Nanomaterials

With advancements in space exploration, the extreme conditions of space—such as ionizing radiation, temperature gradients, and micrometeoroid impacts—pose significant challenges to the operational stability and longevity of space-based detection systems. Therefore, the development of detectors with enhanced resilience and reliability has become imperative. Recent advancements in synthetic diamond detectors fabricated through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have demonstrated high radiation tolerance, favorable thermal stability, and reliable radiation-detection performance. These attributes position diamond detectors as promising candidates for space radiation monitoring applications. This study systematically analyzed the physical properties, fabrication methodologies, radiation detection principles, and prospective applications of diamond detectors within the context of space environments, highlighting their advantages in comparison to conventional detection technologies.

The quality factor is a key metric for evaluating the performance of micro-electro-mechanical and nano-electro-mechanical system resonators. Although reducing device dimensions enhances resonator sensitivity, it also intensifies energy dissipation, thereby degrading the quality factor. Among the dominant dissipation mechanisms in micro-/nano-resonators, support loss is strongly influenced by surface effects at small scales, particularly the surface elastic modulus and initial surface stress. In this study, support loss in a double-clamped micro-/nano-beam resonator with surface effects incorporated is investigated. A dynamic model incorporating the surface elastic modulus and initial surface stress is developed based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity theory. A quality-factor calculation method is then established by combining elastic wave radiation in the supports with an energy-based formulation. The theoretical predictions are validated using a three-dimensional finite element model comprising the resonator with a surface layer, supports, and a perfectly matched layer. Further, the effects of the surface elastic modulus, initial surface stress, characteristic size, and dimensionless geometric parameters on support loss are examined. The results show that the surface elastic modulus and initial surface stress increase support loss and reduce the quality factor, with the initial surface stress exhibiting the stronger influence. The influence of these parameters becomes more pronounced as the characteristic size decreases, and variations in the length-to-thickness and width-to-thickness ratios further modify their contribution to support loss. Mechanistically, surface effects alter the effective bending stiffness and axial force, thereby changing the dynamic loads transmitted to the supports and resulting elastic-wave radiation. These findings provide theoretical insights for the design of high-quality-factor micro-/nano-devices.

The rapid development of electric vehicles, portable electronics, and renewable energy storage has stimulated the demand for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density, better rate capabilities, enhanced cycling stability, improved safety, and fast-charging capabilities. Nanomaterials have emerged as an effective approach to address the limitations of traditional LIB components owing to their high surface area, shortened ion diffusion pathways, adjustable structures, and improved electrochemical performance. This review critically evaluates recent developments in nanomaterials for LIBs, focusing on their applications in anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes. Anodes including silicon, carbon-based nanomaterials, transition-metal oxides, binary metal oxides (BMOs), and binary transition-metal oxides (BTMOs) are discussed in terms of capacity, reaction kinetics, and structural stability. Nanostructured cathodes, including lithium iron phosphate, nickel–manganese–cobalt oxides, transition-metal sulfides, and zinc–manganese oxides, are evaluated with respect to lithium-ion transport, rate capability, capacity retention, and structural stability. Nanomaterial-modified liquid and solid-state electrolytes are further examined. Moreover, this review discusses also the challenges that accompany the use of nanomaterials. Consequently, future research should prioritize the need to overcome the challenges to translating nanoscale materials advances into safe, durable, high-performance, and commercially viable next-generation LIBs.