Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

15 pages, 673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Target Molecular Detection of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women Living with HIV in Northeastern Brazil

by Melina Vieira Alves, Letícia Alves dos Santos Silva, Maria Luísa Rodrigues Nolasco, Anny Beatriz de Oliveira Gama, Márcia Guimarães da Silva and Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120354 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Co-infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facilitates cervical carcinogenesis, and additional cofactors such as other sexually transmitted infections (STI) further aggravate this scenario. This study aimed to validate a molecular detection strategy for Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and [...] Read more.

Co-infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facilitates cervical carcinogenesis, and additional cofactors such as other sexually transmitted infections (STI) further aggravate this scenario. This study aimed to validate a molecular detection strategy for Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and to assess the association of these infections with cervical lesions in HPV-positive women living with HIV in Northeastern Brazil. In total, 155 samples were collected from CRIST/AIDS. After microorganism detection by conventional PCR, a multiplex PCR was standardized and validated. A prevalence of 9.03% was observed for C. trachomatis and 6.45% for T. vaginalis, with 0.64% co-infection. In addition, infection with both STIs showed a prevalence of 0.64%. Among HPV-positive women, high-risk genotypes accounted for 70.9% of cases, with HPV-16 being the most prevalent (35.5%). Overall, 18.2% of women presented cervical lesions, and 13.2% of those with co-detection of C. trachomatis and T. vaginalis were associated with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). These findings highlight the clinical relevance of screening for multiple STIs in HPV-positive women living with HIV and support the incorporation of multiplex molecular testing into public health strategies to improve early detection and targeted management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Testing, Prevention and Care Interventions, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Respiratory Illness and Diarrheal Disease Surveillance in U.S. Military Personnel Deployed to Southeast Asia for Military Exercises from 2023–2025

by Sidhartha Chaudhury, Paphavee Lertsethtakarn, Piyawan Chinnawirotpisan, Nattaya Ruamsap, Worachet Kuntawunginn, Chadin Thongpiam, Kingkan Pidtana, Kittijarankon Phontham, Saowaluk Wongarunkochakorn, Montri Arsanok, Kamonporn Poramathikul, Parat Boonyarangka, Paksathorn Kietsiri, Wilawan Oransathit, Siriphan Gonwong, Patcharawalai Wassanarungroj, Panida Nobthai, Nuanpan Khemnu, Thipwipha Phonpakobsin, Wudtichai Manasatienkij, Joonlasak Khajohn, Chonthicha Klungthong, Nillawan Buathong, Sabaithip Sriwichai, Siriporn Sornsakrin, Umaporn Suksawad, Susie Leonardia-Santiago, Maria Theresa Valderama, John Mark Velasco, Paula Corazon Diones, Matthew Pascual, Chris Mahabir, Kathryn A. McGuckin and Daniel M. Boudreaux Show full author list Hide full author list

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120353 - 17 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The Indo-Pacific region hosts several annual military exercises that involve the deployment of thousands of U.S. and partner-nation military personnel. Respiratory and diarrheal diseases pose a significant health risk to exercise participants and represent a substantial portion of medical encounters and lost duty [...] Read more.

The Indo-Pacific region hosts several annual military exercises that involve the deployment of thousands of U.S. and partner-nation military personnel. Respiratory and diarrheal diseases pose a significant health risk to exercise participants and represent a substantial portion of medical encounters and lost duty days. We conducted surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal illness at the Cobra Gold and Balikatan military exercises in Thailand and the Philippines from 2023–2025. Through coordination with health providers in the field, military personnel that reported acute symptoms were asked to provide a nasopharyngeal swab or stool sample. These samples were transported to a field lab and tested by PCR for common respiratory and diarrheal pathogens. Follow-up analyses included bacterial culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and viral whole-genome sequencing. From 84 respiratory and 61 diarrheal samples analyzed, we found that respiratory illness was primarily attributed to rhinoviruses/enteroviruses (23%), common coronaviruses (21%), and SARS-CoV-2 (11%) while diarrheal disease was attributed to a high rate of diarrheagenic E. coli (73%) and norovirus (20%), followed by Salmonella spp. (18%) and Campylobacter spp. (13%). Our findings highlight the distinct etiologies of respiratory and diarrheal disease in military field settings and demonstrate the feasibility of conducting real-time infectious disease surveillance in operational environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Military Medicine: An Everlasting War against Tropical and Infectious Diseases)

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12 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Tolerability of the Dengue Vaccine TAK-003 (Qdenga^®) in German Travelers: The Results of a Prospective Survey

by Tomas Jelinek, Juliane Kramm, Maik Wagner and Claudia Jelinek

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120352 - 16 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Background: The global incidence of dengue has markedly increased over the last decades. Consequently, the risk of infection has increased significantly, resulting in record numbers of imported cases in various European countries and elsewhere in 2024. Methods: In early 2023, TAK-003, a novel, [...] Read more.

Background: The global incidence of dengue has markedly increased over the last decades. Consequently, the risk of infection has increased significantly, resulting in record numbers of imported cases in various European countries and elsewhere in 2024. Methods: In early 2023, TAK-003, a novel, live attenuated vaccine against dengue, became available in Germany. At the Berlin Centre for Travel & Tropical Medicine, we delivered 56,459 doses during the first 24 months of its availability, from February 2023 to February 2025. To obtain data on the tolerability of the vaccine in travelers, an active follow-up survey was initiated. Results: In total, 30,306 (53.7%) vaccinees agreed to being contacted. Of these, 11,827 (39.0%) completed an anonymous questionnaire ≥ 4 weeks after the vaccination. Overall, 6856 (58.0%) were female, and 565 (4.8%) reported having had a prior dengue infection. The average age was 38.3 years (range 4–86 years). An endemic area had been visited by 6309 subjects before answering the questionnaire, and among these, 46 (0.7%) reported a dengue infection while abroad. All cases were mild, and no complications were reported. TAK-003 was applied with other vaccines in 7363 (62.3%) travelers. Local adverse reactions, mostly local pain, were reported by 5263 (47.5%) subjects. Systemic reactions were reported by 4891 subjects (41.4%) and were most frequently fatigue, myalgia, and flu-like symptoms. The majority of adverse events manifested in the second week after vaccination (median 8 days) and were mostly limited to a duration of 1–3 days. A macular exanthema was described by 1844 subjects (15.6%), typically during the second week after the vaccination. Conclusions: Side effects were frequently reported but generally well tolerated. Age groups above 50 years showed a decline in reactogenicity. Co-vaccination was frequent and led to an increase in systemic adverse events. Denominator data of the study population suggest a strong reporting bias towards adverse events. This survey adds evidence of the chronology and characteristics of adverse events associated with TAK-003 and may support decision making when vaccinating dengue-naïve travelers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Travel Medicine)

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12 pages, 932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Analysis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Colombia (2020–2023): Departmental Rates, Clusters, and Associated Factors

by Brayan Patiño-Palma, Sandra Chacon-Bambague, Farlhyn Bermudez-Moreno, Carmencita Peña-Briceño, Juan Bustos-Carvajal and Florencio Arias-Coronel

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120351 - 15 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) constitutes a serious threat to global public health due to the increase in strains resistant to multiple drugs, especially isoniazid and rifampicin. This resistance increases mortality, estimated at 25.6% globally, and complicates treatments due to its high toxicity and [...] Read more.

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) constitutes a serious threat to global public health due to the increase in strains resistant to multiple drugs, especially isoniazid and rifampicin. This resistance increases mortality, estimated at 25.6% globally, and complicates treatments due to its high toxicity and cost. Materials and Methods: A quantitative ecological study was carried out with data on drug-resistant tuberculosis reported in Sivigila in the years (2020–2023) SIVIGILA database. 1694 cases were analyzed, considering sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, nationality and prioritized population groups. Departmental rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated with DANE projection, from these choropleth maps were developed. Applying a Kulldorff spatial scan under a Poisson model using the SMERC package of R (version 4.5.1), with windows centered on each department and Monte Carlo simulation contrast to identify high-risk clusters (RR > 1). Results: (DR-TB) Predominantly in men aged 30–44 years, with a progressive increase until 2023 (IRR = 2.11). Three high-risk clusters were detected in the southwest and center of the country. Discussion: Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Colombia showed a sustained increase in the years of study, with a cumulative increase of 110% compared to 2020, associated with economically active people more exposed due to occupational and social factors. The greatest burden was observed in the general population. Cases also increased in groups with social and health vulnerability conditions. Conclusions: The departments of Risaralda, Meta, and Valle del Cauca presented the highest drug resistance rates in Colombia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance, Modelling, and Risk Mapping of Tropical Infectious Diseases)

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2 pages, 158 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Majeed et al. Mapping Evidence on the Regulations Affecting the Accessibility, Availability, and Management of Snake Antivenom Globally: A Scoping Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10, 228

by Ramsha Majeed, Janette Bester, Kabelo Kgarosi and Morné Strydom

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120350 - 15 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Error in Table [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Snakebite Envenoming Research)

17 pages, 972 KB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Assessment of Synthetic and Natural Compounds on the Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in In Vitro Models

by Alejandro Zamora-Vélez, Derly Lorena Vanegas, María Camila Fernández, Gerardo Ramos, Edwar Cortés, Ailan Farid Arenas, Néstor Cardona, Jessica Palacio-Rodriguez, Juan David Valencia-Hernandez, Luz Angela Veloza, Juan Carlos Sepúlveda-Arias and Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120349 - 13 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Concurrent evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of synthetic and natural compounds can provide novel insights into the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs. We assessed 16 synthetic compounds and two fractions derived from the leaves of Tabebuia rosea and Tabebuia chrysantha tree species for [...] Read more.

Concurrent evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of synthetic and natural compounds can provide novel insights into the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs. We assessed 16 synthetic compounds and two fractions derived from the leaves of Tabebuia rosea and Tabebuia chrysantha tree species for their in vitro activity against live parasites, employing strains that express green fluorescent protein and specific identification of bradyzoites using an anti-BAG1 monoclonal antibody. This study successfully identified several promising synthetic compounds with potent anti-Toxoplasma activity and favorable in vitro selectivity profiles, notably pyrazoline 2 and thiazolidinone 9. One thiazolidinone compound exhibited significant activity against extracellular tachyzoites, whereas one tree fraction demonstrated excellent activity against both tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Additionally, their in silico ADMET properties suggest their potential for good in vivo performance and CNS penetration. Although the natural extracts showed less potency in their crude form, they provide a basis for future purification efforts. The simultaneous evaluation of compounds sourced from diverse discovery pipelines can offer valuable insights into the development of drugs that target various biological pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Toxoplasma gondii Infection Research)

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7 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Ending the TB Crisis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region—Overcoming Inaction Through Strategical Leaps

by Santosha Kelamane, Ghada Muhjazi, Nevin Wilson and Martin van den Boom

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120348 - 12 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health threat in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), driven by a combination of social determinants including undernutrition, fragile health systems, conflict-related disruptions, human mobility and displacement, sub-optimal programmatic [...] Read more.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health threat in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), driven by a combination of social determinants including undernutrition, fragile health systems, conflict-related disruptions, human mobility and displacement, sub-optimal programmatic implementation, and insufficient domestic investment. These programmatic and governance constraints operate within a broader geopolitical context marked by conflict, sanctions, protracted crises, and large-scale displacement, which further limit countries’ ability to deliver uninterrupted TB services. In 2023, the region’s TB incidence was estimated at 116 per 100,000 population, with Pakistan alone accounting for about 73% of the regional burden. Despite a multitude of efforts, progress in reducing the TB burden in the EMR remains slow, with high case detection and treatment coverage gaps, low uptake of TB preventive treatment (TPT), underutilization of WHO-recommended rapid diagnostics, and only 25% of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) cases initiated on treatment. Vulnerable populations, including internally displaced persons, migrants, refugees, prisoners, and returnees, continue to face major access barriers, and cross-border TB collaboration remains limited. This commentary reasons that the slow pace of TB burden reduction in the region is not only a biomedical or resource issue but also a reflection of structural and governance shortcomings. It proposes a ten-point strategic vision focused on building a sustainable ecosystem, enhancing primary healthcare systems, adopting people-centered and rights-based approaches, leveraging artificial intelligence, and gradually reducing dependency on external donors where feasible. However, in highly fragile settings such as Yemen or Somalia, domestic financing remains limited, and sustained external support will continue to be indispensable. The commentary calls for stronger national leadership, inclusive stakeholder engagement, and increased domestic financing to deliver integrated and resilient TB services. Ending TB in the EMR is within reach, but it requires boldly committed, coordinated, and country-led action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis Control in Africa and Asia)

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17 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Case Finding and Preventive Treatment Among Household Contacts of People with Tuberculosis in Zimbabwe

by Tawanda Mapuranga, Collins Timire, Ronald T. Ncube, Sithabiso Dube, Nqobile Mlilo, Cynthia Chiteve, Owen Mugurungi, Fungai Kavenga, Manners Ncube, Nicholas Siziba, Selma Dar Berger, Talent Maphosa, Macarthur Charles, Julia Ershova and Riitta A. Dlodlo

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120347 - 10 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Systematic screening of household contacts (HHCs) of people with tuberculosis (TB) and starting them on either TB treatment or tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) reduces TB incidence. This project supported HHC management in six health facilities in Zimbabwe through the provision of CXR services, [...] Read more.

Systematic screening of household contacts (HHCs) of people with tuberculosis (TB) and starting them on either TB treatment or tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) reduces TB incidence. This project supported HHC management in six health facilities in Zimbabwe through the provision of CXR services, reimbursement of transport costs for HHCs, and provision of fuel and refreshments for healthcare workers involved in contact tracing. We describe TB and TPT cascades among the HHCs of index patients with all forms of TB. We enrolled 251 index patients who listed 794 HHCs: 551 (69%) HHCs of 158 index patients were traced and 520 (94%) screened for TB. Of the 502 who were referred to clinics, 362 (72%) reached the clinic. Among 520 HHCs, 324 (62%) underwent CXR screening and 18 (5%) had CXRs suggestive of TB. The yield of TB was 2.3% (12/520), with CXR detecting eight people who had not reported TB symptoms. Of the 311 who were assessed for TPT eligibility, 126 (41%) started TPT and 119 were assessed for TPT outcomes. Of these, 111 (93%) had successful TPT outcomes. The median times to starting TB treatment and TPT were 7 days and 11 days, respectively. The intervention facilitated timely access to healthcare services and a high yield of TB detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Tuberculosis Prevention and Control)

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7 pages, 4885 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Hidden in Plain Sight: Peritoneal Tuberculosis Mimicking Ovarian Neoplasm—A Case Report

by Dolfus Santiago Romero-Rojas, Andrés Rojas-Torres, Brenda Amell-Barón, David Serna, Luis Vasquez-Pinto, Luis Eduardo Barrera-Herrera and Javier Iván Lasso-Apraez

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120346 - 9 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Tuberculosis remains the deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Among extrapulmonary forms, peritoneal tuberculosis stands out as a rare and challenging diagnosis, often mistaken for intra-abdominal neoplasms or peritoneal carcinomatosis. The clinical, paraclinical, and imaging findings are similar and sometimes indistinguishable between the two entities, [...] Read more.

Tuberculosis remains the deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Among extrapulmonary forms, peritoneal tuberculosis stands out as a rare and challenging diagnosis, often mistaken for intra-abdominal neoplasms or peritoneal carcinomatosis. The clinical, paraclinical, and imaging findings are similar and sometimes indistinguishable between the two entities, making the diagnosis a challenge for the treating physician. Here, we present the case of a young woman with chronic constitutional symptoms who presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and ascites. An initial differential diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis was considered based on findings in the peritoneal fluid and abdominal CT scan, leading to diagnostic laparoscopy. Histopathological examination of the samples revealed non-caseating granulomas involving the peritoneum, with no findings suggestive of malignancy. Subsequently, molecular testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive in the biopsies and peritoneal fluid, establishing the diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis. This case highlights the importance of awareness of peritoneal tuberculosis as a differential diagnosis of ascites and its significant potential to mimic other pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Approaches for Mycobacterial Diseases)

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14 pages, 1069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serologic Evidence of Circulation of Six Arboviruses (Dengue Virus, Chikungunya Virus, Zika Virus, Rift Valley Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus) in Four Regions of Burkina Faso, West Africa

by Armel Moumouni Sanou, Achille Sindimbasba Nikiéma, Aurélie Sausy, Jeoffray Diendéré, Mathuola Nina Genéviève Ouattara, Arielle Bettina Sandra Badiel, Isidore Bonkoungou, Henri Gautier Ouédraogo and Judith M. Hübschen

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120345 - 9 Dec 2025

Viewed by 506

Abstract

Apart from some information on dengue virus (DENV), there is limited data on the circulation of arboviruses in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to investigate antibody prevalence against six arboviruses in four regions of the country to document previous virus [...] Read more.

Apart from some information on dengue virus (DENV), there is limited data on the circulation of arboviruses in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to investigate antibody prevalence against six arboviruses in four regions of the country to document previous virus exposure. Serum samples collected between August 2018 and December 2022 from people infected with viral hepatitis B and C in Bobo-Dioulasso were used to detect IgG antibodies against DENV, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) using commercial ELISA kits. A total of 1808 serum samples, accompanied by basic epidemiologic data (sex, age and residency) were included in this study. We observed an IgG antibodies seroprevalence of 75.4% for DENV, 30.8% for CHIKV, 2.9% for ZIKV, 1.2% for RVFV, 1.1% for CCHFV and 1.1% for YFV. Age, sex, and place of residence were significantly associated with seropositivity for DENV and age and sex with CHIKV seropositivity. The results suggested widespread circulation of DENV and CHIKV and possible circulation of CCHFV and RVFV in humans in Burkina Faso. The importance of strengthening arbovirus surveillance by including additional arboviruses in the diagnostic panel is emphasized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)

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19 pages, 3361 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Surveillance for Human and Animal Brucellosis in Kenya: A Predictive Analysis

by Samuel Kahariri, Lian F. Thomas, Bernard Bett, Marianne W. Mureithi, Anita Makori, Brian Njuguna, Samuel Kadivane, Dennis N. Makau, Nyamai Mutono and S. M. Thumbi

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120344 - 9 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease which poses a significant public health challenge globally. In Kenya, it is a priority zoonosis, causing morbidity and losses in humans and animals. Here, we used monthly surveillance data from 2014 to 2022 from the official human [...] Read more.

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease which poses a significant public health challenge globally. In Kenya, it is a priority zoonosis, causing morbidity and losses in humans and animals. Here, we used monthly surveillance data from 2014 to 2022 from the official human and animal health surveillance databases. We conducted spatiotemporal analysis, tested associations between human and animal brucellosis using Time Series Linear Models, and forecasted the incidence of human brucellosis for twelve months using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models. Our analysis revealed a significant disparity in brucellosis cases, with a much higher cumulative number of human cases (4,688,787) compared to animal cases (1214). Human incidence depicted a relatively stable trend, with occasional fluctuations. However, cattle and camel incidences displayed sporadic peaks and troughs. Only cattle brucellosis was significantly associated (estimate: 0.355; 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.707) with human brucellosis. SARIMA models demonstrated reasonable predictive accuracy for human incidence, but incorporating animal data did not significantly improve model performance. Our study highlights the weaknesses in the existing surveillance systems and the need for comprehensive evaluation of the systems and implementation of integrated surveillance to address gaps in surveillance, improve the accuracy of predictive analysis, and enhance early detection for zoonotic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Surveillance Systems and Predictive Analytics for Epidemics)

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2 pages, 197 KB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Omansen, T.F.; Ramharter, M. Intensive Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Severe Yellow Fever: What Is the Evidence? Comment on “Ho et al. Intensive Therapeutic Plasma Exchange—New Approach to Treat and Rescue Patients with Severe Form of Yellow Fever. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10, 39”

by Yeh-Li Ho, Youko Nukui, Paula Ribeiro Villaça, Erica Okazaki, Nelson Hidekazu Tatsui, Lucas Chaves Netto, Daniel Joelsons, Tania Rubia Flores da Rocha, Fernanda de Mello Malta, João Renato Rebello Pinho, Aluisio Augusto Cotrim Segurado and Vanderson Rocha

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120343 - 8 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Dear Drs [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)

2 pages, 161 KB

Open AccessComment

Intensive Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Severe Yellow Fever: What Is the Evidence? Comment on Ho et al. Intensive Therapeutic Plasma Exchange—New Approach to Treat and Rescue Patients with Severe Form of Yellow Fever. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10, 39

by Till F. Omansen and Michael Ramharter

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120342 - 8 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 332

Abstract

Recent outbreaks of yellow fever in Brazil, with hundreds of cases despite available vaccination, have drawn attention to the pressing need for effective therapeutic interventions, with a special focus on the critically ill [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)

1 pages, 146 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Sirijatuphat et al. Distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Non-SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infections in Adult Patients through Clinical Score Tools. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 61

by Rujipas Sirijatuphat, Kulprasut Sirianan, Navin Horthongkham, Chulaluk Komoltri and Nasikarn Angkasekwinai

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120341 - 5 Dec 2025

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Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Variants, Vaccines and New Waves)

6 pages, 522 KB

Open AccessCase Report

An Unusual Presentation of Human Parotid Filariasis

by Tanaya Siripoon, Suppachok Kirdlarp, Polrat Wilairatana, Viravarn Luvira, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Parnpen Viriyavejakul and Paron Dekumyoy

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120340 - 1 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Human filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi continues to circulate within Northern and Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, respectively. Major clinical presentations comprise lymphedema of extremities, hydrocele, funiculitis, orchitis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Microfilaria in other organs is rare. We report [...] Read more.

Human filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi continues to circulate within Northern and Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, respectively. Major clinical presentations comprise lymphedema of extremities, hydrocele, funiculitis, orchitis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Microfilaria in other organs is rare. We report an unusual case of a 48-year-old woman from Southern Thailand with parotid filariasis presenting with chronic parotid gland enlargement. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria was observed within cytologic smear samples from the swollen left parotid gland and subsequently confirmed via a positive filaria immunoblot. The patient’s condition was successfully resolved through administration of a triple regimen consisting of three antiparasitic medications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filarial Infections in Humans: Advances in Epidemiology and Immunological Insights)

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12 pages, 1840 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Pattern and Age-Specific Detection of Eight Respiratory Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Infection in 2024, Bangkok, Thailand

by Nungruthai Suntronwong, Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana, Jiratchaya Puenpa, Siripat Pasittungkul, Ratchadawan Aeemjinda, Lakkhana Wongsrisang and Yong Poovorawan

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120339 - 29 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Since the emergence of COVID-19, the epidemiological and seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens have shifted, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance. This study investigated the epidemiology, seasonal trends, and age-specific detection of respiratory viruses among patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Thailand [...] Read more.

Since the emergence of COVID-19, the epidemiological and seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens have shifted, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance. This study investigated the epidemiology, seasonal trends, and age-specific detection of respiratory viruses among patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Thailand from January to December 2024. Eight respiratory viruses were detected using multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Of 7853 samples, 60.8% (4777) tested positive. The most frequently detected pathogens were influenza virus (IFV, 24.8%), SARS-CoV-2 (21.5%), and human rhinovirus (HRV, 20.8%). IFV showed biannual peaks during the cold and rainy seasons, SARS-CoV-2 peaked in the warm months, and HRV circulated year-round. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) were primarily detected during the rainy season (July–November), reflecting a return toward pre–COVID-19 seasonal patterns. Age-specific differences were notable: HRV was most prevalent in children < 5 years, IFV predominated among those aged 6–18 years, and adults ≥ 19 years were mainly positive for IFV and SARS-CoV-2. Co-infections were most frequent in children aged 3–5 years, often involving HRV. These findings provide updated insights into post–COVID-19 viral epidemiology, emphasize the importance of age- and season-specific surveillance, and support the development of effective public health strategies for ARI control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)

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7 pages, 204 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Evaluating the New TB Antigen-Based Skin Test to Diagnose TB Infection in South Africa

by Farzana Sathar, Claire du Toit, Violet Chihota, Conor Eastop, Norbert Ndjeka, Katlego Motlhaoleng, Harry Hausler, Matsie Mphahlele, Khilona Radia, Thobani Ntshiqa, Mark Hatherill, Juli Switala, Salome Charalambous and Kavindhran Velen

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120338 - 29 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) antigen-based skin tests, known as TB-specific skin tests (TBSTs), have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to test for TB infection (TBI). In light of these new recommendations, we conducted a situational analysis and market assessment to evaluate [...] Read more.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) antigen-based skin tests, known as TB-specific skin tests (TBSTs), have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to test for TB infection (TBI). In light of these new recommendations, we conducted a situational analysis and market assessment to evaluate the utility of testing for TBI in general and of the new TBSTs in South Africa. We found the following barriers to acceptability of testing for TBI overall, regardless of the test: the perceived high prevalence of TBI; prior experiences of poor TB preventive treatment (TPT) uptake, which has led to the removal of TBI tests from the current TPT guidelines; and a poor sensitivity of previous TBI tests in people living with HIV (PLHIV). In addition, further barriers to the new TBSTs in particular were as follows: patient level barriers linked to repeat visits; the need for cold chains; and the need for a strong laboratory system, which reduces the need for point-of-care options. TBI testing was thought to be potentially useful to determine the eligibility for TPT in these use cases: healthcare workers, pregnant women living with HIV and prisoners. One other use case was in the TB diagnoses of children, where it was thought that a positive immunological test (TST/IgRA/TBST) could indicate a TB contact and serve as a ‘rule in’ test to strengthen the evidence for TB disease as a cause. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Tuberculosis Prevention and Control)

12 pages, 809 KB

Open AccessArticle

Public Awareness of Rabies and Post-Bite Practices in Makkah Region of Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study

by Nahla H. Hariri, Khalid S. Alrougi, Abdullah A. Almogbil, Mona H. Kassar, Reman G. Alharbi, Abdullah O. Krenshi, Jory M. Altayyar, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Maher N. Alandiyjany, Fozya B. Bashal, Nizar S. Bawahab, Saleh A. K. Saleh and Heba M. Adly

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120337 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 906

Abstract

Background: Rabies is a fatal yet preventable zoonosis. In Saudi Arabia, uneven surveillance and limited public awareness may delay post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Makkah, where residents regularly encounter free-roaming dogs, knowledge gaps could elevate exposure risks. Objectives: This study aims to assess public [...] Read more.

Background: Rabies is a fatal yet preventable zoonosis. In Saudi Arabia, uneven surveillance and limited public awareness may delay post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Makkah, where residents regularly encounter free-roaming dogs, knowledge gaps could elevate exposure risks. Objectives: This study aims to assess public knowledge, attitudes, and post-bite practices regarding rabies, including wound washing and access to PEP among adult residents of the Makkah Region, and to examine associations with pet dog ownership. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Makkah Region (March–June 2025). An online validated bilingual questionnaire targeted residents ≥ 18 years via social media. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, 95% confidence intervals, and binomial logistic regression were applied in IBM SPSS v26; p < 0.05 was significant. Results: Of 523 respondents, 91.8% lived in Makkah city, 52.8% were female, and the age distribution was 18–24 years (44.2%), 25–34 years (35.6%), 35–44 years (12.0%), and ≥45 years (8.2%). Pet dog ownership was rare (1.9%), yet 39.4% reported stray dogs in their communities. Overall, 60.6% knew what rabies is and 63.7% knew it is vaccine-preventable, but 52.2% wrongly believed that transmission occurs only via dog bites. Hospitals (79.7%) and health centers (79.2%) were the most cited vaccination sites; social media was the dominant information source (74.6%). No significant association was found between pet ownership and rabies awareness (all p > 0.05). In multivariable regression (n = 509), adequate rabies knowledge increased the odds of an appropriate intended response (AOR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.27–2.68). Participants aged 30–40 years and those >50 years had significantly lower odds (AOR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24–0.85 and AOR 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09–0.56, respectively). Conclusions: Despite moderate awareness, critical misconceptions and inconsistent first aid intentions persist. Priority actions include clear, locally adapted education on immediate wound washing and prompt PEP, standardized bite management pathways across facilities, reliable access to vaccines and immunoglobulin, and targeted social media micro-campaigns. By identifying public misconceptions, knowledge gaps, and preferred communication channels, this study provides baseline evidence to guide community awareness programs, intersectoral collaboration, and One Health-based surveillance essential for Saudi Arabia’s progress toward the global “Zero rabies by 2030” goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies—Global Challenges, Societal Perspectives, and Case Studies)

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22 pages, 3574 KB

Open AccessReview

A Brief History of the Use of Insecticides in Brazil to Control Vector-Borne Diseases, and Implications for Insecticide Resistance

by Bashir Alsharif, Maria Alice Varjal Melo-Santos, Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120336 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 981

Abstract

In Brazil, public health programs have relied predominantly on chemical insecticides to control Aedes aegypti, Anopheles spp., Culex quinquefasciatus, triatomines, and phlebotomines. Rising vector-borne disease incidence and insecticide resistance (IR) call for a critical appraisal of historical and current control practices. [...] Read more.

In Brazil, public health programs have relied predominantly on chemical insecticides to control Aedes aegypti, Anopheles spp., Culex quinquefasciatus, triatomines, and phlebotomines. Rising vector-borne disease incidence and insecticide resistance (IR) call for a critical appraisal of historical and current control practices. This literature review compiles secondary data produced from 1901 to 2024 obtained from Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, and governmental notes and reports. Brazil’s vector control progressed from organochlorines (e.g., DDT) to organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators, microbial larvicides (Bti and Lsp), spinosad, and recently formulations with dual active-ingredient. Ae. aegypti showed widespread resistance to temephos and pyrethroids, decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen, and no documented Bti resistance. Anopheles spp. exhibited low to moderate resistance to pyrethroids. Cx. quinquefasciatus resistance is likely influenced by collateral exposure from Aedes control and domestic use. Regarding triatomines and phlebotomines, there was a predominant reliance on pyrethroids; most studies indicate their susceptibility to these compounds. In short, Brazil’s century-long, insecticide-centric strategy has delivered episodic gains but fostered Aedes aegypti resistance. For other species, for which there is no dedicated program for a long period, data on resistance are scarce or nonexistent. Sustainable progress requires strengthened, nationwide IR surveillance and entomological mapping to coordinate cross-program actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Vector Control)

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7 pages, 954 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Climate, Interventions, and Malaria Outcomes in a Warming World: Towards Climate-Smart Malaria Control in Kenya

by Bryan O. Nyawanda, Eric Ochomo, James D. Otieno, Kibor Keitany, Beatrice K. Machini and Penelope Vounatsou

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120335 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa lies at the intersection of changing climate suitability and the scale-up of vector control and case management. Drawing on recent evidence from Kenya, we argue that climate variability already exerts effects on malaria outcomes comparable to, and sometimes [...] Read more.

Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa lies at the intersection of changing climate suitability and the scale-up of vector control and case management. Drawing on recent evidence from Kenya, we argue that climate variability already exerts effects on malaria outcomes comparable to, and sometimes stronger than, those of commonly measured interventions at local scales. Transmission dynamics display non-linear, lagged relationships with temperature and rainfall. As a result, climate change is expected to alter prevailing conditions and extremes, reshaping the geography and seasonality of malaria risk. At the same time, socio-economic development and vector control intervention such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and timely case management continue to reduce malaria incidence and deaths, especially among young children. However, their population-level impact depends on when and where interventions are deployed relative to climate-favoured windows of transmission. We propose a practical agenda for “climate-smart” malaria control in Kenya advocating for dynamic targeting of interventions according to observed climate lags and thresholds, sustaining protection for the youngest, and innovating approaches for school-age reservoirs of infection. Access to effective care should be re-conceptualized as a climate-adaptation strategy, and short-term, locally tailored forecasts should be embedded into routine planning to support anticipatory and equitable malaria control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Diseases, Health and Climate Change)

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11 pages, 1402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology of HIV in Remote Equatorial Regions of Cameroon: High Prevalence in Older Adults and Regional Disparities

by Marcel Tongo, Yannick F. Ngoume, Ramla F. Tanko, Urmes C. Teagho, Brice Eselacha, Oumarou H. Goni, Dell-Dylan Kenfack, Mérimé Tchakoute and Georges Nguefack-Tsague

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120334 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 491

Abstract

Data on HIV prevalence in remote, rural communities of Cameroon are scarce despite the country’s high HIV-1 group M diversity. This study assessed HIV seroprevalence and socio-demographic determinants in four regions of the equatorial rainforest location of the country. A cross-sectional survey was [...] Read more.

Data on HIV prevalence in remote, rural communities of Cameroon are scarce despite the country’s high HIV-1 group M diversity. This study assessed HIV seroprevalence and socio-demographic determinants in four regions of the equatorial rainforest location of the country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 5631 individuals in rural communities of the Centre, East, Littoral, and South regions. HIV testing was performed, and socio-demographic data were collected. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated using bivariate and multivariate analyses (negative log-binomial model with generalised estimating equations, GEEs). Overall, HIV prevalence was 3.4% (95% CI: 2.9–3.9%) in individuals aged 15–49 years and 4.9% in those aged ≥50 years. Women had higher prevalence than men (4.5% vs. 3.0%, aPR = 1.53, 95% CI: [1.12–2.08], p = 0.007) and also higher HIV prevalence among individuals aged 50–54 years compared to those aged 15–19 years (5.5% vs. 1.8%, aPR = 2.76, 95% CI: [1.24–6.15], p = 0.013). The South region recorded the highest prevalence (5.2%, aPR = 1.82, 95% CI: [1.04–3.18], p = 0.035) compared to the Centre region with the lowest (2.3%). Divorced/separated/widowed individuals (10.2%) had increased risk (aPR = 1.70, 95% CI: [0.80–3.58], p = 0.165) compared to single individuals (3.2%). HIV remains a significant public health concern in remote, rural Cameroon, with a disproportionate impact on older adults and women. Surveillance should extend beyond the traditional 15–49-year age range, and targeted prevention is needed for high-prevalence regions and older populations to curb ongoing transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV-1 Dynamics and Public Health)

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19 pages, 2459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lung Involvement in Patients with Leptospirosis in Tropical Australia; Associations, Clinical Course and Implications for Management

by Adam Sykes, Simon Smith, Hayley Stratton, Megan Staples, Patrick Rosengren, Anna Brischetto, Stephen Vincent and Josh Hanson

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120333 - 26 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 362

Abstract

Lung involvement in patients with leptospirosis is associated with a more complicated disease course. However, the demographic and clinical associations of lung involvement are incompletely defined, and its optimal management is uncertain. This retrospective study examined consecutive patients admitted to a referral hospital [...] Read more.

Lung involvement in patients with leptospirosis is associated with a more complicated disease course. However, the demographic and clinical associations of lung involvement are incompletely defined, and its optimal management is uncertain. This retrospective study examined consecutive patients admitted to a referral hospital in tropical Australia, with laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis between January 2015, and June 2024. Lung involvement was defined as new lung parenchymal changes on chest imaging at any point during the patients’ hospitalisation. The demographics, clinical findings and clinical course of the patients with and without lung involvement were compared. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of the 109 patients was 39 (24–56) years; 93/109 (85%) were male. Lung involvement was present in 62/109 (57%), 55 (89%) of whom had no documented comorbidities. Patients with lung involvement received antibiotics later in their disease course than those without lung involvement (after a median (IQR) of 5 (4–6) versus 3 (2–5) days of symptoms, p = 0.001). Lung involvement was frequently associated with multi-organ failure: patients with lung involvement were more likely to require intensive care unit admission than patients without lung involvement (41/62 (66%) versus 15/47 (32%), p < 0.001). Overall, 30/109 (28%) satisfied criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 26/109 (24%) developed pulmonary haemorrhage. Patients with lung involvement received cautious fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support and prompt initiation of additional supportive care—including mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membranous oxygenation—guided by the patients’ physiological parameters and clinical trajectory. All 109 patients in the cohort were alive 90 days after discharge. Life-threatening lung involvement was identified in the majority of individuals in this cohort and occurred in young and otherwise well individuals. However, in Australia’s well-resourced health system excellent outcomes can be achieved using a standard contemporary approach to the management of a patient with undifferentiated infection while a confirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis is awaited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leptospirosis and One Health)

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50 pages, 4605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Adherence Phenotypes and Psychosocial Symptom Clusters Among Black/African American (AA) and Hispanic/Latine Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs) with HIV in the Adherence Connection for Counseling, Education, and Support (ACCESS-II) Trial

by Ann-Margaret Navarra, Taehoon Ha, Eva Liang, Maurade Gormley, David R. Garcia, Jason Fletcher, Lloyd A. Goldsamt, Michael G. Rosenberg, Karin Hasegawa and Jie Yang

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120332 - 25 Nov 2025

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence behavior is heterogeneous among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with HIV and influenced by individual and interpersonal psychosocial factors. The primary objective of this study is to characterize ART adherence phenotypes and psychosocial symptom clusters, as related to ART [...] Read more.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence behavior is heterogeneous among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with HIV and influenced by individual and interpersonal psychosocial factors. The primary objective of this study is to characterize ART adherence phenotypes and psychosocial symptom clusters, as related to ART adherence and HIV viral load suppression. This analysis included 60 AYAs with HIV enrolled in an ART adherence support clinical trial. Self-reported ART adherence at baseline, 12-weeks, and 24-weeks was used to define four ART adherence phenotypes: consistently high adherence (YY), early-only adherence (YN), late-only adherence (NY), and consistently low adherence (NN). Symptom clusters were empirically derived from baseline psychosocial measures, including adherence self-efficacy, ART knowledge, HIV stigma, psychological distress (depression, anxiety, trauma), and social support. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine psychosocial symptom outcomes at three timepoints (baseline, 12-weeks, and 24-weeks) and across groups with different adherence or viral load phenotypes. Using hierarchical clustering, four distinct clusters were identified, underscoring heterogeneity of psychosocial symptoms and patterns of ART and viral suppression. Findings from this analysis are among the first known characterizations of ART adherence phenotypes and psychosocial symptom clusters among AYAs with HIV. Heterogeneity in clusters underscores the need to examine other factors, such as resilience, not captured in the present study. Overall, these study findings contribute to improved understanding of the multi-level psychosocial influences of ART adherence and viral load suppression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent HIV Care and Transition Strategies: Challenges, Outcomes, and Interventions)

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14 pages, 2282 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Molecular Mechanisms of Efficacy Variation in Antivenoms: Insights from a Malayan Pit Viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) Bite in Vietnam

by Thuan Quang Le, Nguyen Trung Nguyen, Yen Bao Pham, Minh Bao Vu, Nhan Thanh Le, Nhan Sy Pham Nguyen, Neil R. Balchan, Choo Hock Tan, Thai Huu Duong, Hoang Huy Nguyen and Tao Thien Nguyen

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120331 - 25 Nov 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

Background: Although antivenom is the standard treatment for snakebite envenoming, its efficacy may be impacted by geographic variation in venom composition, emphasizing the need for region-specific antivenom development. Methods: We report a case of snakebite envenoming, in which the patient was bitten on [...] Read more.

Background: Although antivenom is the standard treatment for snakebite envenoming, its efficacy may be impacted by geographic variation in venom composition, emphasizing the need for region-specific antivenom development. Methods: We report a case of snakebite envenoming, in which the patient was bitten on the hand by a captive Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) with typical clinical manifestations following. Antivenom (produced in Thailand) was administered at 33 and 39 h post-bite. Venom from the causative individual snake was collected for compositional analysis via SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activity of the venom was evaluated through the degradation of casein and phospholipid substrates, along with the assessment of enzymatic inhibition by two regionally specific antivenoms produced in Vietnam (AV. Cr. VN.) and Thailand (AV. Cr. TL.). Results: The patient showed good recovery, with complete normalization by day 7. SDS-PAGE profiling of the venom revealed five major enzymes, with SVSP, SVMP and PLA₂ being the most abundant (16.7%, 40.11% and 26.11%, respectively). Antivenom inhibition tests revealed remaining casein percentages of 67.43% (AV. Cr. VN) and 59.35% (AV. Cr. TL). Blood agar assays indicated that phospholipase activity was reduced to 21.01% by AV. Cr. VN. and 23.30% by AV. Cr. TL. Conclusions: Our results show that the Vietnamese antivenom generated greater inhibitory activity against proteinases compared to the Thai product, underscoring the importance of using regionally specific antivenoms that are more effective against the venom profiles of locality-matched snake populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Snakebite Envenoming Research)

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44 pages, 3221 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Dengue and Acute Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review

by Matteo Riccò, Antonio Cascio, Luca Pipitò, Marco Bottazzoli, Paolo Manzoni, Lilian Romina Brandolisio, Cecilia Nobili and Pasquale Gianluca Giuri

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120330 - 24 Nov 2025

Viewed by 807

Abstract

Dengue fever typically presents as a febrile illness, and acute pancreatitis has been reported as a rare complication. Limited evidence exists regarding clinical features, imaging findings, and outcomes, particularly on the distinction between acute interstitial pancreatitis and acute necrotizing pancreatitis. This systematic review [...] Read more.

Dengue fever typically presents as a febrile illness, and acute pancreatitis has been reported as a rare complication. Limited evidence exists regarding clinical features, imaging findings, and outcomes, particularly on the distinction between acute interstitial pancreatitis and acute necrotizing pancreatitis. This systematic review was therefore designed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD420250631013) in order to characterize the clinical spectrum of dengue virus (DENV)-associated acute pancreatitis by recollecting available case reports from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, MedRxiv, and BioRxiv Case reports and case series, which were included if they described laboratory-confirmed DENV infection and met the diagnostic criteria for acute pancreatitis. Seventy cases of DENV-associated acute pancreatitis were identified, mostly from Asia (78.6%) and South America (17.1%). Patients were predominantly male (62.9%), with a mean age of 31.6 years. Acute interstitial pancreatitis was more common (65.7%) than acute necrotizing pancreatitis (34.3%). Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was associated with leukocytosis, pancreatic collections, multiorgan and respiratory failure, prolonged hospital stay, and higher mortality (25.0% vs. 4.3% for acute interstitial pancreatitis). Overall, the case fatality was 11.4%, and survival analysis demonstrated significantly worse outcomes for acute necrotizing pancreatitis. In summary, clinicians should maintain awareness of this complication, as early recognition and appropriate management may improve outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases and Public Health Challenges)

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11 pages, 2050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Trends and Predictive Modeling of Dengue Fever in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries

by Qian Ren, Ruoxi Li, Xiaojun Liu, Wei Hao, Xiaojie Zhou, Meide Liu, Hongjiang Zhang, Xinying Feng, Xiaogui Li, Ziwen Zhao, Weiwei Hu, Jianjun Zhang and Zhenjiang Xin

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120329 - 24 Nov 2025

Viewed by 908

Abstract

Dengue fever is one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region is a high-incidence area for dengue fever and a primary source of imported cases in China. Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) [...] Read more.

Dengue fever is one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region is a high-incidence area for dengue fever and a primary source of imported cases in China. Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data, this study statistically analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of dengue fever in ten ASEAN countries from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze long-term trends, and future trends from 2022 to 2031 were predicted. In 2021, the ASR of dengue fever varied widely among ASEAN countries. Singapore had the highest ASR (8715 cases per 100,000 persons). After 2000, countries, such as Brunei Darussalam, experienced short-term outbreaks. From 1990 to 2021, seven countries showed a significant upward trend in the ASR (AAPC > 0, p < 0.05). Predictions indicate that the Philippines will continue to see a rising ASR from 2022 to 2031, and the dengue fever situation in ASEAN countries is severe and heterogeneous. We recommend differentiated control measures according to the ASR level of the source country in China. The results can support the development of Sino-ASEAN collaborative strategies for dengue fever prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Data-Driven Insights into Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases)

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25 pages, 737 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Canadian Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Landscape—Challenges and Opportunities

by Sepideh Vahid, Marie Yan and Shannon Lee Turvey

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120328 - 24 Nov 2025

Viewed by 789

Abstract

The incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are rising. This narrative review examines the evolution of NTM disease trends over the past four decades, in Canada and globally, encompassing changing epidemiology, shifting treatment paradigms, and emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns. Challenges to [...] Read more.

The incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are rising. This narrative review examines the evolution of NTM disease trends over the past four decades, in Canada and globally, encompassing changing epidemiology, shifting treatment paradigms, and emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns. Challenges to NTM treatment are explored, and novel and investigational therapies are summarized. Key themes include a significant increase in NTM disease incidence, temporal shifts in the dominant species causing human infections, evolution from single-drug to multi-drug treatment approaches, and growing concerns regarding macrolide resistance. The substantial challenges with treatment tolerability, effectiveness, and access are outlined. This review synthesizes data from multiple sources, including peer-reviewed literature, clinical trials, and public health databases, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the changing NTM disease landscape in Canada and more broadly. There is a need for expanded surveillance, continued innovation, and a multidisciplinary approach to NTM management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends of Infectious Diseases in Canada)

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18 pages, 6629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of New Cases of Leprosy in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

by Celivane Cavalcanti Barbosa, Gilberto Silva Nunes Bezerra, Amanda Tavares Xavier, André Luiz Sá de Oliveira, Marcílio Sandro de Medeiros, Cristine Vieira do Bonfim, Zulma Maria de Medeiros and Wayner Vieira de Souza

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120327 - 21 Nov 2025

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Spatial analysis of leprosy case distribution serves as a critical tool for identifying priority areas for intervention, particularly in settings with marked epidemiological heterogeneity. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of new leprosy cases in Pernambuco, Brazil, 2000–2024. This is an [...] Read more.

Spatial analysis of leprosy case distribution serves as a critical tool for identifying priority areas for intervention, particularly in settings with marked epidemiological heterogeneity. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of new leprosy cases in Pernambuco, Brazil, 2000–2024. This is an ecological study with the municipalities of residence as the units of analysis. The data was extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The average incidence rates were calculated: general, in children under 15 years of age and with grade 2 physical disability at diagnosis, for four five-year periods. Bayesian smoothing and Moran’s global and local autocorrelation statistics were applied. The average rates of overall detection were 29.0/100,000 inhabitants per year (very high); in children under 15 years of age, 10.7/100,000 inhabitants per year (hyperendemic); and grade 2 physical disability, 1.6/100,000 inhabitants per year (low). Spatial analysis showed significant spatial heterogeneity, with clusters of high overall detection rates of leprosy cases, high detection rates among children under 15, and high rates of grade 2 physical disability at diagnosis, mainly in macro-regions I and IV. There is circulation of Mycobacterium leprae across all macro-regions of the state, with evidence of active transmission foci in macro-region III. Therefore, municipalities with a priority for intervention are concentrated in macro-regions I and IV, highlighting the need to strengthen leprosy surveillance and control actions in the state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Zero Leprosy: Epidemiology and Prevention Strategy)

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Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., Volume 10, Issue 12 (December 2025) – 28 articles

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