Veterinary Sciences

12 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Function, and Immune Response of Broiler Breeders under Immune Stress and Stocking Density Stress

by Dongying Bai, Kexin Liu, Xianglong He, Haiqiu Tan, Yanhao Liu, Yuqian Li, Yi Zhang, Wenrui Zhen, Cai Zhang and Yanbo Ma

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100582 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler breeders exposed to immune stress or high stocking density stress. The test was divided into two stress models. For [...] Read more.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler breeders exposed to immune stress or high stocking density stress. The test was divided into two stress models. For the immune stress test, 198 birds were distributed into three experimental treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were: (1) saline control (birds injected with saline and fed basal diet), (2) LPS group (birds injected with 0.5 mg LPS/kg body weight and fed basal diet), and (3) CGA + LPS group (birds injected with LPS and fed basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg CGA. LPS was intraperitoneally injected from day 14, and then daily for 10 days. For the high stocking density stress model, 174 birds were distributed into three experimental treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were: (1) controls (birds fed basal diet and raised at a stocking density of 14 broilers per m²), (2) high-density group (birds fed with basal diet and raised at a stocking density of 22 broilers per m²), and (3) high density + CGA group (birds fed with 1 g/kg CGA and raised at a stocking density of 22 broilers per m²). Results showed that LPS injection and high stocking density significantly decreased the body weight and feed intake of broiler breeders, while CGA supplementation increased feed intake of broiler breeders under LPS injection and high stocking density stress. Moreover, LPS injection and high stocking density increased the concentration of corticosterone in serum, and CGA addition remarkably downregulated serum corticosterone levels. The GSH level decreased with LPS injection and CGA increased the GSH concentration in the intestines of immune-stressed broiler breeders. LPS injection promoted the production of circulating proinflammatory cytokines (serum IL-1β and TNF-α) by 72 h after LPS injection. Dietary supplementation with CGA prevented the increase in serum TNF-α caused by LPS. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of 1 g/kg CGA could increase the feed intake of broiler breeders and alleviate the effects of inflammatory mediator stress and exposure to high stocking density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Virtual-Problem-Based Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency: Veterinary Students’ Perception

by Fabiana Micieli, Giovanni Della Valle, Chiara Del Prete, Paolo Ciaramella and Jacopo Guccione

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100581 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

The COVID-19 global pandemic emergency forced us to replace the “traditional and in presence” clinical, pre-graduating, veterinary medical training with clinical virtual-problem-based learning (v-PBL). This prospective cross-sectional case-control study aimed to evaluate the students’ perception of the v-PBLs compared to the traditional veterinary [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 global pandemic emergency forced us to replace the “traditional and in presence” clinical, pre-graduating, veterinary medical training with clinical virtual-problem-based learning (v-PBL). This prospective cross-sectional case-control study aimed to evaluate the students’ perception of the v-PBLs compared to the traditional veterinary clinical training (t-VCT). The t-VCT consisted of supervised management of clinical cases admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and in the field. The v-PBL consisted of genuine clinical cases shared by tutors throughout an online platform. A survey was delivered to all the fifth-year students who completed the t-VCT or the v-PBL. The survey was completed by 49% of the students. Overall student satisfaction regarding the training experiences was high in both groups, but it was less in the v-PBL than in the t-VCT group. The students of the v-PBL group perceived that they could not improve their practical clinical skills through online sessions, and they emphasized how it could be employed as support for traditional practical activities. All the students are satisfied with the supervision and considered the training correctly focused on relevant learning objectives and the task clearly explained. Stimulating the integration of knowledge and lifelong learning skills replicating life experiences the v-PBLs represented an attractive curricular alternative for veterinary education. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 9364 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A High Grade Astrocytoma with Pilocytic Morphology in a 5-Month-Old American Bulldog

by Kelly Muller, Eunbee Kim, Abbie Lebowitz and Heather Daverio

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100580 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2322

Abstract

A 23-week-old female intact American Bulldog was presented for a two-week history of progressive circling to the right, twitching, and altered mentation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a non-contrast enhancing hemorrhagic mass centered in the right thalamus with concurrent subdural and intraventricular hemorrhage. [...] Read more.

A 23-week-old female intact American Bulldog was presented for a two-week history of progressive circling to the right, twitching, and altered mentation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a non-contrast enhancing hemorrhagic mass centered in the right thalamus with concurrent subdural and intraventricular hemorrhage. Post-mortem histologic examination of the brain confirmed a mass centered on the thalamus with histomorphologic features consistent with a high-grade astrocytoma with pilocytic morphology. To the authors’ knowledge, the present case is the first to report clinical and imaging characteristics of a high-grade astrocytoma with pilocytic morphology in a young dog. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Nervous System Tumors—Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Veterinary Neuropathologist Prof. Robert J. Higgins)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Genome Sequence Analysis of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype A Viruses Circulating in Commercial Chicken Flocks in Mexico

by Henry M. Kariithi, Nancy Christy, Eduardo L. Decanini, Stéphane Lemiere, Jeremy D. Volkening, Claudio L. Afonso and David L. Suarez

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100579 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2698

Abstract

Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV subtypes A-D) are respiratory and reproductive pathogens of poultry. Since aMPV-A was initially reported in Mexico in 2014, there have been no additional reports of its detection in the country. Using nontargeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of FTA card-spotted respiratory samples [...] Read more.

Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV subtypes A-D) are respiratory and reproductive pathogens of poultry. Since aMPV-A was initially reported in Mexico in 2014, there have been no additional reports of its detection in the country. Using nontargeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of FTA card-spotted respiratory samples from commercial chickens in Mexico, seven full genome sequences of aMPV-A (lengths of 13,288–13,381 nucleotides) were de novo assembled. Additionally, complete coding sequences of genes N (n = 2), P and M (n = 7 each), F and L (n = 1 each), M2 (n = 6), SH (n = 5) and G (n = 2) were reference-based assembled from another seven samples. The Mexican isolates phylogenetically group with, but in a distinct clade separate from, other aMPV-A strains. The genome and G-gene nt sequences of the Mexican aMPVs are closest to strain UK/8544/06 (97.22–97.47% and 95.07–95.83%, respectively). Various amino acid variations distinguish the Mexican isolates from each other, and other aMPV-A strains, most of which are in the G (n = 38), F (n = 12), and L (n = 19) proteins. Using our sequence data and publicly available aMPV-A data, we revised a previously published rRT-PCR test, which resulted in different cycling and amplification conditions for aMPV-A to make it more compatible with other commonly used rRT-PCR diagnostic cycling conditions. This is the first comprehensive sequence analysis of aMPVs in Mexico and demonstrates the value of nontargeted NGS to identify pathogens where targeted virus surveillance is likely not routinely performed. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 5147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Imaging Studies on Local and Systemic Erythropoietin Application for Promoting Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Defects

by Tsvetan Chaprazov, Radina Vasileva, Kiril Atliev and Elena Firkova

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100578 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of local and systemic application of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on the healing of rat calvarial defects. Twenty-four male skeletally-mature Wistar rats were used. Two bone 5 mm critical size defects were created [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of local and systemic application of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on the healing of rat calvarial defects. Twenty-four male skeletally-mature Wistar rats were used. Two bone 5 mm critical size defects were created in calvarial bones of each rat. In rats from experimental group I (n = 12), EPO was applied locally on a collagen cone in left defects, whereas a collagen cone soaked with physiological saline was placed in right defects. The rats from experimental group II were injected once intraperitoneally with 4900 IU/kg EPO; a collagen cone was only placed in left defects, whereas the right defects were left empty. The systemic effect of EPO treatment was monitored by haematological analyses on days 0, 30 and 90. Bone healing was monitored via radiography and computed tomography on the same time intervals. The results demonstrated that local EPO application had no significant effect on haemopoiesis, unlike the systemic application. At the same time, it resulted in new bone formation and therefore, could be successfully used as a means of promoting bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Wound Management: Regenerative Medicine, Cell Therapies, Skin Reconstruction in Small and Large Animal Practice)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1418 KiB

Open AccessReview

Occurrence and Definitions of Intra and Postoperative Complications Related to Laparoscopy in Equids: A Scoping Review

by Anna Cerullo, Marco Gandini and Gessica Giusto

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100577 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Laparoscopy is a common approach in equine surgery and has the advantage of improved visibility and diagnostic accuracy, decreased morbidity and hospitalization time. However, despite the numerous benefits, there can be intraoperative and postoperative complications which could have important welfare and economic consequences. [...] Read more.

Laparoscopy is a common approach in equine surgery and has the advantage of improved visibility and diagnostic accuracy, decreased morbidity and hospitalization time. However, despite the numerous benefits, there can be intraoperative and postoperative complications which could have important welfare and economic consequences. The aim of this study was to perform a scoping review to identify current evidence on the occurrence, definition and classification of intra and postoperative complications in equine laparoscopy. A scoping review was conducted in scientific databases. Peer-reviewed scientific articles in the English language on laparoscopy in equids between 1992 and 2022 were included. Data on the study method, sample size, surgical procedure, intra and postoperative complications were extracted and charted. One hundred sixty-four articles met the final inclusion criteria. A definition of “intraoperative complication” was given in one study. Difference between “minor” or “major” intraoperative complications were reported in 12 articles and between “minor” or “major” postoperative complications in 22 articles. A total of 22 intraoperative and 34 postoperative complications were described. The most reported intraoperative complication was hemorrhage from ovary or mesovary (12.7%), while the most reported postoperative complications were incisional complications (64.2%) and postoperative pain (32.7%). There is a need for implementation of criteria for defining complications. The adoption of classification systems and standard definitions would help surgeons to make decisions about the most appropriate treatment, and it is also essential to allow comparisons between research results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complications of Surgery in the Equine Patient)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Investigations of Parvovirus Disease in Tibetan Pigs: First Report from Tibet

by Feifei Yan, Shijun Xu, Zhenyu Chang, Mudassar Nazar, Yangzom Chamba and Peng Shang

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100576 - 17 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1487

Abstract

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) disease is a worldwide spread animal disease with high infection rate and serious impact on meat economy causing significant losses in livestock production. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze the regional seroprevalence of PPV in Tibetan [...] Read more.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) disease is a worldwide spread animal disease with high infection rate and serious impact on meat economy causing significant losses in livestock production. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze the regional seroprevalence of PPV in Tibetan pigs in Tibet and evaluate risk factors related to the disease. A total of 356 serum samples of Tibetan pigs were collected from four counties and districts in Tibet, and anti-PPV antibodies were detected by using a commercial competitive ELISA. Our results show a seroprevalence of 91.01% (324 serum samples were found to be positive for anti-PPV antibodies). The positive rate among different district was 100%, 96.55%, 93.68% and 72.83%, respectively in the Mainling County, in Bayi district, Nang County and Bomê County. We found significant differences between different age and gender groups; particularly female animals show a seroprevalence of 96.03% while the males only 83.46%. From the perspective of the growth stage, our results indicate that subadults show a seroprevalence significative higher than other age groups (100%). This study describes for the first time the PPV seroprevalence among Tibetan pigs characterizing risk factors involved in its transmission and providing information to be taken into account for eventual surveillance or eradication plans. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of Brucella Seroprevalence in Wild Boar Population in Serbia

by Zorana Zurovac Sapundzic, Jadranka Zutic, Natasa Stevic, Vesna Milicevic, Marina Radojicic, Slavoljub Stanojevic and Sonja Radojicic

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100575 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2116

Abstract

Brucellosis is one of the most important bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide, characterized in domestic animals by long-term reproductive disorders. As known, wild boars (Sus scrofa) are natural hosts for Brucella suis biovar 2, in which the infection passes in inapparent form, [...] Read more.

Brucellosis is one of the most important bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide, characterized in domestic animals by long-term reproductive disorders. As known, wild boars (Sus scrofa) are natural hosts for Brucella suis biovar 2, in which the infection passes in inapparent form, increasing the pathogen transmission risk to domestic pigs, other domestic animals and humans. So far, no studies regarding brucellosis in wild boars in Serbia have been published. During the hunting season 2020/2021, 480 sera of wild boars living in Serbia were collected and tested for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies. For the serological survey, the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) were used. Of the 480 sera, 45 sera tested positive, indicating the acquired Brucella seroprevalence in wild boars of 9.4%. The greatest numbers of Brucella seropositive animals were detected in the eastern parts of the country and in one of the central districts, i.e., Pomoravski, Branicevski, Borski and Juznobanatski. This study provides the first data regarding brucellosis in the wild boar population in Serbia, revealing the seroprevalence of Brucella, thus indicating that wild boars as natural hosts and/or vectors of Brucella likely present a risk for the infection of other animals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning Based Egg Fertility Detection

by Kerim Kürşat Çevik, Hasan Erdinç Koçer and Mustafa Boğa

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100574 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3748

Abstract

This study investigates the implementation of deep learning (DL) approaches to the fertile egg-recognition problem, based on incubator images. In this study, we aimed to classify chicken eggs according to both segmentation and fertility status with a Mask R-CNN-based approach. In this manner, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the implementation of deep learning (DL) approaches to the fertile egg-recognition problem, based on incubator images. In this study, we aimed to classify chicken eggs according to both segmentation and fertility status with a Mask R-CNN-based approach. In this manner, images can be handled by a single DL model to successfully perform detection, classification and segmentation of fertile and infertile eggs. Two different test processes were used in this study. In the first test application, a data set containing five fertile eggs was used. In the second, testing was carried out on the data set containing 18 fertile eggs. For evaluating this study, we used AP, one of the most important metrics for evaluating object detection and segmentation models in computer vision. When the results obtained were examined, the optimum threshold value (IoU) value was determined as 0.7. According to the IoU of 0.7, it was observed that all fertile eggs in the incubator were determined correctly on the third day of both test periods. Considering the methods used and the ease of the designed system, it can be said that a very successful system has been designed according to the studies in the literature. In order to increase the segmentation performance, it is necessary to carry out an experimental study to improve the camera and lighting setup prepared for taking the images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Reproductive Control in the Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Honey Bee Pathogen Prevalence and Interactions within the Marmara Region of Turkey

by Christopher Mayack and Haşim Hakanoğlu

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100573 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2446

Abstract

Beekeeping has yet to reach its full potential in terms of productivity in Turkey where it has a relatively large role in the economy. Poor colony health is suspected to be the reason for this, but comprehensive disease monitoring programs are lacking to [...] Read more.

Beekeeping has yet to reach its full potential in terms of productivity in Turkey where it has a relatively large role in the economy. Poor colony health is suspected to be the reason for this, but comprehensive disease monitoring programs are lacking to support this notion. We sampled a total of 115 colonies across five different apiaries throughout the Marmara region of Turkey and screened for all of the major bee pathogens using PCR and RNA-seq methods. We found that Varroa mites are more prevalent in comparison to Nosema infections. The pathogens ABPV, DWV, KV, and VDV1 are near 100% prevalent and are the most abundant across all locations, which are known to be vectored by the Varroa mite. We therefore suspect that controlling Varroa mites will be key for improving bee health in Turkey moving forward. We also documented significant interactions between DWV, KV, and VDV1, which may explain how the more virulent strain of the virus becomes abundant. ABPV had a positive interaction with VDV1, thereby possibly facilitating this more virulent viral strain, but a negative interaction with Nosema ceranae. Therefore, these complex pathogen interactions should be taken into consideration in the future to improve bee health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Bee Health and Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective Case Series of Clinical Signs and Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) Concentrations in Seven Horses Transitioning to Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)

by Naomi C. Kirkwood, Kristopher J. Hughes and Allison J. Stewart

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100572 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Poor recognition of subtle clinical abnormalities and equivocal ACTH concentrations make early diagnosis of PPID difficult. Progressive clinical findings and corresponding ACTH concentrations in horses transitioning to PPID over time have not been documented. Seven horses with ACTH concentrations equivocal for PPID (utilizing [...] Read more.

Poor recognition of subtle clinical abnormalities and equivocal ACTH concentrations make early diagnosis of PPID difficult. Progressive clinical findings and corresponding ACTH concentrations in horses transitioning to PPID over time have not been documented. Seven horses with ACTH concentrations equivocal for PPID (utilizing locally derived, seasonally adjusted diagnostic-cut off values (DCOV)) and no clinical signs of PPID were selected. Sequential measurement of basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated ACTH concentrations and recording of clinical findings occurred from October 2017 to November 2021 in a prospective case series. In two horses, marked hypertrichosis developed. Although 1/11 basal ACTH concentrations were below DCOV in 2018, subsequently all basal ACTH concentrations in these two horses without treatment were greater than DCOV. One horse was treated with pergolide which normalized basal ACTH concentrations. Four horses developed intermittent, mild hypertrichosis, and one horse never developed hypertrichosis. Basal ACTH concentrations in these five horses were greater than DCOV in 63/133 (47.4%) of testing points. TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations in these five horses were greater than DCOV in 77/133 (57.9%) of testing points, sometimes markedly increased and greater than the assay upper limit of detection (LoD) of 1250pg/mL. TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations were most frequently positive in late summer and early autumn, with 24/37 (64.9%) of TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations greater than the DCOV in February and March. Horses transitioning to PPID can have subtle clinical signs and equivocal ACTH concentrations. However, TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations can be markedly greater than DCOV, especially in late summer and early autumn (February and March) allowing for identification of subclinical and transitional cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge on Equine Endocrine and Metabolic Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Gastric Mucosa of Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus) and Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): A Key to Manage the Diet in Captive Conditions

by Barbara Biancani, Livio Galosi, Adolfo Maria Tambella, Sara Berardi, Lucia Biagini, Subeide Mari and Giacomo Rossi

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100571 - 16 Oct 2022

Viewed by 3055

Abstract

To histologically evaluate the gastric compartments of Risso’s (Grampus griseus) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and provide suggestions for the diet of Risso’s dolphins in captivity, we examined 12 stomachs from both species. While slight differences in keratinization were [...] Read more.

To histologically evaluate the gastric compartments of Risso’s (Grampus griseus) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and provide suggestions for the diet of Risso’s dolphins in captivity, we examined 12 stomachs from both species. While slight differences in keratinization were observed in the forestomach, significant differences came to light in the second stomach’s mucosa. At this level, in Risso’s dolphin, the principal cells are markedly reduced in size and located externally to the parietal cells, not interspersed between them, compared to bottlenose dolphins; differences were also observed in the structure and concentration of the parietal and principal cells of the gastric body glands (p < 0.0001). The quantitative results of G- and D-cell counts in the gastric mucosa show a clear difference, with a higher concentration of G cells in the mucosa of Risso’s dolphin (t = 7.334; p < 0.0001) and a higher level of D cells in bottlenose dolphin mucosa (t = 3.123; p = 0.0049). These results suggest that parietal cells undergo greater stimulation by gastrin produced by G cells, with greater acid secretion in G. griseus. Further studies are needed to understand whether an inappropriate diet could lead to severe clinical signs due to gastric acidity in Risso’s dolphin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of the Effect of Methylation in the Promoter Region of ZP2 Gene on Egg Production in Jinghai Yellow Chickens

by Jin Zhang, Xiang-Qian Zhang, Xuan-Ze Ling, Xiu-Hua Zhao, Kai-Zhi Zhou, Jin-Yu Wang and Gen-Xi Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100570 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1395

Abstract

Egg production in chickens is a quantitative trait. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of promoter methylation of the Zona pellucida 2 (ZP2) gene on egg production. Real-time fluorescence quantification showed that the expression of the ZP2 gene in [...] Read more.

Egg production in chickens is a quantitative trait. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of promoter methylation of the Zona pellucida 2 (ZP2) gene on egg production. Real-time fluorescence quantification showed that the expression of the ZP2 gene in the ovaries of 300-day-old Jinghai yellow chickens in the high-laying group was significantly higher than that in the low-laying group (p < 0.01). A series of deletion fragments of the ZP2 gene promoter in Jinghai yellow chickens had different promoter activities in DF-1 cells, and the core region of the ZP2 gene promoter was found to be between −1552 and −1348. Four CpG islands in the promoter region of the ZP2 gene were detected by software prediction. The overall degree of methylation of the ZP2-1 amplified fragment was negatively correlated with mRNA expression to some extent (R = −0.197); the overall degree of methylation of the ZP2-2 amplified fragment was also negatively correlated with mRNA expression to some extent (R = −0.264), in which the methylation of methylcytosine (mC)-9, mC-20, and mC-21 sites was significantly negatively correlated with mRNA expression (p < 0.05). In addition, the mC-20 and mC-21 sites are located on the Sp1 transcription factor binding site, and it is speculated that these two sites may be the main sites for regulating transcription. In summary, the methylation sites mC-20 and mC-21 of the ZP2 gene may inhibit the binding of Sp1 and DNA, affect the transcription of the ZP2 gene, and then affect the number of eggs produced by the Jinghai yellow chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hygiene and Safety of Hard Cheese Made from Raw Cows’ Milk

by Ioannis Sakaridis, Evdoxios Psomas, Maria-Anastasia Karatzia and Georgios Samouris

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100569 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3153

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of cheese made from unpasteurized cows’ milk, to examine the safety of the cheese and to observe the changes that occurred in its microbial community during ripening and storage. Furthermore, the pH, the moisture [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of cheese made from unpasteurized cows’ milk, to examine the safety of the cheese and to observe the changes that occurred in its microbial community during ripening and storage. Furthermore, the pH, the moisture and salt concentration were also monitored throughout processing, ripening and storage. Seven cheesemaking trials took place along with the microbiological and physicochemical analysis of the milk, curd and cheese produced. The milk used for the cheesemaking, two curd samples before the heating and two after the heating, two cheese samples at days 3, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 were subjected to microbiological analysis for total mesophilic bacterial count (for milk only), Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Listeria, and Clostridium. The microbiological quality of raw milk was found to be good. It was initially slightly above the EU limit but improvements associated with farm biosecurity and milking equipment hygiene led to a significantly improved milk quality. A small increase in the prevalence of indicator microorganisms in curd and cheese samples was observed for the first few days, followed by a relatively stable condition as manufacturing proceeded and throughout the ripening of the final product. In two cheesemaking trials, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. were detected, the first originating from the milk and the second from the environment. The use of good-quality raw milk under sanitary conditions, the application of good manufacturing practices and a maturation period in a controlled environment were found to be the necessary prerequisites for the production of safe raw cheese products. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1230 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Factors Affecting the Outcome of Medical Treatment in Cats with Obstructive Ureteral Stones Treated with Tamsulosin: 70 Cases (2018–2022)

by Hyung-Kyu Chae, Hyun Jeong Hong, Se Yoon Lee, Jung-Hoon Park, Woo Joo Choi, Seungkuk Oh, Seoyeoun Ji and Yeon-Jung Hong

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100568 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8874

Abstract

The incidence of diseases associated with feline ureteral obstruction is increasing; however, non-surgical treatment options are limited. This study evaluated the outcome of medical treatment in cats with obstructive ureteral stones treated with tamsulosin and identified potential factors predicting spontaneous stone passage. We [...] Read more.

The incidence of diseases associated with feline ureteral obstruction is increasing; however, non-surgical treatment options are limited. This study evaluated the outcome of medical treatment in cats with obstructive ureteral stones treated with tamsulosin and identified potential factors predicting spontaneous stone passage. We retrospectively reviewed 70 client-owned cats treated at the Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from 2018 to 2022. All the cats had obstructive ureterolithiasis and were treated using tamsulosin. The baseline characteristics of the cats, stone diameter and location, and stone passage outcomes were analyzed. Stone passage occurred in 22 cats; the remaining 48 cats showed no change in stone locations. Sex, creatinine, and diameter and location of stones were potential risk factors associated with successful stone passage, but age, weight, and side of the stone were not. No serious adverse events related to tamsulosin treatment were observed. This is the first study to identify the risk factors predictive of the spontaneous stone passage of cats with obstructive ureterolithiasis after tamsulosin treatment. Tamsulosin could be an alternative treatment for ureteral obstruction in male cats with smaller distal ureteral stones and low baseline serum creatinine levels. These findings could help develop guidelines for treating feline ureterolithiasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Candida spp. and Other Fungi in Feces from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Diabetes Mellitus

by Jared A. Jaffey, Ogi Okwumabua, Thomas K. Graves, Layla Al-Nakkash, Ross Monasky, Alec Wilson and Shankar Thangamani

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100567 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1746

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in dogs and in most cases is analogous to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans. Candida spp. is a common commensal fungi with higher prevalence and magnitude of growth in humans with T1DM. There is currently [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in dogs and in most cases is analogous to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans. Candida spp. is a common commensal fungi with higher prevalence and magnitude of growth in humans with T1DM. There is currently no published information about the fungal microbiome in diabetic dogs. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) determine whether diabetic dogs were more likely to have Candida spp. or other types of fungi from feces compared to non-diabetic controls, and (ii) identify variables associated with fungi colonization. Fourteen diabetic dogs and 14 age, sex, and breed matched non-diabetic healthy control dogs were included in this prospective case–control study. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used for fungal identification. Diabetic dogs had greater quantitative fungal growth compared to controls (p = 0.004). Moreover, female dogs were more likely to have fungi colonization than males (p = 0.02). All instances of Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. colonization were exclusively identified in diabetic dogs. Serum fructosamine concentration was higher in diabetic dogs with fecal colonization of Candida spp. compared to diabetic dogs without growth (p = 0.03). Our results indicate that the fungal microbiome in feces is altered in diabetic dogs, which seem to favor an increased prevalence of Candida spp. and higher quantitative fungal growth. Moreover, female sex and glycemic control could affect the intestinal mycobiome. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Assessment of Lyophilized Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin from Dogs in Promotion of Growth Factor Release and Wound Healing

by Ravisa Warin, Preeyanat Vongchan, Witaya Suriyasathaporn, Ratchadaporn Boripun and Wanna Suriyasathaporn

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100566 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) induces more proliferation and migration of fibroblasts compared with standard PRF, but it being freshly prepared prior to it being applied is necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of lyophilized A-PRF on growth factor release and [...] Read more.

Advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) induces more proliferation and migration of fibroblasts compared with standard PRF, but it being freshly prepared prior to it being applied is necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of lyophilized A-PRF on growth factor release and cell biological activity. Blood samples were collected from six dogs and processed for fresh and lyophilized A-PRF. The growth factors released included transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA), and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and the fibroblast proliferation as well as wound closure enhancement of both products were compared. The results showed that TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and VEGFA were continually released from lyophilized A-PRF for over 72 h. Lyophilized A-PRF released significantly more accumulated VEGEA and a tendency to release more TGF-β1 at 72 h as well as VEGFA at 24 h and 72 h than fresh A-PRF. Moreover, lyophilized A-PRF increased fibroblast proliferation and induced a significantly faster wound closure than the control, while no significant difference between fresh and lyophilized A-PRF was found. In conclusion, the lyophilization of canine A-PRF can preserve the release of growth factors and has similar biological activities to a fresh preparation. This encourages the substitution of lyophilized A-PRF instead of fresh A-PRF in regenerative treatments in which the stability of the product is concerned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Wound Management: Regenerative Medicine, Cell Therapies, Skin Reconstruction in Small and Large Animal Practice)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hematology Reference Intervals for Holstein Cows in Southern China: A Study of 786 Subjects

by Hongbo Chen, Bo Yu, Chenhui Liu, Lei Cheng, Jie Yu, Xiuzhong Hu and Min Xiang

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100565 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

Hematology RIs help clinicians and researchers determine whether a hematology parameter is abnormal, which plays an important role in animal health surveillance. China is one of the largest dairy producers in the world, with millions of Holstein cows. However, there has been no [...] Read more.

Hematology RIs help clinicians and researchers determine whether a hematology parameter is abnormal, which plays an important role in animal health surveillance. China is one of the largest dairy producers in the world, with millions of Holstein cows. However, there has been no published data on hematology RIs for dairy cows in China yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish updated and accurate RIs for Holstein cows in southern China. To increase the accuracy of the RIs, we collected blood samples from 786 Holstein cows and analyzed 25 hematologic variables. The RIs for Holstein cows were established using the 95% percentile RIs according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. The effects of different ages, parities and lactation stages were also checked in this study. The data of 21, 22 and 19 out of 25 hematology parameters were significantly different between different ages, parities and lactation stages, respectively. Furthermore, the hematology RIs of separate subclasses according to different ages, parities and lactation stages were generated. Hematology RIs according to ages and lactation stages, as well as parities and lactation stages, were also assessed. Together, our results confirm that hematology RIs for cows vary by ages, parities and lactation stages. The present study helps to fill the gap in hematology RIs for Holstein cows in southern China, and our data may serve as a very useful tool for monitoring the health and welfare of dairy cattle in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovating in Dairy Farming towards Ecological Sustainability and Animal Welfare Promotion)

13 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Heart Murmurs Detected on Cardiac Auscultation in 856 Cats

by Luca Ferasin, Heidi Ferasin, Altin Cala and Naomi Creelman

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100564 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5668

Abstract

Background: Cardiac auscultation is one of the most important clinical tools to identify patients with a potential heart disease. Although several publications have reported the prevalence of murmurs in cats, little information is available in relation to the exact origin of the blood [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiac auscultation is one of the most important clinical tools to identify patients with a potential heart disease. Although several publications have reported the prevalence of murmurs in cats, little information is available in relation to the exact origin of the blood flow turbulences responsible for these murmurs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of murmurs detected during physical examination in cats. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of clinical records and echocardiographic examinations performed in cats for investigation of heart murmurs; Results: Records of 856 cats with full clinical information were available for review. The cause of murmur was identified in 93.1% of cases (72.3% with single blood flow turbulence, 26.4% with two, and 1.3% with three identifiable sources of murmur). Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) was the primary cause of murmur in this population (39.2%), followed by dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DRVOTO) (32%) and flow murmurs (6.9%). Most cats with a murmur (56.7%) did not present any structural cardiac abnormality. Conclusions: This study indicates that some heart murmur characteristics (timing, loudness and point of maximal intensity) can potentially predict the presence of an underlying cardiac disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Feline Internal Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mass Depopulation of Swine during COVID-19: An Exploration of Swine Veterinarians’ Perspectives

by Cori Bussolari, Wendy Packman, Jennifer Currin-McCulloch, Elizabeth Strand and Lori Kogan

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100563 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2761

Abstract

This qualitative study (n = 25) was created to better understand the mental health of U.S. swine veterinarians who were involved in the mass depopulation events related to COVID-19. A total of 25 swine veterinarians, participants in a previous larger quantitative study, volunteered [...] Read more.

This qualitative study (n = 25) was created to better understand the mental health of U.S. swine veterinarians who were involved in the mass depopulation events related to COVID-19. A total of 25 swine veterinarians, participants in a previous larger quantitative study, volunteered to be interviewed about their experiences related to the COVID-19 mass depopulation event. Themes that emerged from these interviews included: (1) the need to be better prepared for crisis events; (2) lack of public understanding; (3) moral distress; (4) empathy for others, especially young veterinarians; (5) sources of support; (6) pride, honor and gratitude; and (7) an overarching theme of emotional distancing and detachment—concerns external to one’s own mental health. Based on our results, we recommend additional training and supportive services for those who might be involved in future depopulation efforts. Additionally, we suggest that the veterinary profession prioritize public education campaigns to help the public better understand the need for depopulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of COVID-19 on Health, Behavior, Welfare and Relationship of Companion Animals and Other Animals)

7 pages, 584 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Morganella Morganii Infection in Hirudo Medicinalis (Iran): A Case Report

by Hooman Rahmati Holasoo, Iradj Ashrafi Tamai, Wolfram Manuel Brück, Babak Pakbin, Alireza Nasiri and Amirparsa Azizi

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100562 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4000

Abstract

Medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) are used in surgical and non-surgical manners. Morganella morganii is an opportunistic and zoonotic pathogenic bacterium causing serious clinical complications. In this study, we isolated, discovered and characterized M. morganii-infected H. medicinalis. We detected and [...] Read more.

Medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) are used in surgical and non-surgical manners. Morganella morganii is an opportunistic and zoonotic pathogenic bacterium causing serious clinical complications. In this study, we isolated, discovered and characterized M. morganii-infected H. medicinalis. We detected and identified M. morganii in all inflamed and swollen Hirudo medicinalis samples. The 16S rRNA sequence of the isolates confirmed all strains of M. morganii. All strains were sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Ceftiofur, Danofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, and Meropenem and were resistant to Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Colistin, Penicillin G, and Lincomycin. This pathogenic bacterium is a zoonotic pathogen, and monitoring the prevalence rate of this bacteria is strongly necessary for leeches used in human medical treatment and care. Finally, all infected leeches were treated successfully in this case report study. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Peptides in Veterinary Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases: A Review

by Saúl Aguilar-Montes de Oca, Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Jiménez, Juan Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán, Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego, Pilar Eliana Rivadeneira-Barreiro and Pablo C. Zambrano-Rodríguez

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100561 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2065

Abstract

Peptides constitute an alternative and interesting option to develop treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools as they demonstrate their scope in several health aspects; as proof of this, commercial peptides for humans and animals are available on the market and used daily. This review [...] Read more.

Peptides constitute an alternative and interesting option to develop treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools as they demonstrate their scope in several health aspects; as proof of this, commercial peptides for humans and animals are available on the market and used daily. This review aimed to know the role of peptides in the field of veterinary diagnosis, and include peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA), lateral flow devices, and peptide latex agglutination tests that have been developed to detect several pathogens including viruses and bacteria of health and production relevance in domestic animals. Studies in cattle, small ruminants, dogs, cats, poultry, horses, and even aquatic organisms were reviewed. Different studies showed good levels of sensitivity and specificity against their target, moreover, comparisons with commercial kits and official tests were performed which allowed appraising their performance. Chemical synthesis, recombinant DNA technology, and enzymatic synthesis were reviewed as well as their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, we discussed the intrinsic limitations such as the small size or affinity to polystyrene membrane and mention several strategies to overcome these problems. The use of peptides will increase in the coming years and their utility for diagnostic purposes in animals must be evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

18 pages, 600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Equine Anthelmintic Resistance: Horse Owner and Yard Manager Perception of the Barriers Affecting Strategic Control Measures in England

by Faye E. McTigue, Stephen C. Mansbridge and Alison Z. Pyatt

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100560 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

Equine anthelmintic resistance poses a threat to the health and welfare of horses worldwide. With no new imminent anthelmintic classes, it is vital to decrease the resistance rate and preserve available classes. Traditional indiscriminate anthelmintic use is not synonymous with a strategic control [...] Read more.

Equine anthelmintic resistance poses a threat to the health and welfare of horses worldwide. With no new imminent anthelmintic classes, it is vital to decrease the resistance rate and preserve available classes. Traditional indiscriminate anthelmintic use is not synonymous with a strategic control ideology; however, many continue to implement outdated practices. In comparison to livestock farmers, there have been few social science studies examining horse owner behaviours. This study aimed to understand the perceived barriers faced by horse owners and yard managers to adopting a strategic approach to helminth control, and to explore their experiences. Semi-structured interviews permitted the exploration of the stakeholders’ beliefs, opinions, experiences, attitudes, and behaviours. Personal resources, internal influences, and external influences were identified by participants as the barriers to adoption of strategic controls. Two further themes impacting effective implementation of strategic controls emerged surrounding helminth information and source, as well as accurate dosing. Challenges associated with anthelmintic administration and bodyweight estimation suggest that inaccurate dosing is prevalent. Industry-wide implementation of a single ‘best practice’ could support prescriber decision-making to encourage uptake of effective strategic helminth controls. The barriers identified in this study could help influence guidance given to horse owners through a better understanding of their beliefs and behaviours. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count Outcomes

by Wagdy R. ElAshmawy, Emmanuel Okello, Deniece R. Williams, Randall J. Anderson, Betsy Karle, Terry W. Lehenbauer and Sharif S. Aly

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100559 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2362

Abstract

Mastitis is the greatest disease challenge for dairy producers, with substantial economic impacts due to lost milk production. Amongst the approaches implemented to control and prevent mastitis on dairies are vaccination, pre- and post-milking teat dips, and treatments at dry-off including intramammary antibiotics [...] Read more.

Mastitis is the greatest disease challenge for dairy producers, with substantial economic impacts due to lost milk production. Amongst the approaches implemented to control and prevent mastitis on dairies are vaccination, pre- and post-milking teat dips, and treatments at dry-off including intramammary antibiotics and teat sealants. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the effect of different treatments at dry-off on the subsequent lactation’s milk production and somatic cell count (SCC). A single-blinded controlled block randomized clinical trial was conducted between December 2016 and August 2018 on eight herds from four of the top ten milk-producing counties in California: Tulare, Kings, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin. The trial was repeated with cows enrolled during the winter and summer seasons to account for seasonal variability. Eligible cows were treated at dry-off with either intramammary antibiotics (AB), internal teat sealant (TS), AB + TS, or did not receive any treatment (control), and were followed through 150 days in milk (DIM) post-calving. The milk production and SCC data were extracted from monthly test day milk records (Dairy Comp 305, Valley Ag Software, Tulare, CA, USA). Two-piece spline linear mixed models were used to model the milk production (kg) and natural logarithm-transformed SCC. After accounting for parity, breed, season, and dry period duration, the milk model showed a significant increase in milk production (1.84 kg/day) in cows treated with AB + TS at dry-off in comparison to controls. There was no significant difference in the milk produced by cows that received either AB or TS (0.12 kg/day, and 0.67 kg/day, respectively) in comparison to the untreated cows. Different dry cow treatments were associated with a significant reduction in ln SCC during the first 150 DIM. The greatest reduction was associated with using AB + TS, followed by AB, and finally TS in comparison to controls. Dairies with high SCC may benefit from treating cows at dry-off with AB, TS, or both. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 486 KiB

Open AccessReview

Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Critical Review of Etiologic Factors

by Inês Sequeira, Maria dos Anjos Pires, José Leitão, Joaquim Henriques, Carlos Viegas and João Requicha

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100558 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4604

Abstract

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral neoplasia in cats. This malignant tumor is locally invasive, has a high mortality rate, and its etiology is not yet known. In humans, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with [...] Read more.

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral neoplasia in cats. This malignant tumor is locally invasive, has a high mortality rate, and its etiology is not yet known. In humans, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with tobacco smoke, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus infection. Herein, a critical review about the potential etiologic factors of FOSCC was performed, considering publications between 2000 and 2022, aiming to synthesize all available scientific evidence regarding this issue. Recommendations of the PRISMA statement and the Cochrane Collaboration were followed and the PubMed database searched by using the MeSH terms MeSH terms “oral”, “mouth”, “lingual”, “labial”, “gingiva”, “carcinoma”, “squamous”, and “feline”. The selection process for eligible studies was based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and the quality of the studies assessed. The initial search resulted in 553 publications, with only 26 of these being included in the review. Sixteen studies were related to viral etiology and nine related to environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, ectoparasitic products, and the presence of oral comorbidities. When evaluated, feline papillomavirus was detected in 16.2% of samples of FOSCC. In the three studies focused on exposure to tobacco smoke, 35.2% (30/85) of cats with FOSCC had a history of this exposure. The consumption of canned food and the use of deworming collars were associated, in only one publication, with a risk of neoplasia increased by 4.7 and 5.3 times, respectively. Among 485 cats with FOSCC, 6.4% had dental and oral pathology (i.e., periodontal disease or feline chronic gingivostomatitis). The present study demonstrates that the available evidence on the etiology of FOSCC is still limited, however, there has been an increasing interest on this topic. To better understand the role of the possible etiological factors of this aggressive disease, and model for its human counterpart, large, prospective multi-institutional studies are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Feline Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of Attapulgite Improves Growth Performance in Pigs from Weaning to Slaughter

by Vasileios Kanoulas, Georgios A. Papadopoulos, Panagiotis Tassis, Georgia Koutouzidou, Georgios Arsenos and Paschalis Fortomaris

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100557 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1807

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of attapulgite on the performance of fattening pigs from weaning to slaughter under field conditions in three commercial farrow to finish herds. In total 1890 pigs were used for [...] Read more.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of attapulgite on the performance of fattening pigs from weaning to slaughter under field conditions in three commercial farrow to finish herds. In total 1890 pigs were used for six months: 720 pigs in Farms A and B, respectively and 450 pigs in Farm C. The pigs were equally allocated in three dietary treatments: CON, standard diet in each growing phase; ATT, standard diet that was supplemented with attapulgite at 7 kg/tn of feed; and ATT+, standard diet that was supplemented with 8 kg/tn of feed with a compound product based on attapulgite. Pigs that were fed diets that were supplemented with attapulgite (ATT and ATT+) had significantly higher (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and a better feed conversion ratio (FCR), compared to the control (CON). In conclusion, attapulgite supplementation in the diet of pigs from weaning to slaughter can improve their performance in commercial farms. Full article

22 pages, 2642 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses

by Naomi C. Kirkwood, Kristopher J. Hughes and Allison J. Stewart

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100556 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8896

Abstract

Substantial morbidity results from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) which is often underestimated by owners and veterinarians. Clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and treatment protocols of this condition are reviewed. The importance of improved recognition of early clinical signs and diagnosis are highlighted, [...] Read more.

Substantial morbidity results from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) which is often underestimated by owners and veterinarians. Clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and treatment protocols of this condition are reviewed. The importance of improved recognition of early clinical signs and diagnosis are highlighted, as initiation of treatment will result in improved quality of life. Future research should be targeted at improving the accuracy of the diagnosis of PPID, as basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration can lack sensitivity and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) used to assess ACTH response to TRH stimulation is not commercially available as a sterile registered product in many countries. The relationship between PPID and insulin dysregulation and its association with laminitis, as well as additional management practices and long-term responses to treatment with pergolide also require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Knowledge on Equine Endocrine and Metabolic Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Recombinant Rabies Virus Vectors Expressing H or F Protein of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

by Haojie Wang, Jinhao Bi, Na Feng, Yongkun Zhao, Tiecheng Wang, Yuetao Li, Feihu Yan, Songtao Yang and Xianzhu Xia

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100555 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most contagious and fatal diseases of small ruminants in the world and is classified as a category A epidemic disease. It is the target of a global eradication campaign led by the Office International [...] Read more.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most contagious and fatal diseases of small ruminants in the world and is classified as a category A epidemic disease. It is the target of a global eradication campaign led by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The PPR live attenuated vaccine is currently the most widely used and approved vaccine, but the use of this vaccine interferes with the serological testing of the PPR elimination program, and there is a potential safety risk. Viral vector vaccines are one of the most promising methods to solve this dilemma. In this study, the full-length infectious clone plasmid of rabies virus (RABV), pD-SRV9-PM-LASV, was used as the backbone, and the envelope glycoprotein H (hemagglutinin protein) or F (fusion protein) gene of PPRV was inserted into the backbone plasmid to construct the infectious clones pD-SRV9-PM-PPRV-H and pD-SRV9-PM-PPRV-F, which express the PPRV H and PPRV F genes, respectively. The correct construction of these infectious clones was verified after sequencing and double digestion. The infectious clones were transfected with a helper plasmid into BSR/T7 cells, and recombinant viruses were successfully rescued by direct immunofluorescence, indirect immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy and named rSRV9-H and rSRV9-F. The results of growth kinetics studies indicated that the inserted gene did not affect virus proliferation. Stability studies revealed that the inserted target gene was stably expressed in recombinant RABV for at least 15 generations. In this study, the recombinant viruses rSRV9-H and rSRV9-F were successfully rescued. The constructed viruses had good proliferative activity and stability and provided potential bivalent inactivated vaccine candidate strains for the prevention of PPR and livestock rabies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors Regarding Dog Euthanasia and Causes of Death at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Italy: Preliminary Results

by Michela Pugliese, Annastella Falcone, Angela Alibrandi, Agata Zirilli and Annamaria Passantino

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100554 - 9 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

The decision to request and proceed with euthanasia in a dog is complex and predictors of such decisions are important. This study investigates the risk factors (demographic and clinical) associated with the main clinical causes and methods of death (euthanasia or unassisted death) [...] Read more.

The decision to request and proceed with euthanasia in a dog is complex and predictors of such decisions are important. This study investigates the risk factors (demographic and clinical) associated with the main clinical causes and methods of death (euthanasia or unassisted death) in a population of dogs. By comparing euthanasia to unassisted deaths, the authors assess causes of death to evaluate their relative impacts on decision-making to choose euthanasia compared with an unassisted death. For this, goal data from electronic medical records of dogs who had died (unassisted death and euthanasia), obtained from an Italian referral veterinary teaching hospital from 2010 to 2020, were analyzed. The causes of death were categorized by pathophysiological process and the organ system. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors that significantly affect the probability of undergoing euthanasia and to individuate independent significant predictors of euthanasia and unassisted death, respectively. Death rate by euthanasia was 40.7% (125/307), by died unassisted 50.8% (156/307), whilst only 8.5% of dogs (26/307) died accidentally. The main causes of death for euthanasia were due to neoplastic (75.6%), degenerative (64.3%), and congenital (60%) diseases. Furthermore, the findings reveal that in deaths by euthanasia, the significant risk predictors were female gender, age, and neoplastic and degenerative processes; while in unassisted deaths, the significant risk predictors were male gender, age, and infection/inflammatory conditions. These preliminary outcomes highlight the information of this study which may be used to evaluate strategic interventions and health promotion strategies to be implemented, with consequent welfare gains for the canine population. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Feeding Housefly (Musca domestica) Larvae on the Butchery Skills and Meat Sensory Characteristics of Local Chickens in Niger

by Bachir Hamani, Adamou Guisso Taffa, Salissou Issa, Chaibou Mahamadou, Johann Detilleux and Nassim Moula

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100553 - 9 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1607

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to study the effects of substitution of fishmeal by housefly larvae at different rates and different physical states in the diet of local chickens. Five diets consisted of LFD, 25DL, 50DL, 25FL and 50FL, respectively, larval-free, 25%-dried-larvae, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this work was to study the effects of substitution of fishmeal by housefly larvae at different rates and different physical states in the diet of local chickens. Five diets consisted of LFD, 25DL, 50DL, 25FL and 50FL, respectively, larval-free, 25%-dried-larvae, 50%-dried-larvae, 25%-fresh-larvae and 50%-fresh-larvae diet, in which 0, 25 and 50% of fishmeal was replaced by dried and fresh larvae, was formulated. A total of 165 local chickens of three weeks old, divided into 15 boxes in batches of 11 animals were raised. The experiment consists of three replications of five treatments. At 14 weeks of age, sixty chickens were slaughtered. Butchery skills and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Thus, a small variation of the ultimate pH from 5.63 to 5.55 between the different types of meat, and a carcass yield around 66%, was recorded. Any effects of substitution rate and physical state of housefly larvae on growth performance was not observed. Feet and proventriculus percentages increased in chickens fed 25% substitution. Liver and spleen percentage, and redder breast meat, increased in chicken fed dried larvae. Yellowness of the breast, thigh-and-drumstick meat and juiciness increased with 50% substitution. There is need of an investigation for liver and spleen enlargement and housefly larvae containing pigments. Thus, housefly larvae up to 50% substitution can be a suitable alternative to fishmeal in local chicken diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Nutrition and Sustainability: Insects and Agricultural By-Products as Animal Feed Ingredients)

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Vet. Sci., Volume 9, Issue 10 (October 2022) – 73 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI