Sustainability

Article

10 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting for Stakeholders’ Health and Wellbeing in the Food and Beverage Industry: A Case Study of a Multinational Company

by Gloria Macassa, Mamunur Rashid, Brita Backlund Rambaree and Ehsanul Huda Chowdhury

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4879; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094879 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7343

Abstract

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) used to be seen as a social obligation of businesses to make decisions and take responsible action in accordance with the goals and values of the society. The concept is today understood as the continuing commitment [...] Read more.

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) used to be seen as a social obligation of businesses to make decisions and take responsible action in accordance with the goals and values of the society. The concept is today understood as the continuing commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large. This study aimed to apply Chowdhury and co-authors’ framework to the Unilever Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Content Index 2020 to explore the feasibility of the framework as well as identify potential challenges related to its use in the field of public health. Findings show that the framework is suitable for analysing CSR reporting on activities aimed to promote internal and external stakeholders’ health and wellbeing from a public health perspective. A greater number of GRI disclosures reported by Unilever related to external stakeholders’ health and wellbeing than to activities impacting internal stakeholders. Further research should aim at testing the framework in other types of business organizations across other types of industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholders’ Health and Wellbeing)

13 pages, 4523 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Management of Salt Slag

by Isabel Padilla, Maximina Romero, Sol López-Andrés and Aurora López-Delgado

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4887; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094887 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4364

Abstract

The management of salt slag, a waste from the secondary aluminum industry, is associated with huge environmental concerns due to the risk of atmospheric pollution (emission of toxic gases), groundwater contamination (high salt content that can percolate and cause an increase in salinity) [...] Read more.

The management of salt slag, a waste from the secondary aluminum industry, is associated with huge environmental concerns due to the risk of atmospheric pollution (emission of toxic gases), groundwater contamination (high salt content that can percolate and cause an increase in salinity) and soil unavailability (large extensions required for disposal). Therefore, the development of a sustainable process for its treatment and recovery is of the utmost importance. In this work, a two-step process for the valorization of salt slag was developed that rendered zeolite as the main added-value product and NaCl and NH₃ as byproducts. First, salt slag was hydrolyzed at 90 °C and at a solid/water ratio of 1/3. More than 90% of salt and ~90% of ammonia were recovered. In a second step, the hydrolyzed slag was completely transformed into a NaP zeolite under mild hydrothermal conditions. The zeolite exhibited specific surface area (17 m² g⁻¹), cation exchange capacity (2.12 meq g⁻¹) and zeta potential (−52 mV) values that represent good characteristics for use in the removal of metal ions from aqueous effluents. The transformation of salt slag into zeolite can be considered a sustainable process with a high contribution to the circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Environmental Management of Hazardous Wastes)

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18 pages, 1793 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Dimensional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Prioritizing Railway Station Investments: A General Framework with an Application to the Italian Case Study

by Pierluigi Coppola, Diego Deponte, Alessandro Vacca, Federico Messa and Fulvio Silvestri

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4906; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094906 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3575

Abstract

In recent years, several authors have highlighted the merits of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), e.g., compared to Cost-Benefits Analysis (CBA), particularly for small projects appraisal (e.g., revamping or extraordinary maintenance interventions) and when the impacts of the project are difficult to value or [...] Read more.

In recent years, several authors have highlighted the merits of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), e.g., compared to Cost-Benefits Analysis (CBA), particularly for small projects appraisal (e.g., revamping or extraordinary maintenance interventions) and when the impacts of the project are difficult to value or quantify in monetary terms. CEA is a quite consolidated technique, typically applied in practice when one specific impact prevails over the others. This research extends the concept of CEA to a multi-dimensional decision-making context, outlining a methodological framework that includes several criteria to assess the impacts of railway station revamping in urban contexts. The proposed method has already been applied for the project appraisals of five railway stations in Italy; this paper presents the application to a case study representing the typical configuration of a medium-sized Italian railway station. Results have shown that the proposed approach is a valid tool for both designers and infrastructure managers for prioritizing railway station investments in the presence of multiple strategic objectives that also conflict with each other. A multi-dimensional CEA can provide, in a communicative, lean, and effective way, the information on investment costs and the impacts that different policies, layouts, and technological solutions would have, creating the basis for a more transparent debate on resource allocation priorities. Finally, results have shown that the CEA is not only a method for project assessment, but also a tool for improving and directing the design towards the identification of interventions that allow the achievement of the key objectives set ex ante. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Rail and Metro Systems)

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20 pages, 4612 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Toxicity and Uptake of CuO Nanoparticles: Evaluation of an Emerging Nanofertilizer on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant

by Amany S. Ibrahim, Gomaa A. M. Ali, Amro Hassanein, Ahmed M. Attia and Ezzat R. Marzouk

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4914; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094914 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4901

Abstract

Wet chemistry was used to produce copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). The results indicated that most nanoparticles were bacillus-shaped and relatively uniform in size (less than 30 nm). The effect of synthesized CuO NPs on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and growth [...] Read more.

Wet chemistry was used to produce copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). The results indicated that most nanoparticles were bacillus-shaped and relatively uniform in size (less than 30 nm). The effect of synthesized CuO NPs on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and growth parameters was studied and compared to bulk Cu. The results showed that no significant difference was obtained in germination rate among all treatments. Bulk Cu additions significantly affect the mean germination rate and mean germination time. On the contrary, germinability was significantly affected by CuO NPs additions. Seed vigor index was calculated to demonstrate the superior treatment in wheat germination parameters, and the results confirmed that 0.1 mg L⁻¹ of CuO NPs could be successfully used to improve wheat seed germination. Moreover, the general average Cu concentrations in the plant tissue were 139 and 103 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight for bulk and CuO NPs, respectively, indicating the dissolution behavior of CuO NPs. The addition of CuO NPs (0.1 mg L⁻¹) promotes chlorophyll formation equal to 0.5 mg L⁻¹ of the bulk Cu addition. This means using nanoparticles as fertilizer could reduce 80% of traditional fertilizers. Nonetheless, Cu additions in both forms (NPs and bulk) reduce root growth substantially compared to control. The effective toxic dose (EC₅₀) for bulk Cu and CuO NPs was 0.37 mg L⁻¹ and 0.94 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The results indicated that approximately 2.5 times CuO NPs concentration is equal to the toxicity dose of bulk Cu due to lowered CuO NPs dissolution. Our study showed that Cu phytotoxicity is a non-nanosized effect and showed that plant-induced changes under environmentally real conditions should be considered when measuring the dissolution of CuO NPs near wheat plant roots. This study implies that using nano-CuO as a micronutrient amendment has a potential benefit rather than the soluble Cu salt for plant growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Contamination with Emerging Contaminants; Associated Health Risks and Remediation Strategies)

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19 pages, 1603 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Green Parks for Long-Term Subjective Well-Being: Empirical Relationships between Personal Characteristics, Park Characteristics, Park Use, Sense of Place, and Satisfaction with Life in The Netherlands

by Mayke van Dinter, Mieke Kools, Gamze Dane, Minou Weijs-Perrée, Kynthia Chamilothori, Eveline van Leeuwen, Aloys Borgers and Pauline van den Berg

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4911; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094911 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6787

Abstract

As our living environment is becoming increasingly urbanized, this puts the livability, health, and quality of life in cities under pressure. Due to the urbanization process, urban green spaces are under threat of becoming scarce, while it is recognized that these green spaces [...] Read more.

As our living environment is becoming increasingly urbanized, this puts the livability, health, and quality of life in cities under pressure. Due to the urbanization process, urban green spaces are under threat of becoming scarce, while it is recognized that these green spaces can positively contribute to the subjective well-being of citizens. It is thus important to maximize the use and benefits derived from green spaces by designing them as positively experienced places. The aim of this research is to gain more empirical insights on the relationships between personal and park characteristics, park use behavior, sense of place, and park visitors’ long-term subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction). An online questionnaire was administered to participants in two medium-sized cities in The Netherlands, namely Eindhoven and ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Data were analyzed using a structural equation model. The results of this study show that the appreciation of facilities and the absence of disturbances positively influence the use and sense of place of a park. Furthermore, the findings show that sense of place has a positive influence on life satisfaction. The findings can be used by designers and policy-makers as guidelines to improve existing parks or to design new parks that support the subjective well-being of individuals in The Netherlands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Quality of Public Space—Analysis and Prediction of Individuals’ Perception and Wellbeing)

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11 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Our New Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure: Becoming Locked into an Unsustainable Future

by Scott Robbins and Aimee van Wynsberghe

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4829; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084829 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 11926

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly important for the infrastructures that support many of society’s functions. Transportation, security, energy, education, the workplace, the government have all incorporated AI into their infrastructures for enhancement and/or protection. In this paper, we argue that not only [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly important for the infrastructures that support many of society’s functions. Transportation, security, energy, education, the workplace, the government have all incorporated AI into their infrastructures for enhancement and/or protection. In this paper, we argue that not only is AI seen as a tool for augmenting existing infrastructures, but AI itself is becoming an infrastructure that many services of today and tomorrow will depend upon. Considering the vast environmental consequences associated with the development and use of AI, of which the world is only starting to learn, the necessity of addressing AI alongside the concept of infrastructure points toward the phenomenon of carbon lock-in. Carbon lock-in refers to society’s constrained ability to reduce carbon emissions technologically, economically, politically, and socially. These constraints are due to the inherent inertia created by entrenched technological, institutional, and behavioral norms. That is, the drive for AI adoption in virtually every sector of society will create dependencies and interdependencies from which it will be hard to escape. The crux of this paper boils down to this: in conceptualizing AI as infrastructure we can recognize the risk of lock-in, not just carbon lock-in but lock-in as it relates to all the physical needs to achieve the infrastructure of AI. This does not exclude the possibility of solutions arising with the rise of these technologies; however, given these points, it is of the utmost importance that we ask inconvenient questions regarding these environmental costs before becoming locked into this new AI infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards the Sustainability of AI; Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to Investigate the Hidden Costs of AI)

13 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Eco-Friendly Clothing Market: A Study of Willingness to Purchase Organic Cotton Clothing in Bangladesh

by Md Mehedi Hasan, Liling Cai, Xiaofen Ji and Francisca Margarita Ocran

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084827 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 12077

Abstract

This research study aims to achieve a developing country’s sustainable development in the clothing industry by exploring consumer behavior to a willingness to purchase organic cotton clothing (OCC) and apparel retailers’ responsibilities. Organic cotton clothing development in the fashion industry could play an [...] Read more.

This research study aims to achieve a developing country’s sustainable development in the clothing industry by exploring consumer behavior to a willingness to purchase organic cotton clothing (OCC) and apparel retailers’ responsibilities. Organic cotton clothing development in the fashion industry could play an important role in textile and environmental pollution and create new business opportunities for green clothes. Survey data was collected from top cities in Bangladesh, and 303 useable responses were collected (81.5% male and 18.5% female). In our survey, 60.7% of the participant was employed. This research model was inspired by the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and added some new variable that influences purchase willingness under OCC fashion in developing countries like Bangladesh. The findings of this study stated that consumer environmental concerns and consumer attitudes positively impact the OCC purchase willingness of Bangladeshi consumers. Also, the authenticity and fashionable of OCC products have a significant impact on Bangladeshi consumer purchase intention. Product Performance found an indirect effect on Bangladeshi consumers’ intention. Furthermore, this study will find that the Bangladeshi market is already very aware of the sustainability movement and concerned about environmental issues. Retailers should focus more on environmental awareness of OCC textile and authentic OCC items. Also, this study will update previous research findings on consumer attitudes toward OCC fashion in the Bangladesh market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Textile Marketing)

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23 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sense of Place, Biocultural Heritage, and Sustainable Knowledge and Practices in Three Italian Rural Regeneration Processes

by Letizia Bindi, Mauro Conti and Angelo Belliggiano

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4858; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084858 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5009

Abstract

This paper addresses sustainable development processes based on biocultural heritage, sense of place, and socio-cultural innovation and inclusiveness in the rural context, particularly focusing different scales of endogenous/neo-endogenous rural regeneration processes. Ethnographic and grounded case studies allow a critical analysis of different forms [...] Read more.

This paper addresses sustainable development processes based on biocultural heritage, sense of place, and socio-cultural innovation and inclusiveness in the rural context, particularly focusing different scales of endogenous/neo-endogenous rural regeneration processes. Ethnographic and grounded case studies allow a critical analysis of different forms of rural development from a multidisciplinary perspective based on old and new rurality, rural and local communities’ participation, resilience and regeneration processes, sense of place, belongingness, and “restanza”. The three cases are situated in three areas of Italy: the ecomuseum of pastoralism in Pontebernardo in the northern region of Piedmont as a driver of local shared development pathways; the municipality of Castel del Giudice, in the Central-Southern region of Molise, enabling different and integrated local regeneration actions; and the Association “Casa delle AgriCulture”/Green Night Festival in Castiglione d’Otranto in the Southern region of Puglia as a performative opportunity to define innovative and transversal as well as community-oriented activities. In these contexts, different local regeneration programs were applied in order to provide a critical evaluation of the knowledge and practices of sustainability in terms of their entanglements with biocultural heritage and socio-cultural innovation. The present analysis insists on the impact of biocultural heritage in regeneration processes in rural regions and endogenous/neo-endogenous factors in rural sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivating the Ecological Transition: Knowledge and Practices of Sustainability, Neo-Endogenous Development and Participatory Processes)

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27 pages, 667 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of RDP Measures on the Rural Development: The Case of Romania

by Ramona Pîrvu, Laurențiu Dragomir, Bogdan Budică, Răducu-Ștefan Bratu, Sorin Dinulescu and Lili Țenea

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4857; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084857 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

The goal of this study is to analyze the development of rural areas in Romania on the basis of the absorption of both the European non-reimbursable funds and the national funds for the modernization of the infrastructure of villages and communes. The aim [...] Read more.

The goal of this study is to analyze the development of rural areas in Romania on the basis of the absorption of both the European non-reimbursable funds and the national funds for the modernization of the infrastructure of villages and communes. The aim of the article is to carry out thorough empirical research on the process of rural development in Romania as a facet of the EU’s overall rural development. Thus, in order to obtain relevant results in connection with the pursued goal, we will be using hierarchical cluster analysis to observe the effects of the expenses financed through the National Rural Development Program (NRDP) on the development of rural areas. In accordance with the methodological approach of research, our goal is to give a picture of the way in which Romania’s counties (NUTS 3) were clustered at the beginning of the multi-annual planning (2014) as well as at the end of the planning period, in 2020, and to point out a series of practical and concrete aspects generated by the opportunities that the rural areas have had in terms of attracting structural funds. Based on the conducted analysis, we can say that a series of positive aspects can be put in the spotlight as a result of the existence of the European irredeemable funds, which engender positive direct and indirect effects on both the economy and the population’s standard of living. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rural Development and Land Use Planning)

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30 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Theoretical Perspectives on Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Digital Transformation: A Literature Review and a Conceptual Framework

by Asterios Stroumpoulis and Evangelia Kopanaki

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4862; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084862 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 26401

Abstract

In an era where environmental and social pressures on companies are increasing, sustainable supply chain management is essential for the efficient operation and survivability of the organizations (members of the chain). Digital transformation and the adoption of new technologies could support the development [...] Read more.

In an era where environmental and social pressures on companies are increasing, sustainable supply chain management is essential for the efficient operation and survivability of the organizations (members of the chain). Digital transformation and the adoption of new technologies could support the development of sustainable strategies, as they support supply chain processes, decrease operational costs, enable control and monitoring of operations and support green practices. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between sustainable supply chain management and digital transformation through the adoption of specific technologies (Blockchain technology, big data analytics, internet of things). It aims at theory building and the development of a conceptual framework, enabling the explanation of under which circumstances the above combination could lead to the development of sustainable performances. It also aims to examine how companies can increase their competitive advantage and/or increase their business performance, contributing both to academics and practitioners. After conducting a literature review analysis, a significant gap was detected. There are a few studies providing theoretical approaches to examining all three pillars of sustainability, while at the same time analyzing the impact of big data analytics, internet of things and blockchain technology on the development of sustainable supply chains. Aiming to address this gap, this paper primarily conducts a literature review, identifies definitions and theories used to explain the different pillars of flexibility, and examines the effect of different technologies. It then develops a theoretical conceptual framework, which could enable both academics and practitioners to examine the impact of the adoption of different technologies on sustainable supply chain management. The findings of this research reveal that digital transformation plays an important role to companies, as the combination of different technologies may lead to the development of significant capabilities, increasing sustainable performances and enabling the development of sustainable strategies, which can improve companies’ position in the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Logistics and Supply Chains)

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17 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Consideration of Wildlife in the Benefit-Costs of Hydraulic Fracturing: Expanding to an E3 Analysis

by Jennifer A. Caldwell, Christopher K. Williams, Margaret C. Brittingham and Thomas J. Maier

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4811; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084811 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5066

Abstract

High-volume hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) for natural gas in the Marcellus Shale (underlying about 24 mil ha in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and Virginia) has become a politically charged issue, primarily because of concerns about drinking water safety and human health. [...] Read more.

High-volume hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) for natural gas in the Marcellus Shale (underlying about 24 mil ha in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and Virginia) has become a politically charged issue, primarily because of concerns about drinking water safety and human health. This paper examines fracking in the Marcellus region, and the tradeoffs between the energy and economic potential of natural gas extraction and the environmental impacts on wildlife. Therefore, we introduce a new E3 analysis that combines the costs and benefits as regards energy, economics, and the environment. The Marcellus Shale has the most proven reserves of natural gas of any basin in the United States, at 129 trillion cubic feet. Income from natural gas development comes primarily from direct and indirect jobs, and induced jobs (those created when direct workers spend their earnings in a community), taxes and fees, and royalty and lease payments to rights holders. Fracking, however, has detrimental effects on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Terrestrial habitat effects are primarily due to landscape fragmentation from the clearing of land for pipeline and well pad development, which often removes mature forest and creates open corridors and edge habitats. An increase in forest edge and open corridors is associated with shifts in the bird community, as generalist species that do well around people increase in abundance, while forest specialists decline. Invasive plants associated with disturbance further degrade forest habitats. Aquatic habitats are also affected, both directly and indirectly. Hydraulic fracturing requires up to 20 mil L of water per well fracture, most of which comes from surface water sources in the Marcellus region. The removal of water, especially in smaller headwaters, can increase sedimentation, alter water temperature and change its chemistry, resulting in reductions in aquatic biodiversity. Given the reality that hydraulic fracturing will continue, there is a need to develop practices that best minimize negative impacts on terrestrial and aquatic habitats, as well as policies and the resolve to enforce these practices. To achieve a more sustainable balance between economic, energy, and environmental costs and benefits, we recommend that industry, scientists, non-governmental organizations, mineral rights holders, landowners, and regulators work together to develop a set of best management practices that represent the best knowledge available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation Planning and Wildlife Management)

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12 pages, 1315 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Functional Bakery Snacks for the Post-COVID-19 Market, Fortified with Omega-3 Fatty Acids

by Haralabos C. Karantonis, Constantina Nasopoulou and Dimitris Skalkos

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4816; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084816 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3431

Abstract

Flaxseed is a natural ingredient with health benefits because of its rich contents of omega-3 fatty acids and fiber. In this study, whole-meal sliced bread, chocolate cookies, and breadsticks, which were enriched with flaxseed (Linum usitatissimu) were produced as a natural [...] Read more.

Flaxseed is a natural ingredient with health benefits because of its rich contents of omega-3 fatty acids and fiber. In this study, whole-meal sliced bread, chocolate cookies, and breadsticks, which were enriched with flaxseed (Linum usitatissimu) were produced as a natural enrichment source in order to provide functional baked goods. The three innovative products were tested as sources of omega-3 fatty acids in terms of α-linolenic acid according to EU 1924/2006 as well as for their in vitro antithrombotic/anti-inflammatory effect. The results showed that omega-3 fatty acids had high concentrations (>0.6 g per 100 g of product) in all products even after the heating treatment with constant stability during the time of consumption. All the enriched products exerted higher, but in different grade, in vitro antithrombotic/anti-inflammatory activity compared to the conventional products. The products were evaluated positively by a panel of potential consumers without significant differences compared to conventional corresponding products. Enriched bakery products with omega-3 fatty acids may represent a novel opportunity for the development of functional foods that can be locally consumed, thereby contributing to public health prevention measures that the post-COVID-19 era demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Agrifood Supply Chain in the Post-COVID 19 Era)

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12 pages, 2498 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Genetic Identification of Hybrid Walnuts (Juglans × intermedia Carr.) in Hungary, the Hidden Potential for Future Breeding

by Klára Cseke, Géza Bujdosó, Mátyás Báder, Tamás Mertl, Attila Benke and József Dezső Kámpel

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4782; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084782 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3033

Abstract

The question of the hybrid walnut (Juglans × intermedia Carr.) is still under debate in the Central European region. There is not simply just an underutilization, rather, even the existence of these hybrid forms is not broadly accepted. On the contrary, there [...] Read more.

The question of the hybrid walnut (Juglans × intermedia Carr.) is still under debate in the Central European region. There is not simply just an underutilization, rather, even the existence of these hybrid forms is not broadly accepted. On the contrary, there is an intensive cross-breeding activity in the western part of Europe resulting in commercially available hybrid clones. In Hungary, several individuals have been reported with intermediate morphology from different old black walnut plantations. Due to the lacking information, a preliminary study was conducted in order to prove the difference of these selected trees and to test the hybrid state. For this purpose, DNA fingerprinting was used by applying 13 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the identification of 22 hybrid genotypes selected from one study plot. A comparative analysis with a reference sample set of the ‘parental’ species and other known hybrids was performed as well. The genetic analysis resulted distinct, unique genotypes for all of the samples. Based on the genetic pattern, the analyzed hybrid group was clearly distinguishable from the other two walnut groups. The result of this study also highlights the hidden potential in walnut breeding in the Central European region. Future concepts concerning hybrid walnut utilization in plantation forestry, agroforestry or as breeding material are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Fruit Production and Core Collections with Special Regards to Climate Change)

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22 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Global Assessment: Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050?

by Jerry L. Holechek, Hatim M. E. Geli, Mohammed N. Sawalhah and Raul Valdez

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4792; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 810 | Viewed by 107673

Abstract

Our study evaluated the effectiveness of using eight pathways in combination for a complete to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy by 2050. These pathways included renewable energy development; improving energy efficiency; increasing energy conservation; carbon taxes; more equitable balancing of human [...] Read more.

Our study evaluated the effectiveness of using eight pathways in combination for a complete to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy by 2050. These pathways included renewable energy development; improving energy efficiency; increasing energy conservation; carbon taxes; more equitable balancing of human wellbeing and per capita energy use; cap and trade systems; carbon capture, utilization, and storage; and nuclear power development. We used the annual ‘British Petroleum statistical review of world energy 2021’ report as our primary database. Globally, fossil fuels, renewable (primarily hydro, wind and solar), nuclear energy accounted for 83%, 12.6%, and 6.3% of the total energy consumption in 2020. To achieve zero fossil fuel use by 2050, we found that renewable energy production will need to be increased by up to 6-fold or 8-fold if energy demand is held constant at, or increased 50% from, the 2020 energy demand level. Constraining 2050 world energy demand to a 25% increase over the 2020 level, improves the probability of achieving independence from fossil fuels. Improvements in energy efficiency need to accelerate beyond the current rate of ~1.5% per year. Aggressive application of energy conservation policies involving land use and taxation could potentially reduce world energy use by 10% or more by 2050. Our meta-analysis shows that the minimum level of per capita energy consumption that would allow 8 billion people to have a ‘Decent Living Standard’ is on average ~70 GJ per capita per year, which is 93% of the 2020 global average. Developed countries in temperate climates with high vehicle-dependency needed ~120 GJ per capita year⁻¹, whereas equatorial countries with low vehicle-dependency needed 30 GJ per capita year⁻¹. Our meta-analyses indicated replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy by 2050 may be possible but will require aggressive application of all eight pathways, major lifestyle changes in developed countries, and close cooperation among all countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Sustainable Economy Transition)

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22 pages, 1962 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biomethane Community: A Research Agenda towards Sustainability

by Idiano D’Adamo and Claudio Sassanelli

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4735; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084735 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 4135

Abstract

The bioeconomy is an effective solution to align with the sustainability agenda and to meet the pressing calls for action from Cop26 on a global scale. The topic of the circular bioeconomy has gained a key role in the literature, while the theme [...] Read more.

The bioeconomy is an effective solution to align with the sustainability agenda and to meet the pressing calls for action from Cop26 on a global scale. The topic of the circular bioeconomy has gained a key role in the literature, while the theme of energy community is a basic form of social aggregation among stakeholders. This work focuses on biomethane and proposes a framework based on several criteria that are evaluated using a hybrid Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and 10-point scale methodology. The results show that regulation and energy community are considered the two most relevant categories. The overall ranking of criteria sees the stakeholders’ engagement as the most important, followed by more significant subsidies for small- and medium-sized plants and the principle of self-sufficiency applied at the inter-regional level. Subsequently, the Italian Adriatic corridor composed of four MMAP (Marche, Molise, Abruzzo, and Puglia) regions is considered as a case study in order to evaluate the possible environmental (854 thousand

\frac{{tons CO}_{2} eq}{year}

) and economic (from 49 million EUR to 405 million EUR in function of plant size) benefits associated with potential biomethane production of 681.6 million m³. It is found that the biomethane community is an enabler of sustainability and this strategy can be used for sharing different natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects and Challenges of Bioeconomy Sustainability Assessment)

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16 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Analytic Model for Estimating the Economic and Environmental Impact of Food Cold Supply Chain

by Eleonora Bottani, Giorgia Casella, Majcol Nobili and Letizia Tebaldi

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4771; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084771 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

Cold chain management has gained increasing interest among practitioners, researchers and academics; similarly, sustainability is also proving to be an increasingly critical topic in all supply chains and in cold chains in particular. In line with this, this study proposes a model to [...] Read more.

Cold chain management has gained increasing interest among practitioners, researchers and academics; similarly, sustainability is also proving to be an increasingly critical topic in all supply chains and in cold chains in particular. In line with this, this study proposes a model to estimate the economic and environmental impacts in a food cold supply chain (FCSC). The model intended to estimate the total cost and CO₂ emissions of a company operating in the cold supply chain, was carried out in Microsoft Excel™. Specifically, the model reproduces the main FCSC processes, i.e., Product collection, Backroom storage, Product delivery and Reverse logistics. For each process, we have exposed the implemented equations. Results show that the product delivery process is the most critical in both economic and environmental terms. Conversely, product collection and reverse logistics process contribute to the total cost and emission to a limited extent. The results obtained provide useful guidelines for supply chain managers to undertake operation decisions aimed at decreasing the economic and/or environmental impact of a FCSC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Logistics and Supply Chains)

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19 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of the Development of Forest-Based Bioeconomy in European Regions

by Leire Barañano, Olatz Unamunzaga, Naroa Garbisu, Siebe Briers, Timokleia Orfanidou, Blasius Schmid, Inazio Martínez de Arano, Andrés Araujo and Carlos Garbisu

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4747; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084747 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4794

Abstract

In recent years, the potential of the forest-based bioeconomy to provide competitiveness, differentiation, and sustainability to the European economy has often been claimed. Interestingly, regions, as territorial units with their own political and socioeconomic strategies, have been highlighted as the most suitable targets [...] Read more.

In recent years, the potential of the forest-based bioeconomy to provide competitiveness, differentiation, and sustainability to the European economy has often been claimed. Interestingly, regions, as territorial units with their own political and socioeconomic strategies, have been highlighted as the most suitable targets for the development of the European forest-based bioeconomy. Here, using the case method, we evaluated the development of the forest-based bioeconomy in three European regions (i.e., North Karelia in Finland, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany, the Basque Country in Spain), by appraising the status of 10 previously identified key drivers through primary (interviews with experts) and secondary (literature review) sources of information. In our analysis, North Karelia and the Basque Country obtained the highest and lowest score, respectively, with regard to forest-based bioeconomy development. In any case, for the successful development of the forest-based bioeconomy in a European region, it is essential to accept the unnegotiable, critically, of the long-term sustainability of forest bioresources and production processes, as well as the need to foster the required changes in consumption patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioeconomy, Circular Economy and Sustainability)

22 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Energy Transition and Energy Equity: A Compatible Combination?

by Matheus L. C. M. Henckens

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084781 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3689

Abstract

Much attention is being paid to the short-term supply security of raw materials for the energy transition. However, little attention is being paid to the impact of the energy transition on the long-term availability of a number of specific mineral resources that are [...] Read more.

Much attention is being paid to the short-term supply security of raw materials for the energy transition. However, little attention is being paid to the impact of the energy transition on the long-term availability of a number of specific mineral resources that are needed for the realization of a fossil-free energy infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the quantity of raw materials required for the energy transition could encounter limits of geological availability of mineral resources, especially in the case that energy supply and consumption are equitably distributed over all countries of the world in the long term. This study is an ex ante evaluation. The result of the evaluation is that four metals are relatively problematic: cobalt, copper, lithium, and nickel. The in-use stocks of these four metals in energy transition-related technologies may take up between 20% and 30% of the ultimately available resources of these metals in the continental Earth’s crust. Even with an 80% end-of-life recycling rate, the increase in the annual use of primary resources is estimated to be 9% for copper, 29% for nickel, 52% for cobalt, and 86% for lithium, compared to the estimated annual use of these metals without an energy transition. The conclusion of the study is that the question of whether energy equity and the energy transition are a compatible combination cannot be answered unambiguously. After all, it will depend on the extent and the speed with which cobalt, copper, lithium, and nickel can be substituted with other, geologically less scarce metals, and on the achieved end-of-life recycling rates of these metals, not only from energy transition-related products, but also from all other products in which these metals are applied. The novelty of the study is that the availability of raw materials for the energy transition is analyzed from a perspective of global equity at the expected level of the European Union in 2050. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Criticality Versus Geological Scarcity: Different Concepts, Which May Need Tuning)

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17 pages, 6598 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Changing Role of Management Accounting in Product Development: Directions to Digitalization, Sustainability, and Circularity

by Viktorija Varaniūtė, Ineta Žičkutė and Akvilė Žandaravičiūtė

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084740 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8189

Abstract

In an environment of multiplying uncertainties, management accounting plays an important role in addressing product development issues. Changing business models, the capabilities of companies, and increasing consumer needs require reconsideration of the directions in the product development process. The purpose of this paper [...] Read more.

In an environment of multiplying uncertainties, management accounting plays an important role in addressing product development issues. Changing business models, the capabilities of companies, and increasing consumer needs require reconsideration of the directions in the product development process. The purpose of this paper is to identify the changing role of management accounting in product development, to understand how research is progressing according to such vital directions as digitalization, sustainability, and circularity. Bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review were used to determine the main directions of the changing role of management accounting in product development. Results revealed that these directions were related to innovation, which could be considered the main driver for the changes in management accounting in product development. Furthermore, these directions are related to better company performance, which is a consequence of changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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17 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using a Choice Experiment to Understand Preferences for Disaster Risk Reduction with Uncertainty: A Case Study in Japan

by Takahiro Tsuge, Yasushi Shoji, Koichi Kuriyama and Ayumi Onuma

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4753; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084753 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

With the increase in disasters due to climate change, there has been a growing interest in green infrastructures that utilize nature for disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, green infrastructures cannot completely protect against hazards. Therefore, this study investigates the public preference in Japan [...] Read more.

With the increase in disasters due to climate change, there has been a growing interest in green infrastructures that utilize nature for disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, green infrastructures cannot completely protect against hazards. Therefore, this study investigates the public preference in Japan for DRR and its uncertainty using a survey-based choice experiment. The results showed that benefits were obtained from the increase in “success probability”, “reduction in human damage”, “reduction in property damage”, and “reduction in indirect damage”; however, the benefits obtained from additional improvements diminished. Moreover, the results of our analyses revealed that preferences for DRR and its uncertainty were heterogeneous among respondents, and the population segment that includes more women, older people, and more people who live in areas that may be directly affected by floods had higher ratings for “success probability” and relatively slightly lower ratings for “reduction in indirect damage”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster)

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21 pages, 3197 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comprehensive Energy Consumption of Elevator Systems Based on Hybrid Approach of Measurement and Calculation in Low- and High-Rise Buildings of Tropical Climate towards Energy Efficiency

by Jia Hui Ang, Yusri Yusup, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki, Ali Salehabadi and Mardiana Idayu Ahmad

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4779; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084779 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6659

Abstract

Rapid population growth and urbanization contribute to an ever-increasing global energy demand, of which the building sector accounts for one-third. The increasing average height and density of buildings escalate the need for vertical transportation, expanding elevator usage and energy needs. This phenomenon accounts [...] Read more.

Rapid population growth and urbanization contribute to an ever-increasing global energy demand, of which the building sector accounts for one-third. The increasing average height and density of buildings escalate the need for vertical transportation, expanding elevator usage and energy needs. This phenomenon accounts for a significant amount of the total building energy use, necessitating a study of elevator system energy consumption. This study aimed to analyze the energy consumption and carbon emissions of elevator systems in low- and high-rise buildings towards energy-efficient estimations. A comprehensive analysis was performed based on a hybrid approach of measurement and calculation using a formula and reference values derived from previous studies. Four buildings were selected and thoroughly studied, representing the low- and high-rise categories. Data were collected based on on-site sampling and observation, as well as information from the building management offices. The mechanical parameters of the elevator system in each building and operational factors in terms of speed, number of trips, load, travel distance, and time were studied. In this analysis, the energy consumption calculation was performed according to International Standard ISO 25745. Annual carbon emissions were calculated in accordance with the USA EPA and IPCC guidelines. The elevator energy efficiency class was determined based on daily energy consumption. It was found from this study that the annual energy consumption of an elevator system is positively correlated to an elevator’s daily energy consumption. The annual carbon emissions of the elevator systems are dependent on increasing annual energy consumption, which is also connected to building height indirectly. The low-rise buildings showed better energy efficiency compared to the high-rise buildings due to lower travel distance, less trips, and fewer floors. The annual number of trips, travel distances, and energy consumption had an effect on the energy efficiency of the elevator systems in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remediation of Environmental Pollutants for Sustainable Development)

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14 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

External Knowledge Linkages and the Evolution of Comparative Advantage: An Examination of Territorial Knowledge Dynamics in China

by Tengfei Wang, Henrik Halkier, Laura James, Renxu Gu and Cheng Chi

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4685; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084685 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3523

Abstract

In the era of the knowledge economy with the superfluidity of information, labor, and goods, the ability to establish external knowledge linkages has become an indispensable asset for the development of regional industries. Based on the assumption that knowledge spillovers decay with distance, [...] Read more.

In the era of the knowledge economy with the superfluidity of information, labor, and goods, the ability to establish external knowledge linkages has become an indispensable asset for the development of regional industries. Based on the assumption that knowledge spillovers decay with distance, several existing studies have explored the role of neighboring regions in local industrial upgrading. Meanwhile, a small but growing literature has explored the evolution of regional comparative advantage from the perspective of multi-location territorial knowledge dynamics (TKDs), exploring multi-locational knowledge interactions (including proximity interactions and distance interactions) and their regional economic effects in the process of knowledge flows. Inspired by the literature on multi-location TKDs, this paper examines two hypotheses: (1) In addition to local capabilities, external knowledge linkages also have a positive effect on local industrial upgrading; (2) the stronger the knowledge linkages, the more similar the regional comparative advantage. Through an analysis of data on authorized patent citation and the two-digit manufacturing industry from Chinese cities in 2011 and 2016, we find that the knowledge flow networks among Chinese cities are characterized by strong external knowledge linkages to both adjacent and distant regions. Further analysis reveals that a particular Chinese city has a higher probability of developing comparative advantages if it maintains strong knowledge linkages with a city specialized in the same industry. In addition, the comparative advantages of regions with strong knowledge linkages are more similar than regions with weak knowledge linkages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Environmental Economics: Global Dynamics and Regional Economic Development)

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15 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Composted Sewage Sludge Application in a Sugarcane Seedling Nursery: Crop Nutritional Status, Productivity, and Technological Quality Implications

by Rafael dos Santos Silva, Arshad Jalal, Raimunda Eliane Nascimento do Nascimento, Nathércia Castro Elias, Karen Cossi Kawakami, Cassio Hamilton Abreu-Junior, Fernando Carvalho Oliveira, Arun Dilipkumar Jani, Zhenli He, Fengliang Zhao, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Raffaella Rossetto, Gian Franco Capra and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4682; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084682 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3744

Abstract

Composted sewage sludge (CSS) contains large amounts of organic matter and nutrients and can be used as an organic fertilizer to improve growth, yield, and quality of sugarcane. However, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of CSS application on sugarcane [...] Read more.

Composted sewage sludge (CSS) contains large amounts of organic matter and nutrients and can be used as an organic fertilizer to improve growth, yield, and quality of sugarcane. However, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of CSS application on sugarcane seedling performance in nursery environments. A field study was conducted using a randomized complete block design to evaluate the development, nutritional status, productivity, and technological quality of sugarcane seedlings after CSS application with or without mineral fertilizer. Morphological variables (stem height, diameter, and number, as well as leaf area), technological attributes (total recoverable sugar: ATR; quantity of sucrose in sugarcane juice: Pol; Brix: percentage (weight/weight) of soluble solids contained in juice; TAH: tons of sugar per hectare), nutritional status, and sugarcane productivity were evaluated. Treatments did not influence morphological and technological variables except for TAH but did positively alter nutritional status and seedling productivity. The application rates of 5.0 and 7.5 Mg ha⁻¹ of CSS with or without mineral fertilizers (MF) provided the greatest increase in crop productivity. Our results indicate that CSS can be a sustainable nutritional management option in sugarcane seedling nurseries, resulting in greater crop productivity at lower mineral fertilization rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Management for Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 1765 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Data Intelligence in Public Transportation: Sustainable and Equitable Solutions to Urban Modals in Strategic Digital City Subproject

by Luis André Wernecke Fumagalli, Denis Alcides Rezende and Thiago André Guimarães

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4683; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084683 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4036

Abstract

Transport infrastructure investments must be linked to the public transport demand strategically. User behavior and decision-making process bring several possible alternative transportation options due to a series of factors that define it. Municipalities must manage these factors to promote equal and sustainable transport [...] Read more.

Transport infrastructure investments must be linked to the public transport demand strategically. User behavior and decision-making process bring several possible alternative transportation options due to a series of factors that define it. Municipalities must manage these factors to promote equal and sustainable transport solutions through urban infrastructure, public transport competitiveness, and attractiveness, and fossil fuels use and pricing policy. The research objective is to determine these factors to monitor and use them for citizens’ benefit by means of analytical tools and methods to gain a superior knowledge of reality with a focus on improving investments and services in an agile and efficient manner. Methodologically, the number of passengers of main Curitiba’s (Brazil) bus rapid transit (BRT) lines is operated in two linear regression models combined with the number of private vehicles, public transport fare, and fuel price for the period between January/2010 and December/2019. Research analysis indicates direct causal relationships between the studied factors and that the necessary data for decision-making is available in the government information systems. In conclusion, urban management and strategic digital city project can be more balanced and assertive in transport infrastructure investments and citizen services provision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Smart Cities and Societies Using Emerging Technologies)

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20 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

COVID-19, Economic Policies and Public Debt Sustainability in Italy

by Pompeo Della Posta, Enrico Marelli and Marcello Signorelli

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4691; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084691 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6154

Abstract

We analyze the conditions for public debt-to-GDP ratio stability extending the Domar’s approach by including the interaction between the government’s reaction function and the private sector’s reaction function, and considering the impact of 2020–2021 pandemic shock and the monetary and fiscal policy responses, [...] Read more.

We analyze the conditions for public debt-to-GDP ratio stability extending the Domar’s approach by including the interaction between the government’s reaction function and the private sector’s reaction function, and considering the impact of 2020–2021 pandemic shock and the monetary and fiscal policy responses, with simulations applied to the Italian case. The outcomes of the numerical simulations show the crucial importance of ECB extraordinary monetary policies, of the NGEU and, to lesser extent, of national expansionary fiscal policies adopted during pandemic shock; both European wide monetary and fiscal policies actually increase the sustainability area avoiding the high risk of sovereign debt crisis in Italy (and other peripheral Eurozone countries). The stabilizing effect of GDP growth, hopefully resulting from the NGEU policy, is also simulated in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investment, Growth and Sustainability)

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20 pages, 5310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating European Union Decarbonization Strategies: Evaluating the Pathway to Carbon Neutrality by 2050

by Ilaria Perissi and Aled Jones

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084728 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 7555

Abstract

Despite the rich and extensive documentation provided by European Member States and the European Commission in describing National Energy and Climates Plans and Long-Term Strategy plans, it is still very difficult to evaluate where and how the European Union as a whole has [...] Read more.

Despite the rich and extensive documentation provided by European Member States and the European Commission in describing National Energy and Climates Plans and Long-Term Strategy plans, it is still very difficult to evaluate where and how the European Union as a whole has positioned itself on the path to achieving the Green Deal objectives, named the Fit 55% package in 2030 and the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2050. This research aims to fill this gap, proposing a simple but exhaustive semantic scaling methodology that allows, for the first time, a quantitative evaluation of the quality of the National Plans based on European Commission assessments to measure their compliance with the European Green Deal objectives. Results show that Member States have more clearly set the Green Deal targets than the actions to deliver against those targets. Actions, in term of nationals policies and funds administration, are still immature and partially addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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25 pages, 5595 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beyond the Backyard: GIS Analysis of Public Green Space Accessibility in Australian Metropolitan Areas

by Yi-Ya Hsu, Scott Hawken, Samad Sepasgozar and Zih-Hong Lin

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4694; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084694 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10793

Abstract

During times of stress and social pressure, urban green space provides social, cultural, and economic resources that help individuals and communities cope. Green space accessibility is, therefore, an important indicator related to people’s health and welfare. However, green space accessibility is not even [...] Read more.

During times of stress and social pressure, urban green space provides social, cultural, and economic resources that help individuals and communities cope. Green space accessibility is, therefore, an important indicator related to people’s health and welfare. However, green space accessibility is not even throughout urban areas, with some areas better served with green space than others. Green space patterning is, therefore, a major environmental justice challenge. This research uses GIS approaches to analyze and understand urban green space access of urban communities in the Australian metropolitan areas of Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. We calculate indicators to describe green space access in relation to different green space patterns within different metropolitan zones, including the inner urban, suburban, and peri urban. We use the best available open data from the Australian census of 2017 to calculate green space accessibility. Our results describe the relationship between population density and green space distribution and patterning in the four metropolitan areas. We find that even cities which are generally thought of as liveable have considerable environmental justice challenges and inequity and must improve green space access to address environmental inequity. We also find that a range type of measures can be used to better understand green space accessibility. Accessibility varies greatly both within metropolitan areas and also from city to city. Through improving our understanding of the green space accessibility characteristics of Australian metropolitan areas, the result of this study supports the future planning of more just and equal green cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities, Biodiversity and Green Infrastructure - Living Dimensions of Future Cities)

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22 pages, 6623 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling Urban Growth and the Impacts of Climate Change: The Case of Esmeraldas City, Ecuador

by Carlos F. Mena, Fátima L. Benitez, Carolina Sampedro, Patricia Martinez, Alex Quispe and Melinda Laituri

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084704 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5770

Abstract

This research has been developed in the city of Esmeraldas, which is one of the poorest urban centers of Ecuador. Historically, the economic dynamics of the city have been related to the extraction of natural resources, but little has been invested in local [...] Read more.

This research has been developed in the city of Esmeraldas, which is one of the poorest urban centers of Ecuador. Historically, the economic dynamics of the city have been related to the extraction of natural resources, but little has been invested in local populations. The objectives of this paper are, first, to create a predictive scenario of urban growth linked to future climate projections for Esmeraldas, with a focus on vulnerability to landslides and flooding; and second, to generate methodological advances related to the linkage between urban growth simulation and the downscaling of global models for climate change. This paper is based on spatially explicit simulation, Cellular Automata (CA), to capture the dynamics of urban processes. CA is linked to the analysis of vulnerability to climate change based on socioeconomic conditions and is focused on flooding- and landslide-exposed areas. We found that the proportion of Afro-Ecuadorian people and the risk of landslides and flooding are positively related to urban growth. Based on our future scenarios, the urban growth area in Esmeraldas will increase 50% compared to the year 2016. Moreover, if the existing trends continue, natural vegetation—including mangroves—will be removed by that time, increasing the vulnerability to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Expansion Prediction and Land Use/Land Cover Change Modeling for Sustainable Urban Development)

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13 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preservation or Diversification? Ideas and Practices Connected with Sustainability in Vanuatu

by Arno Pascht

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4733; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084733 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2276

Abstract

The aim of this article is to explore anthropology’s potential to contribute to reflections on the definition of sustainability. It draws on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in the South Pacific island state of Vanuatu, using as its main methods semi-structured interviews, participant observation and [...] Read more.

The aim of this article is to explore anthropology’s potential to contribute to reflections on the definition of sustainability. It draws on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in the South Pacific island state of Vanuatu, using as its main methods semi-structured interviews, participant observation and freelisting. This article presents decisions and acts of the inhabitants of the rural village of Siviri regarding both the cultivation of food crops and fishing. It relates findings to a recent anthropological working definition of ‘sustainability’ that emphasises facilitating the necessary conditions for change by building and supporting diversity to address the unpredictability of the future. This definition is opposed to other current definitions that stress the preservation of existing norms. The research results presented here show that, with their decidedly future-oriented ideas and practices, the villagers of Siviri engaged with climate change adaptation projects and workshops regarding conservation and subsequently created new cultivation methods and established a marine conservation area. Additionally, they reduced their engagement in cultivation and diversified their livelihood practices. Referring to theoretical approaches connected with the ‘ontological turn’ in anthropology, it is argued that asking ontological questions reveals fundamental differences between the inhabitants of the village of Siviri and international and national governments and organisations in terms of their conceptualisations connected with sustainability. The article concludes that anthropology can make important contributions to discussions about sustainability that have the potential to improve the dialogue between different stakeholders by showing the alterity of conceptualisations. This may lead to new, localised and contextualised definitions of sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropology and Sustainability: Relations between People, Societies and Environments)

16 pages, 3095 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Properties of Concrete with Recycled Aggregates Giving a Second Life to Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Concrete

by Aneeta Mary Joseph, Stijn Matthys and Nele De Belie

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4679; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084679 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3742

Abstract

Economic and environmental factors call for increased resource productivity. Partial or full replacement of Portland cement by wastes and by-products, and natural aggregates by construction and demolition wastes, are two prominent routes of achieving circular economy in construction and related industries. Municipal solid [...] Read more.

Economic and environmental factors call for increased resource productivity. Partial or full replacement of Portland cement by wastes and by-products, and natural aggregates by construction and demolition wastes, are two prominent routes of achieving circular economy in construction and related industries. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ashes have been found to be suitable to be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) after various treatments. This paper reports a brief literature review on optimum use of recycled aggregates in concrete and an experimental study using replacement of natural aggregate by demolished concrete having MSWI bottom ash as partial replacement of Portland cement, and compares its properties to that of completely natural aggregate concrete. Additional water was added as a compensation for the water absorption by the recycled aggregate during the first 30 min of water contact during concrete mixing. Also the fine fraction of crushed concrete (<250 µm) was removed to reduce the ill-effects of using recycled aggregate. The replacement of aggregates was limited to 23% by weight of natural aggregate. The results prove environmentally safe and comparable performance of concrete including recycled aggregate with bottom ash to that of natural aggregate concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction and Demolition Waste: Challenges and Opportunities)

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26 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Practical Approach to Assessing the Impact of Citizen Science towards the Sustainable Development Goals

by Stephen Parkinson, Sasha Marie Woods, James Sprinks and Luigi Ceccaroni

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4676; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084676 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5788

Abstract

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an important global framework which provides a shared vision for a more sustainable future for all people and the planet. In the last five years, citizen science as a discipline has paid increasing attention to [...] Read more.

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an important global framework which provides a shared vision for a more sustainable future for all people and the planet. In the last five years, citizen science as a discipline has paid increasing attention to the SDGs and the contributions that citizen science could make towards their achievement. This paper presents a collection of 51 questions and a corresponding set of answers which can be used by citizen science projects to self-assess their impact towards the SDGs. The questions and answers were originally derived from the official UN description of the SDG targets and indicators and were refined through a workshop and series of nine interviews with citizen science project coordinators. The outcomes of the workshop and interviews reveal the challenges of assessing impacts towards the SDGs in a way which is relevant to the majority of citizen science projects. In many cases, the wording of the SDGs had to be altered to make sense in the context of citizen science. The final set of questions and answers are structured to reflect two pathways of impact: citizen science contributing to the (official) monitoring of the SDGs, and citizen science contributing to the direct achievement of the SDGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citizen Science Projects for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Development Goals)

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27 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Environmental and Economic Perspectives in Building Design

by Patricia Schneider-Marin, Anne Winkelkotte and Werner Lang

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4637; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084637 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4881

Abstract

With increasing environmental damage and decreasing resource availability, sustainability assessment in the building sector is gaining momentum. A literature review shows that the related methods for environmental and economic performance, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), show great potential for [...] Read more.

With increasing environmental damage and decreasing resource availability, sustainability assessment in the building sector is gaining momentum. A literature review shows that the related methods for environmental and economic performance, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), show great potential for answering a multitude of questions related to building performance. Prevalent topics are the implications of LCA and LCC for retrofit solutions and the trade-offs between environmental and economic considerations in building design. A detailed review of 30 case studies shows the range of differing result integration methods and sheds light on the use of monetary valuation of environmental indicators for an integrated assessment. While a quasi-dynamic approach, accounting for the changing value of money over time, is common in LCC, such an approach is largely absent from LCA. The analysis of common metrics shows that the studies employ strongly differing system boundaries and input parameters. Moreover, a clear description of the methodological framework is missing in most studies. Therefore, this research develops an “Eco²” framework, integrating LCA and LCC for application in building design. Potential further developments for Eco² building assessment are related to extending the system boundaries by including mechanical systems and end-of-life phases, data collection and structuring, and streamlining the approach for continuous application to all stages of building design processes. Additionally, the influence on design decisions of employing temporal parameters in both LCA and LCC and of choosing particular result integration methods should be investigated further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Thinking and Sustainability Assessment of Buildings)

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24 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic Viability of Energy Communities versus Distributed Prosumers

by Lubov Petrichenko, Antans Sauhats, Illia Diahovchenko and Irina Segeda

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4634; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084634 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4987

Abstract

As distribution grids are made to accommodate significant amounts of renewable energy resources, the power system evolves from a classical producer-consumer scheme to a new one that includes individual prosumers or energy communities. This article contributes to the exploration of the solution to [...] Read more.

As distribution grids are made to accommodate significant amounts of renewable energy resources, the power system evolves from a classical producer-consumer scheme to a new one that includes individual prosumers or energy communities. This article contributes to the exploration of the solution to the dilemma of whether to be a distributed prosumer or an energy community prosumer by comparing the profitability of these two business models. To achieve this goal, a high-resolution methodology is created for measuring economic performance via proposed indices under different development scenarios of renewable proliferation and various network configurations. The developed methodology considers today’s electricity billing and renewable support scheme net metering. The results indicate that, first, the energy community is a more profitable framework than the individual distributed prosumer: avoided costs for energy community are, on average, 20% higher than for the individual, resulting in a payback period of the energy community that is about two times shorter than for owners of rooftop installations. Such promising results should encourage ordinary consumers to be members of energy communities. Second, the energy losses in the power distribution system are slightly higher for the case of energy communities rather than individual prosumers, yet the difference is insignificant, about 0.2%. Third, regulatory barriers shall be removed to enable participation of Latvian prosumers and distribution system operators to the energy communities, as it will benefit all the stakeholders and facilitate economically efficient energy transition. The results of this study could be adopted by decision-makers, such as government agencies, companies, and solar and wind turbine owners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Challenges toward Renewable Energies’ Integration)

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15 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Presumption of Green Electronic Appliances Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Personal Moral Norms

by Jianwen Zhang, Jacob Cherian, Yawar Abbas Sandhu, Jawad Abbas, Laura Mariana Cismas, Constantin Viorel Negrut and Lucia Negrut

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4572; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084572 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6432

Abstract

This study focused on social and cognitive psychological factors that drive personal norms and consequent buying intentions towards green electric appliances. The study differentiates itself from other similar studies by examining the mediating role of consumer personal moral norms from the developing nation [...] Read more.

This study focused on social and cognitive psychological factors that drive personal norms and consequent buying intentions towards green electric appliances. The study differentiates itself from other similar studies by examining the mediating role of consumer personal moral norms from the developing nation perspective. Following a cross-sectional study design, data were collected from 360 consumers in shopping malls using the purposive sampling technique and analyzed through partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. It was found that personal moral norms are a significant positive predictor of consumer buying intentions. Moreover, injunctive norms, consideration of future consequences, and self-efficacy influenced directly and predicted personal consumer norms. We identified that these factors triggered the moral sentiments and individuals. Furthermore, these results support the mediating role of personal moral norms between injunctive social norms, consideration of future consequences, self-efficacy, and buying intentions, validating the concept that instigation of moral feeling among consumers supports the actualization of intentions to buy green electric products. This study’s results offer insights for green electric appliance researchers, marketers, and policymakers. Marketers can guide effective marketing strategies by focusing on moral, social, future consequences-oriented, and self-efficacy-related marketing communications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Technologies towards Cleaner Production and Sustainable Development)

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21 pages, 4156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Can Digital Technologies Increase Consumer Acceptance of Circular Business Models? The Case of Second Hand Fashion

by Fiona Charnley, Fabienne Knecht, Helge Muenkel, Diana Pletosu, Victoria Rickard, Chiara Sambonet, Martina Schneider and Chunli Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4589; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084589 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 14748

Abstract

Experimentation with, and the implementation of, circular business models (CBMs) has gained rapid traction within the textiles and fashion industry over the last five years. Substitution of virgin materials with bioderived alternatives, extending the lifecycle of garments through resale, and rental services and [...] Read more.

Experimentation with, and the implementation of, circular business models (CBMs) has gained rapid traction within the textiles and fashion industry over the last five years. Substitution of virgin materials with bioderived alternatives, extending the lifecycle of garments through resale, and rental services and the recycling or upcycling of garments are some of the strategies being used to reduce the 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions and 92 million tonnes of waste associated with the sector in 2017. However, whilst CBMs demonstrate environmental and economic benefits, low consumer acceptance is considered by business professionals and policymakers to be one of the main barriers to the transition towards a circular economy. Digitisation is widely acknowledged as a catalyst for innovation in many sectors and digital technologies are driving new ways to exchange and share goods and services, enabling companies to match the supply, and demand for, otherwise underused assets and products. Online platforms, in particular, have played a crucial role in driving the growth of used goods and resale in other consumer goods markets, such as consumer technology. A mixed methods approach, including a review of 40 organisations operating second hand fashion models, a consumer survey of over 1200 respondents and in-depth interviews with 10 organisations operating second hand fashion models, is adopted to reveal (a) the barriers to consumer acceptance of reuse models in the fashion industry, and (b) how digital technologies can overcome these barriers. Findings highlight the significant progress that organisations have made in using digitalisation, including data analytics, algorithms, digital platforms, advanced product imagery and data informed customer communications, to address barriers associated with convenience, hygiene, trust and security. Furthermore, the study identifies opportunities for the development of more sophisticated digital technologies to support increased transparency and address concerns associated with the quality, authenticity and sourcing of materials. Positioned at the interface of digitisation and consumer acceptance of circular business models, this study makes an important contribution to understanding consumer barriers and how to address them and concludes with a set of recommendations for practitioners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven Intelligent Manufacturing for Circular Economy and Sustainability)

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25 pages, 3577 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Creating Actionable and Insightful Knowledge Applying Graph-Centrality Metrics to Measure Project Collaborative Performance

by Marco Nunes, Jelena Bagnjuk, António Abreu, Edgar Cardoso, Joana Smith and Célia Saraiva

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084592 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

Tools and techniques supported by math and statistics are often used by organizations to measure performance. These usually measure an employees’ traits and states performance. However, the third type of data usually neglected by organizations, known as relational data, can provide unique and [...] Read more.

Tools and techniques supported by math and statistics are often used by organizations to measure performance. These usually measure an employees’ traits and states performance. However, the third type of data usually neglected by organizations, known as relational data, can provide unique and actionable insights regarding the root causes of individual and collective performance. Relational data are best captured through the application of graph-based theory due to its ability to be easily understood and quantitatively measured, while mirroring how employees interact between them as they perform work-related tasks or activities. In this work, we propose a set of graph-based centrality metrics to measure relational data in projects by analyzing the five most voted relational dimensions ((1) communication, (2) internal and external collaboration, (3) know-how exchange and informal power, (4) team-set variability, and (5) teamwork performance), in a survey conducted to 700 international project stakeholders in eight business sectors. The aim of this research is to tackle two issues in projects: First, to understand in a quantitative way how the project’s relational data may correlate with project outputs and outcomes, and second, to create unique and actionable knowledge to help mitigate the increasing project failure rates. A case study illustrates the step-by-step application of the developed graph-based metrics as well as its benefits and limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Project Risk Assessment and Corporate Behavior: Creating Knowledge for Sustainable Business)

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19 pages, 3210 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Soil Substitutes for the Sustainable Land Reclamation of Coal Mine-Affected Areas

by Arkadiusz Bauerek, Jean Diatta, Łukasz Pierzchała, Angelika Więckol-Ryk and Alicja Krzemień

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4604; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084604 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2678

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper was to outline a novel approach for the use of industrial by-products generated in coal mines and coal-fired power plants as the components for artificial soils. Several coal combustion by-products, coal mine waste and organic waste materials [...] Read more.

The main purpose of this paper was to outline a novel approach for the use of industrial by-products generated in coal mines and coal-fired power plants as the components for artificial soils. Several coal combustion by-products, coal mine waste and organic waste materials were tested at laboratory scale for use in the reclamation of areas degraded by coal mining activity. The role of artificial soils was the land rehabilitation of the high acidic waste heap. The results revealed that the amounts of organic matter (14.87–25.01%) and nutrients in the soil substitutes were sufficient to support plant growth, i.e., N (0.37–0.51%), P (0.23–0.47%), K (1.78–3.17%), Ca (4.93–8.39%) and Mg (1.16–1.71%). A phytotoxicity test using white mustard (Sinapis alba) seeds under laboratory conditions showed good germination results (56–66%) for three soil substitutes that did not contain fly ash from biomass combustion, compared to the reference soil (84%). The relationships established for the aqueous leachate parameters of soil substitutes vs. the Sinapis alba germination revealed negative correlations with electrical conductivity (r = −0.88), SO₄²⁻ (r = −0.91) and Cl⁻ (r = −0.70) ions; the two latter ones were responsible for the salinity which hampered the germination process of the soil substitutes. Moreover, quite similar correlations were obtained between the germination of Sinapis alba and the trace elements of the soil substitutes: Fe (r = −0.69), Cd (r = −0.72), Cu (r = −0.80), Pb (r = −0.78) and Zn (r = −0.74). However, negative and significant correlations in aqueous leachates were shown only with Ni concentration (r = −0.73). The relevance of these results for the effect of salinity on germination and the early growth of S. alba was discussed in detail and was confirmed with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The study proved that the physicochemical characteristic of recycled wastes exhibited their potential usefulness for the reclamation of affected areas such as mine waste heaps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Industrial Solid Waste Management)

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20 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Does Proactive Green Technology Innovation Improve Financial Performance? Evidence from Listed Companies with Semiconductor Concepts Stock in China

by Lingli Qing, Dongphil Chun, Abd Alwahed Dagestani and Peng Li

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4600; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084600 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 6354

Abstract

Academia and business alike are paying increasing attention to innovation in green technology due to the potential environmental and financial performance benefits. However, a limited amount of research has been carried out on the effect of proactive green technology innovation on corporate financial [...] Read more.

Academia and business alike are paying increasing attention to innovation in green technology due to the potential environmental and financial performance benefits. However, a limited amount of research has been carried out on the effect of proactive green technology innovation on corporate financial performance. This study examines the effects of two dimensions of proactive green technology innovation, namely, proactive green process innovation and proactive green product innovation, on corporate financial performance. Moreover, the moderating role of absorptive capacity on these relationships is introduced. The proposed hypotheses were tested empirically using a dynamic panel dataset of 126 Chinese listed semiconductor concept stocks from 2010 to 2020 and a difference-GMM approach. It was found that proactive green process innovation has a significant positive effect on both short-term and long-term corporate financial performance. Moreover, proactive green product innovation has a significant positive effect on long-term corporate financial performance. However, it does not improve short-term corporate financial performance. In addition, absorptive capacity has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between proactive green process innovation and both short-term and long-term corporate financial performance, and shows a positive moderating effect on the relationship between proactive green product innovation and long-term financial performance. However, it has a significant negative moderating effect on short-term corporate financial performance. Thus, we suggest that firms adopt more supportive proactive green technology innovation practices in order to improve their financial performance. Full article

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21 pages, 3690 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Risk Identification and Conflict Prediction from Videos Based on TTC-ML of a Multi-Lane Weaving Area

by Yulan Xia, Yaqin Qin, Xiaobing Li and Jiming Xie

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4620; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084620 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3643

Abstract

Crash risk identification and prediction are expected to play an important role in traffic accident prevention. However, most of the existing studies focus only on highways, not on multi-lane weaving areas. In this paper, a potential collision risk identification and conflict prediction model [...] Read more.

Crash risk identification and prediction are expected to play an important role in traffic accident prevention. However, most of the existing studies focus only on highways, not on multi-lane weaving areas. In this paper, a potential collision risk identification and conflict prediction model based on extending Time-to-Collision-Machine Learning (TTC-ML) for multi-lane weaving zone was proposed. The model can accurately learn various features, such as vehicle operation characteristics, risk and conflict distributions, and physical zoning characteristics in the weaving area. Specifically, TTC was used to capture the collision risk severity, and ML extracted vehicle trajectory features. After normalizing and dimensionality reduction of the vehicle trajectory dataset, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) models were selected for traffic conflict prediction, and the experiments showed that the GBDT model outperforms two remaining models in terms of prediction accuracy, precision, false-positive rate (FPR) and Area Under Curve (AUC). The research findings of this paper help traffic management departments develop and optimize traffic control schemes, which can be applied to Intelligent Vehicle Infrastructure Cooperative Systems (IVICS) dynamic warning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation for the Future: Automated Vehicles and Big Data on Traffic Operations)

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18 pages, 3346 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Grazing Land Productivity, Floral Diversity, and Management in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Landscape

by Georgios Psyllos, Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou, Panayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos and Thanasis Kizos

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4623; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084623 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4069

Abstract

Most grazing lands in Mediterranean ecosystems that support extensive sheep farming systems are characterized by unfavorable edapho-climatic conditions, especially in semi-arid areas. Often, though, their use is far from sustainable, causing erosion and ecosystem degradation impacts. In this paper, we explore the use, [...] Read more.

Most grazing lands in Mediterranean ecosystems that support extensive sheep farming systems are characterized by unfavorable edapho-climatic conditions, especially in semi-arid areas. Often, though, their use is far from sustainable, causing erosion and ecosystem degradation impacts. In this paper, we explore the use, productivity, and flora diversity of typical Mediterranean grazing lands in four farms at the Agra locality in the western part of Lesvos Island, Greece. For a period of two consecutive growing seasons (September to June), we recorded herbage biomass on 16 plots of grazing lands with three measurements per season of land cover and plant productivity (biomass) inside small exclosures (cages) protected from grazing. We recorded the species richness of herbaceous plant communities within and outside the cages at the end of every growing season, the period of maximum growth of herbaceous species. We also chemically analyzed the biomass for crude protein at the end of each season. Results show sizable productivity differences among pasture plots as well as seasons and an overall medium to high degree of productivity and species richness considering the relatively intensive grazing, with little differences over the different cages and the degree of grazing intensity. These results suggest that the “history” of the fields is important, as grazing lands that had been used for arable crops in the past, as well as those leveled and in favorable locations, were the most productive and diverse ones, while shallower soils and inclined grazing lands showed signs of overuse and degradation. Overall, though, these ecosystems showed a high degree of resilience despite their intensive use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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21 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relative Role of Knowledge and Empathy in Predicting Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behavior

by Marina Ienna, Amelia Rofe, Monica Gendi, Heather E. Douglas, Michelle Kelly, Matthew W. Hayward, Alex Callen, Kaya Klop-Toker, Robert J. Scanlon, Lachlan G. Howell and Andrea S. Griffin

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4622; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084622 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8427

Abstract

Planet Earth is undergoing unprecedented levels of environmental degradation and destruction at a global scale. Incentivizing people to adopt behaviors that are compatible with a sustainable future will help address the current ecological crisis. However, it is first necessary to understand the psychological [...] Read more.

Planet Earth is undergoing unprecedented levels of environmental degradation and destruction at a global scale. Incentivizing people to adopt behaviors that are compatible with a sustainable future will help address the current ecological crisis. However, it is first necessary to understand the psychological drivers of pro-environmental behavior. Here, we examined whether greater levels of environmental knowledge and empathy predicted higher levels of pro-environmental behavior in an Australian population sample. We aimed to advance our understanding of the psychological variables that motivate people to act in pro-environmental ways, while also advancing the ongoing debate amongst conservation scientists regarding the relative importance of fostering empathy. Correlational analyses revealed that objective, verifiable knowledge was a strong predictor of pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. Empathy also correlated positively with pro-environmental attitudes and behavior, but with a dissociation with respect to its cognitive and affective components. Multivariate analyses revealed that knowledge was a stronger predictor of both pro-environmental attitudes and behavior after controlling for individual variation in cognitive and affective empathy. This finding casts doubt on the claim by compassionate conservationists that fostering empathy is the key to solving the current environmental conservation crisis. Future research should aim to extend the present findings by testing whether a more exhaustive test of participants’ environmental knowledge and other measures of empathy, including empathic competencies and the recently developed Emotional and Cognitive Scale of the Human–Nature Relationship (ECS-HNR), yield the same dominance of knowledge over empathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Conservation Biology)

22 pages, 1418 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Health Crisis on Economic Growth, Health and Movement of Population

by Constantin Anghelache, Mădălina-Gabriela Anghel, Ștefan Virgil Iacob, Mirela Panait, Irina Gabriela Rădulescu, Alina Gabriela Brezoi and Adrian Miron

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4613; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084613 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4380

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic crisis, which was triggered in 2019 with oscillating evolution in 2020 and 2021, was a factor that has had dramatic effects on the economic growth of countries worldwide. In the context of the pandemic crisis, population health has deteriorated; education [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic crisis, which was triggered in 2019 with oscillating evolution in 2020 and 2021, was a factor that has had dramatic effects on the economic growth of countries worldwide. In the context of the pandemic crisis, population health has deteriorated; education and economic activity in all the countries around the world have been affected. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the special situations that humanity is experiencing as a result of the unprecedented effects that the COVID-19 crisis is having on the socioeconomic evolution. Specific statistical econometric methods (such as analysis of linear correlations, multiple linear regression, analysis based on dynamics indicators, and spectral analysis, comparability based on indices) were applied to highlight the evolution and future prospects of the COVID-19 virus worldwide. The COVID-19 crisis has generated another major issue for mankind, along with global warming and the energy transition, namely, population health. For this reason, in this study, we focused on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on population health in a broader context; the sustained growth of populations in developing countries and aging populations in developed economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Covid-19 Impacts and Recovery: Ethical, Economic, Legal, Societal and Eco-system Issues)

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22 pages, 4211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A SUDS Planning Decision Support Tool to Maximize Ecosystem Services

by Juliana Uribe-Aguado, Sara L. Jiménez-Ariza, María N. Torres, Natalia A. Bernal, Mónica M. Giraldo-González and Juan P. Rodríguez

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084560 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5148

Abstract

In the past years, alternative drainage approaches have emerged, such as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), to prevent run-off and flooding impacts on the most vulnerable zones of the cities. These systems not only provide the benefit of water regulation but also promote [...] Read more.

In the past years, alternative drainage approaches have emerged, such as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), to prevent run-off and flooding impacts on the most vulnerable zones of the cities. These systems not only provide the benefit of water regulation but also promote other types of ecosystem services. Several studies have developed optimization tools to assist SUDS selection, location, and design. However, they do not consider a comprehensive set of ecosystem services (e.g., provision, regulation, cultural, and support services). This research proposes a flexible and adaptable methodology to incorporate SUDS in different stages of urban projects using a multi-objective optimization technique to minimize run-off, maximize ecosystem services and minimize cost. The methodology comprises four phases: (1) the preliminary analysis of ecosystem services potentially generated by each SUDS type, (2) the priority and opportunity index quantification, (3) the physical feasibility analysis, and (4) the multi-objective optimization tool implementation. The methodology was successfully applied to three different urban areas of Bogotá city (Colombia). Results evidence that the interaction of the budget constraints and the available area restrict the potential benefits of SUDS implementation. These results are helpful to support different urban planning stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geomatic Techniques Applied to Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems to help Urban and Land-Use Planning)

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17 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic Growth in Six ASEAN Countries: Are Energy, Human Capital and Financial Development Playing Major Roles?

by Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, Xuan-Binh (Benjamin) Vu and Son Nghiem

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4540; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084540 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5400

Abstract

This study aims to investigate whether energy consumption, human capital and financial development played an important role in economic growth using a panel dataset of six ASEAN countries over the period 1995–2017. Various econometric techniques—the cross-sectional dependence, panel unit root, panel cointegration, long-run [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate whether energy consumption, human capital and financial development played an important role in economic growth using a panel dataset of six ASEAN countries over the period 1995–2017. Various econometric techniques—the cross-sectional dependence, panel unit root, panel cointegration, long-run panel estimates, and panel Granger causality tests—are applied. The results of panel data analyses show that all the selected variables positively contribute to the economic growth of the countries. However, all the six ASEAN countries still rely primarily on physical capital and labour for their economic growth. The findings of country-wise tests indicate that there exists a positive relationship between economic growth and financial development in Cambodia, while human capital positively contributes to the economic growth of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The causality test exhibits unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth and from economic growth to financial development in both the short and long run. The findings suggest that inclusive development strategies that provide the opportunity for all sectors to grow will result in the desirable three e’s of sustainable economic development: equitable, effective and efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development, Environment, and Health)

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14 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Technological Revolution and Circular Economy Practices: A Mechanism of Green Economy

by Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Muhammad Umar, Alam Asadov, Muhammad Tanveer and Zhang Yu

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4524; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084524 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 7254

Abstract

Rising environmental concerns, Industry 4.0 technologies, and circular economy (CE) practices are the prevailing business considerations of the current time, and they are transforming business models. Keeping in view the importance of these considerations, this work looks into the role of Industry 4.0 [...] Read more.

Rising environmental concerns, Industry 4.0 technologies, and circular economy (CE) practices are the prevailing business considerations of the current time, and they are transforming business models. Keeping in view the importance of these considerations, this work looks into the role of Industry 4.0 technologies in adoption of CE practices and the impact of CE practices on firms’ performance. The current study collected data from 213 automotive firms located in Eastern European countries including Poland, Romania, and Ukraine. Using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM), the current study provides some important findings. Firstly, Industry 4.0 technologies significantly enhance circular economy practices. Secondly, circular economy practices are found to be positively related with environmental and operational performance. Lastly, higher economic and operational performance boost organizational performance. Hence, the current study provides deeper understanding regarding performance implications of Industry 4.0 technologies and offers insights about ways of promoting sustainable performance in the current age of digitization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Analytics and Big Data for Business Sustainability II)

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19 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization: Econometric Evidence from Hubei, China

by Zhi Li, Ming Zhu, Huang Huang, Yu Yi and Jingyi Fu

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4518; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084518 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5191

Abstract

The importance of supporting agricultural mechanization in agri-food supply chains to achieve agricultural and rural development has been comprehensively recognized. There has been a surge in the attention given to Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization (SAM) in the context of developing countries. However, it is [...] Read more.

The importance of supporting agricultural mechanization in agri-food supply chains to achieve agricultural and rural development has been comprehensively recognized. There has been a surge in the attention given to Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization (SAM) in the context of developing countries. However, it is important to address the major challenge of studying the important factors and the influencing path of SAM. As a representative province of China’s agricultural development, Hubei has developed significantly in terms of agricultural mechanization in the past 20 years. Therefore, using a literature review, representative field survey data, and statistical analytical approaches, 28 relevant factors related to SAM were extracted, and the main influencing factors of SAM were determined by building an integrative conceptual framework and using the corresponding structural equation model based on partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The relationships and influencing paths between the factors were analyzed, and a confirmatory measurement model and a structural model of the effects on sustainable agricultural mechanization were constructed. The results show that (1) the PLS-SEM model fits the experimental data well and can effectively reflect the relationships among factors in this complex system; (2) within the factors influencing the development level of SAM in Hubei, China, the economic factors have the greatest weight, whereas government policy factors are the core elements promoting development, and environmental factors are the most noteworthy outcome factors; and (3) economic and policy factors play a very obvious role in promoting SAM through the influencing paths of agricultural production and agricultural machinery production and sales. Ultimately, corresponding suggestions have been put forward for decisions regarding the implementation of SAM for similar countries and regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural Development Economics and Policy)

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19 pages, 5455 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of Le Corbusier’s Dwellings: The Cité Frugès, an Opportunity to Reuse Garden Cities Designed for Healthy and Working Life

by Ángel Benigno González-Avilés, Carlos Pérez-Carramiñana, Antonio Galiano-Garrigós, Fernando Ibarra-Coves and Claudia Lozano-Romero

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084537 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5435

Abstract

This paper looks at the energy efficiency of the Cité Frugès in Pessac, designed in 1924 by Le Corbusier. Many of the innovations introduced by the Modern movement, such as flat roofs, large windows and solar protection elements, are still evident in the [...] Read more.

This paper looks at the energy efficiency of the Cité Frugès in Pessac, designed in 1924 by Le Corbusier. Many of the innovations introduced by the Modern movement, such as flat roofs, large windows and solar protection elements, are still evident in the way architecture is carried out today. Most of these contributions were implemented in the Cité Frugès. The aim is to evaluate the architectural design criteria that most influenced the energy performance of Le Corbusier’s works, and to analyse the improvement that could be achieved by energy rehabilitation. The methodology used consisted of a systematised study of the five dwellings designed by Le Corbusier. For the modelling and calculation of their energy performance the “Líder–Calener unified tool” was used for evaluation, under the standards of compliance with European regulations for nearly zero energy consumption buildings. Energy parameters, such as thermal transmittance, solar gains and overall annual energy demand, were tested. The results obtained provide information on energy performance and allow for the analysis of possible energy refurbishment alternatives. The analysis of the results makes it possible to identify and qualitatively and quantitatively assess the limitations of the most relevant architectural and construction aspects in relation to energy efficiency and to draw up an energy map of the Cité Frugès in Pessac. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Assessment of Occupied Buildings Facing Future Challenges)

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20 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Features and Challenges of Agritourism: Evidence from Iran and Poland

by Maryam Mahmoodi, Michał Roman and Piotr Prus

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4555; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084555 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9840

Abstract

In recent decades, agritourism has been suggested as one of the strategies for sustainable development of rural areas and diversification of the rural economy. The main purpose of this research was to review the situation, opportunities and challenges of agritourism in Iran and [...] Read more.

In recent decades, agritourism has been suggested as one of the strategies for sustainable development of rural areas and diversification of the rural economy. The main purpose of this research was to review the situation, opportunities and challenges of agritourism in Iran and Poland to create an understanding of the agritourism situation in both countries. The systematic literature review (SLR) was used as the instrument in this study to access the number of possible papers and to understand the literature regarding the history, current states, support policies, developments and challenges of agritourism in Iran and Poland. Published research studies on entrepreneurship and agritourism in Iran and Poland between 2000 and 2022 were assessed. The results of this study showed that the development of agritourism in Poland has a longer history and is more developed compared to Iran and the Iranian authorities should take more measures in managing and developing agritourism. This study provides a major contribution to knowledge by being among the very first studies that examines and compares the situation of agritourism development in Iran and Poland. Practically, this research provides useful understanding of agritourism services and the areas need to be developed in the two countries for the development of agritourism. The article presents the index of positioning a competitive farm and gaining an advantage on the market of agritourism services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourist Satisfaction, Sustainability, and Sustainable Tourism Development)

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14 pages, 396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Emotional Regulation in Parental Optimism—The Influence of Parenting Style

by Andreea Șițoiu and Georgeta Pânișoară

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4509; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084509 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6149

Abstract

This study contributes to determining the relationship between parental emotional regulation, optimism, and parenting style. The responses collected from respondents with parental status were used in the research. The majority of respondents were female; in terms of the age of participants, they were [...] Read more.

This study contributes to determining the relationship between parental emotional regulation, optimism, and parenting style. The responses collected from respondents with parental status were used in the research. The majority of respondents were female; in terms of the age of participants, they were predominantly in the category of 31–40 years, followed by those in the category 41–50 years. The data were analyzed statistically through operations such as correlations, regression, and analysis of variance. The results indicate that the authoritative parenting style is associated with the emotional regulation of parents (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), but also with their level of optimism (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). It has been demonstrated both through correlations and through confirmatory factor analysis that optimism and emotional regulation are two factors that contribute to the adoption of the authoritative parenting style. The analysis of variance indicated that the emotional regulation of the parents does not vary according to their age. Based on multiple linear regression, it was established that 5% of parents’ level of optimism is predicted by their level of emotional regulation. These new results reveal the contribution of emotional regulation and parental optimism in the process of raising and educating a child. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Sustainability under Uncertainty: The Reinvention of Families)

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24 pages, 8540 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis and Design of Series-LC-Switch Capacitor Multistage High Gain DC-DC Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

by Hassan Khalid, Saad Mekhilef, Marizan Binti Mubin, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Alex Stojcevski, Muhyaddin Rawa and Ben Horan

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4495; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084495 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3218

Abstract

Research into modern transportation systems is currently in progress in order to fully replace the traditional inter-combustible engine with a noiseless, fast, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly electric vehicle. Electric vehicles depend on an electric motor and require highly efficient converter drive circuits. Among [...] Read more.

Research into modern transportation systems is currently in progress in order to fully replace the traditional inter-combustible engine with a noiseless, fast, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly electric vehicle. Electric vehicles depend on an electric motor and require highly efficient converter drive circuits. Among these converters, DC-DC boost converters play a major role in charging not only the battery banks but also in providing the DC-link excitation voltage in transformerless applications. However, the development of these converters, which have higher voltage and current gain with minimum components, minimum voltage, and current stress, is quite challenging. Therefore, this research work aims to address these issues and also to improve overall system performance. These aims are achieved by developing a series LC-based single-stage boost converter, and extending its gain through a multi-stage boost converter using switch capacitor phenomena. This article also presents a complete operating model in continuous conduction mode. The proposed converter is tested under various testing conditions, such as output loading, input voltage levels, and duty cycle ratio for a 50 W resistive load. The results are compared with existing models. The proposed converter is stated to have achieved the highest efficiency, i.e.,

96.5 %

, along with extendable voltage gain with reduced voltage and current stresses, which is a major contribution to this research field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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