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Plant Essential Oils: Extraction Methods and Applications in Food Packaging

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2026) | Viewed by 6349

Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
Interests: food packaging; food 3D printing; food preservation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
Interests: research and development of high-efficiency, high-quality and high-value full utilization technology for co-products of fruit and vegetable processing; analysis of the fine structure of fruit and vegetable cell walls and its relationship with the quality of fruits and vegetables; interaction patterns and functions among polysaccharides and between polysaccharides and polyphenols in plant-derived cell walls

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The growing consumer demand for natural, minimally processed foods and sustainable packaging solutions has intensified research into plant essential oils (PEOs) as potent, bio-based alternatives to synthetic preservatives.  This Special Issue, "Plant Essential Oils: Extraction Methods and Applications in Food Packaging," delves into the critical intersection of PEO extraction technologies and their functional integration within food packaging systems. PEOs offer remarkable antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, crucial for extending shelf-life and enhancing food safety. However, their inherent volatility, sensitivity, and strong organoleptic impact present significant challenges for direct application. The efficacy and stability of PEOs in packaging are fundamentally influenced by the extraction method employed (e.g., hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave/ultrasound-assisted extraction), which dictates their yield, composition, and bioactive profile. Furthermore, innovative encapsulation techniques (e.g., cyclodextrins, liposomes, nanofibers, biopolymer matrices) and material engineering strategies are vital for controlled release and maximizing their preservation potential within active and intelligent packaging formats. This Special Issue seeks cutting-edge research and reviews exploring novel extraction techniques, advanced encapsulation/delivery systems, the development and characterization of PEO-loaded packaging materials, their impact on food preservation efficacy (microbial, oxidative, sensory), migration studies, and assessments of safety and environmental sustainability.

Prof. Dr. Yaowen Liu
Dr. Mingrui Chen
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • plant essential oils
  • extraction techniques
  • food packaging
  • active packaging
  • encapsulation
  • antimicrobial
  • antioxidant
  • preservation efficacy

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2933 KB  
Article
Sustainable PLA–Citronella Essential Oil Films: Development and In Vitro Antifungal Evaluation for Potential Blueberry Packaging Applications
by Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez, José Juan Virgen-Ortíz, Abel Hurtado-Macias, Roberto Pablo Talamantes-Soto, Orlando Hernández-Cristobal, Elizabeth Peralta, Sandra Denisse Zavala-Aranda and Citlali Colín-Chávez
Foods 2026, 15(5), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15050832 - 2 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1038
Abstract
Postharvest fungal decay is a primary cause of losses in blueberries, motivating the development of sustainable alternatives to conventional fungicides. This study aimed to develop and evaluate antifungal active films based on polylactic acid (PLA) enriched with citronella essential oil to control phytopathogenic [...] Read more.
Postharvest fungal decay is a primary cause of losses in blueberries, motivating the development of sustainable alternatives to conventional fungicides. This study aimed to develop and evaluate antifungal active films based on polylactic acid (PLA) enriched with citronella essential oil to control phytopathogenic fungi associated with blueberry spoilage. PLA films containing 7.5, 10, and 12.5% (w/w) citronella essential oil were produced by solvent casting and characterized for water vapor transmission rate and nanomechanical properties. The antifungal effect was tested in vitro against Epicoccum nigrum, Alternaria alternata, and Cladosporium herbarum. Active films exhibited concentration-dependent antifungal activity, with C. herbarum being the most sensitive fungus. The incorporation of citronella essential oil did not significantly alter the water vapor barrier properties of PLA, while mechanical analysis revealed a reduction in elastic modulus only at the highest concentration. The antifungal mechanism was elucidated using scanning electron microscopy, fatty acid profiling, absorbance at 260 nm, and conductivity measurements. The results indicate that the released citronella essential oil induced membrane disruption and morphological damage in fungal hyphae, with species-specific responses. Overall, PLA–citronella essential oil films represent a promising biodegradable packaging solution to control postharvest blueberry losses. Full article
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19 pages, 1871 KB  
Article
Design and Evaluation of a Cinnamomum burmannii Essential Oil-Loaded Preservative Film for Enhancing the Quality and Shelf Life of Squaliobarbus curriculus Filets
by Xiaonan Zhang, Jiayi Lai, Xiaoxiao Dai, Feng Huang, Lei Guan and Rushu Wen
Foods 2025, 14(17), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14173139 - 8 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1500
Abstract
In this study, an edible matrix consisting of sodium alginate, gelatin, zein, and gum arabic was combined with Cinnamomum burmannii essential oil (CBEO) to produce a natural, eco-friendly, and bioactive food packaging preservation film. After the CBEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed [...] Read more.
In this study, an edible matrix consisting of sodium alginate, gelatin, zein, and gum arabic was combined with Cinnamomum burmannii essential oil (CBEO) to produce a natural, eco-friendly, and bioactive food packaging preservation film. After the CBEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, 55 chemicals were found, with the main ingredients being α-terpineol, borneol, and cinnamon aldehyde. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to extensively evaluate the preservative coating, which demonstrated bacteriostatic activity. When compared to the control at a 3% CBEO loading, the film effectively maintained color stability while extending the shelf life of Squaliobarbus curriculus filets by around 3 times. Furthermore, compared to the blank film, the film showed a 23.8% increase in tensile strength and a 23.59% improvement in light transmittance. These results show how CBEO-loaded edible films can enhance meat preservation and offer fresh perspectives on the creation of useful, biodegradable food packaging materials. Full article
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20 pages, 3372 KB  
Article
β-Cyclodextrin/Thymol Microcapsule-Embedded Starch Coatings for Synchronized Antimicrobial Release and Shelf-Life Extension in Blueberries
by Xiangyue Li, Yuxin Liu, Jiayi Zheng, Xiaoyi Zhu, Weirui Fang, Shanshan Lei, Weiran Zhuang, Jing Wu, Tong Hao, Sulin You, Xi Wei, Wen Qin, Yaowen Liu and Mingrui Chen
Foods 2025, 14(17), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14173132 - 7 Sep 2025
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2364
Abstract
An eco-friendly composite coating was developed for blueberry preservation through the incorporation of thymol-loaded β-cyclodextrin microcapsules (THY@β-CD) into a potato starch (PO) matrix. Microencapsulation at an optimal wall-to-core ratio of 13:1 achieved a THY encapsulation efficiency of 73.24%. Structural analyses confirmed the successful [...] Read more.
An eco-friendly composite coating was developed for blueberry preservation through the incorporation of thymol-loaded β-cyclodextrin microcapsules (THY@β-CD) into a potato starch (PO) matrix. Microencapsulation at an optimal wall-to-core ratio of 13:1 achieved a THY encapsulation efficiency of 73.24%. Structural analyses confirmed the successful formation of an inclusion complex, which enhanced thermal stability and provided a controlled release profile governed by Fickian diffusion mechanisms. When applied to blueberries, the coating significantly reduced weight loss by 22%, delayed softening, and more effectively preserved anthocyanin content compared to uncoated fruit during 10-day storage. Furthermore, it well-maintained the sensory quality and visual appeal of the fruit. These results demonstrate that the THY@β-CD/PO coating synergistically integrates sustained antimicrobial delivery with matrix compatibility, offering a promising natural alternative to synthetic preservatives for extending the shelf life of blueberries. Full article
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Review

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38 pages, 8902 KB  
Review
Applications of Selected Nanoencapsulated Indigenous Essential Oils in Medicine, Food, and Agriculture: A Review
by Ongeziwe Sinazo Wutu, Babalwa Mpambani and Clarissa Marcelle Naidoo
Foods 2026, 15(11), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15111942 - 1 Jun 2026
Viewed by 699
Abstract
The growing demand for natural, safe, and sustainable bioactive compounds has sparked interest in indigenous essential oils (EOs) for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties. Their practical applications are often limited by poor solubility, volatility, and susceptibility to degradation when exposed to light, [...] Read more.
The growing demand for natural, safe, and sustainable bioactive compounds has sparked interest in indigenous essential oils (EOs) for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties. Their practical applications are often limited by poor solubility, volatility, and susceptibility to degradation when exposed to light, heat, and or oxygen. The literature lacks exploration of the indigenous EOs in nanoencapsulation studies. Using nanosystems and carriers, the oil can be delivered to targeted areas over a longer period. This is useful for various applications, including biopesticides, regenerative medicine, gene therapy, textiles, and antimicrobial coatings. Studies reveal that nanoencapsulated EOs exhibit higher insecticidal and antimicrobial activity than free oil. In this review, we observed that Lippia javanica is the most used EO in nanoencapsulation processes. This may be attributed to its broad spectrum of biological activities and its wide distribution in South Africa. This review examines the applications of selected nanoencapsulated indigenous EOs of the Eastern Cape province in medicine, food, and agriculture. The findings underscore the potential of nanoencapsulation to transform indigenous EOs into multifunctional agents that can support health, food security, and sustainable agricultural practices, while calling for further research on safety, regulatory frameworks, and commercialization pathways. Full article
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