Fibers

17 pages, 10686 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Abacá Fiber Treated with Sodium Hydroxide on Undrained Shear Strength in Organic Silt

by Jorge Albuja-Sánchez, Doménica Romero and Carlos Solórzano-Blacio

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100139 - 13 Oct 2025

Highly decomposed organic soils exhibit low strength and stability, which pose challenges for geotechnical engineering. This study evaluates the effectiveness of abacá natural fibers treated with 5% NaOH to prevent biodegradation and reinforce organic silt. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the [...] Read more.

Highly decomposed organic soils exhibit low strength and stability, which pose challenges for geotechnical engineering. This study evaluates the effectiveness of abacá natural fibers treated with 5% NaOH to prevent biodegradation and reinforce organic silt. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the effects of fiber content (1, 1.5, and 2%) and length (5, 10, and 15 mm) on the undrained shear strength (Su), elastic modulus (E₅₀), maximum dry density (MDD), and optimum water content (OWC). The results revealed a slight reduction in MDD and OWC, while Su increased significantly, reaching 104.13% for 1.5% fiber content and 15 mm fiber length. E₅₀ decreased by up to 52.61%, indicating a transition toward more ductile behavior and variability due to the inherent heterogeneity of the soil. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey analyses confirmed the statistical significance of fiber content and length on Su, with optimal performance observed at 1.5% content and 15 mm length. These findings demonstrate that chemically treated abacá fibers provide effective and sustainable soil reinforcement and that chemical treatment is essential to maintain short-term durability in biologically active organic soils. Full article

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20 pages, 3756 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Sisal–Cement Composite Properties After Chemical and Thermal Fiber Treatments

by Daniele Oliveira Justo dos Santos, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho and Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100138 - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The use of sisal fibers to reinforce concrete and mortar enables the development of sustainable cement-based materials suitable for various construction elements. However, the high-water absorption of natural fibers can cause dimensional instability and poor fiber–matrix bonding, which reduces strength over time. Physical [...] Read more.

The use of sisal fibers to reinforce concrete and mortar enables the development of sustainable cement-based materials suitable for various construction elements. However, the high-water absorption of natural fibers can cause dimensional instability and poor fiber–matrix bonding, which reduces strength over time. Physical and chemical treatments can decrease water absorption and enhance the dimensional stability and bonding properties of fibers, but their effects on composite performance require further clarification. This study produced composites with 2%, 3%, and 4% by mass of sisal fibers subjected to different treatments, including hornification, washed alkaline treatment, and unwashed alkaline treatment. Fibers were characterized through water absorption, dimensional variation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and direct tensile testing. Composites were evaluated by water absorption, capillarity, drying shrinkage, direct tensile and four-point bending tests to assess the influence of fiber treatment and content. Results showed that alkaline treatment significantly improved the physical and mechanical properties of sisal fibers. Consequently, composites reinforced with alkaline-treated fibers achieved superior performance compared to those reinforced with hornified fibers, with the best results observed at the highest fiber mass fraction (4%). These findings demonstrate the potential of treated sisal fibers to enhance the durability and mechanical behavior of natural fiber-reinforced cementitious composites. Full article

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29 pages, 11644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Driven Optimization for Evaluating the Durability of Basalt Fibers in Alkaline Environments

by Aamir Mahmood, Miroslava Pechočiaková, Blanka Tomková, Muhammad Tayyab Noman, Mohammad Gheibi, Kourosh Behzadian, Jakub Wiener and Luboš Hes

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100137 - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Basalt fiber-reinforced composites are increasingly utilized in sustainable construction due to their high strength, environmental benefits, and durability. However, the long-term tensile performance of these composites in alkaline environments remains a critical concern. This study investigates the degradation performance of basalt fibers exposed [...] Read more.

Basalt fiber-reinforced composites are increasingly utilized in sustainable construction due to their high strength, environmental benefits, and durability. However, the long-term tensile performance of these composites in alkaline environments remains a critical concern. This study investigates the degradation performance of basalt fibers exposed to different alkaline solutions (NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)₂) with varying concentrations (5 g/L, 15 g/L, and 30 g/L) over various exposure periods (7, 14, and 28 days). The performance assessment is carried out by mechanical properties, including tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, using experimental techniques and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to find influential factors on tensile performance. The findings indicate that tensile strength degradation is highly dependent on alkali type and concentration, with Ca(OH)₂-treated fibers exhibiting superior mechanical retention (max tensile strength: 938.94 MPa) compared to NaOH-treated samples, which showed the highest degradation rate. Five machine learning (ML) models, including Tree Random Forest (TRF), Function Multilayer Perceptron (FMP), Lazy IBK, Meta Bagging, and Function SMOreg (FSMOreg), were also implemented to predict tensile strength based on exposure parameters. FSMOreg demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 0.928 and the lowest error metrics (RMSE 181.94). The analysis boosts basalt fiber durability evaluations in cement-based composites. Full article

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19 pages, 4719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Shear Behavior of Macro-Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Panels

by John P. Gaston, Benedikt F. Farag, Travis Thonstad and Paolo M. Calvi

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100136 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The combined use of macro-synthetic fibers and traditional steel reinforcement in structural concrete shows promise for enhancing shear behavior, particularly with respect to crack control, ductility, and potentially strength. However, experimental data on such systems remain scarce, especially for elements subjected to pure [...] Read more.

The combined use of macro-synthetic fibers and traditional steel reinforcement in structural concrete shows promise for enhancing shear behavior, particularly with respect to crack control, ductility, and potentially strength. However, experimental data on such systems remain scarce, especially for elements subjected to pure in-plane shear, where the interaction between fibers and conventional reinforcement is not well understood. This study contributes essential experimental evidence toward addressing this gap. Nine reinforced concrete panels were tested under monotonic in-plane shear, with transverse reinforcement ratios ranging from ρ_v = 0% to 0.91%, and macro-synthetic fiber contents from V_f = 0% to 0.52% by volume. Results showed that fibers were highly effective in reducing crack widths at low reinforcement levels. For specimens with ρ_v = 0.34%, increasing V_f from 0% to 0.52% halved the maximum crack width (from 0.6 mm to 0.3 mm) and reduced the average crack width by 22% (from 0.32 mm to 0.25 mm). Potential ductility improvements were also detected at low reinforcement ratios, with increased shear strain capacities observed as fiber content increased. In contrast, the influence of fibers on shear strength was minimal across all reinforcement levels. These findings highlight the potential of macro-synthetic fibers to enhance the performance of shear-critical elements, particularly in lightly reinforced systems, while also illustrating the need for further experimental and numerical work. The results presented here provide a fundamental dataset that can support future efforts to develop reliable assessment and design approaches accounting for the simultaneous presence of steel reinforcement and synthetic fibers in concrete elements subjected to shear. Full article

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13 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Investigation of Cotton Yarn Properties with Various Twist Factors During Yarn-Steaming Treatment

by Wenqing Zhang, Bin Chen, Ruicheng Zhang and Keshuai Liu

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100135 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this investigation, C20^S (29.5 tex) and C30^S (19.7 tex) ring-spun cotton yarns with different twist factors were produced using the same technological parameters for the yarn steaming process. The experimental results for yarn snarling, tensile strength, hairiness, fineness, and unevenness [...] Read more.

In this investigation, C20^S (29.5 tex) and C30^S (19.7 tex) ring-spun cotton yarns with different twist factors were produced using the same technological parameters for the yarn steaming process. The experimental results for yarn snarling, tensile strength, hairiness, fineness, and unevenness were compared before and after steaming. Yarn snarling was clearly reduced in the spun yarn with a higher twist factor due to the elimination of internal stress imbalances. The fineness of the yarn increased slightly after the steaming treatment. Importantly, the tensile strength of the yarn was greatly enhanced due to the adjusted fibre internal stress resulting from the steaming treatment, especially for twist factors of less than 320. The rate of increase in tensile properties decreased as the twist factor increased. Furthermore, the yarn-steaming process was beneficial for hairiness, but generally detrimental to yarn irregularity. Notably, C20^S ring-spun cotton yarns exhibited a slightly higher hairiness reduction ratio and unevenness than C30^S ring-spun cotton yarns at the same twist factor. Ultimately, the influence of steaming on yarn properties was thoroughly studied to improve yarn quality with reduced snarling and enhanced tensile strength. Full article

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17 pages, 3098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Assessment of a Typical Bamboo-Based Fiber Composite Material

by Yu’an Hu, Hui Huang, Meiling Chen, Chunyu Pan, Amsalu Nigatu Alamerew, Jiacheng Zhang and Mei He

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100134 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

To quantitatively assess the environmental impact of producing a typical bamboo-based fiber composite material—bamboo scrimber (BS)—and to explore pathways for low-carbon optimization, this study adopts the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with a focus on carbon footprint analysis. Using the actual production process [...] Read more.

To quantitatively assess the environmental impact of producing a typical bamboo-based fiber composite material—bamboo scrimber (BS)—and to explore pathways for low-carbon optimization, this study adopts the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with a focus on carbon footprint analysis. Using the actual production process of an enterprise as a case study, field data were collected and analyzed for bamboo scrimber with a nominal thickness of 1.5 cm. The results show that the carbon footprint of 1 m² of this product is 3.11 kg CO₂-eq, with the manufacturing stage contributing the highest emissions at 1.45 kg CO₂-eq. The primary source of carbon emissions is steam consumption, mainly occurring during the carbonization and drying of bamboo bundles. Therefore, optimizing these stages is crucial for reducing the overall carbon footprint of the product. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development of bamboo-based fiber composite materials and offers practical recommendations for improving their environmental performance in production. Full article

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24 pages, 11426 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Behaviour of Slab-on-Grade Constructed Using High-Ductility Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composite: Experimental and Analytical Investigation

by Su-Tae Kang, Nilam Adsul and Bang Yeon Lee

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100133 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the structural behavior of slab-on-grade (SOG) specimens constructed using two materials: conventional concrete reinforced with steel mesh and high-ductility fiber-reinforced cement composites (HDFRCC) containing 1.2% polyethylene (PE) fiber without steel reinforcement. The compressive strengths of conventional concrete and HDFRCC were [...] Read more.

This study investigated the structural behavior of slab-on-grade (SOG) specimens constructed using two materials: conventional concrete reinforced with steel mesh and high-ductility fiber-reinforced cement composites (HDFRCC) containing 1.2% polyethylene (PE) fiber without steel reinforcement. The compressive strengths of conventional concrete and HDFRCC were 37 MPa and 54 MPa, respectively. The average flexural tensile strength of HDFRCC was 3.9 MPa at first cracking and 9.7 MPa at peak load. Punching shear tests were performed under three loading configurations: internal (center), edge, and corner loading. Crack patterns and load–displacement responses were analyzed for both material types. Under center loading, the experimentally measured load-bearing capacities were 174.52 kN for conventional concrete and 380.82 kN for HDFRCC, with both materials exhibiting reduced capacities under edge and corner loading. Analytical predictions demonstrated close agreement with the experimental results for conventional concrete but significantly underestimated the load capacity of HDFRCC SOG. This discrepancy is attributed to the strain-hardening and crack-bridging mechanisms inherent in HDFRCC, which contribute to enhanced strength beyond conventional analytical predictions. In terms of failure mode, the conventional concrete SOG exhibited the expected flexural failure. In contrast, the HDFRCC SOG experienced either flexural failure or a combination of flexural and punching failure, in contradiction to the analytical prediction of exclusive punching shear failure. These findings indicate that the punching shear resistance of the HDFRCC SOG is substantially higher than predicted. Full article

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32 pages, 4213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures with Graphene Oxide and Study of the Earthquake-Resistant Behavior of the Structures Considering the Earthquake in Turkey and Syria (2023)

by D. Domínguez-Santos

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100132 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

The earthquake of 6 February 2023, in Turkey and Syria, was catastrophic for many existing buildings. Various reasons have been given to try to understand what happened, since after 2000, changes in construction methods were introduced in this area, with the aim of [...] Read more.

The earthquake of 6 February 2023, in Turkey and Syria, was catastrophic for many existing buildings. Various reasons have been given to try to understand what happened, since after 2000, changes in construction methods were introduced in this area, with the aim of improving buildings. In this research, the behavior of frame buildings with a concrete structure is analyzed. To do this, graphene oxide (GO) is introduced into traditional mixtures to improve the most deficient mechanical characteristics of traditional concrete. Laboratory tests performed with GO in traditional concrete mixtures produce improvements in the mechanical analyses performed, essential characteristics for improving the structural behavior of the frame models analyzed in this research. The mechanical results show increases of 13% in the modulus of elasticity, 22% in compression strength tests, 72% in flexural-tensile strength tests, and 14% in ductility, in addition to a 4% reduction in the density of the mixture. These characteristics are essential to understand the structural improvement of the models, helping to reduce the seismic vulnerability of the structures. To reach these conclusions, static and dynamic analyses (using records of the most intense seismic activity that occurred in Turkey in 2023) are performed on three frames of 5, 10, and 20 stories in height, considering the mechanical properties of the new mixtures (traditional and GO) obtained in the laboratory. The results obtained in the analyses of the frame models using GO in the new mixtures show improvements in the structural performance of the frames, improvements that increase with increasing height of the structures. To conclude this investigation, the analyses performed on the frame models are extended with the introduction of brick walls in the exterior bays of the bare frames, a solution commonly used to improve the resistant behavior of these structures, determining a structural improvement of the models, due to the high strength and stiffness that these infill walls impart to the bare frames. Full article

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17 pages, 2641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Label-Free and Protein G-Enhanced Optical Fiber Biosensor for Detection of ALDH1A1 Cancer Biomarker

by Zhandos Yegizbay, Maham Fatima, Aliya Bekmurzayeva, Zhannat Ashikbayeva, Daniele Tosi and Wilfried Blanc

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100131 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) has emerged as a significant biomarker associated with tumor progression, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis in various cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, and lymphoma. Current diagnostic methods for ALDH1A1, such as flow cytometry and ELISA, are limited by long detection [...] Read more.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) has emerged as a significant biomarker associated with tumor progression, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis in various cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, and lymphoma. Current diagnostic methods for ALDH1A1, such as flow cytometry and ELISA, are limited by long detection times, the need for labeling, and a reduced sensitivity in complex biological matrices. This study presents a novel optical fiber biosensor based on magnesium silicate nanoparticle-doped fibers for the label-free detection of ALDH1A1. The biosensor design incorporated protein G for enhanced antibody orientation and binding efficiency and anti-ALDH1A1 antibodies for specific recognition. Several sensor configurations were fabricated using a semi-distributed interferometer (SDI) format, and their performances were evaluated across a wide concentration range (10 fM–100 nM) in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Our findings demonstrated that the inclusion of protein G significantly improved sensor sensitivity and reproducibility, achieving a limit of detection (LoD) of 172 fM in PBS. The sensor also maintained a positive response trend in FBS, indicating its potential applicability in clinically relevant samples. This work introduces the first reported optical fiber biosensor for soluble ALDH1A1 detection, offering a rapid, label-free, and highly sensitive approach suitable for future use in cancer diagnostics. Full article

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39 pages, 6287 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Peptide Nanofibers in Delivery of Therapeutic Agents: Recent Trends, Limitations, and Critical Properties

by Razieh Taghizadeh Pirposhteh, Omolbani Kheirkhah, Shamsi Naderi, Fatemeh Borzouee, Masoume Bazaz and Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti

Fibers 2025, 13(10), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13100130 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Peptide nanofibers (PNFs) have emerged as versatile platforms for delivering therapeutic agents due to their biocompatibility, tunable characteristics, and ability to form well-ordered nanostructures. The primary goal of this review is to elaborate on the key features of common PNF fabrication strategies, including [...] Read more.

Peptide nanofibers (PNFs) have emerged as versatile platforms for delivering therapeutic agents due to their biocompatibility, tunable characteristics, and ability to form well-ordered nanostructures. The primary goal of this review is to elaborate on the key features of common PNF fabrication strategies, including both spontaneous and non-spontaneous methods, while exploring how the amino acid sequences of these peptides influence their secondary structure and fiber formation. Additionally, we have compiled studies on PNFs that investigate various delivery approaches, such as systemic delivery, localized delivery, controlled delivery, stimuli-responsive delivery, and targeted delivery. This analysis aims to guide researchers in selecting the most suitable fabrication strategy for specific delivery applications and provide insights into choosing optimal amino acids for rational peptide design. We also focused on the applications of PNFs in delivering various therapeutic agents, including drugs, functional peptides, diagnostic and imaging agents, genes, viral vectors, and vaccines, demonstrating their significant potential in biomedical applications. The synergy between nanofiber fabrication strategies and peptide chemistries offers new avenues for advancing therapeutic products. Overall, this review serves as an important reference for the design and development of advanced PNFs for the effective delivery of various therapeutic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Review Papers of Fibers)

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19 pages, 3745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional, Flexible, Electrospun Lignin/PLA Micro/Nanofiber Mats from Softwood Kraft, Hardwood Alcell, and Switchgrass CELF Lignin

by Dorota B. Szlek, Emily L. Fan and Margaret W. Frey

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090129 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Herein, biobased 1:1 lignin/polylactic acid (PLA) blends are electrospun into micro- and nanofiber mats. Lignin samples originating from softwood, hardwood, and switchgrass biomass, extracted through the Kraft, Alcell, and CELF processes, respectively, and processed into soluble and insoluble fractions, are used. Functional properties [...] Read more.

Herein, biobased 1:1 lignin/polylactic acid (PLA) blends are electrospun into micro- and nanofiber mats. Lignin samples originating from softwood, hardwood, and switchgrass biomass, extracted through the Kraft, Alcell, and CELF processes, respectively, and processed into soluble and insoluble fractions, are used. Functional properties of the mats varied with lignin biomass origin, isolation method, and fraction. Mat attributes are demonstrated through analysis of spinnability, thermal and mechanical behavior, chemical structure, morphology, hydrophobicity, and antioxidant activity. Samples spun with hardwood Alcell lignin fractions were brittle and rigid with the highest Young’s modulus, lowest elongation at break, and hydrophobic contact angle > 100°. Switchgrass CELF lignin (SGL)/PLA mats showed the highest tensile strength, a low Young’s modulus, and high elongation at break, as well as good spinnability with the smallest fiber diameter from all samples. Kraft lignin/PLA demonstrated similar mechanical properties to SGL/PLA, as well as the highest antioxidant activity, measurable within 5 min. Therefore, while they did not dictate spinnability, the lignin biomass origin and pretreatment method were shown to have a significant impact on fiber properties, while the use of lignin fractions was shown to tailor functional properties of fibers for specific end use, such as in flexible, hydrophobic, or antioxidant product applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Sustainable Electrospun Nanofibers)

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16 pages, 11041 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Cement Composites Reinforced with Cellulose and Lignocellulose Fibers

by Piotr Turoboś and Piotr Przybysz

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090128 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The urgent need to decarbonize the construction sector has prompted research into sustainable alternatives to conventional concrete. This study compares two industrially produced pulps with contrasting lignin contents: a bleached kraft cellulose pulp with near-zero lignin used in paper production and a thermo-mechanical [...] Read more.

The urgent need to decarbonize the construction sector has prompted research into sustainable alternatives to conventional concrete. This study compares two industrially produced pulps with contrasting lignin contents: a bleached kraft cellulose pulp with near-zero lignin used in paper production and a thermo-mechanical lignocellulose pulp with high lignin content used in MDF production. Fiber-reinforced composites were produced by partially replacing mineral aggregates with fibers at dosages from 0.1% to 3% by mass and air-curing to simulate practical curing conditions. The specimens were evaluated for density, water absorption, and compressive strength, with compressive strength measured at 7, 28, and 60 days. Results showed a reduction in density for both fiber types, along with increased water absorption and decreased compressive strength at higher fiber contents. Cellulose composites achieved a more favorable mechanical performance than lignocellulose composites but showed markedly higher water absorption, raising concerns about long-term durability. By testing two pulps that differ primarily in lignin content across multiple replacement ratios, the study provides a systematic comparison of their effects on composite properties. The comparison explicitly contrasts the lignin contents of the two industrial pulps—bleached kraft (~0.1%) versus thermo-mechanical (27.4%)—to isolate lignin-driven effects on hydration and property development. A practical air-curing protocol was adopted, leveraging fiber-bound/process water, thereby reflecting use cases where external water curing is constrained. Full article

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22 pages, 4158 KB

Open AccessArticle

Commercial, Non-Commercial and Experimental Wound Dressings Based on Bacterial Cellulose: An In-Depth Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties

by Sarah Brandão Palácio, Simone Oliveira Penello, Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel, Willams Teles Barbosa, Gisele Assunção Reis, Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado, Ana Leonor Pardo Campos Godoy, Maria Inês Bruno Tavares, Layla Carvalho Mahnke, Josiane Dantas Viana Barbosa and José Lamartine de Andrade Aguiar

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090127 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Wound management remains a significant global healthcare challenge, particularly due to chronic wounds that resist healing and impose economic and social burdens. Bacterial cellulose (BC), owing to its biocompatibility, high purity and moisture-handling capabilities, has gained attention as a wound dressing material. This [...] Read more.

Wound management remains a significant global healthcare challenge, particularly due to chronic wounds that resist healing and impose economic and social burdens. Bacterial cellulose (BC), owing to its biocompatibility, high purity and moisture-handling capabilities, has gained attention as a wound dressing material. This study provides a comparative evaluation of a commercial BC film (Membracel^®), a non-commercial BC from POLISA^® (BCP) and an experimental BC from SENAI CIMATEC (BCC), all produced via static fermentation using distinct culture conditions. Comprehensive characterization included scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, solid-state ¹³C NMR, water interaction assessments, porosity and vapor permeability measurements, optical and mechanical testing and in vitro stability in simulated wound fluid. The three BC films exhibited markedly different structural and functional profiles. BCC displayed the highest crystallinity (78.7%), thermal stability and vapor permeability, indicating suitability for wounds with high exudate. BCP showed the greatest tensile strength (46.2 MPa) and flexibility, suggesting utility where mechanical robustness is required. Membracel^® exhibited lower crystallinity and vapor permeability, appropriate for low-exudate wounds. All samples remained dimensionally stable in simulated wound fluid. These findings highlight clear correlations between the physicochemical properties of BC-based dressings and their potential clinical applications, supporting the development of tailored wound care solutions based on wound type and moisture management requirements. Full article

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24 pages, 4100 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Pattern Innovation in Chenille Tufted Carpets: A Spatial Color Mixing Approach Using Dope-Dyed Filament

by Peng Cui and Yuan Xue

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090126 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Chenille tufted carpets typically use wet dyeing, which consumes large amounts of water, chemicals, and energy and limits pattern control. This study combines dope-dyed filaments with spatial (juxtaposed) color mixing to eliminate post-dyeing and expand design options. We define a nine-primary filament set [...] Read more.

Chenille tufted carpets typically use wet dyeing, which consumes large amounts of water, chemicals, and energy and limits pattern control. This study combines dope-dyed filaments with spatial (juxtaposed) color mixing to eliminate post-dyeing and expand design options. We define a nine-primary filament set and a ten-primary mixing system, quantify color relations in CIE Lab*, and classify four visual effects by hue angle difference (Δh): Blending (<30°), Pointillistic (30–60°), Mosaic (60–120°), and Heathering (≥120°). A CNC chenille spinner independently controls linear density, twist, and diameter via head speed, delivery speed, and spacer width; a 130 °C thermal setting step reproduces dyeing-induced pile morphology. The ten-primary system yields 45 binary and 120 ternary mixes that produce predictable effects matching the Δh categories. Yarn geometry is tuned precisely by rotating-head speed (density), front-roller speed (density/twist), and spacer width (diameter). Dope-dyed carpets reach wash and rub fastness grades 4–5 and light fastness grades 3–4 to 4, meeting industry standards. Spatial color mixing with dope-dyed filaments and CNC-controlled chenille morphology thus enables the production of sustainable, dye-free carpets with quantitatively designed patterns and reliable performance, converting empirical color design into a predictive, more resource-efficient process. Full article

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22 pages, 5891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effect of GFRP Reinforcement Bars on the Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using the Finite Element Method

by Yusuf Sümer and Muhammed Öztemel

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090125 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The use of environmentally friendly materials is becoming increasingly important in order to increase sustainability and reduce carbon emissions in reinforced concrete structures. In this context, glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, which are proposed as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcements, are attracting [...] Read more.

The use of environmentally friendly materials is becoming increasingly important in order to increase sustainability and reduce carbon emissions in reinforced concrete structures. In this context, glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, which are proposed as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcements, are attracting attention in engineering applications thanks to their advantages, such as high corrosion resistance, low weight, and electromagnetic permeability. However, the lower elasticity modulus of GFRP reinforcement compared to steel causes greater displacement and crack width under bending and shear effects, leading to certain limitations in structural performance. Due to the limited number of comprehensive analyses in the literature that simultaneously consider parameters such as reinforcement diameter, concrete strength, and stirrup spacing, this study aims to reveal the interactive effects of these parameters through numerical analyses and contribute to existing research. In this context, beam models using GFRP reinforcements with diameters of 10 mm and 12 mm, concrete strengths of 25 MPa and 40 MPa, and different stirrup spacings were analyzed using the ABAQUS (2022) software with a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element method. Full article

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33 pages, 2741 KB

Open AccessReview

Lignocellulosic Agro-Forest Byproducts as Feedstock for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Filaments: A Review

by Nanci Ehman, Agustina Ponce de León, Israel N. Quintero Torres, María E. Vallejos and M. Cristina Area

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090124 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing based on polymers reinforced with lignocellulosic components is an accessible and sustainable technology. Cellulose-based byproducts from industry, as well as crops, food, and forestry wastes, represent potential resources for additive manufacturing and have been evaluated in recent years, primarily in [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing based on polymers reinforced with lignocellulosic components is an accessible and sustainable technology. Cellulose-based byproducts from industry, as well as crops, food, and forestry wastes, represent potential resources for additive manufacturing and have been evaluated in recent years, primarily in combination with polymers such as PLA or ABS. During fused deposition modeling (FDM), several parameters must be considered during raw material conditioning, blending, extrusion, and 3D printing. It is essential to understand how these parameters influence the final properties and their impact on the final application. This review focuses on the latest studies of lignocellulosic byproducts for 3D printing filaments and how the parameters involved during filament production and 3D printing influence the properties of the final product. Recent studies concerning applications, technical issues, and environmental and regulatory aspects were also analyzed. Full article

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16 pages, 3805 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fibrillated Nanocellulose Obtained by Mechanochemical Processes from Coconut Fiber Residue

by Sarah Inglid dos Santos Silva, Cassiano Pires, Egon Petersohn Junior, Angela Maria Tribuzy de Magalhães Cordeiro, Rilton Alves de Freitas and Nataly Albuquerque dos Santos

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090123 - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

Rich in cellulose, the agro-industrial residue of “Cocos nucifera L.” stands out due to its high global production. In view of this, this research into the development of cellulose nanofibrils from green coconut fiber residue evaluated the fiber produced from an alkaline [...] Read more.

Rich in cellulose, the agro-industrial residue of “Cocos nucifera L.” stands out due to its high global production. In view of this, this research into the development of cellulose nanofibrils from green coconut fiber residue evaluated the fiber produced from an alkaline pre-treatment associated with a grinding process using a colloidal mill, which produced pure and renewable cellulose with characteristics similar to those of commercial celluloses. FTIR and XRD spectroscopy analyses showed that the methodologies established for coconut fiber are efficient in removing amorphous groups. The XRD corroborated the spectrogram and revealed a peak at 2θ = 22°, corresponding to the crystalline region of cellulose I. Both analyses were preceded by thermal analysis showing a reduction in lignin and an increase in the cellulose fraction. The AFM and SEM morphological micrographic analyses confirm the efficiency of the mechanochemical treatment in producing nanometric fibers, which, when submitted to rheology analyses, presented the desired gel profile. Full article

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18 pages, 3547 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Inorganic Pigments on the Rheological Properties of the Color Masterbatches from Polylactic Acid

by Marcela Hricova, Maria Petkova, Zita Tomcikova and Anna Ujhelyiova

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090122 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Due to the large amount of plastic waste that is currently produced, the demand for ecological solutions to this situation has been growing. Many research studies in recent years have focused on polylactic acid (PLA) as a biodegradable material made from renewable resources. [...] Read more.

Due to the large amount of plastic waste that is currently produced, the demand for ecological solutions to this situation has been growing. Many research studies in recent years have focused on polylactic acid (PLA) as a biodegradable material made from renewable resources. The individual components of biodegradable materials should comply with the EN 13432 standard, which defines the properties of a “compostable” material. Careful selection of dyes and pigments is therefore important in terms of maintaining the biodegradability of the finished products. In this article, we focus on evaluating the flow properties of color masterbatches modified with inorganic biodegradable pigments. Two types of PLA were used as polymer pigment carriers, and titanium dioxide, carbon black, and two iron oxides were used as inorganic pigments. We monitored the effect of the type and concentration of pigments on the processability and rheological properties of the prepared color PLA masterbatches. The capillary viscometer and rotary rheoviscometer were used to determine rheological properties. The flow properties of color masterbatches containing 1 and 3 wt.% inorganic pigments with two types of pure polymers, PLA6100 and PLA175, were compared. We found that the color PLA masterbatches had good processability and satisfactory rheological properties, and therefore they are usable for further processing. Full article

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20 pages, 2814 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of High-Performance Biocomposites from Kenaf, Bagasse, Hemp, and Softwood: Effects of Fiber pH Modification and Adhesive Selection on Structural Properties Correlated with FTIR Analysis

by Z. Osman, Y. Senhaji, Mohammed Elamin, Yann Rogaume, Antonio Pizzi, Fatima Charrier-El Bouhtoury and Bertrand Charrier

Fibers 2025, 13(9), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13090121 - 5 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aims to develop high-performance biocomposites for structural applications using kenaf, bagasse, hemp, and softwood fibers bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) adhesives, commonly used in particleboard manufacturing. A simple, low-cost fiber treatment was applied by adjusting the fiber pH to [...] Read more.

This study aims to develop high-performance biocomposites for structural applications using kenaf, bagasse, hemp, and softwood fibers bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) adhesives, commonly used in particleboard manufacturing. A simple, low-cost fiber treatment was applied by adjusting the fiber pH to 11 and 13 using a 33% NaOH solution, following standard protocols to enhance fiber–adhesive interaction. The effects of alkaline treatment on the chemical structure of bagasse, kenaf, and hemp fibers were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and correlated with composite mechanical performance. PF and PUF were applied at 13% (w/w), while polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) at 5% (w/w) served as a control for untreated fibers. The fabricated panels were evaluated for mechanical properties; modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond strength (IB), and physical properties such as thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) after 24 h of immersion. FTIR analysis revealed that treatment at pH 11 increased the intensity of O–H, C–O–C, and C–O bands and led to the disappearance of the C=O band (~1700 cm⁻¹) in all fibers. Bagasse treated at pH 11 showed the most significant spectral changes and the highest IB values with both PF and PUF adhesives, followed by kenaf at pH 13, exceeding EN 312:6 (2010) standards for heavy-duty load-bearing panels in dry conditions. The highest MOE and MOR values were achieved with kenaf at pH 11, meeting EN 312:4 (2010) requirements, followed by bagasse, while softwood and hemp performed less favorably. In terms of thickness swelling, bagasse consistently outperformed all other fibers across pH levels and adhesives, followed by Kenaf and Hemp, surpassing even pMDI-based composites. These results suggest that high-pH treatment enhances the reactivity of PF and PUF adhesives by increasing the nucleophilic character of phenolic rings during polymerization. The performance differences among fibers are also attributed to variations in the aspect ratio and intrinsic structural properties influencing fiber–adhesive interactions under alkaline conditions. Overall, kenaf and bagasse fibers emerge as promising, sustainable alternatives to industrial softwood particles for structural particleboard production. PF and PUF adhesives offer cost-effective and less toxic options compared to pMDI, supporting their use in eco-friendly panel manufacturing. FTIR spectroscopy proved to be a powerful method for identifying structural changes caused by alkaline treatment and provided valuable insights into the resulting mechanical and physical performance of the biocomposites. Full article

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