Herbal-induced liver injury (HILI) continues to increase in prevalence each year due to the ongoing popularity of herbal supplements and complementary and alternative medicines. A detailed literature review of case reports and clinical studies publis...
According to studies, the liver’s ability to perform its physiological functions in the body determines the diet of patients with liver diseases. Malnutrition results from the liver’s inability to metabolize nutrients as a result of chron...
Herbal and dietary supplements represent a multi-billion-dollar industry reportedly used by over half of American adults. However, these products are not regulated by the Federal Drug Agency and contain a wide range of contaminants, leading to over 5...
Liver cirrhosis poses major challenges for both individual health and global healthcare systems. Recent studies have challenged the traditional and predictable linear course of cirrhosis, demonstrating marked heterogeneity in the patterns of the firs...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the novel terminology encompassing liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction, replacing the previous terminology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This disease...
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used drug, but overdose can cause severe acute liver injury. The first reports of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans were published in 1966, shortly after the development of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate ami...
Herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) are used by over half of American adults and represent a multi-billion-dollar industry. More recently, they have gained popularity, in part due to promotion on multiple social media platforms. However, the Food an...
With an expected incidence of more than 1 million cases by 2025, liver cancer remains a problem for world health. With over 90% of cases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent kind of liver cancer. In this review, we presented the rang...
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current understanding of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), focusing on key factors influencing its pathogenesis and emerging therap...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a significant global health issue. The condition is closely linked to metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The gut–liver axis, a bidirectional communication pathway...
Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been recently recognized as a new global chronic liver disease entity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM...
N-acetyl para-aminophenol was suggested as a safer alternative to other drugs on the market for pain and fever in 1948. It was given the generic name “acetaminophen” in 1951 and the trade name “Tylenol” when it was put on the...
More than 90% of all liver malignancies are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), for which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the ideal therapeutic choices. Hepatocellular carcinoma is descended from other liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoho...
One of the main objectives of the World Health Organization is the eradication of viral hepatitis by 2030 by identifying subjects before disease progression. In 2019, only 21% of the 58 million people chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV)...
Segmental or lobar liver atrophy is a common but not well-understood clinical condition. Hepatic atrophy can be classified into hepatic atrophy secondary to other pathologies and primary segmental hepatic atrophy, which is a benign intrahepatic lesio...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently redefined as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation, this...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a complex liver disorder that can result in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, is the accumulation of fat in the liver seen in people due to metabolic dysfunction. The pathophysiolog...
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a varied inflammatory chronic liver disease. AIH’s prevalence varies and has increased recently. Diagnosis involves the discovery of histologic features following liver biopsy and serologic testing. Clinical featur...
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be a useful tool in the management of disease processes such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as treatment decisions are often complex and multifaceted. AI applications in medicine are expanding with the ongoing adva...
Liver cirrhosis, a progressive and often irreversible condition, exerts widespread systemic effects, with the skin frequently serving as a visible window into the extent of hepatic dysfunction. Cutaneous manifestations, such as spider angiomas, palma...
The peritoneum represents a confined microenvironment that has an emerging role as a distinct immunological compartment. In health, this niche is mainly populated by a heterogenous group of macrophages and T lymphocytes but also Natural Killer cells...
HEV is a single-stranded, positive RNA virus. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causing agent of hepatitis, with a high prevalence rate in low-income countries due to poor sanitary conditions. It can exhibit acute, continuous, or extrahepatic conseq...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver (MASL) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), with MASH posing a risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepa...
Nutrition therapy in critically ill patients with liver disease represents a challenge for Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Nutritional status is correlated with the degree of hepatic dysfunction and the presence of malnutrition worsens outcomes in these...
The use of high-dose acetaminophen (AAP) with n-acetylcysteine (NAC) rescue was studied as an anti-cancer treatment in phase I trials with promising signals of anti-tumor efficacy. Correlative analysis suggested that AAP has a free-radical-independen...
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) produces fulminant hepatic necrosis. The underlying mechanism of APAP hepatotoxicity involves mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial oxidant stress and the onset of mitochondrial permeability transition (M...
The primary objective of modern medicine is to extend human life expectancy. Currently, the majority of hospital patients across various clinical settings are elderly or advanced-age individuals, often with multiple comorbidities and age-related alte...
Long regarded as illicit substances with no clinical value, N-dimethylated tryptamines—such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and bufotenine—have been found to produce naturally in a wide variety of species, inc...
Imaging-based body composition analysis can quantify visceral fat, which is an important feature of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. This review assesses current evidence of the relationship between NAFLD, particularly hepatic...
Albumin is the most abundant protein synthesized exclusively by the hepatocytes in the liver. Once secreted into plasma, it helps in the maintenance of osmotic pressure, as well as the exertion of defensive roles such as anti-oxidative and anti-infla...
Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. Despite improvements in surgical techniques, transplant rejection remains a significant concern. The liver is considered an immune-privileged organ due to its unique m...
Liver regeneration is a compensatory response to tissue injury and loss. It is known that liver regeneration plays a crucial role in recovery following acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, which is the major cause of acute liver failure (ALF)...
Around 118.5 million blood donations are collected annually to save precious lives. The donated blood may also be associated with blood-borne infections. With around 247 million population, Pakistan is an endemic country for viral hepatitis, and ther...
Intestinal mucus serves as the first line barrier within the mucosa to protect against microbiota attack due to its water-repellent properties, which are the result of the high abundance of phosphatidylcholine bound to mucins. A deficiency of mucus p...
Cacti are renowned for their resilience in arid environments and have been utilized as a valuable food source in various cultures for centuries. The potential effects of cactus (Cactaceae) consumption on liver health have garnered significant scienti...
Drugs are prescribed worldwide to treat diseases but with the risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). The most important difficulty is how best to establish causality. Based on strong evidence and principles of artificial intelligenc...
The pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is not fully understood. Despite recent progress, many aspects require further clarification. Thus, PBC is regarded as an autoimmune disease, but immunosuppressive treatment, which is effective in...
Biotransformation refers to the metabolic conversion of endogenous and xenobiotic chemicals into more hydrophilic substances. Xenobiotic biotransformation is accomplished by a restricted number of enzymes with broad substrate specificities. The biotr...
Hepatic sinusoids are lined with thin endothelial cells with transcellular pores, termed fenestrations. These fenestrations are open channels that connect the sinusoidal lumen to the underlying Space of Disse (SoD) and the hepatocytes of the liver pa...
Liver fibrosis is a very complicated dynamic process where several immune cells are involved. Both innate and adaptive immunity are implicated, and their interplay is always present. Multi-directional interactions between liver macrophages, hepatic s...
Mitochondria are critical organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. Thus, their dysfunction can have severe consequences in cells responsible for energy-intensive metabolic function, such as hepatocytes. Extensive res...
Cell-death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha (DFFA)-like effector b (CIDEB) was first identified as an apoptosis-inducing protein. Further research revealed a pivotal role in lipid metabolism, regulating very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), lip...
Hepatic steatosis is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic disorders. Its global prevalence is a growing public health concern, estimated to affect over 30% of the population. Steatosis is strictly linked to metabolic dysfunction, leading...
End-stage liver disease (ESLD) from acute liver failure to compensated advanced chronic liver disease and decompensated cirrhosis at different stages (chronic decompensation, acute decompensation with or without acute-on-chronic liver failure) has hi...
The clearance of peripheral beta amyloid (Aβ) is a potential target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The liver has been implicated in the elimination of Aβ from the peripheral circulation. Here, the single-pass uptake of...
The liver is the only organ that can regenerate and regain its original tissue-to-body weight ratio within a short period of time after tissue loss. Insufficient liver regeneration in patients after partial hepatectomy or liver transplantation with p...
There is no single proven therapy that prolongs hepatic transplant-free survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Oral vancomycin (OV) has shown some benefit in small pediatric and adult series. We describe the effect of OV on p...
Infection of hepatitis B (HBV) patients with hepatitis D (HDV) can cause the most severe form of viral hepatitis, leading to liver fibrosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV relies on simultaneous infection with HBV for the generation...
Introduction: We describe the first reported case of auto-brewery syndrome complicating liver transplantation, wherein a patient was temporarily removed from a liver transplant list not due to ethanol consumption but rather spontaneous ethanolic ferm...
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a double composite word that was first coined in 1980 by Ludwig and Colleagues [...]
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