Fault Diagnosis and Simulations for Power Transformers, Converter Transformers, and High-Frequency Transformers

Dear Colleagues,

The reliability and operational efficiency of transformers—spanning power transformers, converter transformers, and high-frequency transformers—are pivotal to the stability of modern electrical grids, renewable energy integration, and advanced power electronic systems. As these critical components face escalating demands from aging infrastructure, dynamic load conditions, and the transition to smart grids and electrified transportation, precise fault diagnosis, robust simulation methodologies, and adaptive maintenance frameworks have become imperative. Challenges such as insulation degradation, thermal stress, extreme operating environments, and high-power-density requirements further underscore the urgency for innovative solutions to enhance transformer resilience and longevity.

This Special Issue seeks to compile cutting-edge research and practical advancements in fault detection, diagnostic techniques, and simulation-driven approaches tailored to power transformers, converter transformers, and high-frequency transformers. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

• Advanced fault detection and localization methods for transformers in grid and power electronic applications.
• Physics-based and data-driven simulation models for thermal, electrical, and mechanical behavior analysis.
• Artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML)-driven prognostic frameworks for insulation aging, partial discharge, and winding deformation.
• High-frequency transformer modeling for wide-bandgap semiconductor applications and renewable energy systems.
• Condition monitoring techniques integrating IoT, edge computing, and real-time sensor networks.
• Reliability assessment, failure mode analysis, and life prediction techniques under extreme operating conditions (e.g., overload, harmonics).
• Digital twin development for predictive maintenance of converter transformers in HVDC and FACTS systems.
• Comparative studies of diagnostic tools and modeling techniques for power, converter, and high-frequency transformers.
• Case studies on industrial, renewable energy, and transportation fault mitigation.

We encourage submissions of original research, reviews, and case studies demonstrating transformative approaches to transformer health management. Contributions highlighting scalable solutions, hybrid simulation-experimental validation, and interoperability with smart grid architectures are particularly welcome. This Special Issue aspires to advance the state of the art in transformer diagnostics and simulation, ultimately supporting the development of safer, more efficient, and sustainable electrical systems worldwide.

Dr. Fuqiang Ren
Prof. Dr. Qingquan Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.