Physicochemical Characteristics of Food Polysaccharides, Starches, and Gels

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 April 2026 | Viewed by 8458

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
Interests: food gels; phase separation; light scattering; NMR
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
Interests: binding interactions between food components and the structure-activity relationships; the extraction and nutritional evaluation of natural products; the effects of food constituents on starch digestion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Food polysaccharides, including starch and other non-starchy polysaccharides, have long been important throughout the history of the human diet. As the food industry has been gaining increasing impetus recently to create desired nutritional profiles and to improve the sensory perception of food products, we expect the continued increase in importance in understanding the physicochemical characteristics of food polysaccharides, such as their hydration process and solubility, associative structures in solution, gelation properties, interfacial behaviors, and interactions with other food components. A typical example is that polysaccharide food gels have recently been appreciated as a good candidate for developing health-care foods for the elderly with dysphagia. Due to the great complexity in chemical structures, however, it is very challenging to describe the physicochemical properties of a broad range of food polysaccharides by generalizing a universal theoretical framework. Therefore, expanding the detailed knowledge on food polysaccharides regarding their basic physicochemical properties and new food applications by experimental investigation is still necessary and in urgent need. Fortunately, significant progress has been made in the past few decades. In this Special Issue, we wish to make a collection of papers that focus on the physicochemical characteristics of food polysaccharides, starches, and gels to offer a communication platform to interested readers.

Dr. Xi Yang
Dr. Lijun Sun
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • polysaccharides
  • starch
  • gels
  • physicochemical properties
  • gelation
  • emulsification
  • food products
  • interactions
  • texture

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6670 KB  
Article
Impact of Hydrogel-to-Oleogel Ratio and Presence of Carob Fruit Extracts on Formulated Bigels: Rheological, Thermal, Physicochemical and Microstructural Properties
by María Dolores Álvarez, Arancha Saiz and Susana Cofrades
Foods 2025, 14(21), 3753; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14213753 - 31 Oct 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
This study explores the development of bigels (BGs) combining a hydrophilic hydrogel (HG) and a lipophilic oleogel (OG) for co-delivery of two carob fruit extracts (CFEs): I-CFE (inositols) and P-CFE (phenolics). The BGs were formulated in HG:OG ratios of 70:30 and 30:70, using [...] Read more.
This study explores the development of bigels (BGs) combining a hydrophilic hydrogel (HG) and a lipophilic oleogel (OG) for co-delivery of two carob fruit extracts (CFEs): I-CFE (inositols) and P-CFE (phenolics). The BGs were formulated in HG:OG ratios of 70:30 and 30:70, using a sodium alginate-based HG and an OG composed of olive pomace oil (OPO) and microcrystalline wax (MW). CFEs were loaded in three modes: I-CFE in HG, P-CFE in OG, and both in their respective phases. Rheological, thermal, physicochemical, and microstructural properties were assessed. All the BGs exhibited solid-like viscoelastic behavior, with greater rigidity in 30:70 formulations. The OG phase enhanced the structural BG network, especially when loaded with P-CFE. At 70:30, I-CFE conferred pseudoplasticity and conformational flexibility, particularly in the absence of P-CFE. At 30:70, both extracts acted synergistically, increasing mechanical strength and network organization. Thermal analysis confirmed MW’s role in structuration, with the BGs showing melting peaks between 40–50 °C. The effects studied affected color and stability. Polarized light microscopy confirmed organized microstructures. This is the first work demonstrating the structuring potential and interactive effects of dual carob extracts (I-CFE and P-CFE) within BGs. All the BGs showed suitable fat-replacer properties, remaining self-standing for 21 days, except the 70:30 I-CFE-free formulation. The findings highlight the potential of CFE-loaded BGs as multifunctional fat replacers in healthier meat products. Full article
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Review

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21 pages, 3549 KB  
Review
Functional Modification and Applications of Rice Starch Emulsion Systems Based on Interfacial Engineering
by Pingyuan Ge, Ye Tian, Heng Yan, Qingqing Li, Tianle Yao, Jie Yao, Liuyu Xiao, Meng Zhu and Yu Han
Foods 2025, 14(13), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132228 - 24 Jun 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2477
Abstract
Rice starch, as one of the most abundant and renewable polysaccharide resources in nature, holds great potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields due to its wide availability, low cost, and biodegradability. However, its inherent limitations—such as susceptibility to retrogradation [...] Read more.
Rice starch, as one of the most abundant and renewable polysaccharide resources in nature, holds great potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields due to its wide availability, low cost, and biodegradability. However, its inherent limitations—such as susceptibility to retrogradation and poor emulsifying capacity—have hindered its development into high-value-added products. Emulsion technology presents a promising strategy to overcome these challenges by constructing stable oil–water interfacial systems using various stabilizers. This review highlights recent advances in the functional modification of rice starch through emulsion-based techniques, with a particular focus on four key approaches: polysaccharide–protein complexation, chemical and physical modifications, Pickering emulsions, and microcapsule formation. These strategies significantly improve the emulsifying ability of rice starch, inhibit retrogradation, and expand its potential applications in sustained drug delivery, functional foods, and intelligent packaging. Overall, interfacial engineering of rice starch offers an innovative and effective pathway for its high-value utilization, demonstrating substantial promise for future industrial applications. Full article
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17 pages, 2005 KB  
Review
An Overview of Interactions between Goat Milk Casein and Other Food Components: Polysaccharides, Polyphenols, and Metal Ions
by Bohan Ma, Majida Al-Wraikat, Qin Shu, Xi Yang and Yongfeng Liu
Foods 2024, 13(18), 2903; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182903 - 13 Sep 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4933
Abstract
Casein is among the most abundant proteins in milk and has high nutritional value. Casein’s interactions with polysaccharides, polyphenols, and metal ions are important for regulating the functional properties and textural quality of dairy foods. To improve the functional properties of casein-based foods, [...] Read more.
Casein is among the most abundant proteins in milk and has high nutritional value. Casein’s interactions with polysaccharides, polyphenols, and metal ions are important for regulating the functional properties and textural quality of dairy foods. To improve the functional properties of casein-based foods, a deep understanding of the interaction mechanisms and the influencing factors between casein and other food components is required. This review started by elucidating the interaction mechanism of casein with polysaccharides, polyphenols, and metal ions. Thermodynamic incompatibility and attraction are the fundamental factors in determining the interaction types between casein and polysaccharides, which leads to different phase behaviors and microstructural types in casein-based foods. Additionally, the interaction of casein with polyphenols primarily occurs through non-covalent (hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonding) or covalent interaction (primarily based on the oxidation of proteins or polyphenols by enzymatic or non-enzymatic (alkaline or free radical grafting) approaches). Moreover, the selectivity of casein to specific metal ions is also introduced. Factors affecting the binding of casein to the above three components, such as temperature, pH, the mixing ratio, and the fine structure of these components, are also summarized to provide a good foundation for casein-based food applications. Full article
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