronic disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Management at the Pharmacy: Interventions, Adherence, and Technology)

14 pages, 1026 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Community Pharmacy Services in New Zealand: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Best–Worst Scaling Analysis

by Sepideh Sharif, Carla Dillon, Shane Scahill and Carlo Marra

Pharmacy 2026, 14(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020038 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Introduction: This repeated cross-sectional study examined community pharmacies in Aotearoa New Zealand and the services they provide, including retail, dispensing, and expanded scope services (e.g., minor ailment management). Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2021 (n = 504) and 2023 (n = [...] Read more.

Introduction: This repeated cross-sectional study examined community pharmacies in Aotearoa New Zealand and the services they provide, including retail, dispensing, and expanded scope services (e.g., minor ailment management). Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2021 (n = 504) and 2023 (n = 1000). Both assessed demographics, service use, and perceptions of pharmacists. The 2021 survey focused on trust, approachability, and role awareness, while the 2023 survey added willingness to pay, telehealth use, and comparisons with other health professionals. Best–Worst Scaling and logistic regression quantified and compared preferences. Results: Prescription filling remained the most preferred service, while beauty product sales were least preferred. Preference for vaccination declined, indicating post-pandemic shifts in preventive care. Trust in pharmacists remained high, with strong comfort discussing health needs. Awareness of pharmacist roles improved slightly, though cost barriers persisted. Conclusions: Consumer priorities for prescription services remained stable, while interest in vaccination declined. The low preference for non-clinical retail activities suggests pharmacies should focus on health services. The high trust in pharmacists supports expanded clinical roles, but targeted policies and funding are needed to reduce cost barriers and enhance equitable access to primary healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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