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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Beyond the Wood Log: Relationships Among Bark Anatomy, Stem Diameter, and Tolerance to Eucalypt Physiological Disorder (EPD) in Cultivated Clones of Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden and E. urophylla T. Blake

by
Edgard Augusto de Toledo Picoli
1,*,
Weverton Gomes da Costa
2,
Josimar dos Santos Ladeira
1,
Franciely Alves Jacomini
1,
Maria Naruna Felix Almeida
3,
Alaina Anne Kleine
4,
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre
3,
Jordão Cabral Moulin
3,
Kelly M. Balmant
4,
Paulo Roberto Cecon
5,
Edival Ângelo Valverde Zauza
6 and
Lucio Mauro da Silva Guimarães
7
1
Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
2
Department of Statistics, Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Statistical Learning (LICAE), Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
3
Department of Forestry Science and Wood, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Gov. Lindemberg, 316-Centro, Jerônimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil
4
Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA
5
Department of Statistics, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
6
Independent Researcher, Rua Rosa Lotfi Almeida Bueno, 229, Vila Nastri II, Itapetininga 18206-390, SP, Brazil
7
FuturaGene (Suzano S.A.), Rua Dr. José Lembo, 2215, Jardim Bela Vista, CEP, Itapetininga 18207-780, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040124 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 September 2025 / Revised: 19 October 2025 / Accepted: 20 October 2025 / Published: 31 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Eucalyptus plantation forests play an important role in the global trade balance, and have been challenged with the Eucalypt Physiological Disorder (EPD) exhibiting symptoms on barks. Despite of that, there is little information on the anatomical features of phloem and periderm associated with this disorder. Although tolerant and susceptible commercial clones exhibited similar anatomical structures, they differed in the proportions of conducting and total phloem tissue and the amount of phloem containing Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. The frequency and diameter of sieve tube elements (STEs) also varied among the tested clones. The increased area of phloem with non-collapsed STE and CaOx crystals were linked to the EPD tolerant phenotype. Bark, secondary phloem, and periderm thickness were correlated with EPD scores. Structural characteristics of phloem cells is correlated with increasing stem diameter. Bark and phloem thickness exhibited significant and positive associations with EPD-tolerant clones and stem diameter, while negative correlations with EPD scores. These connections corroborate the positive impact of increasing the proportion of total phloem thickness on stem diameter growth and EPD tolerance. The present results were based on restricted, yet commercially important, Eucalyptus species (E. grandis, E. urophylla and E. grandis × E. urophylla hybrids) highlighting bark and phloem traits linked to plant growth and EPD tolerance.
Keywords: bark anatomy; functional anatomy; plant applied anatomy; Eucalypt Physiological Disorder; forestry; plant stress response bark anatomy; functional anatomy; plant applied anatomy; Eucalypt Physiological Disorder; forestry; plant stress response

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MDPI and ACS Style

Picoli, E.A.d.T.; Costa, W.G.d.; Ladeira, J.d.S.; Jacomini, F.A.; Almeida, M.N.F.; Kleine, A.A.; Vidaurre, G.B.; Moulin, J.C.; Balmant, K.M.; Cecon, P.R.; et al. Beyond the Wood Log: Relationships Among Bark Anatomy, Stem Diameter, and Tolerance to Eucalypt Physiological Disorder (EPD) in Cultivated Clones of Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden and E. urophylla T. Blake. Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040124

AMA Style

Picoli EAdT, Costa WGd, Ladeira JdS, Jacomini FA, Almeida MNF, Kleine AA, Vidaurre GB, Moulin JC, Balmant KM, Cecon PR, et al. Beyond the Wood Log: Relationships Among Bark Anatomy, Stem Diameter, and Tolerance to Eucalypt Physiological Disorder (EPD) in Cultivated Clones of Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden and E. urophylla T. Blake. International Journal of Plant Biology. 2025; 16(4):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040124

Chicago/Turabian Style

Picoli, Edgard Augusto de Toledo, Weverton Gomes da Costa, Josimar dos Santos Ladeira, Franciely Alves Jacomini, Maria Naruna Felix Almeida, Alaina Anne Kleine, Graziela Baptista Vidaurre, Jordão Cabral Moulin, Kelly M. Balmant, Paulo Roberto Cecon, and et al. 2025. "Beyond the Wood Log: Relationships Among Bark Anatomy, Stem Diameter, and Tolerance to Eucalypt Physiological Disorder (EPD) in Cultivated Clones of Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden and E. urophylla T. Blake" International Journal of Plant Biology 16, no. 4: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040124

APA Style

Picoli, E. A. d. T., Costa, W. G. d., Ladeira, J. d. S., Jacomini, F. A., Almeida, M. N. F., Kleine, A. A., Vidaurre, G. B., Moulin, J. C., Balmant, K. M., Cecon, P. R., Zauza, E. Â. V., & Guimarães, L. M. d. S. (2025). Beyond the Wood Log: Relationships Among Bark Anatomy, Stem Diameter, and Tolerance to Eucalypt Physiological Disorder (EPD) in Cultivated Clones of Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden and E. urophylla T. Blake. International Journal of Plant Biology, 16(4), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040124

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