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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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29 pages, 5536 KiB  
Review
Natural Fiber-Reinforced Mycelium Composite for Innovative and Sustainable Construction Materials
by Maristella E. Voutetaki and Anastasios C. Mpalaskas
Fibers 2024, 12(7), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12070057 - 9 Jul 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8387
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced mycelium (FRM) composites offer an innovative and sustainable approach to construction materials for architectural structures. Mycelium, the root structure of fungi, can be combined with various natural fibers (NF) to create a strong and lightweight material with environmental benefits. Incorporating NF like [...] Read more.
Fiber-reinforced mycelium (FRM) composites offer an innovative and sustainable approach to construction materials for architectural structures. Mycelium, the root structure of fungi, can be combined with various natural fibers (NF) to create a strong and lightweight material with environmental benefits. Incorporating NF like hemp, jute, or bamboo into the mycelium matrix enhances mechanical properties. This combination results in a composite that boasts enhanced strength, flexibility, and durability. Natural FRM composites offer sustainability through the utilization of agricultural waste, reducing the carbon footprint compared to conventional construction materials. Additionally, the lightweight yet strong nature of the resulting material makes it versatile for various construction applications, while its inherent insulation properties contribute to improved energy efficiency in buildings. Developing and adopting natural FRM composites showcases a promising step towards sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials. Ongoing research and collaboration between scientists, engineers, and the construction industry will likely lead to further improvements and expanded applications. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current research and applications of natural FRM composites for innovative and sustainable construction materials. Additionally, the paper reviews the mechanical properties and potential impacts of these natural FRM composites in the context of sustainable architectural construction practices. Recently, the applicability of mycelium-based materials has extended beyond their original domains of biology and mycology to architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Building Materials)
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26 pages, 2239 KiB  
Review
Retting of Bast Fiber Crops Like Hemp and Flax—A Review for Classification of Procedures
by Morris Angulu and Hans-Jörg Gusovius
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030028 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4497
Abstract
The interest and thus the number of publications on the supply chains of bast fiber plants has steadily increased in recent years. A number of specific technical terms related to methods and their use for individual areas of the supply chain are often [...] Read more.
The interest and thus the number of publications on the supply chains of bast fiber plants has steadily increased in recent years. A number of specific technical terms related to methods and their use for individual areas of the supply chain are often interpreted and used in very different ways. Therefore, the aim of this publication is to increase the clarity of the description of the operations and to improve the understanding of the sequence and the purpose of the process steps. This is based on a selected review of the relevant literature as well as on suggestions for their classification Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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36 pages, 7490 KiB  
Review
Developments of Core/Shell Chitosan-Based Nanofibers by Electrospinning Techniques: A Review
by Siriporn Taokaew and Tapanee Chuenkaek
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030026 - 12 Mar 2024
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6007
Abstract
This review is focused on the recent development of various chitosan-based nanofibers (membranes, patches, mats, and scaffolds) that have been designed into core and shell structures using emulsion and coaxial electrospinning techniques. Chitosan, a promising polysaccharide derived from natural sources, holds potential for [...] Read more.
This review is focused on the recent development of various chitosan-based nanofibers (membranes, patches, mats, and scaffolds) that have been designed into core and shell structures using emulsion and coaxial electrospinning techniques. Chitosan, a promising polysaccharide derived from natural sources, holds potential for diverse applications, including nanofiber production, aimed at fostering sustainability. Core/shell chitosan-based nanofibers offer appealing features, including drug encapsulation and sustained release capabilities, with a higher efficiency than uniaxial fibers. The fabrication of core/shell chitosan-based nanofibers, including the co-spinning agents and various spinning parameters, such as spinning voltage, needle size, spinning flow rate, distance from needle tip to collector, temperature, and humidity, is summarized in this work. The review also explores updated applications in various fields, such as textiles, medical dressings, drug release systems, filtration membranes, and food packaging. It highlights the current advancements in core/shell chitosan-based nanofibers produced via electrospinning techniques. The innovative insights presented in the recent literature and the challenges associated with these sustainable materials are thoroughly examined, offering valuable contributions to the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Chitosan in the Textile Field)
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26 pages, 7745 KiB  
Article
Influence of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Fibers on the Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Reinforced Concrete
by Alejandro Flores Nicolás, Elsa C. Menchaca Campos, Mario Flores Nicolás, José J. Martínez González, Omar A. González Noriega and Jorge Uruchurtu Chavarín
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030024 - 11 Mar 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3676
Abstract
The quantity of different plastics generated after consumption is an impact factor affecting the environment, and the lack of recycling generates solid waste. The purpose of this work is to incorporate high-density recycled polyethylene fibers (HDPE) for possible use as concrete reinforcement. Physical [...] Read more.
The quantity of different plastics generated after consumption is an impact factor affecting the environment, and the lack of recycling generates solid waste. The purpose of this work is to incorporate high-density recycled polyethylene fibers (HDPE) for possible use as concrete reinforcement. Physical and mechanical properties from recycled fibers were analyzed, such as density, absorption, and stress resistance, as well as workability, air content, porosity, concrete compression, and flexural strength properties. Samples were prepared with a low fiber content of 0.2% and 0.4%, as a substitution for sand weight, and lengths of 10 and 30 mm. To study corrosion phenomena, the specimens were exposed to a saline environment containing 3% sodium chloride for 365 days, and the electrochemical techniques including half-cell potential (HCP), electrochemical noise (EN), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied. The results showed a 4.8% increase in compressive strength with a low fiber percentage and short geometries, while flexural strength increased marginally by 2.3% with small quantities of HDPE fibers. All these factors contribute to greater material durability, less permeability, and crack control. A positive effect of fibers with short dimensions on the corrosion processes of a steel bar was observed, with the fibers acting as a physical barrier against the diffusion of chloride ions. Full article
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18 pages, 3633 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Hydrothermally Treated Wood Fibre Performance in Cement Mortars
by Petrini Kampragkou, Vasiliki Kamperidou and Maria Stefanidou
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030021 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2783
Abstract
Biofibres’ wide application in mortar enhancement has thus far been restricted by factors related to their chemical composition and hygroscopic nature. Their hydrophilic behaviour increases the water demand of mortar mixtures and diminishes their affinity to the matrix, while further moisture-related fibre degradation [...] Read more.
Biofibres’ wide application in mortar enhancement has thus far been restricted by factors related to their chemical composition and hygroscopic nature. Their hydrophilic behaviour increases the water demand of mortar mixtures and diminishes their affinity to the matrix, while further moisture-related fibre degradation issues may arise. Additionally, natural fibres seem to be susceptible to degradation caused by exposure to alkaline environmental conditions such as those experienced by cement mortars, restricting their utilisation in the construction industry. Therefore, the current study investigates the potential of fibre modification through treatments that would permanently alter their structure and chemical composition to improve their performance. In this study, wood fibres of black pine and beech species were exposed to mild thermal treatment (140 °C 2 h, under a steam atmosphere), characterised in terms of the physical and chemical properties and incorporated in cement mortars, applying the proportion of 1.5% v/v in the mortar, in order to assess their performance as reinforcement material. The mortars’ workability (at a fresh state) was examined, as well as other physical, hygroscopic, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of the mortars at the ages of 28, 90 and 365 days and weathering performance, by subjecting them to different artificial ageing environments (freeze–thaw cycles or outdoor exposure). The results revealed the beneficial role of the treated fibres in dimensional stability, flexural strength, thermal insulation properties and capillary absorption of the mortar specimens, especially during the ageing process, with the black pine fibres showing the greatest improvement. The hydrothermally treated wood fibres seem to help maintain the integrity of cement mortars under all ageing conditions, proving that they could provide low-cost and eco-friendly mortar enhancement pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Natural Fibers and Textiles for Reinforcement and Performance Enhancement of Mortars and Concrete)
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12 pages, 2752 KiB  
Article
Production of Nanofibers by Blow Spinning from Polylactide Containing Propolis and Beeswax
by Agata Penconek, Maciej Kilarski, Anna Soczewka, Michał Wojasiński and Arkadiusz Moskal
Fibers 2024, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12010008 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
The growing pollution of the environment with slowly decomposing waste, as well as the increasing drug resistance of pathogens, including the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, has led to a search for new solutions based on biodegradable and natural materials, which are known for [...] Read more.
The growing pollution of the environment with slowly decomposing waste, as well as the increasing drug resistance of pathogens, including the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, has led to a search for new solutions based on biodegradable and natural materials, which are known for their potential bacteriostatic properties. This study aimed to produce nanofibers by blowing from a polylactide (PLA) polymer solution containing natural compounds (e.g., beeswax, propolis). As a result of the conducted research, nanofibers were produced from PLA solutions containing various additives. The fibers’ mean diameter ranges from 0.36 to 2.38 µm, depending on the process parameters. To the authors’ knowledge, fibers were produced for the first time by blow spinning from a polymer solution containing propolis and beeswax. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibers: Biomedical Applications)
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19 pages, 8938 KiB  
Article
Methodological Aspects and Mesh Convergence in Numerical Analysis of Athermal Fiber Network Material Deformation
by Nishan Parvez, Syed Nabeel Amjad, Mithun K. Dey and Catalin R. Picu
Fibers 2024, 12(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12010009 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
A balance between model complexity, accuracy, and computational cost is a central concern in numerical simulations. In particular, for stochastic fiber networks, the non-affine deformation of fibers, related non-linear geometric features due to large global deformation, and size effects can significantly affect the [...] Read more.
A balance between model complexity, accuracy, and computational cost is a central concern in numerical simulations. In particular, for stochastic fiber networks, the non-affine deformation of fibers, related non-linear geometric features due to large global deformation, and size effects can significantly affect the accuracy of the computer experiment outputs and increase the computational cost. In this work, we systematically investigate methodological aspects of fiber network simulations with a focus on the output accuracy and computational cost in models with cellular (Voronoi) and fibrous (Mikado) network architecture. We study both p and h-refinement of the discretizations in finite element solution procedure, with uniform and length-based adaptive h-refinement strategies. The analysis is conducted for linear elastic and viscoelastic constitutive behavior of the fibers, as well as for networks with initially straight and crimped fibers. With relative error as the determining criterion, we provide recommendations for mesh refinement, comment on the necessity of multiple realizations, and give an overview of associated computational cost that will serve as guidance toward minimizing the computational cost while maintaining a desired level of solution accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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17 pages, 5565 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Properties of Colombian Banana and Coir Fibers and Their Adhesion Behavior on Polylactic Acid and Unsaturated Polyester Matrices
by Ismael Barrera-Fajardo, Oswaldo Rivero-Romero and Jimy Unfried-Silgado
Fibers 2024, 12(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12010006 - 3 Jan 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2945
Abstract
In this work, the adhesion behavior of chemically treated banana and coir Colombian fibers embedded in polylactic acid (PLA) and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) matrices was investigated. Both types of fibers were treated with a 5 wt.% sodium hydroxide solution for one hour. [...] Read more.
In this work, the adhesion behavior of chemically treated banana and coir Colombian fibers embedded in polylactic acid (PLA) and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) matrices was investigated. Both types of fibers were treated with a 5 wt.% sodium hydroxide solution for one hour. The properties of treated and untreated fibers were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. To evaluate the adhesion behavior of the fibers in PLA and UPR matrices, pull-out tests were performed, and the percentage of broken fibers was determined. The results showed that alkaline treatment improved the fibers’ physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties. In addition, the alkaline treatment was able to improve the adhesion behavior of coir and banana fibers to PLA and UPR matrices. The banana fibers showed a percentage of broken fibers of 100%, while the coir fibers showed a slight increase in IFSS value. This behavior is attributed to the improvement in surface roughness due to the removal of non-cellulosic composites and impurities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Competitiveness and Sustainability)
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17 pages, 4322 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Cement Mortar
by Yeou-Fong Li, Pei-Jen Tsai, Jin-Yuan Syu, Man-Hoi Lok and Huei-Shiung Chen
Fibers 2023, 11(12), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11120109 - 11 Dec 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3654
Abstract
The 3D printing process is different from traditional construction methods of formwork casting due to the use of additive manufacturing. This study develops a suitable 3D-printed carbon fiber-reinforced cement mortar (CFRCM) considering the extrudability, fluidity, setting time, and buildability of the CFRCM. The [...] Read more.
The 3D printing process is different from traditional construction methods of formwork casting due to the use of additive manufacturing. This study develops a suitable 3D-printed carbon fiber-reinforced cement mortar (CFRCM) considering the extrudability, fluidity, setting time, and buildability of the CFRCM. The difference in compressive strength and flexural strength between 3D-printed specimens and conventional cast specimens was investigated by varying the amount of carbon fiber added (carbon fiber to cement ratio, 2.5 vol.‰, 5 vol.‰, 7.5 vol.‰, and 10 vol.‰) and the curing times (7th day and 28th day). The results of the experiments indicate that the addition of 6 wt.% cement accelerators to the cementitious mortar allows for a controlled initial setting time of approximately half an hour. The fluidity of the CFRCM was controlled by adjusting the dosage of the superplasticizer. When the slump was in the range of 150 mm to 190 mm, the carbon fiber to cement ratio 2.5 vol.‰ could be incorporated into the cementitious mortar, enabling the printing of hollow cylinders with a height of up to 750 mm. Comparing the 3D-printed specimens with the traditionally cast specimens, it was found that the addition of a carbon fiber to cement ratio of 7.5 vol.‰, and 10 vol.‰ resulted in the optimal compressive strength and flexural strength, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers in Concrete Construction: Material Behavior, Design and Strengthening II)
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25 pages, 3449 KiB  
Review
Characterization Specifications for FRP Pultruded Materials: From Constituents to Pultruded Profiles
by Ehsan Harati Khalilabad, Alvaro Ruiz Emparanza, Francisco De Caso, Hossein Roghani, Nima Khodadadi and Antonio Nanni
Fibers 2023, 11(11), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11110093 - 2 Nov 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4568
Abstract
Pultruded FRP composites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional materials like concrete, steel, and timber, especially in corrosive environmental conditions. However, the unique properties of these composites necessitate careful consideration during their implementation, as they differ significantly from conventional materials. Proper [...] Read more.
Pultruded FRP composites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional materials like concrete, steel, and timber, especially in corrosive environmental conditions. However, the unique properties of these composites necessitate careful consideration during their implementation, as they differ significantly from conventional materials. Proper testing and characterization of FRP pultruded materials is key for their efficient and safe implementation. However, the existing specifications are not unified, resulting in ambiguity among stakeholders. This paper aims to bridge this gap by thoroughly reviewing current destructive and non-destructive test methods for FRP pultruded materials, specifications, quality control, and health monitoring of FRP structures. Each subsection is further divided into subtopics, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject. By shedding light on these crucial aspects, this article aims to accelerate the adoption and utilization of these innovative materials in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Fibers in Organic and Inorganic Composite Solutions for Structural Strengthening: Advances, Applications, and Challenges)
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22 pages, 4062 KiB  
Article
Conversion of Animal-Derived Protein By-Products into a New Dual-Layer Nanofiber Biomaterial by Electrospinning Process
by Carmen Gaidău, Maria Râpă, Laura Mihaela Stefan, Ecaterina Matei, Andrei Constantin Berbecaru, Cristian Predescu and Liliana Mititelu-Tartau
Fibers 2023, 11(10), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11100087 - 14 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2656
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a dual-layer wound dressing as a new fibrous biomaterial based on the valorization of animal-derived proteins. The first layer was fabricated by the deposition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) loaded with keratin hydrolysate (KH) via a [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to design a dual-layer wound dressing as a new fibrous biomaterial based on the valorization of animal-derived proteins. The first layer was fabricated by the deposition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) loaded with keratin hydrolysate (KH) via a mono-electrospinning process onto a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film, which was used as a support. The second layer consisted of encapsulating a bovine collagen hydrolysate (CH) into poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) through a coaxial electrospinning process, which was added onto the previous layer. This assemblage was characterized by electronic microscopy for morphology and the controlled release of KH. In vitro biocompatibility was evaluated on the L929 (NCTC) murine fibroblasts using quantitative MTT assay and qualitative cell morphological examination after Giemsa staining. Additionally, in vivo biocompatibility methods were used to assess the impact of the biomaterial on white Swiss mice, including the evaluation of hematological, biochemical, and immunological profiles, as well as its impact on oxidative stress. The results revealed a nanofibrous structure for each layer, and the assembled product demonstrated antioxidant activity, controlled release of KH, a high degree of in vitro biocompatibility, negligible hematological and biochemical changes, and minimal impact of certain specific oxidative stress parameters compared to the use of patches with textile support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibers: Biomedical Applications)
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25 pages, 2412 KiB  
Review
Overcoming Challenges and Limitations Regarding the Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Mechanical Characterization of Nanofibers
by Stylianos Vasileios Kontomaris, Andreas Stylianou, Georgios Chliveros and Anna Malamou
Fibers 2023, 11(10), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11100083 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4367
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool that enables imaging and nanomechanical properties characterization of biological materials. Nanofibers are the structural units of many biological systems and their role in the development of advanced biomaterials is crucial. AFM methods have proven to [...] Read more.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool that enables imaging and nanomechanical properties characterization of biological materials. Nanofibers are the structural units of many biological systems and their role in the development of advanced biomaterials is crucial. AFM methods have proven to be effective towards the characterization of fibers with respect to biological and bioengineering applications at the nanoscale. However, both the topographical and mechanical properties’ nanocharacterizations of single fibers using AFM are challenging procedures. In particular, regarding imaging procedures, significant artifacts may arise from tip convolution effects. The geometrical characteristics of the AFM tip and the nanofibers, and the fact that they have similar magnitudes, may lead to significant errors regarding the topographical imaging. In addition, the determination of the mechanical properties of nanofibers is also challenging due to their small dimensions and heterogeneity (i.e., the elastic half-space assumption is not valid in most cases). This review elucidates the origins of errors in characterizing individual nanofibers, while also providing strategies to address limitations in experimental procedures and data processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibers: Biomedical Applications)
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24 pages, 9868 KiB  
Review
Analytical Methods for the Identification and Quantitative Determination of Wool and Fine Animal Fibers: A Review
by Marina Zoccola, Parag Bhavsar, Anastasia Anceschi and Alessia Patrucco
Fibers 2023, 11(8), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11080067 - 2 Aug 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5479
Abstract
The identification and quantitative determination of wool and fine animal fibers are of great interest in the textile field because of the significant price differences between them and common impurities in raw and processed textiles. Since animal fibers have remarkable similarities in their [...] Read more.
The identification and quantitative determination of wool and fine animal fibers are of great interest in the textile field because of the significant price differences between them and common impurities in raw and processed textiles. Since animal fibers have remarkable similarities in their chemical and physical characteristics, specific identification methods have been studied and proposed following advances in analytical technologies. The identification methods of wool and fine animal fibers are reviewed in this paper, and the results of relevant studies are listed and summarized, starting from classical microscopy methods, which are still used today not only in small to medium enterprises but also in large industries, research studies and quality control laboratories. Particular attention has been paid to image analysis, Nir spectroscopy and proteomics, which constitute the most promising technologies of quality control in the manufacturing and trading of luxury textiles and can find application in forensic science and archeology. Full article
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19 pages, 3438 KiB  
Article
Failure Mode Prediction of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Walls Retrofitted with Cementitious Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM)
by Athanasia K. Thomoglou, Martha A. Karabini, Dimitra V. Achillopoulou, Theodoros C. Rousakis and Constantin E. Chalioris
Fibers 2023, 11(6), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11060053 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3290
Abstract
The brittle failure of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls when subjected to in-plane loads present low shear strength remains a critical issue. The investigation presented in this paper touches on the retrofitting of URM structures with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM), which enables shifting the shear [...] Read more.
The brittle failure of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls when subjected to in-plane loads present low shear strength remains a critical issue. The investigation presented in this paper touches on the retrofitting of URM structures with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM), which enables shifting the shear failure mode from a brittle to a pseudo-ductile mode. Despite many guidelines for applying composite materials for retrofitting and predicting the performance of strengthened structures, the application of TRM systems in masonry walls is not extensively described. A thorough retrospect of the literature is presented, containing research results relating to different masonry walls, e.g., bricks, cement, and stone blocks strengthened with TRM jackets and subjected to diagonal compression loads. The critical issue of this study is the failure mode of the retrofitted masonry walls. Available prediction models are presented, and their predictions are compared to the experimental results based on their failure modes. The novelty of this study is the more accurate failure mode prediction of reinforced masonry with TRM and also of the shear strength with the proposed model, Thomoglou et al., 2020, at an optimal level compared to existing regulations and models. The novel prediction model estimates the shear failure mode of the strengthened wall while considering the contribution of all components, e.g., block, render mortar, strengthening textile, and cementitious matrix, by modifying the expressions of the Eurocode 8 provisions. The results have shown that the proposed model presents an optimum accuracy in predicting the failure mode of all different masonry walls strengthened with various TRM jackets and could be taken into account in the regulations for reliable forecasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Mortars in Repair/Strengthening Methods of Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Structural Members)
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15 pages, 3866 KiB  
Article
The Exothermic Effects of Textile Fibers during Changes in Environmental Humidity: A Comparison between ISO:16533 and Dynamic Hot Plate Test Method
by Faisal Abedin and Emiel DenHartog
Fibers 2023, 11(5), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050047 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3900
Abstract
The exothermic effects of high regain fiber types have been described before; yet, there have not been reliable tests to demonstrate these effects on the human body. Most test methods focus on steady-state measurements; therefore, these exothermic effects during changes in environmental humidity [...] Read more.
The exothermic effects of high regain fiber types have been described before; yet, there have not been reliable tests to demonstrate these effects on the human body. Most test methods focus on steady-state measurements; therefore, these exothermic effects during changes in environmental humidity are typically not analyzed or quantified. We have conducted a set of fabric tests that shows the connection between the exothermic effect of water vapor uptake and its consequence for heat loss through the fabric in transient conditions. We have performed the ISO:16533 standard test, a dynamic hot plate test developed by Naylor to measure the exothermic property of the fabric, and dynamic regain tests to connect the dots between these tests and the water vapor uptake phenomenon. Although the ISO:16533 test method tends to show the temperature increase in fibers, it cannot differentiate between the hygroscopic fiber (wool, viscose, cotton) types (p > 0.001). In addition, sensor size and sample folding techniques could impact the temperature increase. On the other hand, the Naylor hot plate test showed a greater difference in heat release among the fiber types (wool showed 20% higher heat release than viscose, 50% more than cotton), although the relative humidity changes in the chamber take time, which might not reflect a step-wise change in humidity. So far, these test methods have proven to be the most reliable for determining the exothermic behavior of textile fiber. However, these test methods still have limitations and cannot simulate realistic environmental conditions considering an instantaneous change in the environment. This paper reflects the comparison between the two test methods and recommends directions to accurately address the theory of water vapor uptake under dynamic conditions. Full article
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17 pages, 4174 KiB  
Article
Elementary Liber Fibres Characterisation: Bias from the Noncylindricity and Morphological Evolution along the Fibre
by Marie Grégoire, Emmanuel De Luycker and Pierre Ouagne
Fibers 2023, 11(5), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050045 - 15 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1777
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the influence of noncircularity along with cross-sectional area evolution on the measurement of the mechanical properties of elementary fibres. First, we focus on the cross-sectional area measurement and compare the circular assumption with the elliptical one using an [...] Read more.
In this work, we investigate the influence of noncircularity along with cross-sectional area evolution on the measurement of the mechanical properties of elementary fibres. First, we focus on the cross-sectional area measurement and compare the circular assumption with the elliptical one using an ombroscopic device that allows the measurement of the projected diameters along the fibre as the fibre rotates around its axis, the fibre dimensional analysis system (FDAS). The results highlight important approximations to the cross-sectional area evaluation for fibres with noncircular cross sections, leading to reduced elastic modulus and stress at failure evaluated by the standard method. Additionally, results from the FDAS are used to evaluate the twist inside an individual fibre when the cross sections are sufficiently elliptical. A numerical model based on the real measured dimensions of the fibres is developed to illustrate and visualize this nonuniformity and to more accurately identify the elastic modulus. The results obtained lead us to an analytical approach that takes into account the evolution of the cross-sectional area along the fibre for a better identification of the stiffness and modulus of elasticity, which maximizes the identified mechanical properties on average by 12% for the modulus and 200% for the stress at failure. Finally, recommendations are formulated to better account for the variability along a fibre in order to evaluate the cross-sectional area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Composite Process)
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42 pages, 15346 KiB  
Review
A Review of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bridges
by Jawed Qureshi
Fibers 2023, 11(5), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050040 - 4 May 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 15036
Abstract
Fibre-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) offer various benefits for bridge construction. Lightweight, durability, design flexibility and fast erection in inaccessible areas are their unique selling points for bridge engineering. FRPs are used in four bridge applications: (1) FRP rebars/tendons in concrete; (2) repair and [...] Read more.
Fibre-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) offer various benefits for bridge construction. Lightweight, durability, design flexibility and fast erection in inaccessible areas are their unique selling points for bridge engineering. FRPs are used in four bridge applications: (1) FRP rebars/tendons in concrete; (2) repair and strengthening of existing bridges; (3) new hybrid–FRP bridges with conventional materials and (4) all–FRP composite new bridges made entirely of FRP materials. This paper reviews FRP bridges, including all–FRP and hybrid–FRP bridges. FRP bridges’ history, materials, processes and bridge components—deck, girder, truss, moulded parts and cables/rebars are considered. This paper does not discuss the use of FRP as an architectural element and a strengthening system. While lack of design codes, material specifications and recycling are the major challenges, the high cost of FRPs still remains the most critical barrier to the progress of FRPs in bridges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Review Papers of Fibers)
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40 pages, 4925 KiB  
Review
Mechanical Properties and Morphological Alterations in Fiber-Based Scaffolds Affecting Tissue Engineering Outcomes
by James Dolgin, Samerender Nagam Hanumantharao, Stephen Farias, Carl G. Simon, Jr. and Smitha Rao
Fibers 2023, 11(5), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050039 - 29 Apr 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4845
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile tool used to produce highly customizable nonwoven nanofiber mats of various fiber diameters, pore sizes, and alignment. It is possible to create electrospun mats from synthetic polymers, biobased polymers, and combinations thereof. The post-processing of the end products can [...] Read more.
Electrospinning is a versatile tool used to produce highly customizable nonwoven nanofiber mats of various fiber diameters, pore sizes, and alignment. It is possible to create electrospun mats from synthetic polymers, biobased polymers, and combinations thereof. The post-processing of the end products can occur in many ways, such as cross-linking, enzyme linking, and thermal curing, to achieve enhanced chemical and physical properties. Such multi-factor tunability is very promising in applications such as tissue engineering, 3D organs/organoids, and cell differentiation. While the established methods involve the use of soluble small molecules, growth factors, stereolithography, and micro-patterning, electrospinning involves an inexpensive, labor un-intensive, and highly scalable approach to using environmental cues, to promote and guide cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. By influencing cell morphology, mechanosensing, and intracellular communication, nanofibers can affect the fate of cells in a multitude of ways. Ultimately, nanofibers may have the potential to precisely form whole organs for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cellular agriculture, as well as to create in vitro microenvironments. In this review, the focus will be on the mechanical and physical characteristics such as porosity, fiber diameter, crystallinity, mechanical strength, alignment, and topography of the nanofiber scaffolds, and the impact on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibers: Biomedical Applications)
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17 pages, 4767 KiB  
Article
Production of Long Hemp Fibers Using the Flax Value Chain
by Lola Pinsard, Nathalie Revol, Henri Pomikal, Emmanuel De Luycker and Pierre Ouagne
Fibers 2023, 11(5), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050038 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4599
Abstract
Hemp is finding a strong renewal of interest in the production of fine fibers for garment textiles. This resource of long-line fibers would come as a complement to the highly demanded flax fibers, whose large production in the north-west of Europe cannot be [...] Read more.
Hemp is finding a strong renewal of interest in the production of fine fibers for garment textiles. This resource of long-line fibers would come as a complement to the highly demanded flax fibers, whose large production in the north-west of Europe cannot be extended. In Normandy, where a complete industrial value chain exists for flax, it is intended to adapt it to hemp, and this was demonstrated from the field to the scutched fibers with a complete value chain. In this region, early harvesting is necessary to leave enough time for dew-retting and permit dry storage of stems before mid-September. An early-flowering variety (USO-31) was harvested using dedicated hemp equipment to obtain a 1 m parallel and aligned windrow that can be further processed by flax equipment. The scutching process as well as the fiber’s morphological and mechanical properties were particularly studied. Adapted scutching process parameters with reduced advancing speed and beating turbine velocity led to long fiber yields of about 18% of the stem mass. Stem yields were reaching about 6 tons/ha leading to a production of 1.1 tons/ha of long fibers. The tensile properties of the long fibers were highly sufficient for textile applications, and their thickness after hackling was in the range suitable for the production of fine yarns. Compared to other crops grown in Normandy, the hemp as produced in this 2020 case study provides good incomes to the farmer, higher than traditional crops such as wheat or barley, and the results of this study should encourage farmers to grow hemp for textile purposes. Full article
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25 pages, 10545 KiB  
Article
An Electromechanical Impedance-Based Application of Realtime Monitoring for the Load-Induced Flexural Stress and Damage in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
by Maria C. Naoum, George M. Sapidis, Nikos A. Papadopoulos and Maristella E. Voutetaki
Fibers 2023, 11(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040034 - 11 Apr 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2792
Abstract
Effective real-time structural health monitoring in concrete structures is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and the timely maintenance of concrete structures. Especially, the presence of discrete fibers in fiber-reinforced concrete restrains crack propagation into small and thin cracks, which increases the difficulty in [...] Read more.
Effective real-time structural health monitoring in concrete structures is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and the timely maintenance of concrete structures. Especially, the presence of discrete fibers in fiber-reinforced concrete restrains crack propagation into small and thin cracks, which increases the difficulty in detecting damage. In this study, an array of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers was applied to study the effects of external load-induced flexural stress and damage in fiber-reinforced concrete beams using the electromechanical impedance (EMI) or electromechanical admittance (EMA) methods. Beams were subjected to a four-point bending test under repeatable loading, while PZTs evaluated corresponding flexural stress and induced damage simultaneously. Due to the influence of the medium’s stress fields in the different types of wave propagation in structural elements, PZT transducers measurements are accordingly affected under variable stress fields, in addition to the effect of the higher level of damage that occurred in the medium. According to the results of the tests, variation in EMA signatures, following flexural stress and gradual damage changes, provided convincing evidence for predicting stress and damage development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Mortars in Repair/Strengthening Methods of Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Structural Members)
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18 pages, 6092 KiB  
Article
Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Behavior of Amorphous Metallic Fibre-Reinforced Cement and Geopolymer Composites
by Faiz Uddin Ahmed Shaikh, Narwinder Singh Kahlon and Attiq Ur Rahman Dogar
Fibers 2023, 11(4), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040031 - 28 Mar 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2403
Abstract
To improve the tensile, flexural, and ductility properties of geopolymer composites, amorphous metallic fibres (AMF) are used to reinforce these composites, and the behavior of these composites at elevated temperatures has been assessed in this study. Four types of composites, i.e., cement, reinforced [...] Read more.
To improve the tensile, flexural, and ductility properties of geopolymer composites, amorphous metallic fibres (AMF) are used to reinforce these composites, and the behavior of these composites at elevated temperatures has been assessed in this study. Four types of composites, i.e., cement, reinforced cement, geopolymer, and reinforced geopolymer composites have been prepared. The composites have been reinforced using AMF with a fibre volume fraction of 0.75%. The composites have been assessed for change in mass loss, cracking, compressive strength, and flexural strength at four elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, and conclusions have been drawn concerning these composites. The results have shown that an increase in temperature has an adverse effect on these composites, and geopolymer composites exhibit higher performance than their counterpart cement composites at elevated temperatures. The mass loss and surface cracking were significantly lower in geopolymer composites, and the fibre reinforcement had a negligible effect on mass loss. Also, the residual compressive and flexural strength of reinforced geopolymer composites was significantly higher than that of the reinforced cement composites. In addition, scanning electron microscopic images also showed that even at higher temperatures, the geopolymer matrix is present on the AMF fibre, which results in higher residual strength than the cement composites in which a negligible amount of matrix is present on the fibres. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
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21 pages, 8315 KiB  
Review
Textile Fabrics as Electromagnetic Shielding Materials—A Review of Preparation and Performance
by Tomasz Blachowicz, Dariusz Wójcik, Maciej Surma, Mirosław Magnuski, Guido Ehrmann and Andrea Ehrmann
Fibers 2023, 11(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11030029 - 15 Mar 2023
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8896
Abstract
Shielding of instruments and humans from electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become increasingly important during the last decades due to more and more machines and devices radiating electromagnetic waves. While several applications can use rigid shields, more flexibility is enabled by developing bendable, drapable, [...] Read more.
Shielding of instruments and humans from electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become increasingly important during the last decades due to more and more machines and devices radiating electromagnetic waves. While several applications can use rigid shields, more flexibility is enabled by developing bendable, drapable, ideally even stretchable EMI shielding. Textile fabrics can have these properties, combined with potentially good mechanical properties, depending on the textile structure and the chosen material. On the other hand, the necessary physical properties, especially conductivity and magnetic properties, cannot be taken for granted in normal textile fabrics. These properties have to be added by conductive yarn or layer coatings, integration of conductive or magnetic fibers, producing intrinsically conductive or magnetic fibers, etc. The article gives a critical comparison of the properties of materials typically used for this purpose, such as intrinsically conductive polymers, metal-coated fabrics and metal wires, MXene coatings, MXene fibers, carbon coatings, and fibers. The review concentrates on thematically suitable papers found in the Web of Science and Google Scholar from the last five years and shows that especially MXenes are highly investigated recently due to their high conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness, while other conductive and magnetic coatings and fibers are nevertheless still interesting for the preparation of EMI shielding textile fabrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
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17 pages, 4939 KiB  
Article
Application of Transformed Cross-Section Method for Analytical Analysis of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with Composite Materials
by Michał Marcin Bakalarz and Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Fibers 2023, 11(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11030024 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3225
Abstract
Due to the high cost of laboratory testing, many researchers are considering developing methods to predict the behavior of unreinforced and reinforced wood beams. This work aims to create either numerical or analytical models useful for extrapolating already conducted tests to other schemes/materials [...] Read more.
Due to the high cost of laboratory testing, many researchers are considering developing methods to predict the behavior of unreinforced and reinforced wood beams. This work aims to create either numerical or analytical models useful for extrapolating already conducted tests to other schemes/materials used as reinforcement. In the case of timber structures, due to the complexity of timber, this task is difficult. The first part of the article presents an analysis of the suitability of using a simplified mathematical model based on the equivalent cross-section method to describe the behavior of unreinforced and reinforced with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite full-size laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams. The theoretical results were compared with the results of conducted experimental tests. The scope of the analysis includes the estimation of modulus of rupture, bending stiffness, and determination of the neutral axis position. The equivalent cross-section method showed good agreement in determining the bending stiffness and neutral axis position of the strengthened sections. However, the suitability of using the equivalent cross-section method to estimate the load-carrying capacity of a cross-section reinforced with fiber composites still needs to be confirmed, which, according to the authors, is due to the differences between the assumed (linear) and actual (nonlinear) strain distribution in the compression zone. The second part uses the equivalent cross-section method to estimate the predicted bending stiffness of LVL beams strengthened with aramid-fibre-reinforced polymer (AFRP), glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP), and ultra-high modulus carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP UHM) sheets. The proposed method can be used for preliminary evaluation of strengthening effectiveness of LVL beams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fibers from Sustainable Precursors)
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19 pages, 4569 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of HEDP.4Na and Different Induced Pouring Angles on Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Composites
by Jingjie Wei, Jianwei Liu, Kamal H. Khayat and Wu-Jian Long
Fibers 2023, 11(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11030023 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3033
Abstract
The poor flexural and damping properties of building materials damages concrete structures and affects their service life when concrete structures are subjected to dynamic loads. Three different dosages (i.e., 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) of organic phosphonates (HEDP.4Na) and different pouring methods (i.e., conventional [...] Read more.
The poor flexural and damping properties of building materials damages concrete structures and affects their service life when concrete structures are subjected to dynamic loads. Three different dosages (i.e., 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) of organic phosphonates (HEDP.4Na) and different pouring methods (i.e., conventional pouring method, 90°-induced pouring method, and 150°-induced pouring method) were designed to improve the flexural and damping performance of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated slag composites (FR-AASC). The enhanced mechanism of HEDP.4Na was revealed by phase analysis (X-ray diffraction, XRD), pore structure analysis (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry, MIP), the heat of hydration, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that 0.3% HEDP.4Na combined with the 150°-induced pouring angle can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the FR-AASC sample compared with the reference group. The sample with 0.3% HEDP.4Na cast by the 150°-induced pouring angle increased compressive and flexural strength, damping energy consumption and storage modulus by 20%, 60%, 78%, and 30%, respectively, compared with the reference sample cast by the conventional pouring methodology. HEDP.4Na reduced the early hydration heat and total porosity of the FR-AASC matrix, modified the fiber–matrix interface transition zone, and increased the frictional energy consumption of steel fibers. Overall, the synergistic effect of HEDP.4Na and the induced pouring methodology significantly improved the flexural and damping properties of FR-AASC. This study can provide a guidance for improving the flexural and damping capacity of FR-AASC and promote the application of FR-AASC in construction engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Building Materials)
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37 pages, 8935 KiB  
Review
Nanofibres in Drug Delivery Applications
by Samia Farhaj, Barbara R. Conway and Muhammad Usman Ghori
Fibers 2023, 11(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020021 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 11856
Abstract
Over the years, scientists have been continually striving to develop innovative solutions to design and fabricate medicines with improved therapeutic potential. Conventional dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, and injections, are limited when exploited for advanced therapeutics, such as drug targeting. To cater [...] Read more.
Over the years, scientists have been continually striving to develop innovative solutions to design and fabricate medicines with improved therapeutic potential. Conventional dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, and injections, are limited when exploited for advanced therapeutics, such as drug targeting. To cater to these limitations, nanofibres have emerged as novel nanomaterials to provide enhanced bioavailability, targeted drug release, extended drug release profile, minimum toxicity, and reduced dosage frequency, which has indisputably improved patient adherence and compliance. This review will concern understanding the potential of drug-loaded nanofibres in drug delivery while comprehending a detailed description of their different production methods. The literature has been thoroughly reviewed to appreciate their potential in developing nanofibrous-based pharmaceutical formulations. Overall, this review has highlighted the importance, versatility, and adaptability of nanofibres in developing medicines with varied drug release kinetics. Several problems must be resolved for their full commercial realisation, such as the drug loading, the initial burst effect, the residual organic solvent, the stability of active agents, and the combined usage of new or existing biocompatible polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Review Papers of Fibers)
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17 pages, 26870 KiB  
Review
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites: A Review
by Vojtěch Růžek, Ardak Mukhamedievna Dostayeva, Janusz Walter, Thomas Grab and Kinga Korniejenko
Fibers 2023, 11(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020017 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6142
Abstract
The article summarizes the state of the art in carbon-reinforced geopolymers. It takes into consideration various types of matrices and types of carbon fibers (CFs). The article shows the growing importance of this composite in the investigation conducted in recent years. Today, it [...] Read more.
The article summarizes the state of the art in carbon-reinforced geopolymers. It takes into consideration various types of matrices and types of carbon fibers (CFs). The article shows the growing importance of this composite in the investigation conducted in recent years. Today, it is one of the most promising modern research areas, taking into account the decrease in the prices of CFs and their appearance on the market waste-based CFs, as well as research on new methods of producing CFs from sustainable precursors. The research methods applied in the article are critical analyses of the literature. The results of the literature analysis are discussed in a comparative context, including production methods and the influence of CFs on geopolymer properties. The potential applications for carbon fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites are shown. Additionally, the current research challenges for geopolymer composites reinforced by CFs are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fibers from Sustainable Precursors)
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28 pages, 6763 KiB  
Article
Reducing Plastic in Consumer Goods: Opportunities for Coarser Wool
by Lisbeth Løvbak Berg, Ingun Grimstad Klepp, Anna Schytte Sigaard, Jan Broda, Monika Rom and Katarzyna Kobiela-Mendrek
Fibers 2023, 11(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020015 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7571
Abstract
Production and use of plastic products have drastically increased during the past decades and their environmental impacts are increasingly spotlighted. At the same time, coarse wool, a by-product of meat and dairy production, goes largely unexploited in the EU. This paper asks why [...] Read more.
Production and use of plastic products have drastically increased during the past decades and their environmental impacts are increasingly spotlighted. At the same time, coarse wool, a by-product of meat and dairy production, goes largely unexploited in the EU. This paper asks why more coarse wool is not used in consumer goods, such as acoustic and sound-absorbing products, garden products, and sanitary products. This is answered through a SWOT analysis of results from a desktop study and interviews with producers of these products made from wool, as well as policy documents relating to wool, waste, textiles, and plastic. Findings show that on a product level, the many inherent properties of wool create opportunities for product development and sustainability improvements and that using the coarser wool represents an opportunity for replacing plastics in many applications as well as for innovation. This is, however, dependent on local infrastructure and small-scale enterprises, but as such, it creates opportunities for local value chains, value creation, and safeguarding of local heritage. The shift to small-scale and local resource utilization requires systemic change on several levels: Here the findings show that policy can incentivize material usage transitions, but that these tools are little employed currently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Competitiveness and Sustainability)
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23 pages, 954 KiB  
Article
Natural and Sustainable? Consumers’ Textile Fiber Preferences
by Anna Schytte Sigaard and Kirsi Laitala
Fibers 2023, 11(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020012 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 17248
Abstract
Textile fibers have become a major issue in the debate on sustainable fashion and clothing consumption. While consumers are encouraged to choose more sustainable and circular textile materials, studies have indicated that a reduction in production and consumption has the greatest potential to [...] Read more.
Textile fibers have become a major issue in the debate on sustainable fashion and clothing consumption. While consumers are encouraged to choose more sustainable and circular textile materials, studies have indicated that a reduction in production and consumption has the greatest potential to reduce the total environmental impact. This can be considered an ecocentric perspective with a focus on degrowth as opposed to a technocentric view where new technologies are expected to solve environmental problems while economic growth continues. Based on a survey in Norway (N = 1284), we investigate how the techno- and ecocentric perspectives impact Norwegian consumers’ fiber preferences and perceptions and the corresponding effects on their clothing consumption. We found that the majority of consumers preferred natural fibers compared to synthetic materials. This contradicts current market practices and the recommendations by material sustainability comparison tools such as the Higg Material Sustainability Index (MSI), where many synthetics receive better ratings than natural fibers. We also found that perceptions of high sustainability regarding fibers were negatively correlated with reduced consumption. Our study suggests that a continued focus on material substitution and other technological measures for reducing climate change will impede the move toward sustainability in the textile sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Competitiveness and Sustainability)
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17 pages, 6739 KiB  
Article
Production and 3D Printing of a Nanocellulose-Based Composite Filament Composed of Polymer-Modified Cellulose Nanofibrils and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for the Fabrication of 3D Complex Shapes
by Feras Dalloul, Jakob Benedikt Mietner and Julien R. G. Navarro
Fibers 2022, 10(10), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10100091 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4185
Abstract
This work aims to produce a 3D-printable bio-based filament composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and chemically modified cellulose nanofibrils. Printing using HDPE as a raw material is challenging due to its massive shrinkage and warping problems. This paper presents a new method to [...] Read more.
This work aims to produce a 3D-printable bio-based filament composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and chemically modified cellulose nanofibrils. Printing using HDPE as a raw material is challenging due to its massive shrinkage and warping problems. This paper presents a new method to overcome those difficulties by enhancing the mechanical properties and achieving better print quality. This was achieved using modified cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as fillers. Firstly, CNF was converted to a CNF-based macroinitiator through an esterification reaction, followed by a surface-initiated single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SI-SET-LRP) of the hydrophobic monomer stearyl acrylate. Poly stearyl acrylate-grafted cellulose nanofibrils, CNF-PSAs, were synthesized, purified and characterized with ATR-FTIR, 13C CP-MAS NMR, FE-SEM and water contact angle measurements. A composite was successfully produced using a twin-screw extruder with a CNF-PSA content of 10 wt.%. Mechanical tests were carried out with tensile testing. An increase in the mechanical properties, up to 23% for the Young’s modulus, was observed. A morphologic analysis also revealed the good matrix/CNF compatibility, as no CNF aggregates could be observed. A reduction in the warping behavior for the composite filament compared to HDPE was assessed using a circular arc method. The 3D printing of complex objects using the CNF-PSA/HDPE filament resulted in better print quality when compared to the object printed with neat HDPE. Therefore, it could be concluded that CNF-PSA was a suitable filler for the reinforcement of HDPE, thus, rendering it suitable for 3D printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives)
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22 pages, 1062 KiB  
Review
Factors of Weave Estimation and the Effect of Weave Structure on Fabric Properties: A Review
by Most. Setara Begum and Rimvydas Milašius
Fibers 2022, 10(9), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10090074 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 12429
Abstract
This paper provides a review of recent studies on the weave factor along with the effect of weave parameters and particularly the weave structure on various properties of woven fabric. The weave structure can be considered as one of the prime parameters that [...] Read more.
This paper provides a review of recent studies on the weave factor along with the effect of weave parameters and particularly the weave structure on various properties of woven fabric. The weave structure can be considered as one of the prime parameters that contributes to the dominant physical and qualitative properties of the woven fabric. This study analyzed not only the parameters that significantly influence the properties of the woven fabric, but also the weave factors for the estimation of the weave that were proposed by earlier scientists. This review paper highlights the impact of weave structure on the physical and mechanical, thermo-physiological and comfort properties, and some special application properties of woven fabrics. This work seeks to serve as a future reference for related research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Review Papers of Fibers)
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15 pages, 8391 KiB  
Article
Simple Synthesis of Fe3O4@-Activated Carbon from Wastepaper for Dispersive Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Their UHPLC–PDA Determination in Human Plasma
by Vincenzo Ferrone, Pantaleone Bruni, Valentino Canale, Leonardo Sbrascini, Francesco Nobili, Giuseppe Carlucci and Stefania Ferrari
Fibers 2022, 10(7), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10070058 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4288
Abstract
In the present society, the recycling and reuse of valuable substances are of utmost importance for economic and environmental purposes. At the same time, there is a pressing need to develop new methods to protect the ecosystem from many human activities, including those [...] Read more.
In the present society, the recycling and reuse of valuable substances are of utmost importance for economic and environmental purposes. At the same time, there is a pressing need to develop new methods to protect the ecosystem from many human activities, including those that have contributed to an ever-increasing presence of pharmaceutical pollutants. In this study, a straightforward approach that applies a magnetic carbon composite for the effective removal of NSAIDs from biological fluids is reported. The composite was produced by recycling wasted handkerchiefs, to provide cellulose to the reactive system and then transformed into carbon via calcination at high temperature. The morphological and structural features of the prepared “Fe3O4@-activated carbon” samples were investigated via thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Magnetic solid-state extraction was carried out to reveal the adsorption capabilities of the magnetic carbon composite and then combined with UHPLC–PDA for the determination and quantification of five NSAIDs (furprofen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, and indomethacin). The method developed herein proved to be fast and accurate. The adsorbent could be reused for up to 10 cycles, without any decrease in performance; thus, it contributes to an intelligent and sustainable economic strategy projected toward minimal waste generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fibers from Sustainable Precursors)
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22 pages, 13230 KiB  
Article
Multifunctional Material Extrusion 3D-Printed Antibacterial Polylactic Acid (PLA) with Binary Inclusions: The Effect of Cuprous Oxide and Cellulose Nanofibers
by Markos Petousis, Nectarios Vidakis, Nikolaos Mountakis, Vassilis Papadakis, Sotiria Kanellopoulou, Aikaterini Gaganatsiou, Nikolaos Stefanoudakis and John Kechagias
Fibers 2022, 10(6), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10060052 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 4483
Abstract
In this work, we present an effective process easily adapted in industrial environments for the development of multifunctional nanocomposites for material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing (3DP). The literature is still very limited in this field, although the interest in such materials is constantly [...] Read more.
In this work, we present an effective process easily adapted in industrial environments for the development of multifunctional nanocomposites for material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing (3DP). The literature is still very limited in this field, although the interest in such materials is constantly increasing. Nanocomposites with binary inclusions were prepared and investigated in this study. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the matrix material, and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used as nanoadditives introduced in the matrix material to enhance the mechanical properties and induce antibacterial performance. Specimens were built according to international standards with a thermomechanical process. Tensile, flexural, impact, and microhardness tests were conducted. The effect on the thermal properties of the matrix material was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopic analysis was conducted. The morphological characteristics were evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) analyses. The antibacterial performance of the prepared nanomaterials was studied against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, with a screening agar well diffusion method. All nanocomposites prepared exhibited biocidal properties against the bacteria tested. The tested PLA/1.0 CNF/0.5 Cu2O material had 51.1% higher tensile strength and 35.9% higher flexural strength than the pure PLA material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
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22 pages, 9453 KiB  
Article
Influence of Different Surfactants on Carbon Fiber Dispersion and the Mechanical Performance of Smart Piezoresistive Cementitious Composites
by Athanasia K. Thomoglou, Maria G. Falara, Fani I. Gkountakou, Anaxagoras Elenas and Constantin E. Chalioris
Fibers 2022, 10(6), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10060049 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4329
Abstract
This experimental study presents the effect of different surfactants on micro-scale carbon fiber (CFs) distribution into carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composites (CFRC) in terms of flexural and compressive strength, stiffness, flexural toughness, and strain-sensing ability. Conducting a narrative review of the literature focusing [...] Read more.
This experimental study presents the effect of different surfactants on micro-scale carbon fiber (CFs) distribution into carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composites (CFRC) in terms of flexural and compressive strength, stiffness, flexural toughness, and strain-sensing ability. Conducting a narrative review of the literature focusing on the fibers’ separation, this paper follows a methodology introducing a combination of mechanical and chemical carbon fibers dispersion, as well as the different mixing processes (wet or dry). Three types of surfactants: Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and superplasticizer (SP), were applied to evaluate the CFs distribution in the cement paste matrix. Compressive and flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility of the cement-based composites (CFRC) reinforced with 0.5 wt.% CFs were investigated by three-point bending and compressive tests; flexure tests were also conducted on notched 20 × 20 × 80 mm specimens using the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (L.E.F.M.) theory. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and the piezoresistive response were determined by conducting electrical resistance measurements and applying compressive loading simultaneously. The results clearly reveal that the CFs/SP solution or the CFs’ dry incorporation led to a significant enhancement of flexural strength by 32% and 23.7%, modulus of elasticity by 30% and 20%, and stress-sensing ability by 20.2% and 18.2%, respectively. Although the wet mixing method exhibits improved mechanical and electrical conductivity performance, constituting an adequate strain and crack sensor, the authors propose dry mixing as the most economical method, in addition to the enhanced mechanical and electrical responses. The authors recommend an effective method for structural health monitoring systems combining an economical CFs insertion in cementitious smart sensors with great mechanical and self-sensing responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Mortars in Repair/Strengthening Methods of Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Structural Members)
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16 pages, 3466 KiB  
Review
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding with Electrospun Nanofiber Mats—A Review of Production, Physical Properties and Performance
by Tomasz Blachowicz, Andreas Hütten and Andrea Ehrmann
Fibers 2022, 10(6), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10060047 - 24 May 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5100
Abstract
With a steadily increasing number of machines and devices producing electromagnetic radiation, especially, sensitive instruments as well as humans need to be shielded from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Since ideal shielding materials should be lightweight, flexible, drapable, thin and inexpensive, textile fabrics belong to [...] Read more.
With a steadily increasing number of machines and devices producing electromagnetic radiation, especially, sensitive instruments as well as humans need to be shielded from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Since ideal shielding materials should be lightweight, flexible, drapable, thin and inexpensive, textile fabrics belong to the often-investigated candidates to meet these expectations. Especially, electrospun nanofiber mats are of significant interest since they can not only be produced relatively easily and cost efficiently, but they also enable the embedding of functional nanoparticles in addition to thermal or chemical post-treatments to reach the desired physical properties. This paper gives an overview of recent advances in nanofiber mats for EMI shielding, discussing their production, physical properties and typical characterization techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
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16 pages, 3330 KiB  
Review
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in the Construction of Bridges: Opportunities, Problems and Challenges
by Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski and Wiktor Wciślik
Fibers 2022, 10(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10040037 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 13272
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the basic issues related to the use of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) composites in bridge construction. This modern material is presented in detail in terms of the possibility of application in engineering structures. A general historical outline of the [...] Read more.
In this review, we discuss the basic issues related to the use of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) composites in bridge construction. This modern material is presented in detail in terms of the possibility of application in engineering structures. A general historical outline of the use and development of modern structural materials, such as steel and concrete, is included to introduce composites as a novel material in engineering, and the most important features and advantages of polymers as a construction material are characterized. We also compare FRP to basic structural materials, such as steel and concrete, which enables estimation of the effectiveness of using of FRP polymers as structural material in different applications. The first bridges made of FRP composites are presented and analyzed in terms of applied technological solutions. Examples of structural solutions for deck slabs, girders and other deck elements made of FRP composites are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the systems of deck slabs, especially those composed of pultruded profiles, sandwich panels and hybrid decks. The disadvantages of composites, as well as barriers and limitations in their application in engineering practice, are presented. Exemplary analyses of the costs of construction, maintenance and demolition of FRP composite bridges are presented and compared with the corresponding costs of concrete and steel bridges. The directions of development of composite bridge structures and the greatest challenges facing engineers and constructors in the coming years are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Composite Process)
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16 pages, 6460 KiB  
Article
Influence of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Ropes Applied as External Diagonal Reinforcement on the Shear Deformation of RC Joints
by Chris Karayannis, Emmanouil Golias and George I. Kalogeropoulos
Fibers 2022, 10(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10030028 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3589
Abstract
The use of the innovative material of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced (C-FRP) ropes as external near surface mounted reinforcement for the strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints is studied. The ropes are diagonally applied forming external X-type reinforcements on both sides of the joint body. [...] Read more.
The use of the innovative material of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced (C-FRP) ropes as external near surface mounted reinforcement for the strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints is studied. The ropes are diagonally applied forming external X-type reinforcements on both sides of the joint body. The efficiency of the technique is mainly based on the assumption that the confinement of the joint body due to the applied X-shaped ropes and the contribution of the ropes as shear reinforcement are efficient enough to reduce the shear deformations observed in the joint core during the seismic excitation. Thereof the experimental measurements of the shear deformations of nine full scale beam-column joints tested in cyclic deformations are elaborated and presented herein. The specimens are sorted in two groups. Specimens of group A have been designed in the way that damage is mainly expected in the beam. On the other hand, in order to investigate the efficacy of the use of the ropes for substandard joints the group B specimens have been designed in the way that cracks and some damages are expected to develop in the joint body. Systematic and extended comparative presentations for specimens with and without ropes proved in all the examined cases that the externally mounted C-FRP ropes kept the joint body intact and substantially reduced the shear deformations especially in high drifts. Moreover, the influence of the externally mounted X-shaped C-FRP ropes on the seismic behaviour of these specimens is also examined in terms of the developing principal tensile stresses inside the joint body. From the comparisons of the principal stresses developing in specimens with and without X-form C-FRP ropes it became quite obvious that the ropes kept the joint body intact and allowed the development of higher values of principal stresses comparing with the stresses developing in specimens without ropes. Full article
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29 pages, 5812 KiB  
Review
A Review of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Structures
by Jawed Qureshi
Fibers 2022, 10(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10030027 - 8 Mar 2022
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 16304
Abstract
This paper reviews Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites in Civil Engineering applications. Three FRP types are used in Structural Engineering: FRP profiles for new construction, FRP rebars and FRP strengthening systems. Basic materials (fibres and resins), manufacturing processes and material properties are discussed. [...] Read more.
This paper reviews Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites in Civil Engineering applications. Three FRP types are used in Structural Engineering: FRP profiles for new construction, FRP rebars and FRP strengthening systems. Basic materials (fibres and resins), manufacturing processes and material properties are discussed. The focus of the paper is on all-FRP new-build structures and their joints. All-FRP structures use pultruded FRP profiles. Their connections and joints use bolting, bonding or a combination of both. For plate-to-pate connections, effects of geometry, fibre direction, type and rate of loading, bolt torque and bolt hole clearance, and washers on failure modes and strength are reviewed. FRP beam-columns joints are also reviewed. The joints are divided into five categories: web cleated, web and flange cleated, high strength, plate bolted and box profile joints. The effect of both static and cyclic loading on joints is studied. The joints’ failure modes are also discussed. Full article
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17 pages, 4784 KiB  
Article
Ductility and Stiffness of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with Fibrous Composites
by Michał Marcin Bakalarz and Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Fibers 2022, 10(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020021 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4159
Abstract
The paper presents the results of experimental research on unstrengthened and strengthened laminated veneer beams subjected to 4-point bending. Aramid, glass and carbon sheets with high tensile strength (HS) and ultra-high modulus of elasticity (UHM) glued to external surfaces with an epoxy resin [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of experimental research on unstrengthened and strengthened laminated veneer beams subjected to 4-point bending. Aramid, glass and carbon sheets with high tensile strength (HS) and ultra-high modulus of elasticity (UHM) glued to external surfaces with an epoxy resin adhesive were used as reinforcement. Two reinforcement layouts were used: (1) sheets glued along the bottom surface and (2) sheets glued to the bottom and side surfaces. Based on the test results, the flexural strength, flexural ductility and stiffness were estimated. Compared to the reference beams, the maximum bending moment was higher by 15%, 20%, 30% and by 16%, 22% and 35% for the Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers (AFRP), Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) HS sheets, respectively. There was no significant increase in the flexural bending capacity for beams reinforced with UHM CFRP sheets. Similar values of bending ductility indices based on deflection and energy absorption were obtained. Higher increases in ductility were observed for AFRP, GFRP and CFRP HS sheets in “U” reinforcement layout. The average increase in bending stiffness coefficient ranged from 8% for AFRP sheets to 33% for UHM CFRP sheets compared to the reference beams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Composite Process)
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13 pages, 3449 KiB  
Article
Chemical Transformation of Lignosulfonates to Lignosulfonamides with Improved Thermal Characteristics
by Karolina Komisarz, Tomasz M. Majka and Krzysztof Pielichowski
Fibers 2022, 10(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020020 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4171
Abstract
Lignin is an abundantly occurring aromatic biopolymer that receives increasing attention as, e.g., a biofiller in polymer composites. Though its structure depends on the plant source, it is a valuable component showing biodegradability, antioxidant, and ultra-violet (UV) absorption properties. Lignosulfonates, a by-product of [...] Read more.
Lignin is an abundantly occurring aromatic biopolymer that receives increasing attention as, e.g., a biofiller in polymer composites. Though its structure depends on the plant source, it is a valuable component showing biodegradability, antioxidant, and ultra-violet (UV) absorption properties. Lignosulfonates, a by-product of the paper and pulping industries formed as a result of the implementation of the sulfite process, have been used in the presented study as a raw material to obtain a sulfonamide derivative of lignin. Hereby, a two-step modification procedure is described. The obtained materials were investigated by means of FTIR, WAXD, SS-NMR, SEM, and TGA; the results of spectroscopic investigations confirm the formation of a sulfonamide derivative of lignin via the proposed modification method. The obtained modified lignin materials showed significantly improved thermal stability in comparison with the raw material. The internal structure of the lignosulfonate was not altered during the modification process, with only slight changes of the morphology, as confirmed by the WAXD and SEM analyses. The manufactured sulfonamide lignin derivatives show great promise in the potential application as an antibacterial filler in advanced biopolymeric composites. Full article
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12 pages, 760 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Kraft Pulping Process, Wood Species, and pH on Lignin Recovery from Black Liquor
by Juliana M. Jardim, Peter W. Hart, Lucian A. Lucia, Hasan Jameel and Hou-min Chang
Fibers 2022, 10(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020016 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7884
Abstract
Lignin has shown a great potential to produce fuels, value-added chemicals, and functional materials due to its high-energy density and intrinsic aromatic-based structure. Yet, the lignin precipitation of different biomasses needs investigation because most of the work has been performed on softwood and [...] Read more.
Lignin has shown a great potential to produce fuels, value-added chemicals, and functional materials due to its high-energy density and intrinsic aromatic-based structure. Yet, the lignin precipitation of different biomasses needs investigation because most of the work has been performed on softwood and much less is known about hardwoods. In fact, the lignin from these two wooden biomasses vary in composition and pulping performance, which can reflect on lignin precipitation. Therefore, the present study investigated the precipitation and composition of 40 distinct kraft lignins obtained from pine, acacia, sweetgum, and eucalyptus black liquors. Two lignin fractions were precipitated at different pHs, according to known industrial lignin separation practices (pH = 9.5 and 2.5) from black liquors taken at different levels of pulping. Overall, lignin recovery increased with increasing lignin concentration in the black liquor, i.e., higher amounts of lignin were obtained at higher levels of delignification. In addition, pine lignins showed superior yields than the hardwoods and were around five times purer. Among the hardwoods, lignin recovery increased with the S–G ratio of the native lignin, and eucalyptus showed the best performance by achieving the highest yields and purities. Finally, the present work compared the lignin recovery yield and the purity of softwood and different hardwood lignins in a systematic way, which will increase awareness of this underutilized green material and could potentially increase the interest in establishing new lignin plants across the globe. Full article
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27 pages, 5506 KiB  
Review
Application of Electrospun Nonwoven Fibers in Air Filters
by Iman Azarian Borojeni, Grzegorz Gajewski and Reza A. Riahi
Fibers 2022, 10(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020015 - 8 Feb 2022
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 7692
Abstract
Air filtration has seen a sizable increase in the global market this past year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanofiber nonwoven mats are able to reach certain efficiencies with a low-pressure drop, have a very high surface area to volume ratio, filter out [...] Read more.
Air filtration has seen a sizable increase in the global market this past year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanofiber nonwoven mats are able to reach certain efficiencies with a low-pressure drop, have a very high surface area to volume ratio, filter out submicron particulates, and can customize the fiber material to better suit its purpose. Although electrospinning nonwoven mats have been very well studied and documented there are not many papers that combine them. This review touches on the various ways to manufacture nonwoven mats for use as an air filter, with an emphasis on electrospinning, the mechanisms by which the fibrous nonwoven air filter stops particles passing through, and ways that the nonwoven mats can be altered by morphology, structure, and material parameters. Metallic, ceramic, and organic nanoparticle coatings, as well as electrospinning solutions with these same materials and their properties and effects of air filtration, are explored. Full article
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18 pages, 11758 KiB  
Review
Vascular Graft Infections: An Overview of Novel Treatments Using Nanoparticles and Nanofibers
by Emma He, Stefano Serpelloni, Phillip Alvear, Maham Rahimi and Francesca Taraballi
Fibers 2022, 10(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020012 - 1 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6243
Abstract
Vascular disease in elderly patients is a growing health concern, with an estimated prevalence of 15–20% in patients above 70 years old. Current treatment for vascular diseases requires the use of a vascular graft (VG) to revascularize lower or upper extremities, create dialysis [...] Read more.
Vascular disease in elderly patients is a growing health concern, with an estimated prevalence of 15–20% in patients above 70 years old. Current treatment for vascular diseases requires the use of a vascular graft (VG) to revascularize lower or upper extremities, create dialysis access, treat aortic aneurysms, and repair dissection. However, postoperative infection is a major complication associated with the use of these VG, often necessitating several operations to achieve complete or partial graft excision, vascular coverage, and extra-anatomical revascularization. There is also a high risk of morbidity, mortality, and limb loss. Therefore, it is important to develop a method to prevent or reduce the incidence of these infections. Numerous studies have investigated the efficacy of antibiotic- and antiseptic-impregnated grafts. In comparison to these traditional methods of creating antimicrobial grafts, nanotechnology enables researchers to design more efficient VG. Nanofibers and nanoparticles have a greater surface area compared to bulk materials, allowing for more efficient encapsulation of antibiotics and better control over their temporo-spatial release. The disruptive potential of nanofibers and nanoparticles is exceptional, and they could pave the way for a new generation of prosthetic VG. This review aims to discuss how nanotechnology is shaping the future of cardiovascular-related infection management. Full article
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26 pages, 3602 KiB  
Review
Bond between Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Tubes and Sea Water Sea Sand Concrete: Mechanisms and Effective Parameters: Critical Overview and Discussion
by Johanna Dorothea Luck, Milad Bazli and Ali Rajabipour
Fibers 2022, 10(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10010008 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3903
Abstract
Using fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in construction avoids corrosion issues associated with the use of traditional steel reinforcement, while seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) reduces environmental issues and resource shortages caused by the production of traditional concrete. The paper gives an overview of [...] Read more.
Using fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in construction avoids corrosion issues associated with the use of traditional steel reinforcement, while seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) reduces environmental issues and resource shortages caused by the production of traditional concrete. The paper gives an overview of the current research on the bond performance between FRP tube and concrete with particular focus on SWSSC. The review follows a thematic broad-to-narrow approach. It reflects on the current research around the significance and application of FRP and SWSSC and discusses important issues around the bond strength and cyclic behaviour of tubular composites. A review of recent studies of bond strength between FRP and concrete and steel and concrete under static or cyclic loading using pushout tests is presented. In addition, the influence of different parameters on the pushout test results are summarised. Finally, recommendations for future studies are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers in Concrete Construction: Material Behavior, Design and Strengthening)
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23 pages, 9034 KiB  
Article
Cracking Diagnosis in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Synthetic Fibers Using Piezoelectric Transducers
by Maristella E. Voutetaki, Maria C. Naoum, Nikos A. Papadopoulos and Constantin E. Chalioris
Fibers 2022, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10010005 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 5910
Abstract
The addition of short fibers in concrete mass offers a composite material with advanced properties, and fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a promising alternative in civil engineering applications. Recently, structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage diagnosis of FRC has received increasing attention. In this [...] Read more.
The addition of short fibers in concrete mass offers a composite material with advanced properties, and fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a promising alternative in civil engineering applications. Recently, structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage diagnosis of FRC has received increasing attention. In this work, the effectiveness of a wireless SHM system to detect damage due to cracking is addressed in FRC with synthetic fibers under compressive repeated load. In FRC structural members, cracking propagates in small and thin cracks due to the presence of the dispersed fibers and, therefore, the challenge of damage detection is increasing. An experimental investigation on standard 150 mm cubes made of FRC is applied at specific and loading levels where the cracks probably developed in the inner part of the specimens, whereas no visible cracks appeared on their surface. A network of small PZT patches, mounted to the surface of the FRC specimen, provides dual-sensing function. The remotely controlled monitoring system vibrates the PZT patches, acting as actuators by an amplified harmonic excitation voltage. Simultaneously, it monitors the signal of the same PZTs acting as sensors and, after processing the voltage frequency response of the PZTs, it transmits them wirelessly and in real time. FRC cracking due to repeated loading ad various compressive stress levels induces change in the mechanical impedance, causing a corresponding change on the signal of each PZT. The influence of the added synthetic fibers on the compressive behavior and the damage-detection procedure is examined and discussed. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed damage-diagnosis approach for the prognosis of final cracking performance and failure is investigated. The objectives of the study also include the development of a reliable quantitative assessment of damage using the statistical index values at various points of PZT measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites as Concrete Reinforcement)
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24 pages, 10895 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation and Modelling of the Layered Concrete with Different Concentration of Short Fibers in the Layers
by Vitalijs Lusis, Olga Kononova, Arturs Macanovskis, Rimvydas Stonys, Inga Lasenko and Andrejs Krasnikovs
Fibers 2021, 9(12), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9120076 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3979
Abstract
The use of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) in structures with high physical-mechanical characteristics allows engineers to reduce the weight and costs of the structures, to simplify the technology of their production, to reduce or completely eliminate the manual labor needed for reinforcement, [...] Read more.
The use of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) in structures with high physical-mechanical characteristics allows engineers to reduce the weight and costs of the structures, to simplify the technology of their production, to reduce or completely eliminate the manual labor needed for reinforcement, at the same time increasing reliability and durability. Commonly accepted technology is exploiting randomly distributed in the concrete volume fibers with random each fiber orientation. In structural members subjected to bending, major loads are bearing fibers located close to outer member surfaces. The majority of fibers are slightly loaded. The aim of the present research is to create an SFRC construction with non-homogeneously distributed fibers. We prepared layered SFRC prismatic specimens. Each layer had different amount of short fibers. Specimens were tested by four point bending till the rupture. Material fracture process was modelled based on the single fiber pull-out test results. Modelling results were compared with the experimental curves for beams. Predictions generated by the model were validated by 4PBT of 100 × 100 × 400 mm prisms. Investigation had shown higher load-bearing capacity of layered concrete plates comparing with plate having homogeneously distributed the same amount of fibers. This mechanism is strongly dependent on fiber concentration. A high amount of fibers is leading to new failure mechanisms—pull-out of FRC blocks and decrease of load-bearing capacity. Fracture surface analysis was realized for broken prisms with the goal to analyze fracture process and to improve accuracy of the elaborated model. The general conclusion with regard to modelling results is that the agreement with experimental data is good, numeric modelling results successfully align with the experimental data. Modelling has indicated the existence of additional failure processes besides simple fiber pull-out, which could be expected when fiber concentration exceeds the critical value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites)
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13 pages, 4726 KiB  
Article
Environmentally Benign Phytic Acid-Based Nanocoating for Multifunctional Flame-Retardant/Antibacterial Cotton
by Eva Magovac, Bojana Vončina, Ana Budimir, Igor Jordanov, Jaime C. Grunlan and Sandra Bischof
Fibers 2021, 9(11), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9110069 - 31 Oct 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3985
Abstract
Environmentally benign layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition was used to obtain flame-retardant and antimicrobial cotton. Cotton was coated with 8, 10, and 12 phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH)-urea bilayers (BL) and then immersed into copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution. Our findings were [...] Read more.
Environmentally benign layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition was used to obtain flame-retardant and antimicrobial cotton. Cotton was coated with 8, 10, and 12 phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH)-urea bilayers (BL) and then immersed into copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution. Our findings were that 12 BL of PA/CH-urea + Cu2+ were able to stop flame on cotton during vertical flammability testing (VFT) with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26%. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) data showed a reduction of peak heat release rates (pHRR) of more than 61%, while the reduction of total heat release (THR) was more than 54%, relative to untreated cotton. TG-IR analysis of 12 BL-treated cotton showed the release of water, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aldehydes, while by adding Cu2+ ions, the treated cotton produces a lower amount of methane. Treated cotton also showed no levoglucosan. The intumescent behavior of the treatment was indicated by the bubbled structure of the post-burn char. Antibacterial testing showed a 100% reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, cotton was successfully functionalized with a multifunctional ecologically benign flame-retardant and antibacterial nanocoating, by means of LbL deposition. Full article
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13 pages, 3742 KiB  
Article
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Enhanced Production of Cellulose Nanofibrils
by Yunsang Kim, Lauren T. McCoy, Corbin Feit, Shuaib A. Mubarak, Suraj Sharma and Sergiy Minko
Fibers 2021, 9(9), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9090057 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6244
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were produced by high-pressure homogenization from kraft pulp in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) of varying molecular weights. CNF pretreated with 250 kD CMC exhibited the maximum specific surface area (SSA) of 641 m2/g, which is comparable [...] Read more.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were produced by high-pressure homogenization from kraft pulp in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) of varying molecular weights. CNF pretreated with 250 kD CMC exhibited the maximum specific surface area (SSA) of 641 m2/g, which is comparable to that of CNF pretreated by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-meditated oxidation with a high degree of fibrillation. Rheological and microscopic analyses also indicated a high level of fibrillation for the CMC-pretreated CNF. In contrast, the reference CNF without the CMC pretreatment showed a lower level of fibrillation, which was reflected in decreased viscosity and the reduction of SSA by a factor of 19. With the high-degree fibrillation and low toxicity, the CMC pretreatment is a promising method for the production of high-quality CNF in an environmentally friendly way. Full article
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18 pages, 14077 KiB  
Article
Insight into the Effects of Solvent Treatment of Natural Fibers Prior to Structural Composite Casting: Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Evaluation
by Ali Abbass, Maria C. Paiva, Daniel V. Oliveira, Paulo B. Lourenço and Raul Fangueiro
Fibers 2021, 9(9), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9090054 - 1 Sep 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5942
Abstract
This paper presents an optimized washing protocol for as-received natural fibers, prior to large-scale composite manufacturing, for the structural strengthening of historic masonry. The aim was to achieve a simple protocol for standard cleaning of fiber surfaces from low molecular weight constituents that [...] Read more.
This paper presents an optimized washing protocol for as-received natural fibers, prior to large-scale composite manufacturing, for the structural strengthening of historic masonry. The aim was to achieve a simple protocol for standard cleaning of fiber surfaces from low molecular weight constituents that may be detrimental towards interfacial strength without damaging the fibers. The proposed procedure employs the application of the solvent sequence: ethanol, acetone, hexane, with optimized incubation times and stirring conditions. Additionally, this procedure may change the surface of the fiber, thereby enhancing the durability of the fiber-matrix interface. The washing protocol resulted in an increase of tensile strength by 56%, 52% and 22% for flax, hemp and sisal fibers, respectively, as compared to the corresponding non-washed fibers, without loss of elongation. The static contact angle measurements confirmed exposure of a higher fraction of the hydrophilic crystalline cellulose, with a higher wettability observed after washing protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibres in Construction: Mechanical Modelling and Characterisation)
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30 pages, 3992 KiB  
Article
ANN-Based Model for the Prediction of the Bond Strength between FRP and Concrete
by Alessio Cascardi and Francesco Micelli
Fibers 2021, 9(7), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9070046 - 6 Jul 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4208
Abstract
In the last decades, the uses of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the structural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures have become the state of the art, providing a valid alternative to the traditional use of steel plates. These relatively new materials [...] Read more.
In the last decades, the uses of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the structural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures have become the state of the art, providing a valid alternative to the traditional use of steel plates. These relatively new materials present, in fact, great advantages, including high corrosion resistance in aggressive environments, low specific weight, high strength-to-mass-density ratio, magnetic and electric neutrality, low axial coefficient of thermal expansion and sustainable costs of installation. In flexural and shear strengthening of RC members, the effectiveness of the epoxy bonded FRP strongly depends on the adhesion forces exchanged with the concrete substrate. When the flexural moment is present, the FRP strengthening is activated through the stress transfer on the tension side, which is guaranteed by the contact beam region to which the adhesive is bonded to the beam itself. Hence, the determination of the maximum forces that cause debonding of the FRP-plate becomes crucial for a proper design. Over the years, many different analytical models have been provided in the scientific literature. Most of them are based on the calibration of the narrow experimental database. Now, hundreds of experimental results are available. The main goal of the current study is to present and discuss an alternative theoretical formulation for predicting the debonding force in an FRP-plate, epoxy-bonded to the concrete substrate by using an artificial neural networks (ANNs) approach. For this purpose, an extensive study of the state of the art, reporting the results of single lap shear tests, is also reported and discussed. The robustness of the proposed analytical model was validated by performing a parametric analysis and a comparison with other existing models and international design codes, as shown herein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibres in Construction: Mechanical Modelling and Characterisation)
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15 pages, 5341 KiB  
Article
Application of X-Shaped CFRP Ropes for Structural Upgrading of Reinforced Concrete Beam–Column Joints under Cyclic Loading–Experimental Study
by Emmanouil Golias, Adamantis G. Zapris, Violetta K. Kytinou, Mourhat Osman, Michail Koumtzis, Danai Siapera, Constantin E. Chalioris and Chris G. Karayannis
Fibers 2021, 9(7), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9070042 - 1 Jul 2021
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 6913
Abstract
The effectiveness of externally applied fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) ropes made of carbon fibers in X-shape formation and in both sides of the joint area of reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column connections is experimentally investigated. Six full-scale exterior RC beam–column joint specimens are tested under [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of externally applied fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) ropes made of carbon fibers in X-shape formation and in both sides of the joint area of reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column connections is experimentally investigated. Six full-scale exterior RC beam–column joint specimens are tested under reverse cyclic deformation. Three of them have been strengthened using carbon FRP (CFRP) ropes that have been placed diagonally in the joint as additional, near surface-mounted reinforcements against shear. Full hysteretic curves, maximum applied load capacity, damage modes, stiffness and energy dissipation values per each loading step are presented and compared. Test results indicated that joint sub assemblages with X-shaped CFRP ropes exhibited improved hysteretic behavior and ameliorated performance with respect to the reference specimens. The effectiveness and the easy-to-apply character of the presented strengthening technique is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites as Concrete Reinforcement)
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