Insects

14 pages, 7546 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory and Field Bioassays of Arthropod Pathogenic Fungi Application for the Control of the Hazelnut Big Bud Mite, Phytoptus avellanae s. l.

by Domenico Valenzano, Ilaria Laterza, Mario Contarini, Stefano Speranza, Roberto Masturzi, Eustachio Tarasco and Enrico de Lillo

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111182 - 20 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Phytoptus avellanae is a key hazelnut pest, causing the swelling of mixed buds during the autumn–winter period and a compromised nut yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial biopesticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Akanthomyces muscarius in controlling this pest. [...] Read more.

Phytoptus avellanae is a key hazelnut pest, causing the swelling of mixed buds during the autumn–winter period and a compromised nut yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial biopesticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Akanthomyces muscarius in controlling this pest. Specific laboratory and field protocols were developed. In the laboratory, bud galls were disinfected, dissected, immersed for 30 s in a water suspension of the products and in water (control), dried in a laminar flow hood, incubated for 7 days and inspected to assess mite mortality. Intermediate observations were also recorded. Significantly higher mortality was recorded in the treatment with B. bassiana. Infection with B. bassiana was confirmed by a culture in medium and slide-mounting of infected mites. The orchard assay was performed by immersing buds and nuts in the fungal suspensions applied in the laboratory without separating any organ from the plant. Two weeks after application, the treated plant organs were removed and examined to assess mite mortality. The organs treated with B. bassiana showed higher mite mortality than the control for both buds and nuts. Treatments with arthropod pathogenic fungi appear to be promising for inclusion in the control strategy of P. avellanae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Bio-Ecology and Control of Plant-Damaging Acari)

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18 pages, 2881 KB

Open AccessArticle

A European Début: The Asian Parasitoid Encarsia nipponica Targets the Invasive Aleurocanthus spiniferus in Northern Italy

by Elena Costi, Daniele Giannetti, Michele Cesari, Carmelo Rapisarda, Andrew Polaszek, Robert L. Kresslein and Lara Maistrello

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111181 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1191

Abstract

In this study, the invasive orange spiny whitefly (“OSW”; Aleurocanthus spiniferus) and a species of Encarsia parasitising its puparia were studied in three different areas of the province of Modena (Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy): a pear orchard in Bomporto, an organic pear orchard [...] Read more.

In this study, the invasive orange spiny whitefly (“OSW”; Aleurocanthus spiniferus) and a species of Encarsia parasitising its puparia were studied in three different areas of the province of Modena (Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy): a pear orchard in Bomporto, an organic pear orchard in Carpi, and the semi-natural botanical garden “La Pica” in San Felice sul Panaro. The material of both species was collected for taxonomic and molecular studies. The abundance of OSW and parasitoid activity were surveyed in whitefly puparia, with a focus on the botanical garden. A total of 1800 leaves of Malus domestica, Pyrus communis and Vitis vinifera were sampled to assess whitefly infestation. The results showed a significant variation in the abundance of A. spiniferus puparia, with the highest infestation observed in V. vinifera. Morphological and molecular analyses, including mitochondrial COI and rRNA 16S for whiteflies and COI and 28S for parasitoids, confirmed the identity of A. spiniferus and identified the parasitoid as Encarsia nipponica. Molecular data also revealed the presence of three haplotypes of A. spiniferus, including a haplotype from China, new to Europe. The parasitisation rate by E. nipponica was low (0.015%). Our results provide the first European record of E. nipponica and new genetic data on the invasion pathways of A. spiniferus. Collectively, these findings offer a critical baseline for monitoring their ecological interactions and developing future pest management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Biocontrol and Behavioral Approaches to Manage Invasive Insects)

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11 pages, 914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Further Development and Testing of a Compact Wind Tunnel for Exposing Mosquitoes to Formulated Insecticide Products

by Stephanie Richards, Sinan Sousan, Qiang Wu, Will Murray, Emma Rush, Raven Slade, Paul Jones, Avian White and Naia Braxton

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111180 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 619

Abstract

Insecticide resistance is increasing globally, and tools must be developed to combat this issue facing mosquito control programs that protect public health and inform operational decisions. Field trials to assess insecticide formulated products (FPs) are logistically demanding and weather-dependent and the Centers for [...] Read more.

Insecticide resistance is increasing globally, and tools must be developed to combat this issue facing mosquito control programs that protect public health and inform operational decisions. Field trials to assess insecticide formulated products (FPs) are logistically demanding and weather-dependent and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassays are optimized to test technical active ingredient (AI) residue, not aerosolized FP. Here, the methodological gap between AI and FP efficacy testing is addressed. The current study assessed the knockdown/mortality of laboratory and wild populations of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens/quinquefasciatus to four FPs (Biomist^®, Duet^®, AquaDuet^®, ReMoa Tri^®) in wind tunnel experiments. The number of FP droplets on mosquitoes was analyzed. Regression analyses showed that droplet counts on mosquitoes were significantly (p < 0.05) related to mosquito mortality for some FPs. The wild Culex population was resistant to all FPs in the wind tunnel. Here, when wind tunnel experiments resulted in a relatively low mortality rate (<90%), this indicates mosquito resistance to the FP. In these situations, a field trial would likely not achieve good results and may not be necessary. Alternatively, when wind tunnel experiments resulted in a nearly perfect mortality rate, a confirmatory field trial could be conducted, if needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Integrated Pest Management: New Tools and Tactics for Pest Control)

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18 pages, 1336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Variation in Target Site Mutations Is Associated with Diamide Cross-Resistance in Diamondback Moth Populations (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from Florida and Georgia, USA

by Thomas P. Dunn, Md. Abdullah Al Baki, Paulo S. G. Cremonez, David G. Riley, Alton N. Sparks, Jr., Hugh Smith and Donald E. Champagne

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111179 - 19 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), the most significant worldwide pest of Brassica crops, is notorious for resistance to a diverse number of insecticides. Field populations bioassayed in Georgia and Florida, USA, in 2018 were resistant to chlorantraniliprole but susceptible to cyantraniliprole. [...] Read more.

The Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), the most significant worldwide pest of Brassica crops, is notorious for resistance to a diverse number of insecticides. Field populations bioassayed in Georgia and Florida, USA, in 2018 were resistant to chlorantraniliprole but susceptible to cyantraniliprole. Subsequently, populations assayed in 2021, 2022, and 2023 were cross-resistant to both diamides. We used NextSeq analysis of the ryanodine receptor PxRyR, the target of diamides, to quantify target site mutations associated with resistance. Three populations sampled in 2018 had a high prevalence (75.0–98.3% of total reads) of the G4946E mutation, associated with resistance to chlorantraniliprole, and additionally, in one population, a very low (2.7%) prevalence of another mutation, I4790K, was associated with diamide cross-resistance. Populations sampled in 2021 had a decreased prevalence of G4946E (0.7 and 8.4%) and increased prevalence of I4790K (9.3 and 18.0%). The G4946E allele was almost absent (0.2% to 3.9%) in populations sampled in 2022 and 2023, while I4790K was present at frequencies from 34.1% to 84.0%. These data suggest a remarkable shift in PxRyR target site mutations, replacing G4946E with I4790K, which occurred between 2018 and 2022, and were associated with the recent occurrence of cross-resistance in DBM populations in the Southeastern USA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discovering the Diversity and Evolution of Danascelinae: A New Genus and Species from Eastern Asia and Insights into the Phylogenetic Placement of This Subfamily in Endomychidae (Coleoptera)

by Wioletta Tomaszewska and Emmanuel Arriaga-Varela

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111178 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 442

Abstract

A new genus and species of the family Endomychidae (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea), Hadroscelis sinensis Tomaszewska and Arriaga-Varela gen. et sp. nov., were described, diagnosed, and illustrated from the south-eastern Palaearctic. In order to test the systematic placement of the new taxon within the [...] Read more.

A new genus and species of the family Endomychidae (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea), Hadroscelis sinensis Tomaszewska and Arriaga-Varela gen. et sp. nov., were described, diagnosed, and illustrated from the south-eastern Palaearctic. In order to test the systematic placement of the new taxon within the subfamily Danascelinae and of Danascelinae within Endomychidae, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted. A dataset of 35 morphological characters scored for 16 species, members of each Endomychidae subfamily and a representative of Coccinellidae as a distant outgroup, was analyzed using maximum parsimony. The results of the analysis unequivocally indicated Hadroscelis as a new, monotypic genus and the most basal taxon within Danascelinae. At the same time, this study formally confirmed, for the first time, the subfamily Danascelinae as a member and the basal clade of the monophyletic ‘merophysiine complex’ of the Endomychidae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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24 pages, 2496 KB

Open AccessArticle

New West Palaearctic Species of Empis chioptera Group (Diptera: Empididae)

by Miroslav Barták

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111177 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

The following six new species are described and illustrated: Empis (Empis) lusitanica sp. nov. (Portugal), E. (Empis) manteigasensis sp. nov. (Portugal, Spain), E. (Empis) miroslavi sp. nov. (Portugal), E. (Empis) moceki sp. nov. (Bulgaria), E. [...] Read more.

The following six new species are described and illustrated: Empis (Empis) lusitanica sp. nov. (Portugal), E. (Empis) manteigasensis sp. nov. (Portugal, Spain), E. (Empis) miroslavi sp. nov. (Portugal), E. (Empis) moceki sp. nov. (Bulgaria), E. (Empis) serviae sp. nov. (Spain), and E. (Empis) troyanensis sp. nov. (Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Italy). Diagnostic characters are discussed. The key to all West Palaearctic species of E. (Empis) chioptera group is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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21 pages, 1671 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Genetic Characterization and Mating Disruption in Spodoptera Species, a Case Study on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): A Systematic Review

by Carla Tavares, Sílvia Catarino, António Mexia, Elsa Borges da Silva and Filipa Monteiro

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111176 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 737

Abstract

The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes several agricultural pests that cause major losses in global crop production and threaten food security, notably Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), an invasive pest that is difficult to manage. Mating disruption through the application of synthetic sexual [...] Read more.

The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes several agricultural pests that cause major losses in global crop production and threaten food security, notably Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), an invasive pest that is difficult to manage. Mating disruption through the application of synthetic sexual pheromones has emerged as a viable alternative method for lepidopteran pest management. However, the successful application of this method requires knowledge of the pest under various environmental conditions and the evaluation of pheromone effectiveness. This systematic review aims to highlight advances and knowledge gaps in the genetic characterization and pheromone-based mating disruption of Spodoptera species, with implications for S. frugiperda management. A literature search following PRISMA guidelines identified 4523 articles, of which 107 met the inclusion criteria, 84 focused on genetic analysis, 16 focused on pheromone-based control, and only 7 integrated both approaches. The COI gene is the main genetic marker used for species identification (76%), but inconsistencies remain in the strain identification of S. frugiperda. Pheromone-based control studies reported variable efficacy, with many not evaluating their impact on pest populations or crop damage. Overall, this review highlights the need to standardize pheromone formulations and adapt management strategies tailored to local agroecological conditions. It also underscores the importance of integrating genetic identification to improve our knowledge of pests and support the sustainable management of S. frugiperda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Insect Pest Management: Innovative Approaches to Enhance Plant Protection)

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38 pages, 917 KB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Insect Pest Management Options for Rice Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Esther Pegalepo, Roland Bocco, Geoffrey Onaga, Francis Nwilene, Manuele Tamò, Abou Togola and Sanjay Kumar Katiyar

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111175 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1172

Abstract

Rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces significant challenges due to insect pest infestations, which threaten food security and farmer livelihoods. This review examines the major insect pests affecting rice in SSA and highlights sustainable management strategies, drawing on successful case studies. It [...] Read more.

Rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces significant challenges due to insect pest infestations, which threaten food security and farmer livelihoods. This review examines the major insect pests affecting rice in SSA and highlights sustainable management strategies, drawing on successful case studies. It explores successful methods, including the use of biological control agents in Nigeria; neem-based pesticides in Tanzania; push-pull technology in Kenya; agroecological practices in Mali; resistant rice varieties in Ghana and Nigeria; integrated farming systems in Liberia, Guinea Conakry, Nigeria, Kenya and Madagascar; and farmer field schools in Zambia. Emerging technologies such as biotechnology and precision agriculture offer further additional opportunities to enhance pest control when effectively integrated within existing IPM frameworks. However, financial constraints, limited awareness, policy-related challenges, and inadequate infrastructure continue to limit widespread adoption. In this context, the review identifies critical research gaps, including the need for region-specific solutions, improved biopesticides, and long-term assessment of sustainable practices. Policy recommendations call for greater government investments, capacity-building programs, supportive regulatory environments, and stronger collaboration among researchers, development partners, and local stakeholders. Addressing these challenges can foster resilient and sustainable rice production systems across SSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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1 pages, 124 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Santori et al. Impact of Salmonella enteritidis Infection and Mechanical Stress on Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Hermetia illucens. Insects 2025, 16, 692

by Davide Santori, Anna Maria Fausto, Alessio Gelli, Anna Rita Pifferi, Samuele Dottarelli, Sofia Cucci, Francesca Di Donato, Goffredo Grifoni and Erminia Sezzi

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111174 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

27 pages, 1564 KB

Open AccessReview

Transforming Tuta absoluta Management: A Synergistic Approach Integrating Sustainability, Biological Control, and Biotechnological Innovations

by Abdul Basit, Farman Ullah, Muhammad Rehan Akhtar, Muhammad Humza, Muhammad Adeel Ghafar, Moazam Hyder, Inzamam Ul Haq and Youming Hou

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111173 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 566

Abstract

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917), commonly known as the tomato pinworm, is a destructive pest of tomato and other solanaceous crops worldwide that leads to large yield losses. Because of the increasing resistance to chemical insecticides, alternative means of control are required. This review [...] Read more.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917), commonly known as the tomato pinworm, is a destructive pest of tomato and other solanaceous crops worldwide that leads to large yield losses. Because of the increasing resistance to chemical insecticides, alternative means of control are required. This review is focused on the actual integrated management with regard to natural, chemical, and advanced biotechnological control systems for T. absoluta. Traditional chemical methods of control, most commonly insecticides, have become less efficient as resistance develops. On the other hand, natural enemies such as predatory mirids, parasitoids, and microbial organisms seem to be promising in suppressing them. Moreover, biotechnology tools, such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas9, and the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), provide targeted and durable strategies against pests. Nano-bio-insecticides prepared using nanotechnological tools can enhance pest control through optimizing stability, toxicity, and release of active molecules. These improvements not only optimize pesticide monitoring but also contribute to sustainable farming. Integrated into a holistic IPM system, such innovative tools decrease dependence on chemical pesticides and offer environmentally friendly and effective solutions for T. absoluta control. This multi-modal approach outlines the need for further studies and the harnessing of these advanced techniques to suppress the emerging hazardous consequences posed by this invasive pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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18 pages, 1855 KB

Open AccessArticle

Questionable Species Names for Distinct Species Clusters: An Empirical Test of the BOLD Molecular Identification Engine

by Elisaveta V. Yakimenko, Anna E. Romanovich and Vladimir A. Lukhtanov

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111172 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

DNA barcoding is an effective method for species identification, but its practical application, as implemented in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), faces numerous challenges. In our work, we conducted an empirical test of this approach using butterflies of the Volga River [...] Read more.

DNA barcoding is an effective method for species identification, but its practical application, as implemented in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), faces numerous challenges. In our work, we conducted an empirical test of this approach using butterflies of the Volga River region in eastern Europe as a model system. We demonstrate that DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for identifying species clusters of the local fauna studied. However, assigning the identified clusters to scientific species names using BOLD was problematic for more than half of the species analyzed. The reasons for these problems are numerous errors in (1) species and even (2) generic identifications of DNA barcodes in the BOLD database (30% and 26% of all problematic cases, respectively), (3) similarity of DNA barcodes in different species (22%), (4) unresolved taxonomic problems associated with the species names that BOLD suggests as identifications (18%), (5) anomalous barcodes (2%), and (6) incompleteness of the BOLD database (2%). Solving problems 1, 2 and 5 requires improving the DNA barcode curation system and minimization of the identification errors in the BOLD database. Problems 3 and 6 can be partly solved by accumulating DNA barcodes, especially barcodes of local faunas, since populations of different species with identical DNA barcodes often have non-overlapping areas. Problem 4 is the most difficult and requires further intensive taxonomic research to solve it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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17 pages, 3385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Projection of the Climate-Suitable Area of the Invasive Pest Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Phoracantha) and Its Ability to Continue to Expand in China

by Kaitong Xiao, Ruixiong Deng, Xin Chen, Ciai Yu, Lin Wu, Hang Ning and Hui Chen

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111171 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 439

Abstract

Phoracantha semipunctata is a global quarantine pest, which is fatal to various tree species of the Eucalyptus. Currently, this pest has landed and colonized Guangdong province, China. Previously, there was very limited research information on P. semipunctata in China, which basically describes [...] Read more.

Phoracantha semipunctata is a global quarantine pest, which is fatal to various tree species of the Eucalyptus. Currently, this pest has landed and colonized Guangdong province, China. Previously, there was very limited research information on P. semipunctata in China, which basically describes the taxonomic status. Field investigations found that the climatic ecological niche of the pest is continuing to expand. With global warming and the globalization of trade, signs of expansion may intensify the spread. In order to prevent any further spread of P. semipunctata, it is important to clarify its geographic distribution in China. In this study, the algorithm Random Forests was used to project the potential geographic distribution of P. semipunctata in China currently and in the future. Our results showed that temperature seasonality (Bio4) and the precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) are key environmental factors limiting the current distribution of P. semipunctata in China. Currently, P. semipunctata has been found in Guangdong province, colonizing in the triangle zone composed of Zhanjiang City, Qingyuan City, and Jieyang City, with the projected potential suitable distribution area of 50.88 × 10⁴ km². Under future climate scenarios, the total suitable distribution area is projected to increase, from Fujian province toward the north to Guangxi province toward the north. Building on these results, we predicted the potential future spread pattern of P. semipunctata and developed priority measures for its management. These findings provide a theoretical basis for designing effective quarantine and control strategies against P. semipunctata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Pests: Bionomics, Damage, and Management)

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59 pages, 55684 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Discoveries Supporting the Exceptional Species Diversity of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean, Alerting on Misidentified Barcodes

by Jonas R. Stonis, Andrius Remeikis and Svetlana Orlovskytė

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111170 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 697

Abstract

The aim of this study was to supplement current knowledge on the species diversity of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean and to compare this diversity with that of other regions. We examined historical material and conducted fieldwork in Honduras during 2023–2025, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to supplement current knowledge on the species diversity of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean and to compare this diversity with that of other regions. We examined historical material and conducted fieldwork in Honduras during 2023–2025, a true tabula rasa in terms of Opostegidae diversity. Collected specimens were dissected, with genitalia photographed and analyzed. Molecular divergence was assessed using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods, as well as Bayesian inference; creation of a mitotype network (TCS algorithm) and species delimitation (bPTP method) were also performed. The study of historical material revealed that Pseudopostega saltatrix (Walsingham) is not conspecific with taxa previously published under the same name, resulting in the description of one new Pseudopostega species. Fieldwork in Honduras yielded 11 additional Pseudopostega species—all new national records, six of which are new to science. The paper introduces 33 new molecular sequences, bringing the total to 114 mtDNA COI-5′ sequences currently deposited in the National Genomics Data Center (China). With these discoveries, the number of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean rises to 63 species, representing 30.9% of the global fauna. The Neotropical realm (103 spp.) exhibits markedly higher Opostegidae diversity than other biogeographical regions, underscoring its importance as a center of diversification. Our analysis also revealed an alarmingly high proportion of doubtful molecular barcodes—nearly one-third (27%) appear erroneous due to species misidentification in Neotropical Opostegidae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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14 pages, 2397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cellular Uptake and Tissue Retention of Microplastics in Black Soldier Fly Larvae

by Claudiu-Nicusor Ionica, Romelia Pop, Dragos Hodor, Irina Constantin, Ana Hiruta, Alexia-Teodora Hota, Alexandru Flaviu Tabaran, Sorana Daina, Andrei-Radu Szakacs and Adrian Macri

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111169 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 551

Abstract

Microplastic pollution is a pressing global concern, yet its immunotoxicological impacts on invertebrates remain poorly understood. The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larva has gained attention for its role in waste management and potential bioremediation, making it essential to evaluate its [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution is a pressing global concern, yet its immunotoxicological impacts on invertebrates remain poorly understood. The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larva has gained attention for its role in waste management and potential bioremediation, making it essential to evaluate its interactions with microplastics. In this study, fluorescent carboxylate-modified polystyrene microbeads were directly injected into the hemocoel of larvae to bypass gut-associated variables and investigate systemic immune responses. Experimental groups were analyzed at multiple time points (1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days) using histopathology, cytology, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results confirmed the persistence and systemic distribution of microplastics in hemolymph and tissues, with hemocytes exhibiting active phagocytosis of particles. Microplastics were retained within tissues for up to seven days, indicating long-term sequestration. Histological observations further highlighted their close association with metabolically active organs such as the fat body and Malpighian tubules, suggesting possible effects on detoxification and metabolism. These findings demonstrate that microplastics elicit measurable immune responses and are subject to cellular uptake and retention in insect larvae. The study provides novel insights into the immunological and histopathological consequences of microplastic contamination in H. illucens larvae, with implications for their safe use in bioconversion and bioremediation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)

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16 pages, 1521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Endosymbiotic Bacteria Spiroplasma and Wolbachia in a Laboratory-Reared Insect Collection

by Roman Bykov, Elena Shatalova, Irina Andreeva, Alevtina Khodakova, Artem Ryabinin, Mary Demenkova and Yury Ilinsky

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111168 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 622

Abstract

Many insect and other arthropod species are maintained as non-model laboratory stocks and are used for fundamental and applied studies. Their biology may be affected by symbionts, such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Thirty stocks of different insect species that are maintained at [...] Read more.

Many insect and other arthropod species are maintained as non-model laboratory stocks and are used for fundamental and applied studies. Their biology may be affected by symbionts, such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Thirty stocks of different insect species that are maintained at the Laboratory of biological control of phytophagous and phytopathogens in the Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies were screened to find Spiroplasma/Wolbachia–host associations. We used 16S rDNA and fusA loci for Spiroplasma characterization and five MLST genes for Wolbachia. Seven out of thirty stocks harbored symbionts. Five stocks were infected with only Wolbachia, one with only Spiroplasma, and one with both symbionts. Two stocks were occasionally characterized by false-positive signals of Spiroplasma infection that were explained by contamination from food sources, viz. infected insects. Five Wolbachia isolates belonged to supergroup B and one to supergroup A. Only the MLST haplotype of Nabis ferus was previously known (ST-522), while the other haplotypes contained new alleles. One Spiroplasma isolate was clustered in the Ixodetis clade and another was basal to the Apis clade. We noted the importance of non-model insects for fundamental studies of host–symbiont interactions and their significance for applied research and practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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27 pages, 1712 KB

Open AccessReview

Host Immunity Mechanisms Against Bacterial and Viral Infections in Bombyx mori

by Sadaf Ayaz, Wei-Wei Kong, Jie Wang, Shi-Huo Liu and Jia-Ping Xu

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111167 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 820

Abstract

The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a highly valued biodiversity and economic asset, acclaimed for its silk production, besides making important contributions to various scientific disciplines. However, the sericulture industry faces ongoing threats from bacterial and viral infections, which severely impact silkworm [...] Read more.

The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a highly valued biodiversity and economic asset, acclaimed for its silk production, besides making important contributions to various scientific disciplines. However, the sericulture industry faces ongoing threats from bacterial and viral infections, which severely impact silkworm health and silk yield. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the innate immune response of B. mori against bacterial and viral pathogens, emphasizing the fundamental molecular and cellular defense mechanisms. We explore the humoral and cellular immune response using antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), and glucan recognition protein (GRP), which activate canonical signaling pathways. The review further highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the silkworm’s defense against viruses, incorporating RNA interference (RNAi), apoptosis, and distinct signaling pathways such as Toll and Imd, JAK/STAT, and STING. We also discussed the viral suppression strategies and modulation of host metabolism during infection. Furthermore, the review explores the recent use of CRISPR-Cas gene editing to enhance disease resistance, presenting a promising avenue for mitigating pathogen-induced losses in sericulture. By elucidating these mechanisms, the work provides a synthesis that is critical in terms of developing particular interventions and developing more resistant silkworm strains to ensure that the industry of sericulture becomes viable and productive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Molecular Mechanism of Insect–Virus Interaction)

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17 pages, 12118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Taxonomy of Polynema (Doriclytus) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Oriental China: Three New Species and Five New Records Revealed by Morphological and Molecular Analyses

by Yanyan Liu, Serguei V. Triapitsyn, Dan Zhang, Jinling Wang and Zhulidezi Aishan

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111166 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 539

Abstract

Polynema Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae), one of the most species-rich genera in the family, comprises egg parasitoids with diverse hosts across multiple insect orders, some serving as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests. The subgenus Polynema (Doriclytus Foerster, 1847), [...] Read more.

Polynema Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae), one of the most species-rich genera in the family, comprises egg parasitoids with diverse hosts across multiple insect orders, some serving as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests. The subgenus Polynema (Doriclytus Foerster, 1847), characterized by pronounced morphological conservatism, has historical taxonomic challenges due to reliance on external morphological characteristics. This study employed an integrative taxonomic approach, combining morphological and molecular analyses, to investigate P. (Doriclytus) diversity in the Oriental region of China. Eight species were identified, including three new species—P. (Doriclytus) acutum Wang & Aishan, sp. nov., P. (Doriclytus) daliense Wang & Aishan, sp. nov., and P. (Doriclytus) longicornia Wang & Aishan, sp. nov.—and five species newly recorded from China: P. (Doriclytus) alalatum Rehmat & Anis, 2016, P. (Doriclytus) bicolorigastra Rehmat & Anis, 2016, P. (Doriclytus) dhenkunde Mani & Saraswat, 1973, P. (Doriclytus) dunense Hayat & Anis, 1999, and P. (Doriclytus) tyakshiense Irfan & Anis, 2023. Comprehensive morphological descriptions and diagnostic illustrations are provided for all new taxa, with key diagnostic features detailed for the newly recorded species. Molecular analysis of COI sequences using both the Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) and Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) models yielded congruent species delimitation results, with genetic distances between delimited species showing maximum intraspecific divergence of 1.51% and interspecific divergences of 3–12% within the 470 bp COI barcode region. The deposition of 32 novel COI sequences in GenBank significantly enhances molecular resources for Mymaridae systematics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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17 pages, 4271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Demographic and Functional Consequences of Secondary Host Selection in a Facultative Autoparasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

by Siteng Zhang, Xiaocong Wang, Jing Wang, Shuli Gao, Zhiqi Zhang, Yuning Li, Nicolas Desneux, Junjie Zhang, Yue Zhao and Changchun Ruan

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111165 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 478

Abstract

To evaluate the impact of secondary host selection by the autoparasitoid E. sophia on the fitness and biological control potential of its offspring, we compared the demographic traits, parasitism capacity, and host-feeding rates of populations reared on different secondary hosts: the heterospecific E. [...] Read more.

To evaluate the impact of secondary host selection by the autoparasitoid E. sophia on the fitness and biological control potential of its offspring, we compared the demographic traits, parasitism capacity, and host-feeding rates of populations reared on different secondary hosts: the heterospecific E. formosa and the conspecific E. sophia. Analyses conducted with TWOSEX-MSChart, CONSUME-MSChart, and TIMING-MSChart showed that the population reared on E. formosa and E. sophia as secondary hosts. The E. sophia population reared on E. formosa exhibited significantly shorter developmental times, extended adult longevity, and enhanced female reproductive output, characterized by higher fecundity and longer oviposition periods than the conspecific-reared group. This group also displayed superior host consumption, accelerated population growth, a shorter mean generation time, and improved biocontrol efficacy. These findings underscore the importance of secondary host optimization in mass rearing and offer a theoretical basis for improving the field performance of E. sophia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy and Biology of Parasitoids and Potential for Their Biological Control)

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19 pages, 1067 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insects’ and Farmers’ Responses to Pollinator-Related Habitat Improvement in Small and Large Faba Bean Fields in Morocco

by Youssef Bencharki, Denis Michez, Patrick Lhomme, Sara Reverté Saiz, Oumayma Ihsane, Ahlam Sentil, Insafe El Abdouni, Laila Hamroud, Aden Aw-Hassan, Moulay Chrif Smaili, Pierre Rasmont and Stefanie Christmann

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111164 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Novel agro-ecosystem management practices are necessary to sustain biodiversity. In low- and middle-income countries, profitable marketable habitat enhancement plants (MHEPs) associated with a single main crop may be more efficient at supporting insect diversity and farmer income compared to monoculture fields. An approach [...] Read more.

Novel agro-ecosystem management practices are necessary to sustain biodiversity. In low- and middle-income countries, profitable marketable habitat enhancement plants (MHEPs) associated with a single main crop may be more efficient at supporting insect diversity and farmer income compared to monoculture fields. An approach known as “Farming with Alternative Pollinators” (FAP), which uses marketable habitat enhancement plants, was tested in Morocco. To date, the FAP approach has achieved success in fields measuring approximately 300 square meters, supporting the diversity and abundance of pollinators, natural enemies of pests, and farmer net income. However, the question remains: how efficient would this approach be in large fields of one hectare or more? We present a case study conducted using faba bean as the main crop and compared the development of the FAP approach in 300 square meter and one-hectare fields in Morocco. At the field level, compared to the control fields (i.e., monoculture), the diversity and abundance of pollinators and natural enemies were higher in FAP fields of both field sizes, but the difference was less in large fields. The difference in net income (108% vs. 36% in small vs. large fields) was significant, indicating a potential incentive for the farmers of small and large fields. A questionnaire conducted with farmers confirmed their recognition of the value of marketable habitat enhancement plants as a cost-efficient solution that can offer multiple benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Conservation: Behavior, Health and Pollination Ecology)

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18 pages, 5982 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Preparation Technology and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Products by Glycerolysis of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Oil

by Kun Luo, Chen Chen, Jiaxin Liao, Junbo He, Yanxia Cong and Weinong Zhang

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111163 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 489

Abstract

The growing problem of antibiotic resistance and associated side effects underscores the need for exploring novel therapeutic strategies. The utilization of insect resources is being investigated as one potential avenue in this context. The effective utilization of insect resources represents a promising pathway [...] Read more.

The growing problem of antibiotic resistance and associated side effects underscores the need for exploring novel therapeutic strategies. The utilization of insect resources is being investigated as one potential avenue in this context. The effective utilization of insect resources represents a promising pathway to this end. This study focuses on investigating the glycerolysis of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) oil, which is rich in lauric acid, to optimize the production of antimicrobial monoglycerides. Response surface optimization yielded the following optimal conditions: 35.5 min, 219 °C, 0.72% sodium methoxide catalyst, and a 1:4 molar ratio of triglyceride to glycerol. Under these conditions, monoglycerides accounted for 55.86% of the product, specifically glycerol monolaurate, accounting for 29.47%; this mixture showed notable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After purification via the solvent crystallization method, the monoglyceride content rose to 69.64%, while the glycerol monolaurate content increased to 35.24%, resulting in enhanced antimicrobial efficacy. Notably, monoglycerides were more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria, consistent with their known membrane-targeting specificity. Importantly, the potent activity against MRSA highlights the potential of these MAGs to combat antibiotic-resistant strains. These findings indicate that BSFL oil is a sustainable feedstock for producing antimicrobial agents with in vitro efficacy. This work supports the further investigation of MAGs derived from BSFL oil as potential candidates to complement existing antibiotics, particularly against resistant strains such as MRSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)

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15 pages, 262 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Natural and Microbial Insecticides with Diatomaceous Earth for Effective Management of Prostephanus truncatus

by Demeter Lorentha S. Gidari, Maria C. Boukouvala, Constantin S. Filintas, Anna Skourti and Nickolas G. Kavallieratos

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111162 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 543

Abstract

Prostephanus truncatus is well known for causing extensive postharvest losses and threatening food security in tropical and subtropical regions. The reliance on synthetic insecticides has raised concerns about the development of resistance, environmental safety, food contamination, and human health, emphasizing the need for [...] Read more.

Prostephanus truncatus is well known for causing extensive postharvest losses and threatening food security in tropical and subtropical regions. The reliance on synthetic insecticides has raised concerns about the development of resistance, environmental safety, food contamination, and human health, emphasizing the need for alternative management strategies. Thus, the present study evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) in the Protector formula alone and in combination with spinosad, abamectin, or the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against P. truncatus adults and their progeny production on maize under two temperatures (25 and 30 °C) at low concentrations. Bioassays revealed that DE or B. bassiana alone induced low mortality, while spinosad and abamectin single applications resulted in high mortality rates, achieving 100% after 21 days of exposure at 30 °C at the higher concentrations. The combined applications of spinosad or abamectin with DE resulted in complete mortality and progeny suppression at lower concentrations at 25 °C. Temperature had a significant influence in some cases. Overall, these findings demonstrate that DE, when combined with other natural insecticidal agents at low concentrations, especially spinosad and abamectin at specific temperatures, can provide highly effective control of P. truncatus, offering a promising strategy for integrated pest management (IPM) in stored maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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9 pages, 867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Attract-and-Kill Techniques in Controlling Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Highly Variable Olive Production Scenario

by Giacomo Ortis, Giacomo Santoiemma, Federico Marangoni, Francesco Sanna, Maria Rosaria Fidanza, Mario Baldessari and Nicola Mori

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111161 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 573

Abstract

The management of the olive fly using sustainable methods includes strategies based on attract-and-kill techniques. Although some studies have shown that lure-and-kill and mass-trapping methods can be effective in certain contexts, their performance under conditions of highly variable olive production remains unclear. In [...] Read more.

The management of the olive fly using sustainable methods includes strategies based on attract-and-kill techniques. Although some studies have shown that lure-and-kill and mass-trapping methods can be effective in certain contexts, their performance under conditions of highly variable olive production remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two sustainable control techniques in olive groves located at the northernmost boundary of olive cultivation in Europe. The efficacy of a lure-and-kill product (Spintor^TM Fly) and a mass-trapping product (Flypack^® Dacus Trap) was assessed over a three-year period by monitoring olive fly population density and infestation levels. We found that the efficacy of attract-and-kill techniques varied over the years. In years of abundant production, the high availability of fruits may reduce the detectability of damage. In contrast, in low production years, the limited number of fruits can lead to higher infestation rates, potentially reducing the effectiveness of the control techniques. Both techniques tested, particularly lure-and-kill, can help maintain low Bactrocera oleae population densities. However, they are insufficient to maintain fruit infestation at acceptable levels during years of low olive production, when the adoption of control measures is not economically justified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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11 pages, 252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Prey and Pollen Diets on the Reproduction and Longevity of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a Key Thrips Predator

by Lovely Adhikary, Hugh Adam Smith and Sriyanka Lahiri

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111160 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important biological control agent for various soft-bodied arthropod pests. The effective mass rearing and reliable field performance of any biocontrol agent can depend on the quality of its diet. While a combination of insect prey and [...] Read more.

Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important biological control agent for various soft-bodied arthropod pests. The effective mass rearing and reliable field performance of any biocontrol agent can depend on the quality of its diet. While a combination of insect prey and pollen has been tested previously, little information exists on how different prey and pollen types support survival and reproduction when provided alone. The current study evaluated adult longevity, reproductive span, and total and daily fecundity per female across five different diets. The first instar nymphs of O. insidiosus were reared on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs + honey, pest thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) + honey, Typha latifolia L. (Poales: Typhaceae) pollen + honey, multifloral bee pollen + honey, and honey alone in laboratory conditions. The adults reared on E. kuehniella eggs + honey had the highest longevity, daily and total fecundity, and reproductive span, followed by those fed on S. dorsalis + honey. Two pollen diets supported reproduction and survival but were significantly less effective than insect-based diets; honey alone was insufficient to sustain reproduction. These results confirm the superior nutritional quality of E. kuehniella eggs for mass rearing while also showing that O. insidiosus can complete its lifecycle on pollen diets. Incorporating high-quality prey in the rearing system will improve colony productivity, whereas pollen supplements in the field may support predator persistence during periods of low pest density. This study contributes to optimizing both laboratory production and augmentation biological control programs using O. insidiosus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

13 pages, 1483 KB

Open AccessArticle

Propolis as a Key Source of p-Coumaric Acid Permeating Honey and Sucrose Syrup Stores of Honey Bees

by Petra Urajová, Václav Krištůfek and Alena Krejčí

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111159 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

The natural phenolic compound p-coumaric acid supports honey bee health by enhancing detoxification, immunity and longevity. It also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties relevant to human health. While commonly detected in honey and pollen, it is absent from nectar and sucrose-based [...] Read more.

The natural phenolic compound p-coumaric acid supports honey bee health by enhancing detoxification, immunity and longevity. It also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties relevant to human health. While commonly detected in honey and pollen, it is absent from nectar and sucrose-based supplements typically used in beekeeping. Concerns have been raised whether supplemental saccharide feeding deprives bees of this essential phytochemical. In this study, we quantified p-coumaric acid in various bee-derived products and in supplementary sucrose syrup before and after feeding to bees, using HPLC-HRMS analysis. Although fresh sucrose syrup contained negligible amounts of p-coumaric acid, syrup stored in capped combs exhibited levels comparable to or higher than those in honey. We identified propolis in combs as the primary source of p-coumaric acid, diffusing into both honey and sucrose syrup during storage. Our findings demonstrate that supplemental feeding with sucrose syrup does not diminish the bees’ access to this key phytochemical and underscore the importance of a propolis-rich environment in bee health management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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14 pages, 2641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acaricidal Activity and Potential Application of Atropa belladonna

by Haicui Xie, Xuetao Yang, Caihong Cheng, Mengzhu Xian, Xiaolu Xiao, Xiuping Wang and Jun Li

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111158 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 371

Abstract

The growing resistance of Tetranychus urticae to chemical pesticides highlights the need for alternative solutions for its sustainable control. To develop botanical acaricides and reduce the usage of chemical pesticides, this study assessed the acaricidal activity of AB extract and its combinations with [...] Read more.

The growing resistance of Tetranychus urticae to chemical pesticides highlights the need for alternative solutions for its sustainable control. To develop botanical acaricides and reduce the usage of chemical pesticides, this study assessed the acaricidal activity of AB extract and its combinations with four commercial insecticides: imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), thiamethoxam (TMX), and bifenthrin (BF). Results showed that the AB extract suppressed detoxification enzymes and downregulated their corresponding genes in T. urticae. Bioassays identified hyoscyamine and genistein as key bioactive compounds. Field trials revealed that treatments with AB + IMI, AB + TMX, and AB + BF significantly enhanced the corrected efficacy against T. urticae compared with AB treatment, with the highest corrected efficacy observed for AB + BF. Notably, the AB + BF treatment did not influence the stability of the natural enemy community, as indicated by the characteristic indices of the natural enemy community, which suggests that the integration of AB extract with BF may represent a sustainable pest management strategy. Therefore, the AB extract represents an environmentally benign alternative to chemical pesticides for the sustainable control of T. urticae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Exploring Plant-Derived Compounds for Effective Insect Pest Management in Agriculture)

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22 pages, 1275 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Silver and Potassium Iodide on Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Learning

by Riley J. Wincheski, Trey Mathews, Harrington Wells, Robert J. Sheaff, Lily A. Anderson, James W. Grice and Charles I. Abramson

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111157 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 592

Abstract

Silver iodide (AgI) and potassium iodide (KI), which are used in cloud seeding, were administered to bees in a variety of pretreatments (low or high dosing) and analyzed through a series of experiments to determine the effect on bees’ ability to learn. Cloud [...] Read more.

Silver iodide (AgI) and potassium iodide (KI), which are used in cloud seeding, were administered to bees in a variety of pretreatments (low or high dosing) and analyzed through a series of experiments to determine the effect on bees’ ability to learn. Cloud seeding is the process of dispersing chemicals into an already-formed cloud to attract water molecules that fall to Earth as rain or snow. These chemicals then enter the ecosystem through water and soil. Honey bees were used because they represent a robust and ecologically appropriate model organism to study the behavioral impacts of cloud seeding. The first experiment utilized a shuttle box to test whether honey bees could avoid shock in a punishment experiment. Results revealed that the majority of the pretreatments did inhibit bees’ ability to learn to avoid shock. Experiment 2 consists of two proboscis extension reflex experiments (PER) where bees are trained to associate an odor with a sucrose feeding. Using the PER paradigm, we investigated simple conditioning and odor discrimination. Results revealed that in both the simple conditioning and discrimination experiments, learning was inhibited by the pretreatment of chemicals regardless of dosing amount. The final experiment explored reward discrimination in a free-flying flower patch paradigm. Results revealed that learning ability was not affected; however, return times were greatly impacted. Overall, results showed that AgI and KI throughout each experiment (i.e., shuttle box, PER, and free-flying discrimination) had some degree of negative effect on honey bee behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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20 pages, 3808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of New SSR Markers for High-Throughput Analyses of Peach–Potato Aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer)

by Jakub Vašek, Vladimíra Sedláková, Daniela Čílová, Martina Melounová, Ema Sichingerová, Petr Doležal, Ervín Hausvater and Petr Sedlák

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111156 - 12 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The complex life cycle, high reproductive potential and ability to quickly develop resistance to insecticides are key factors contributing to the destructiveness of the peach–potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) among pest species. Monitoring its population dynamics at a large scale allows us [...] Read more.

The complex life cycle, high reproductive potential and ability to quickly develop resistance to insecticides are key factors contributing to the destructiveness of the peach–potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) among pest species. Monitoring its population dynamics at a large scale allows us to better understand M. persicae biology and take relevant measures for pest management. For this purpose, reliable molecular tools are needed. Based on the analysis of 128,362 microsatellite loci, we developed four multiplex assays including 49 comprehensively characterised SSR markers. Internal validation confirmed the species specificity and low genotyping error (e_a = 0.8%, e_l = 0.99%, e_obs = 22.7%) of the assays. A total of 194 alleles were identified (mean = 4 alleles per locus, range = 2–8 alleles per locus) within a group of 365 aphid accessions collected in the Vysočina region (Czechia). The studied aphid population showed the typical characteristics expected of the species with clonal or partially clonal reproduction (heterozygote excess, negative F_IS, moderate-to-high linkage disequilibrium (LD), and distortion of the H-W equilibrium for most of the loci), and did not exhibit any stratification on a spatiotemporal level. Owing to the high discriminatory power of the markers, we discovered that the population sample was founded upon a small number of fundatrices, as only five dominating lineages comprising over 70% of all accessions were identified. In conclusion, this study identified a significant number of new high-quality markers with the high discriminatory power necessary for revealing the population structure and dynamics of M. persicae, which holds considerable potential in both general biological and agricultural research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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14 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Low Benzoic Acid Concentrations on Growth and Substrate Utilization in Black Soldier Fly Larvae

by Thor Brødsted Christiansen and Niels Thomas Eriksen

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111155 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 465

Abstract

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are among the most widely mass-reared insects and develop in moist feed substrates where larvae and microorganisms jointly degrade organic matter but also compete for nutrients. Microbial activity introduces variability and often decreases substrate conversion efficiency (SCE), defined [...] Read more.

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are among the most widely mass-reared insects and develop in moist feed substrates where larvae and microorganisms jointly degrade organic matter but also compete for nutrients. Microbial activity introduces variability and often decreases substrate conversion efficiency (SCE), defined as the ratio of larval biomass produced to substrate consumed. Supplementing feed substrates with antimicrobial agents may suppress microbial activities and thereby enhance the SCE. In this study, BSF larvae were reared on chicken feed supplemented with 0–0.2% benzoic acid at either initial pH = 7.6 or pH ≤ 4, under varying larval densities. Larval weights and CO₂ production from both larvae and substrates were measured periodically. At low pH, benzoic acid lowered the CO₂ evolution from the feed substrate while the substrate reduction rate (SRR) diminished dose dependently, indicating suppressed microbial activity. Despite the lower SRR, larval biomass yield remained unchanged, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in SCE. The effect was most pronounced in feed-sufficient larvae. Benzoic acid had no effect on larval performances in terms of maximal larval weight, specific growth rate, or mortality. Their overall net growth efficiency (larval weight gain relative to assimilated substrate) even increased dose-dependently. However, the low pH needed for benzoic acid to be active did have minor negative effects on larval performances. These findings demonstrate that microbial activity influences SCE during productions of BSF larvae and that substrate conversion efficiency can be manipulated and potentially optimized without harming the larvae through the inclusion of antimicrobial agents such as benzoic acid in their feed substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects and Their Derivatives for Human Practical Uses 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Management Strategies for Wood Infested by Hylurgus ligniperda F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

by Huanwen Chen, Xiaowei Chen, Dan Xie, Qingshan Yang, Fang Niu, Defu Chi and Jia Yu

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111154 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

The red-haired bark beetle (RHB), Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a globally distributed quarantine pest, making effective management of infested wood essential. This study developed an integrated control system to achieve closed-loop management under various environmental and wood conditions. RHB [...] Read more.

The red-haired bark beetle (RHB), Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a globally distributed quarantine pest, making effective management of infested wood essential. This study developed an integrated control system to achieve closed-loop management under various environmental and wood conditions. RHB eggs were the most fumigation-tolerant stage. Although sulfuryl fluoride (SF) showed higher potency, aluminum phosphide (AP) provided deeper penetration into wood (AP: 29.5% vs. SF: 12.6%). Both fumigants effectively reached all logs in the stacks. Fumigation efficacy was highest at moderate temperatures (18–22 °C) and lower wood moisture levels. In addition to chemical methods, thermal treatments were evaluated: heating to 60–65 °C achieved complete mortality, while effective freezing control required temperatures of −30 °C. For bark and chip debris generated during processing, beta-cypermethrin fumigation effectively eliminated residual pests. Our results confirm that both AP and SF are suitable for disinfecting infested Pinus thunbergii wood, that extreme temperatures can reduce dispersal risks, and that beta-cypermethrin is effective in the downgraded utilization of wood byproducts. This work provides a comprehensive and practical framework for controlling the spread of this invasive pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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13 pages, 1943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Sarcophaga princeps Wiedemann (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Under Constant Temperature and Its Implication in Forensic Entomology

by Liangliang Li, Yingna Zhang, Gengwang Hu, Yumeng Zhuo, Jianjun Jin, Qiang Fang, Xuebo Li, Shujin Li and Yu Wang

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111153 - 11 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Sarcophagidae are often the first sarcosaprophagous insects to colonize corpses in specialized cases such as indoor discoveries and burials, making them forensically crucial for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min). Among these, Sarcophaga princeps Wiedemann (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a prominent species [...] Read more.

Sarcophagidae are often the first sarcosaprophagous insects to colonize corpses in specialized cases such as indoor discoveries and burials, making them forensically crucial for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min). Among these, Sarcophaga princeps Wiedemann (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a prominent species frequently associated with both buried and indoor bodies. In this study, the development time of S. princeps from larvae to adults at constant temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C was studied, and the times required were 1090.00 ± 57.65, 721.00 ± 8.72, 562.33 ± 27.21, 416.67 ± 27.70, 356.33 ± 16.01, 327.00 ± 7.94, and 313.67 ± 5.69 h, respectively, demonstrating a significant inverse relationship with temperature. Various developmental models were constructed using the basic developmental data, including the isomorphen diagram, isomegalen diagram, nonlinear thermodynamic Optim SSI model, and logistic regression model. These models enable the estimation of the developmental age of the specimens. In addition, the lower critical thermal threshold (T_L), intrinsic optimum temperature (T_Φ), and upper critical thermal threshold (T_H) estimated by the nonlinear thermodynamic Optim SSI model were 11.11 °C, 21.85 °C, and 35.88 °C. This study provides comprehensive developmental data of S. princeps for PMI_min estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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