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10 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring Causes of Waste Relating to the Role of Project Managers in Highway Projects in Pakistan

by Usman Aftab, Farrokh Jaleel, Mughees Aslam, Muhammad Haroon, Javed Ahmed Khan Tipu and Rafiq Mansoor

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111002 - 14 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The construction industry is struggling to resolve the issue of the enormous quantity of waste produced during construction processes, which impacts the performance and sustainability of projects. Causes of waste generation have been studied by researchers to formulate waste minimization strategies for these [...] Read more.

The construction industry is struggling to resolve the issue of the enormous quantity of waste produced during construction processes, which impacts the performance and sustainability of projects. Causes of waste generation have been studied by researchers to formulate waste minimization strategies for these projects. The research on waste in highway infrastructure projects and waste causes specific to the roles and competencies of project team members is inadequate. This quantitative study addresses this gap by evaluating the influence of project managers (PMs) in minimizing CW through a structured questionnaire survey administered to 300 professionals, yielding 129 valid responses (43% response rate). The results indicate that 8.5% of construction materials are wasted in highway projects. Among four key project stakeholders (PM, quantity surveyor, designer, and client), PMs were rated as having the most significant impact on waste minimization (mean Likert score: 4.5/5). Using the Relative Importance Index (RII), the study identified the top five waste causes linked to PM competencies: faulty work requiring the work to be carried out again (RII = 0.742), wrong construction methods (0.734), lack of awareness (0.731), poor supervision (0.721), and poor material planning (0.706). A waste minimization framework is proposed, linking each of these causes to specific PM competencies and actionable strategies. These findings provide empirical support for targeting PM training and resource planning to reduce material waste in highway construction projects. Full article

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9 pages, 2778 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research on Fault Diagnosis of Gear Transmission Systems Based on Dynamic Transmission Error

by Siliang Wang, Jianlong Wang and Haonan Ren

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111003 - 14 Oct 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

In complex working environments where early fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment is required, interference signals such as ambient vibrations and motor noise can significantly affect the acquisition and analysis of vibration signals and meshing force signals, making it difficult to capture early fault [...] Read more.

In complex working environments where early fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment is required, interference signals such as ambient vibrations and motor noise can significantly affect the acquisition and analysis of vibration signals and meshing force signals, making it difficult to capture early fault features. This paper provides a method for fault diagnosis and identification of typical gear tooth faults by analyzing the influence of meshing stiffness on dynamic transmission error in the gear transmission process. Three-dimensional models of both normal and faulty gear pairs were built using SolidWorks 2021 software and imported into Adams for dynamic simulation to obtain the system’s dynamic transmission error and meshing force data. By training and identifying these two different types of data, the experimental results demonstrate that the identification accuracy using dynamic transmission error is higher than that based on meshing force. Full article

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10 pages, 1528 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preliminary Investigation of Tool Wear When Machining Super Duplex Stainless Steel Using Coated Inserts Under Dry Environment

by Shailendra Pawanr and Kapil Gupta

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111004 - 14 Oct 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

Machining is a fundamental manufacturing process that entails the controlled removal of material from a workpiece to achieve desired shapes and dimensions. Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) 2507 is a high-performance alloy which is notable for its superior mechanical strength and excellent corrosion [...] Read more.

Machining is a fundamental manufacturing process that entails the controlled removal of material from a workpiece to achieve desired shapes and dimensions. Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) 2507 is a high-performance alloy which is notable for its superior mechanical strength and excellent corrosion resistance, making it particularly suitable for deployment in aggressive service environments, including offshore structures, subsea equipment, chemical industries, and marine engineering systems. Its low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and rapid work hardening pose significant challenges during dry machining, leading to accelerated tool wear. This study investigates the dry machining of SDSS 2507 by employing TiAlN-PVD (physical vapor deposition)-coated cutting inserts deposited to address these issues. The Taguchi method of experimental design was employed to evaluate the influence of key machining parameters on tool wear. The results demonstrated that PVD-coated inserts offered excellent wear resistance. Furthermore, the Taguchi signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified feed rate as the primary factor influencing tool wear, with depth of cut and cutting speed ranking as secondary factors. This study highlights the effectiveness of tools with coatings for the dry machining of SDSS 2507-type difficult-to-machine material, offering a reliable solution for enhancing tool life and operational efficiency in industrial applications. Full article

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9 pages, 2017 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Properties of Cu-Al₂O₃ Nanocomposite Materials Synthesized by Mechano-Chemical Process

by Ky-Thanh Ho and Duc-Duy Nguyen

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111005 - 16 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of Cu-(5 vol.%) Al₂O₃ nano-composites via a mechano-chemical process. CuO, Al, and Cu powders were mechanically alloyed for 12 h in an argon atmosphere, leading to the formation of Al₂O₃ [...] Read more.

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of Cu-(5 vol.%) Al₂O₃ nano-composites via a mechano-chemical process. CuO, Al, and Cu powders were mechanically alloyed for 12 h in an argon atmosphere, leading to the formation of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles within the Cu matrix. The composite powders were cold-compressed at pressures ranging from 200 to 400 MPa and sintered at temperatures between 700 °C and 900 °C for 1 to 3 h. X-ray diffraction and EDX analyses confirmed the disappearance of Al peaks, indicating the successful formation of Al₂O₃ in the Cu matrix. SEM images revealed Al₂O₃ particles (~10–20 nm) evenly distributed throughout the composite. The results demonstrated that increasing the compaction pressure from 200 MPa to 400 MPa reduced porosity by over 40%, enhancing microhardness by 30% and electrical conductivity by more than 32%, highlighting the significant influence of processing conditions, while lowering the effects in temperature and duration of sintering. These findings provide novel insights into optimizing Cu-Al₂O₃ composites via mechano-chemical routes. Full article

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12 pages, 46812 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Hybrid Silica Sand–Basalt Rock Thermal Energy Storage for Enhanced Heat Retention and Discharge Control

by Muhammad Imran, Zainab Waseem, Rahaya Tayyab, Hassaan Aziz, Muhammad Anwar and Talha Irfan Khan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111006 - 15 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In order to guarantee energy sustainability, effective thermal energy storage (TES) systems are required due to the volatile nature of renewable energy sources. In order to optimize energy storage capacity and reduce thermal losses, this study addresses a hybrid TES system that combines [...] Read more.

In order to guarantee energy sustainability, effective thermal energy storage (TES) systems are required due to the volatile nature of renewable energy sources. In order to optimize energy storage capacity and reduce thermal losses, this study addresses a hybrid TES system that combines basalt rocks and silica sand. Using ANSYS, a computational transient thermal analysis was conducted to compare conduction and convection heat transfer modes, revealing convection as the more effective mechanism. Six sand–rock mixtures were tested experimentally; the 70% sand and 30% rock combination produced the highest temperature increase (52.38 °C), the highest heat storage capacity (3.21 ± 0.19 MJ), alongside an efficiency of 80.5%. This hybrid system had a very low discharge rate (0.24 ± 0.036 MJ lost in one hour), outlining its potential for integration with renewable energy. The results show that hybrid sand–rock TES systems are a cheap and green alternative to solutions that rely on fossil fuels. They can be used for large-scale energy storage. Full article

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10 pages, 1320 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Research on the Effect of Different Controllable Parameters on Solar Still Productivity: A Parametric Study

by Mansoor Ali Zaheer, Nawaf Mehmood Malik, Muhammad Shahmeer and Mubeen Shehzad

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111007 - 16 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Water scarcity is one of the most major issues the world is facing at the moment. Solar still is one of the most economical and environment friendly technologies for desalinizing brackish and salty water. An experimental study on controllable parameters affecting the performance [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is one of the most major issues the world is facing at the moment. Solar still is one of the most economical and environment friendly technologies for desalinizing brackish and salty water. An experimental study on controllable parameters affecting the performance of a basin-type single-slope solar still was conducted in order to optimize them to achieve maximum productivity. The effects of three parameters, i.e., the basin water depth, the thickness of the glass cover, and glass cover cooling, on the distillate output of the solar still were studied. The effects of basin water depths of 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm were tested experimentally, and the cumulative distillate output observed was 1.614, 1.444, and 1.386 L/day respectively. Glass cover thicknesses of 4 mm and 6 mm were used and the distillate output at these glass thickness was 1.587 and 1.078 L/day. In the comparative analysis of solar still performance with and without water showering, a distillate output of 2.022 L/day was found in the case of water showering, and an output of 1.587 L/day was observed in the case of no water showering on the glass cover. Full article

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11 pages, 2875 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Fabrication of Wall-Climbing Robot Using Magnetic Adhesion

by Ajmal Khan, Wasim Ahmad and Salman Hussain

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111008 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

This research paper presents the design and implementation of a wall-climbing robot for safety-critical inspection systems. The robot incorporates wheels embedded with neodymium magnets and a rocker-bogie mechanism to navigate vertical and inverted surfaces. The key novelty of this work lies in the [...] Read more.

This research paper presents the design and implementation of a wall-climbing robot for safety-critical inspection systems. The robot incorporates wheels embedded with neodymium magnets and a rocker-bogie mechanism to navigate vertical and inverted surfaces. The key novelty of this work lies in the use of a simplified, sensorless rocker-bogie mechanism that enables smooth inner and outer transitions without depending on complex control systems. This study addresses the following research questions: (1) How can a wall-climbing robot achieve stable transitions using a rocker-bogie mechanism? (2) What is the maximum payload capacity of the robot without compromising mobility and stability? (3) How will the robot behave during obstacle climbing? Weighing 2.08 Kg, the robot can easily carry a payload of 1.56 Kg, and can climb obstacles of up to 20 mm. The robot system is controlled wirelessly via a Bluetooth module. During experimental testing, the robot performed different types of transitions with stability and reliable control. Future developments could include hybrid adhesion systems for unstructured situations and AI-assisted navigation. Full article

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7 pages, 427 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Makespan Minimization in Unrelated Parallel Batch Processing with an Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

by Longfei Lian, Haosen Zhang and Yarong Chen

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111009 - 16 Oct 2025

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Abstract

To solve the unrelated parallel batch processing machine scheduling problem (UPBPMSP) with dynamic job arrivals, heterogeneous processing times, and machine heterogeneity, this paper presents an improved artificial bee colony (IABC) algorithm aimed at minimizing the makespan. Three improvements include the following: (1) a [...] Read more.

To solve the unrelated parallel batch processing machine scheduling problem (UPBPMSP) with dynamic job arrivals, heterogeneous processing times, and machine heterogeneity, this paper presents an improved artificial bee colony (IABC) algorithm aimed at minimizing the makespan. Three improvements include the following: (1) a hybrid encoding scheme that combines machine allocation coefficients and priority weights, allowing for flexible consideration of machine capabilities and dynamic job priorities; (2) a dual-mode variable neighborhood search strategy to optimize machine allocation and job sequencing simultaneously; (3) a dynamic weight tournament selection mechanism to enhance population diversity and avoid premature convergence. Experimental results show that IABC reduces the makespan by 5% to 25% compared to traditional ABC and genetic algorithms (GAs), with the most significant advantages observed in concentrated job arrival scenarios. Statistical tests confirm that the improvements are statistically significant, validating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Full article

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12 pages, 2546 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Computational Analysis of Flow Field Variation with Grooved Probes in Transonic Axial Compressor

by Umair Munir and Asad Islam

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111010 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

This study aims to enhance total pressure probe performance in transonic axial compressors using passive flow control via circular grooves. Simulations in ANSYS CFX were performed on six probe configurations, one smooth baseline and five with groove depths of 0.1 to 0.5 mm, [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance total pressure probe performance in transonic axial compressors using passive flow control via circular grooves. Simulations in ANSYS CFX were performed on six probe configurations, one smooth baseline and five with groove depths of 0.1 to 0.5 mm, across Mach numbers 0.3 to 0.86. The 0.1 mm grooved probe showed optimal results, reducing the drag coefficient from 15.23 to 14.33 and the lift from 0.0169 to 0.0042. A spanwise analysis from the hub to tip (55–95%) confirmed improved flow uniformity, while a streamwise analysis (zones 0–2) showed steadier downstream pressure and reduced wake-induced distortion. The 0.1 mm groove also minimized the shock strength and flow separation near blade tips. Results confirm that micro-grooving at 0.1 mm significantly stabilizes measurements and enhances aerodynamic efficiency, offering a practical optimization strategy for high-speed compressor applications. Full article

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11 pages, 2722 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Statistical Analysis of Burr Width and Height in Conventional Speed Micro-Milling of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) by Varying Cutting Parameters Under Different Lubrication Methods: Dry, MQL and Wet

by Gulfam Ul Rehman, Muhammad Rizwan ul Haq, Manzar Masud, Syed Husain Imran Jaffery, Muhammad Salman Khan and Shahid Ikramullah Butt

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111011 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 134

Abstract

In this research, micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V has been carried out in the conventional machining range. The influence of key machining parameters, including feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and cooling conditions, was statistically analyzed in relation to burr width and height on [...] Read more.

In this research, micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V has been carried out in the conventional machining range. The influence of key machining parameters, including feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and cooling conditions, was statistically analyzed in relation to burr width and height on both the up-milling and down-milling sides. The feed rate, followed by cutting speed were found to be the most influencing factors affecting burr width with collective contribution of 89.06% in up-milling and 92.67% in down-milling. The depth of cut and cooling condition had negligible impact on burr width. Burr height was mostly affected by depth of cut and feed rate, whereas cutting speed and cooling condition had no impact on burr height. The combined contribution of depth of cut and feed rate to burr height was 77.36% in up-milling and 73.95% in down-milling. Full article

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10 pages, 3915 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Thermal Management of Dry Batteries for Electric Vehicles

by Rahaya Tayyab, Hassaan Aziz, Muhammad Imran, Zainab Waseem, Muhammad Anwar and Talha Irfan Khan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111012 - 16 Oct 2025

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Abstract

As electric vehicles (EVs) face increasing power demands, rapid charging requirements, and harsh operating conditions, efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is critical for safety and performance. This study evaluates a liquid-cooled thermal management system for dry battery packs using computational fluid dynamics [...] Read more.

As electric vehicles (EVs) face increasing power demands, rapid charging requirements, and harsh operating conditions, efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is critical for safety and performance. This study evaluates a liquid-cooled thermal management system for dry battery packs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimentation. The battery pack was modeled in SolidWorks and analyzed using ANSYS Fluent. Simulation results showed a peak battery temperature of 47 °C, with coolant temperature rising from 17.1 °C to 37.4 °C, achieving a 10 °C reduction in battery temperature. Experimental validation yielded comparable outcomes, with a maximum battery surface temperature of 47.2 °C and coolant outlet temperature of 26.1 °C, indicating a 21.1 °C temperature drop. The strong correlation between simulation and experimental data confirms the system’s effectiveness in maintaining safe thermal conditions. Additionally, a low-cost prototype was developed, underscoring the practical viability and scalability of the proposed solution. Full article

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13 pages, 1346 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Passenger Obstruction-Related Risk Factors in an Urban Metro Rail Transit System and Their Countermeasures

by Nida Saleh, Qamar Mahboob, Sanan Tahir, Zhiwen Wang, Zidong Tan, Daijun Cheng and Xuefeng Luo

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111013 - 17 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Modern metro rail systems have problems concerning the safety of passengers and the operational efficiency. Among these, passenger obstruction is a major challenge which refers to the unintentional or intentional interference of passengers in train and platform screen doors, while boarding or alighting [...] Read more.

Modern metro rail systems have problems concerning the safety of passengers and the operational efficiency. Among these, passenger obstruction is a major challenge which refers to the unintentional or intentional interference of passengers in train and platform screen doors, while boarding or alighting from the trains. This paper provides a risk assessment of passenger obstruction at Orange Line Metro Rail Transit System (OLMRTS) in Lahore, Pakistan. This study adopted structured observations, incident analysis and review by experts to control the obstruction cases. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses of obstruction cases were performed to evaluate the key risk factors associated with passenger obstructions in OLMRTS. Based on the risk assessment framework, prioritized countermeasures with higher risk reduction impacts have been proposed. The effectiveness of the countermeasures was evident in the substantial reduction in obstruction cases by 80%. This research paper will present a reduction in safety risks by reducing the likelihood of incidents and without compromising the passenger service of OLMRTS. Full article

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9 pages, 3050 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research on Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Multi-Scale Convolution and Attention Mechanism in Strong Noise Environment

by Yi Zhang, Jianlong Wang and Weifang Sun

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111014 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Aiming to address the suboptimal diagnostic efficacy of conventional approaches in rolling bearing fault diagnosis under complex operational scenarios—particularly when subjected to intense noise contamination—this study introduces a novel fault diagnosis framework leveraging the synergistic attention mechanisms of MSCNN and GRU.The workflow begins [...] Read more.

Aiming to address the suboptimal diagnostic efficacy of conventional approaches in rolling bearing fault diagnosis under complex operational scenarios—particularly when subjected to intense noise contamination—this study introduces a novel fault diagnosis framework leveraging the synergistic attention mechanisms of MSCNN and GRU.The workflow begins with conditioning vibration signals sourced from the CRUW bearing dataset, followed by robust extraction of multi-scale fault features through a multi-scale convolutional neural network (MSCNN). To enhance temporal modeling, a gated recurrent unit (GRU) is integrated to extract temporal dependencies from the signals. Further improvements are achieved by enhancing the base model with Transformer layers and a convolutional attention module (CBAM), respectively. Experimental validation is conducted to compare the diagnostic performance of three configurations MSCNN+GRU, MSCNN+GRU+Transformer, and MSCNN+GRU+CBAM—under varying noise conditions. Outcomes demonstrate that the MSCNN+GRU+CBAM model exhibits superior fault detection accuracy and optimal generalization capacity across different load and rotational speed settings, confirming its notable advantage in rolling bearing fault diagnosis. Full article

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9 pages, 1158 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Transportation Cost in Reverse Logistics of Electrical Appliances for Sustainability

by Ehtazaz Amir, Wasim Ahmad and Saif Ullah

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111015 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

The demand for submersible pumps for lifting the liquids from under the surface is growing day by day. The growing market of submersible pumps creates difficulties for managing their end of life. Recycling, the process of converting scraps material into new virgin material [...] Read more.

The demand for submersible pumps for lifting the liquids from under the surface is growing day by day. The growing market of submersible pumps creates difficulties for managing their end of life. Recycling, the process of converting scraps material into new virgin material and fine products while the expenditures are used for carrying the scrap material from different sources to destinations, is the main focus area of this research. The aim of this study is to investigate and create strategies for minimizing the transportation cost in the reverse logistics of electrical appliances (submersible pumps) in order to increase profitability and economically sustainability. Data was gathered through interviews with two distinct individuals that are extremely knowledgeable and proficient in their fields. A case study of reverse logistics of submersible pumps is used to optimize the transit cost in a supply chain. To find an appropriate solution, the simplex linear programming approach was used. Microsoft Excel Solver was utilized to conduct data analysis. The findings revealed that optimizing the transportation cost not only reduces the operational cost, but also increases the profit margins. The study concludes that by integrating reverse logistics strategically, both environmental and financial benefits can be achieved by industries. Full article

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9 pages, 571 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Study on Multi-Objective Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling Using an Improved Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm

by Ziyang Ji, Yarong Chen, Lixuan Pan and Mudassar Rauf

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111016 - 22 Oct 2025

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Abstract

For the unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem, an improved Spider Monkey Optimization algorithm incorporating a variable neighborhood search (VNS) mechanism (VNS-SMO) is proposed to minimize the makespan, total tardiness, and total energy consumption. The VNS-SMO incorporates six types of neighborhood searches based on [...] Read more.

For the unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem, an improved Spider Monkey Optimization algorithm incorporating a variable neighborhood search (VNS) mechanism (VNS-SMO) is proposed to minimize the makespan, total tardiness, and total energy consumption. The VNS-SMO incorporates six types of neighborhood searches based on the objective characteristics to strengthen the optimization performance of the algorithm. To verify the effectiveness and superiority of VNS-SMO, first, Taguchi experiments were used to determine the algorithm parameters, and then three instances of different scales were solved and compared with the traditional algorithms NSGA-II, PSO, and SMO. The experimental results indicate that VNS-SMO significantly outperforms the comparison algorithms on IGD, NR, and C-matrix metrics, fully demonstrating its comprehensive advantages in convergence, distribution, and diversity. Full article

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11 pages, 5998 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

High-Fidelity Versus Reduced-Order Numerical Models for Sound Transmission Loss Prediction of Acoustic Metamaterials

by Ali Bin Naveed, Aamir Mubashar, Muhammad Khizer Ali Khan, Ammar Tariq and Kamran A. Khan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111017 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This paper proposes a comprehensive numerical methodology for predicting Sound Transmission Loss (STL) in acoustic metamaterials. It integrates a high-fidelity model (HFM), using Thermoviscous Acoustics for detailed characterization, with a reduced-order model (ROM), employing Pressure Acoustics in COMSOL Multiphysics. The goal is a [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a comprehensive numerical methodology for predicting Sound Transmission Loss (STL) in acoustic metamaterials. It integrates a high-fidelity model (HFM), using Thermoviscous Acoustics for detailed characterization, with a reduced-order model (ROM), employing Pressure Acoustics in COMSOL Multiphysics. The goal is a hierarchical approach balancing computational cost with predictive accuracy for metamaterial designs. The results show that HFM is crucial for understanding complex dissipative mechanisms, especially viscous and thermal losses in sub-wavelength features. The ROM offers rapid predictions for broader design exploration. The case studies compare these models against each other and to experimental results in the low-to-mid frequency range. The average STL values for both models diverged by a marginal 6 dB. Full article

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10 pages, 720 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Approach for Selecting Educational Collaborative Robots (CoBots) in West African Countries

by Deyire Yusuf Umar, Afrasyab Khan and Yonghan Ahn

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111018 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

Most African countries are acquiring new technologies to provide awareness and vocational training to trigger innovation in various areas, including manufacturing. However, the existing method that emphasizes least cost by bidders has been found to be deficient. This study conducts a literature review [...] Read more.

Most African countries are acquiring new technologies to provide awareness and vocational training to trigger innovation in various areas, including manufacturing. However, the existing method that emphasizes least cost by bidders has been found to be deficient. This study conducts a literature review and identifies some CoBots based on the suitability of their properties to West Africa. A hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach, comprising the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process and Interval Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, together combined as FAHP-I-TOPSIS, was selected. This method was modeled and tested as a case study where data were collected from eight Robotics experts from West African countries. The data were analyzed through pairwise comparison and ranking to arrive at the most suitable training CoBot out of five alternatives, and six criteria were considered. Robot (R3) was selected, which, on average, satisfies their priority for Program Flexibility and Economic Cost criteria, because the robot is moderately costly and flexible in programming, too. Full article

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9 pages, 726 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Dual-List Feature-Driven Heuristic for the Batch Processing Machine Scheduling Problem

by Tonghan Zhu, Yarong Chen and Jabir Mumtaz

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111019 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

This paper addresses the multi-objective scheduling problem for unrelated parallel batch processing machines under different job arrival times. We propose a dual-list feature-driven (DLFD) heuristic algorithm to simultaneously minimize the completion time, total delay time, and total energy consumption. Firstly, the heuristic selects [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the multi-objective scheduling problem for unrelated parallel batch processing machines under different job arrival times. We propose a dual-list feature-driven (DLFD) heuristic algorithm to simultaneously minimize the completion time, total delay time, and total energy consumption. Firstly, the heuristic selects a machine based on the machine’s capacity and energy consumption characteristics. Secondly, a job is selected from two candidate job lists governed by machine capacity and batch processing time constraints, thereby reducing the search space and improving solution quality. To validate the effectiveness of the DLFD heuristic, experiments of three different scales were designed to compare its performance against classic composite dispatching rules. The results demonstrate that the proposed heuristic achieves a significantly superior Pareto front compared to the traditional rules and exhibits strong robustness in solving problems of various scales. Full article

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10 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Pressureless Sintering of ZTA Ceramic

by Abdul Rafay, Owais ur Rehman Shah and Naseem Ahmad

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111020 - 24 Oct 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

Zirconia, also known as zirconium dioxide ZrO₂, is well known for its good mechanical properties, like its inertness, good wear resistance, high temperature resistance and good strength. To enhance the mechanical properties of many materials, a technique known as transformation toughening [...] Read more.

Zirconia, also known as zirconium dioxide ZrO₂, is well known for its good mechanical properties, like its inertness, good wear resistance, high temperature resistance and good strength. To enhance the mechanical properties of many materials, a technique known as transformation toughening is widely used today. This research focuses on achieving an optimized composition of zirconia and alumina Al₂O₃ to achieve zirconia-toughened alumina ZTA with a maximum density and other mechanical properties using a cost-effective and time-efficient approach. Doing so will make it possible to make more and more use of this valuable ceramic. The curing of zirconia and alumina samples with 3d—printing resins in silicone dies was performed so that we could obtain the optimum ratio of the resin and ZTA powder that would produce the most desirable results and properties. For 3d printing, ZTA samples with 19% zirconia ZrO₂ were used with alumina at two different temperatures (i.e., Sample 1, consisting of three pellets weighing 5–6 g, was sintered at 1500 °C, and Sample 2, also containing three pellets weighing 5 g (approx.), was sintered at 1600 °C). The green-state preparation of these samples (Sample 1 and Sample 2) was performed using milling media of WC balls/ethanol and a milling ratio of 1:3, and a milling time of 4 h 100 rpm was used while drying at 80 °C for 5.5 h. The relative density (70%) and Vickers hardness (14–17 GPa) were obtained for Al₂O₃/ZrO₂/MgO samples. Mechanical properties like hardness and strength strongly depend on the holding time, the rate of the temperature increase while sintering and the sintering temperature itself. Full article

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11 pages, 1914 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural Design and Development of a Small-Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Urban Household Power Generation

by Huzafa Bin Rasheed, Haris Sheh Zad, Muhammad Sohail Malik, Muhammad Arif, Shahzaib Khan Hashmi and Muhammad Irfan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111021 - 24 Oct 2025

Viewed by 329

Abstract

Small-scale wind turbines are becoming increasingly important in renewable energy systems due to their ability to operate in low-wind-speed environments and adapt to various installation locations, especially in areas with energy shortages. This paper presents the design, analysis and development of a Helical [...] Read more.

Small-scale wind turbines are becoming increasingly important in renewable energy systems due to their ability to operate in low-wind-speed environments and adapt to various installation locations, especially in areas with energy shortages. This paper presents the design, analysis and development of a Helical Vertical Axis type Wind Turbine (H-VAWT) using uPVC pipe as the blade material, offering a lightweight, low-cost, and corrosion resistant solution. The blade structure is optimized for use in residential and off-grid areas with unstable wind conditions. Structural analysis is conducted in ANSYS, including static load analysis (deformation, equivalent stress, shear stress, maximum stress), torsional and bending stress, and modal analysis to assess mechanical performance and vibrational stability. Three blade designs are initially considered, and the helical model (0–45° twist) is selected based on simulation results. The prototype is successfully fabricated and tested under different wind speeds, showing effective power generation, with favorable results in power output, power coefficient, tip-speed ratio (TSR), and relative velocity. Full article

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9 pages, 1014 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Adaptive Observer-Based Robust Control of Mismatched Buck DC–DC Converters for Renewable Energy Applications

by Haris Sheh Zad, Abasin Ulasyar, Adil Zohaib and Sohail Khalid

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111022 - 27 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This paper presents a new robust control strategy for buck DC–DC converters that achieve fast and robust voltage regulation in the presence of load disturbances and model uncertainties. First, an adaptive state observer is designed to estimate the inductor current and capacitor voltage [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new robust control strategy for buck DC–DC converters that achieve fast and robust voltage regulation in the presence of load disturbances and model uncertainties. First, an adaptive state observer is designed to estimate the inductor current and capacitor voltage by utilizing the output measurement. The observer gains are tuned online via a Lyapunov-based adaptation law, ensuring that the estimation error remains uniformly bounded, even when the disturbances act on the system. Based on the state estimates, an integral sliding-mode controller is designed in order to eliminate the steady state error and ensure the finite time sliding. The detailed stability proofs for both the observer and the sliding-mode controller are derived showing the finite-time reaching of the sliding surface and exponential convergence of the voltage error. Simulation results under varying load profiles confirm that the proposed scheme outperforms traditional sliding-mode designs in terms of disturbance rejection and settling time, while avoiding excessive chattering. Full article

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10 pages, 286 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Climate-Smart Housing in Pakistan: Exploring Climate-Resilient Solutions for Urban Development

by Saleha Qureshi, Saad Ali Ahmed Malik, Ubaid-Ur Rehman Zia and Muhammad Zulfiqar

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111023 - 27 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Pakistan’s housing sector faces a significant shortfall alongside growing climate risks. This study assesses climate-smart construction options autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks, interlocking bricks, and rat-trap bond masonry through energy simulations, cost modeling, and expert consultations. A 10-Marla residential unit in Islamabad was [...] Read more.

Pakistan’s housing sector faces a significant shortfall alongside growing climate risks. This study assesses climate-smart construction options autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks, interlocking bricks, and rat-trap bond masonry through energy simulations, cost modeling, and expert consultations. A 10-Marla residential unit in Islamabad was used as the reference case. Results indicate AAC reduces cooling energy by 22%, interlocking bricks reduce construction costs by 26.6%, and rat-trap masonry lowers electricity use by 12–16%. Despite technical viability, adoption remains limited due to financing and regulatory barriers. The study proposes a phased policy roadmap to integrate low-carbon materials into Pakistan’s housing and climate adaptation strategies. Full article

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11 pages, 2130 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Sweeping Frequency and Jet Impingement Cooling in Fluidic Oscillators via Bleed-Feed Channel Width Variation

by Liaqat Hussain, Muhammad Mahabat Khan, Naseem Ahmad, Kifayatullah and Taha Ahmer

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111024 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This numerical investigation employs a two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach with the k-ω SST turbulence model to systematically evaluate the impact of bleed-feed channel geometry (with three width variations: 0.2D, 0.25D, and 0.3D) on double feedback fluidic oscillator performance. The focus is [...] Read more.

This numerical investigation employs a two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach with the k-ω SST turbulence model to systematically evaluate the impact of bleed-feed channel geometry (with three width variations: 0.2D, 0.25D, and 0.3D) on double feedback fluidic oscillator performance. The focus is on improving oscillation frequency and heat transfer while reducing pressure drop, which are critical parameters in fluidic oscillator-driven jet impingement cooling applications. Addressing these challenges is essential to enhance cooling performance, minimize energy consumption, and enable reliable thermal management in advanced engineering systems. The study analyzes key performance parameters, including oscillation frequency, pressure drop, and heat transfer characteristics, comparing channel-enhanced designs against a baseline smooth oscillator. Results demonstrate that incorporating a bleed-feed channel significantly enhances performance, with the 0.3D width emerging as optimal, delivering a 150% increase in oscillation frequency and a 3.2% reduction in pressure drop compared to the smooth design. These improvements are attributed to the channel’s ability to strengthen feedback flow, thereby accelerating jet switching while minimizing energy losses. Thermally, the 0.3D configuration achieves a 7.3% higher Nusselt number than the smooth oscillator, resulting from combined effects of higher oscillation frequency (intensifying boundary layer disruption) and increased jet momentum from reinforced feedback flow. The progressive performance enhancement across the three channel widths (0.2D to 0.3D) reveals clear geometry–performance relationships. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fluidic oscillator designs in applications requiring high-frequency oscillations and targeted cooling, such as electronics or gas turbine blade cooling. Full article

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9 pages, 792 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Improved Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller with Dynamic Surface Extension for Uncertain Robotic Manipulators

by Haris Sheh Zad, Adil Zohaib, Abasin Ulasyar and Sohail Khalid

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111025 - 28 Oct 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

This article presents an improved adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) scheme designed for uncertain robotic manipulators through a novel dynamic surface extension. Unlike conventional SMC approaches, which have scalar sliding surfaces, our proposed approach introduces a two-stage sliding variable along with a dynamic [...] Read more.

This article presents an improved adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) scheme designed for uncertain robotic manipulators through a novel dynamic surface extension. Unlike conventional SMC approaches, which have scalar sliding surfaces, our proposed approach introduces a two-stage sliding variable along with a dynamic extension, which allows the independent shaping of reaching and sliding dynamics. The controller adaptively estimates unknown disturbances and ensures finite-time convergence of the sliding variable, while chattering and steady-state errors are suppressed by including the integral term in the dynamic extension. Lyapunov-based analysis was carried out to prove the boundedness of the overall control approach and the asymptotic tracking of the desired trajectory. Simulation studies were carried out on a two-link robot manipulator under varying payloads and external disturbances. The results validate its superior tracking accuracy and disturbance rejection compared to traditional SMC controllers. The results confirm that the proposed control scheme achieves fast convergence, low chattering, and robust performance in the presence of modeling uncertainties, making it a promising solution for high-precision robotic applications. Full article

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15 pages, 3318 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Mechanical Strength Using Taguchi Method

by Muhammad Asim, Shahid Ikramullah Butt, Muhammad Rizwan ul Haq and Dil Jan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111026 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Stereolithography (SLA) is a 3D printing process in which liquid resin is cured selectively using ultraviolet light; it is dominantly used for rapid tooling and prototyping. This work aims to identify, investigate, and maximize the influence of process parameters such as layer thickness, [...] Read more.

Stereolithography (SLA) is a 3D printing process in which liquid resin is cured selectively using ultraviolet light; it is dominantly used for rapid tooling and prototyping. This work aims to identify, investigate, and maximize the influence of process parameters such as layer thickness, build orientation, and exposure time on the mechanical performance of biomedical materials through the Taguchi method using masked stereolithography (MSLA). It was found that layer thickness has an inverse relationship with component strength, and the mechanical characteristics are most affected by the vertical build orientation. The improved parameter resulted in an increase of 9.26 percent in tensile, 5.93 percent in flexural, and 17.89 percent in impact strength compared to the average experimental strength. Additionally, an empirical regression model linking strength and process variables was developed. Full article

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13 pages, 2465 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Phase-Field Simulation of Bubble Evolution and Heat Transfer in Microchannels Under Subcooled and Saturated Flow Boiling

by Jawed Ahmed Jamali and Ying He

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111027 - 28 Oct 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

This study numerically investigates the growth and dynamics of a single vapor bubble in a rectangular microchannel under subcooled and saturated inlet conditions using the phase-field method coupled with the Lee phase-change model. Results demonstrate that subcooled flow induces early bubble nucleation, pronounced [...] Read more.

This study numerically investigates the growth and dynamics of a single vapor bubble in a rectangular microchannel under subcooled and saturated inlet conditions using the phase-field method coupled with the Lee phase-change model. Results demonstrate that subcooled flow induces early bubble nucleation, pronounced lateral expansion along the heated wall, and prolonged bubble-wall contact due to stronger condensation at the interface and thinner microlayer formation. Enhanced recirculating vortices and steeper thermal gradients promote vigorous evaporation and increased local heat flux, resulting in faster downstream bubble propagation driven by significant axial pressure gradients. Analysis of temperature gradient and heat flux profiles confirms that subcooled conditions produce higher wall heat flux and more frequent peaks in evaporative flux compared to the saturated case, indicating intensified phase-change activity and thermal transport. Conversely, saturated conditions produce more spherical bubbles with dominant vertical growth, weaker condensation, and symmetrical thermal and pressure fields, leading to slower growth and delayed detachment near the nucleation site. These findings highlight the critical influence of inlet subcooling on bubble morphology, flow structures, heat transfer, and pressure distribution, underscoring the thermal management advantages of subcooled boiling in microchannel applications. Full article

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11 pages, 919 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Active Transfer Learning Gaussian Process for Reliable Trajectory Prediction of the UR5 Robotic Manipulator

by Keenjhar Ayoob, Tayyab Zafar and Amir Hamza

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111028 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This paper presents a simulation-driven framework employing an Active Transfer Learning Gaussian Process (ATGP) model for accurate trajectory prediction and reliability analysis of the UR5 robotic manipulator. The method integrates transfer learning, Gaussian Process Regression, and active sampling to address challenges under limited [...] Read more.

This paper presents a simulation-driven framework employing an Active Transfer Learning Gaussian Process (ATGP) model for accurate trajectory prediction and reliability analysis of the UR5 robotic manipulator. The method integrates transfer learning, Gaussian Process Regression, and active sampling to address challenges under limited target data. Preprocessing steps such as outlier removal, feature scaling, and Principal Component Analysis enhance data quality. A physically informed synthetic source domain facilitates effective knowledge transfer. Using DH-parameters as input, the ATGP predicts 3D end-effector trajectories over time. Results show a mean absolute error below 0.01, demonstrating consistency and scalability for real-time, uncertainty-aware robotic applications. This is the first ATGP-based UR5 framework that unites PCA-guided, physics-informed source synthesis with multi-output transfer GPR as well as coordinate- and time-resolved reliability analysis under scarce target-domain data. Full article

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8 pages, 1403 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Transient Analysis of Solar Driven Hydrogen Generation System Using Industrial Waste Water

by Yasir Ismail Saad, Muzaffar Ali, Javed Akhtar, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Taha Manzoor, Müslüm Arıcı and Muhammad Aqil Khan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111029 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates an integrated solar-powered system for wastewater treatment and hydrogen production, combining solar PV, a humidification–dehumidification (HDH) system, solar thermal collectors, and electrolysis. The objective is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing industrial wastewater for both clean water production and green [...] Read more.

This study investigates an integrated solar-powered system for wastewater treatment and hydrogen production, combining solar PV, a humidification–dehumidification (HDH) system, solar thermal collectors, and electrolysis. The objective is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing industrial wastewater for both clean water production and green hydrogen generation. A transient analysis is conducted using TRNSYS and EES software, modeling a system designed to process 4000 kg of wastewater daily. The results indicate that the HDH system produces 300 kg of clean water per hour, while the electrolyzer generates approximately 66.5 kg of hydrogen per hour. The solar PV system operates under the weather conditions of Kohat, Pakistan. This integrated approach demonstrates significant potential for sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy production, offering a promising solution for industrial applications. Full article

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10 pages, 955 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Parabolic Trough Collector Performance Through Surface Treatment: A Comparative Experimental Analysis

by Abdullah Rahman, Nawaf Mehmood Malik and Muhammad Irfan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111030 - 28 Oct 2025

Viewed by 111

Abstract

Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) are effective solar thermal systems, but their performance can be significantly enhanced through surface treatments. This research investigates the enhancement of thermal performance in parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) by experimentally evaluating the results of surface coating on the absorber [...] Read more.

Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) are effective solar thermal systems, but their performance can be significantly enhanced through surface treatments. This research investigates the enhancement of thermal performance in parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) by experimentally evaluating the results of surface coating on the absorber tube surface. To achieve this objective, a closed-loop PTC system was fabricated to conduct an experimental comparison between a conventional simple copper tube and a black-painted copper tube. The experimental setup was placed in Islamabad, Pakistan, operated under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions to measure key performance metrics, of temperature difference (ΔT) between the inlet and outlet. The results demonstrate a significant performance advantage for the black-painted tube. In laminar flow, the black-painted tube achieved an average ΔT of 3.54 °C, compared to 2.11 °C for the simple copper tube. Similarly, in turbulent flow, the black-painted tube’s ΔT was 2.1 °C, surpassing the simple copper tube’s 1.57 °C. This superior performance is primarily attributed to the black surface’s high solar absorptivity, which more effectively captures and converts solar radiation into thermal energy. The findings highlight the critical role of surface treatment in optimizing PTC efficiency and provide a practical method for improving solar thermal energy systems. Full article

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10 pages, 1549 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improved Thermal and Power Management of Modified Solar PV System Integrated with Phase Change Material Through Transient Charging and Discharging Cycles

by Mohsin Ali, Muzaffar Ali, Najam Ul Hassan Shah, Guiqiang Li and Andrea Ferrantelli

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111031 - 28 Oct 2025

Viewed by 157

Abstract

Increase in temperatures significantly reduce photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency by increasing thermalization losses and carrier recombination. To mitigate this issue, phase change material (PCM-RT35) is integrated with the PV system. This study investigates the thermal performance of a PV–PCM hybrid system under the [...] Read more.

Increase in temperatures significantly reduce photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency by increasing thermalization losses and carrier recombination. To mitigate this issue, phase change material (PCM-RT35) is integrated with the PV system. This study investigates the thermal performance of a PV–PCM hybrid system under the summer climatic conditions of Islamabad, Pakistan. A transient computational model was developed in ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 and validated against published experimental data, showing an accuracy within 5% for panel temperature. Monthly average hourly heat flux and ambient temperature profiles were used as boundary conditions in three separate simulations. The results show that, although all three months reach a 100% melt fraction, only April achieves complete solidification within a 24-h cycle. In May solidification merely begins before the end of the period, and in June no solidification occurs at all. Importantly, integrating the PCM lowers the PV module’s peak temperature by up to 15 °C and boosts its power-output efficiency by about 6%. By keeping the module cooler, its electrical efficiency is therefore significantly improved. Full article

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0 pages, 2848 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multiscale Modeling of C/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)

by Sana Ullah, Riccardo Nobile, Gennaro Scarselli, Angelo De Fenza and Mario De Stefano Fumo

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111032 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) have found numerous applications in aerospace, automotive and space vehicles due to their light weight and ability to withstand extreme temperatures. To develop a design criterion for CMCs, elastic properties at different scales need to be evaluated. In this [...] Read more.

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) have found numerous applications in aerospace, automotive and space vehicles due to their light weight and ability to withstand extreme temperatures. To develop a design criterion for CMCs, elastic properties at different scales need to be evaluated. In this research, elastic properties of CMCs are evaluated at the micro- and meso-level using representative volume element (RVE) in the Ansys Material Designer module. These properties are then validated using various analytical models including Rule of Mixture (ROM), the Chamis Model and the Mori–Tanaka Model. In-plane elastic properties (E11 and G12) of numerical models are in close agreement with the analytical models at both micro- and mesoscales. However, for out of plane properties (E22, G23), Mori–Tanaka Model provides the highest and the Chamis Model provides the lowest. Full article

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9 pages, 824 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Need Assessment for Implementation of Digital Transformation Practices Through the Capacity Building

by Muhammad Sohail Iqbal, Salman Hussain, Wasim Ahmad, Abaid Ullah and Sajjad Hussain

Eng. Proc. 2025, 111(1), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025111001 - 14 Oct 2025

Viewed by 235

Abstract

This study systematically identifies and prioritizes barriers to Industry 4.0 adoption in manufacturing within a developing economy. We used a mixed-methods approach—combining a systematic literature review and PLS-SEM. The research synthesizes 45 critical factors across nine I4.0 pillars, mapped to five sustainability dimensions. [...] Read more.

This study systematically identifies and prioritizes barriers to Industry 4.0 adoption in manufacturing within a developing economy. We used a mixed-methods approach—combining a systematic literature review and PLS-SEM. The research synthesizes 45 critical factors across nine I4.0 pillars, mapped to five sustainability dimensions. Data from 160 professionals show the technological dimension (β = 0.218) to be the most significant broad barrier. Analysis of high outer loadings (≥0.80) highlights key specific barriers: IT infrastructure gaps and poor technological leverage; a lack of organizational and digital readiness; cultural fragmentation and weak knowledge systems; high implementation and cyber threat costs; and low customization demands with absent data standards. The study proposes a maturity model and strategic framework to help policymakers address these barriers and promote sustainable digital transformation. Full article

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