Next Issue
Volume 13, March
Previous Issue
Volume 13, January
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
2.8
3.1
Journals
Inorganics
Volume 13
Issue 2
share announcement

Inorganics, Volume 13, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 37 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study demonstrates the effectiveness of CoAl-Mo2S12-LDH in removing heavy metal cations from aqueous solutions. The material shows exceptional efficiency, removing over 99.9% of Ag+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ from 10 ppm solutions, with distribution constants as high as 107 mL/g and a remarkable silver cation adsorption capacity of ~918 mg/g. Competitive sorption experiments revealed a selectivity order of Pb2+ ≪ Cu2+ ≪ Hg2+ < Ag+; however, there was limited affinity for harder cations such as Ni2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+, which follows the HSAB rule as sulfur is a soft base. Mechanistic analysis of treated solids through XRD, XPS, and TEM revealed the formation of Ag2S, HgS, and PbMoO4, indicating a precipitation sorption mechanism. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
21 pages, 7457 KiB  
Article
Biosynthesized ZnO-CuO Nanocomposite for Biofilm Formation of Proteus mirabilisupon LuxS Gene Expression
by Mais Emad. Ahmed, Noor Hamza Faiq, Hayfa Habes Almutairi and Mir Waqas Alam
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020065 - 19 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 418
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis has been identified as the third most frequent reason for catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The production of urease significantly enhances the force of catheter blockage caused by biofilm formation. Because biofilms are important virulence factors that make antibiotics less potent, it [...] Read more.
Proteus mirabilis has been identified as the third most frequent reason for catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The production of urease significantly enhances the force of catheter blockage caused by biofilm formation. Because biofilms are important virulence factors that make antibiotics less potent, it is becoming increasingly important to develop novel alternative antibiotics. In addition to the unique properties they possess, nanoparticles made from metal oxide are currently attracting considerable attention as possible antibacterials. This research aims to explore the potential anti-biofilm properties of green manufactured ZnO-CuO nanoparticles generated by P. mirabilis. By synthesizing reductive enzymes, bacterial cells can participate in the biosynthesis process. This study explores whether green synthesized ZnO-CuO nanoparticles can work as an anti-biofilm agent formed by P. mirabilis. These nanoparticles were generated using Bacteriocins to determine their effectiveness against bacteria, which were partially purified and showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria of P. mirabilis. AFM, TEM, FESEM, XRD, and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy were used to analyze the biosynthesized nanoparticles to ascertain their chemical and physical characteristics. XRD verified the hexagonal structure, TEM demonstrated a size range of 96.00 nm, and FESEM verified the surface morphology. The dispersion and roughness of the nanoparticles are shown through AFM examination. The produced nanoparticles’ UV-visible spectra displayed a maximum peak at 287 and 232 nm. When applied to strains (wild-type) of Proteus mirabilis (multidrug-resistant), copper and zinc nanoparticles had notable biofilm inhibitory effects. Weak biofilm production has been demonstrated by bacteria that effectively generate biofilms, following incubation with 128 μg/mL subminimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CuO nanoparticles for 24 and 48 h at 37 °C. Following treatment with the ZnO-CuO nanocomposite of these strains, downregulation alterations in LuxS expression were detected by utilizing a real-time PCR process. After this, isolates were treated with the nanocomposite, and downregulated shifts in LuxS expression were found by utilizing the real-time PCR technique in contrast with the isolates that were not treated. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles can be utilized as antibacterial agents in a concentration-dependent manner, aligning with all observed findings. The present research demonstrates that green synthesized copper oxide–zinc oxide nanocomposites are effective anti-biofilm agents against P. mirabilis. Their noteworthy downregulation of LuxS gene expression successfully prevents biofilm formation and swarming motility. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2189 KiB  
Review
Noble Metal Complexes in Cancer Therapy: Unlocking Redox Potential for Next-Gen Treatments
by Alina Stefanache, Alina Monica Miftode, Marcu Constantin, Roxana Elena Bogdan Goroftei, Iulia Olaru, Cristian Gutu, Alexandra Vornicu and Ionut Iulian Lungu
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020064 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 680
Abstract
(1) Context: Cancer is still a major problem worldwide, and traditional therapies like radiation and chemotherapy often fail to alleviate symptoms because of side effects, systemic toxicity, and mechanisms of resistance. Beneficial anticancer effects that spare healthy tissues are made possible by [...] Read more.
(1) Context: Cancer is still a major problem worldwide, and traditional therapies like radiation and chemotherapy often fail to alleviate symptoms because of side effects, systemic toxicity, and mechanisms of resistance. Beneficial anticancer effects that spare healthy tissues are made possible by the distinctive redox characteristics of noble metal complexes, especially those containing palladium, gold, silver, and platinum. (2) Methods: The redox processes, molecular targets, and therapeutic uses of noble metal complexes in cancer have been the subject of much study over the last 20 years; novel approaches to ligand design, functionalization of nanoparticles, and tumor-specific drug delivery systems are highlighted. (3) Results: Recent developments include Pt(IV) prodrugs and terpyridine-modified Pt complexes for enhanced selectivity and decreased toxicity; platinum complexes, like cisplatin, trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage. Functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) improve targeted delivery and theranostic capabilities, while gold complexes, particularly Au(I) and Au(III), inhibit redox-sensitive processes such as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). (4) Conclusions: Ag(I)-based compounds and nanoparticles (AgNPs) induce DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction by taking advantage of oxidative stress. As redox-based anticancer medicines, noble metal complexes have the ability to transform by taking advantage of certain biochemical features to treat cancer more effectively and selectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity of Metal Complexes)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2869 KiB  
Article
Arsine, Stibine and Phosphine Derivatives of [Fe2(CO)6(μ-bdt)] (bdt = Benzenedithiolate): Syntheses, Structures and Spectroscopic and Electrocatalytic Studies
by Ahibur Rahaman, Ummey Kulsume, Fakir R. Alam, Matti Haukka, Shishir Ghosh, Graeme Hogarth, Ebbe Nordlander and Shariff E. Kabir
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020063 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
The reactivity of the benzenedithiolate (bdt)-bridged complex [Fe2(CO)6(µ-bdt)] with arsine, stibine and phosphine ligands has been studied. The new mono- and disubstituted complexes [Fe2(CO)5(EPh3)(µ-bdt)] (E = As, 1; E = Sb 3 [...] Read more.
The reactivity of the benzenedithiolate (bdt)-bridged complex [Fe2(CO)6(µ-bdt)] with arsine, stibine and phosphine ligands has been studied. The new mono- and disubstituted complexes [Fe2(CO)5(EPh3)(µ-bdt)] (E = As, 1; E = Sb 3) and [Fe2(CO)4(EPh3)2(µ-bdt)] (E = As, 2; E = Sb, 4) and the previously reported [Fe2(CO)4(PPh2H)2(µ-bdt)] (5) have been prepared by Me3NO-initiated carbonyl substitution reactions of [Fe2(CO)6(µ-bdt)] with appropriate ligands at 80 °C. Spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that in all cases the introduced ligands occupy apical coordination site(s) lying trans to the iron–iron bond. Their electrochemistry has been probed by cyclic voltammetry and selected complexes have been tested as proton reduction catalysts. Monosubstituted complexes 1 and 3 show two irreversible reductions at ca. −1.7 V and −2.0 V, respectively, relative to Fc+/Fc, while the disubstituted complexes 2 and 5 show a single irreversible reduction at ca. −2.2 V and −1.84 V, respectively. Complexes 1, 3 and 5 can catalyse electrocatalytic proton reduction in the presence of either p-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH) or trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Binuclear Complexes II)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3568 KiB  
Review
Multi-Dimensional Inorganic Electrode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Musab Hammas Khan, Patrizia Lamberti and Vincenzo Tucci
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020062 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1385
Abstract
Energy storage devices are essential for enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of electrical energy. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most efficient energy storage solutions available. The choice of electrode materials plays a vital role in defining the performance of an energy [...] Read more.
Energy storage devices are essential for enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of electrical energy. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most efficient energy storage solutions available. The choice of electrode materials plays a vital role in defining the performance of an energy storage device. A range of electrode materials have been developed utilizing both organic and inorganic substances. Due to their notable electrochemical characteristics, strong chemical stability, and well-established technological approaches, inorganic materials have been extensively studied to achieve high-performance devices. This review paper aims to provide a thorough and analytical review of different materials ranging from zero- to three-dimensional (3D), like quantum dots, nanotubes, and nanosheets that have been proposed for high-performance LIBs. This study also includes challenges and future pathways to address the issues with inorganic materials utilized as electrode materials for high-performance energy storage LIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Electrode Materials in High-Performance Energy Storage Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1261 KiB  
Article
Optical Absorption and Luminescence Spectra of Terbium Gallium Garnet TbGaG and Terbium Aluminum Garnet TbAlG
by Nosirjon S. Bozorov, Ismailjan M. Kokanbayev, Akmaljon M. Madaliev, Mavzurjon X. Kuchkarov, Muxtarjan Meliboev, Kobiljon K. Kurbonaliev, Ravshan R. Sultonov, Khayrullo F. Makhmudov, Feruza O. Dadaboyeva, Nargiza Z. Mamadalieva and Shakhlo R. Kukanbaeva
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020061 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 358
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the optical absorption and luminescence spectra of rare-earth garnets activated by the terbium (Tb3+) ion, as well as their magneto-optical properties. Crystals of terbium gallium garnet (TbGaG) and terbium aluminum garnet (TbAlG) are considered. The focus [...] Read more.
In this paper, we investigate the optical absorption and luminescence spectra of rare-earth garnets activated by the terbium (Tb3+) ion, as well as their magneto-optical properties. Crystals of terbium gallium garnet (TbGaG) and terbium aluminum garnet (TbAlG) are considered. The focus is on the physical and optical properties and structural features of the energy levels of rare-earth ions in the crystal field of garnets. This work highlights the importance of studying intraconfigurational 4f-4f and interconfigurational 4f-5d transitions, as well as the influence of the crystal field on the magnetic and optical properties of materials. Integrated methods are used, including absorption spectroscopy, luminescence and magneto-optical studies, which allows us to obtain detailed information on the excited states of rare-earth ions. The experimental results show the presence of significant Zeeman shifts, as well as anisotropy of the absorption and luminescence spectra, depending on the orientation of the crystal lattice and the external magnetic field. This work contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of light absorption and emission in rare-earth garnets, which may facilitate the development of new optoelectronic devices based on them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 210 KiB  
Editorial
New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition
by Silvia Mostoni and Roberto Nisticò
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020060 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 463
Abstract
The interest in inorganic nanostructured oxides is growing extensively, thanks to their remarkable features and their wide range of applications, which include (photo)catalysis [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
11 pages, 1981 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of 2,2,5-Trisubstituted Tetrahydrofurans by Ferrocenium-Catalyzed Dehydrative Diol Cyclization Reactions
by Cody D. Amann, Khushboo and Eike B. Bauer
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020059 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 618
Abstract
A ferrocenium-catalyzed synthesis of trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans by dehydrative cyclization of diols is reported. Treatment of γ-phenyl-γ-butyrolactone or valerolactone with 2–3 equivalents of MeLi, n-BuLi, or PhLi yielded the corresponding substituted 1,4-butanediols in 41–86% yields. Subsequent dehydrative cyclization of the diols under non-inert [...] Read more.
A ferrocenium-catalyzed synthesis of trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans by dehydrative cyclization of diols is reported. Treatment of γ-phenyl-γ-butyrolactone or valerolactone with 2–3 equivalents of MeLi, n-BuLi, or PhLi yielded the corresponding substituted 1,4-butanediols in 41–86% yields. Subsequent dehydrative cyclization of the diols under non-inert conditions using catalytic ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate (10 mol%) produced trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans in 72–83% yields after 48–72 h at 45–70 °C in CH2Cl2. This study demonstrates ferrocenium-catalyzed dehydrative cyclization for the first time, offering a convenient route to substituted tetrahydrofurans in two steps from commercial or easily accessible starting materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organometallic Chemistry)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 3088 KiB  
Article
A Magnetic Nanocarrier of Ciprofloxacin Used for Restraining the Growth of the Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by Kleoniki Giannousi, Eleni Zouni, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Ioannis S. Vizirianakis, Ilias M. Oikonomou, Valeria Nicolosi and Catherine Dendrinou-Samara
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020058 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 567
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CPL) is an effective antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, its use is limited by the emergence of multi-resistant strains. In this study, 8–15 nm manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles, aminated and/or PEGylated, have been used as drug-delivery systems [...] Read more.
Ciprofloxacin (CPL) is an effective antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, its use is limited by the emergence of multi-resistant strains. In this study, 8–15 nm manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles, aminated and/or PEGylated, have been used as drug-delivery systems of CPL. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared in the presence of the aliphatic amines octadecylamine (ODA), oleylamine (OAm), or PEG8000 to achieve the appropriate surface chemistry for the direct conjugation of CPL and drug loading into the PEG matrix, respectively. The primary MNPs proved to be biocompatible in calf thymus (CT)-DNA interaction studies, with binding constant values Kb in the range of 4.43–6.5 × 104 (g/mL)−1. ODA as a coater gave rise to MnFe2O4 MNPs, with a high percentage of free amines that further allowed for the conjugation of 90.9% CPL, which gradually released via a non-Fickian anomalous transport motif. The 25.1% CPL that loaded in the PEGylated MNPs led to a partial transformation of the nanoflowers into more aggregated forms. The release profile, although steeper, is described by the same model. The isolated magnetic nanocarrier with a high content of CPL was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against a multi-resistant strain of P. aeruginosa using an automated industrial instrument (BacT/ALERT®3D), and its molecular profile was outlined by studying its interaction with plasmid DNA (pDNA). The prototype use of BacT/ALERT®3D allows for the simultaneous screening of multiple samples, while it foreshadows the transition to a preclinical phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Remediation and Biomedical Application)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
The Role of Methyl Substitution in Spin Crossover of Fe(III) Complexes with Pentadentate Schiff Base Ligands
by Ivan Nemec and Radovan Herchel
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020057 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
A series of mononuclear complexes, [Fe(L5)(bylim)](BPh4), where L5 represents a pentadentate Schiff base ligand, bylim is 1-benzyl-1-imidazole, and BPh4− is the tetraphenylborate anion, was synthesized. The determined crystal structures indicate the absence of significant cooperative interactions, which influence the [...] Read more.
A series of mononuclear complexes, [Fe(L5)(bylim)](BPh4), where L5 represents a pentadentate Schiff base ligand, bylim is 1-benzyl-1-imidazole, and BPh4− is the tetraphenylborate anion, was synthesized. The determined crystal structures indicate the absence of significant cooperative interactions, which influence the properties of the eventual spin transition. Changes in magnetic behavior induced by substitution of the pentadentate ligand were investigated through magnetic susceptibility measurements. It was found that only complexes containing a non-substituted secondary amino group exhibit some form of spin crossover, whereas the majority of those with a methyl substituent remain in the high-spin state across the entire measured temperature range (2–300 K). The changes induced by the substitution of the secondary amine group were further explored through theoretical calculations at DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2 levels of theory. The topology and energetics of electron density and atomic charges were investigated through QT-AIM calculations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 10371 KiB  
Review
Applications of MOFs and Their Derivatives in Lithium–Oxygen Battery Cathodes: Development and Challenges
by Haitao Ma, Shaohua Luo, Jun Cong and Shengxue Yan
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020056 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 821
Abstract
Lithium–oxygen batteries have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their high energy density and potential applications. However, the slow kinetics of the cathode reaction and the unstable products in lithium–oxygen batteries have limited their practical applications. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their [...] Read more.
Lithium–oxygen batteries have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their high energy density and potential applications. However, the slow kinetics of the cathode reaction and the unstable products in lithium–oxygen batteries have limited their practical applications. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have emerged as a novel class of functional materials, thus becoming ideal candidates for the cathode of lithium–oxygen batteries. This is due to their high specific surface area, structural tunability, and abundant active sites. This paper presents a review of the research progress made in the field of MOFs and their derivatives in the cathode of lithium–oxygen batteries. It provides a summary of the design and synthesis strategies employed in the development of MOF-based catalysts, with a particular focus on the application of primary MOFs materials, MOF-derived materials and MOF composite materials in Li-O2 batteries. Additionally, it analyses the catalytic mechanism of MOFs and their derivatives in the ORR/OER. The comprehensive analysis demonstrates that MOFs and their derivatives are ideal candidates for the cathodes of lithium–oxygen batteries due to their high specific surface area, structural tunability, and abundant active sites. However, the electrical conductivity of MOFs is usually low and needs to be enhanced by composites or derivative materials. This paper reviews the research progress on MOFs and their derivatives in lithium–oxygen battery cathodes, focuses on the design and synthesis strategies of MOF-based catalysts, and discusses their catalytic mechanisms in the ORR/OER. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Organic Frameworks: The Architecture of Chemistry)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 8526 KiB  
Review
Research Progress of Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals in Biomedical Applications: A Review
by Guiyun Wang, Yanxia Qi, Zhiyan Zhou, Zhuang Liu and Ruowei Wang
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020055 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 840
Abstract
Halide perovskite nanocrystals have rapidly emerged as a prominent research topic in materials science over the past decade owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and tunability. Their distinctive characteristics, including high light absorption coefficients, high quantum yields, narrow-band emissions, low defect densities, and [...] Read more.
Halide perovskite nanocrystals have rapidly emerged as a prominent research topic in materials science over the past decade owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and tunability. Their distinctive characteristics, including high light absorption coefficients, high quantum yields, narrow-band emissions, low defect densities, and adjustable chemical compositions and sizes, position them as highly promising candidates for applications in optoelectronic devices, energy conversion units, and other related systems. However, due to the toxicity and instability of halide perovskite nanocrystals, their widespread application in the biomedical field has been limited in the past. In recent years, numerous innovative coating strategies have been reported to effectively enhance the stability of halide perovskite nanocrystals while confining their toxic metal ions within the coating layers, thereby significantly improving their biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent progress of halide perovskite nanocrystals in the field of biomedicine. It covers coating strategies to enhance stability and biocompatibility, as well as the applications of coated halide perovskite nanocrystals in biomedicine, with a particular focus on their unique advantages in bioimaging and chemical sensing. Finally, we address unresolved issues and challenges, such as the metabolic pathways and final products of halide perovskite nanocrystals in vivo. We hope to inspire researchers in the field and provide direction for future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5458 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Boron-Modified Activated Carbons
by Ayhan Orhan, Nurettin Çek, Selman Sezer and Ismail Demir
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020054 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 752
Abstract
Although there are various boron production methods for modified activated carbons used in sulfur removal, catalyst synthesis, and hydrogen capture/storage processes, the modification of activated carbon with borax solutions has attracted attention as the easiest synthesis method. However, structural characterization analyses in previous [...] Read more.
Although there are various boron production methods for modified activated carbons used in sulfur removal, catalyst synthesis, and hydrogen capture/storage processes, the modification of activated carbon with borax solutions has attracted attention as the easiest synthesis method. However, structural characterization analyses in previous studies contradict each other and, therefore, more detailed characterization is needed. In this study, 0.25 M and 0.5 M borax solutions are prepared in distilled water; then, 2 g of commercial activated carbon is added to each one, mixed at 60 °C, filtered, and dried. Thus, two different boron-modified activated carbon materials are obtained. Structural characterization tests of these materials are performed and analyzed by comparing with the literature. As a result, two different boron-modified activated carbon structural analyzes are compared and it is confirmed that commercially activated carbon material induced phase composition and chemical bond modification as a result of modification with borax. It is revealed that the induction of phase composition and chemical bond modification is more dominant with increasing borax concentration. The produced boron-modified activated carbon materials have great promise for the development of new technologies in the fields of the environment, energy, lightweight compressible materials, thermal insulation, and composite materials. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

27 pages, 16904 KiB  
Review
Bridgman Method for Growing Metal Halide Single Crystals: A Review
by Hui Zhu, Suqin Wang, Ming Sheng, Bo Shao, Yu He, Zhuang Liu and Guangtao Zhou
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020053 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
The Bridgman method for single-crystal growth enables the formation of crystals at the lower end of the molten material by cooling it under a precisely controlled temperature gradient. This makes it particularly suitable for producing high-quality single-crystal materials. Over the years, the Bridgman [...] Read more.
The Bridgman method for single-crystal growth enables the formation of crystals at the lower end of the molten material by cooling it under a precisely controlled temperature gradient. This makes it particularly suitable for producing high-quality single-crystal materials. Over the years, the Bridgman technique has become widely adopted for growing single crystals of semiconductors, oxides, sulfides, fluorides, as well as various optoelectronic, magnetic, and piezoelectric materials. Recently, there has been growing interest in metal halide materials, with the growth of high-quality metal halide single crystals emerging as a major focus for both the scientific community and industry. However, traditional solution-based single-crystal growth methods have several limitations, such as slow growth rates, inconsistent crystal quality, challenges in solvent selection, and difficulties in controlling saturation levels. These issues present significant obstacles, particularly when large, defect-free, high-quality single crystals are needed for certain high-performance materials. As a result, the Bridgman method has emerged as an effective solution to overcome these challenges. This review provides an overview of various categories of metal halide single-crystal systems grown using the Bridgman method in recent years. The systems are classified based on their dimensionality into three-dimensional, two-dimensional, and zero-dimensional metal halide structures. Furthermore, we highlight novel metal halide single crystals developed through the Bridgman technique. Additionally, we offer a brief introduction to the structures, properties, and applications of these single crystals, underscoring the crucial role of the Bridgman method in advancing research in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 5388 KiB  
Article
Effect of Boron and Iron at Various Concentrations on the Catalytic Graphitization of the Polyacrylonitrile Derived from the Polymerization of Acrylonitrile
by Taewoo Kim, Byoung-Suhk Kim, Tae Hoon Ko and Hak Yong Kim
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020052 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 743
Abstract
In this study, a novel and facile approach of catalytic graphitization was adopted for the preparation of graphitized polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived carbon. Pure PAN and boron-introduced PAN were derived from the monomer acrylonitrile using a polymerization technique. Iron nitrate nonahydrate at different concentrations (2.5%, [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel and facile approach of catalytic graphitization was adopted for the preparation of graphitized polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived carbon. Pure PAN and boron-introduced PAN were derived from the monomer acrylonitrile using a polymerization technique. Iron nitrate nonahydrate at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) was added to the boronated PAN and carbonized at 1250 °C. The effect of iron and boron on the catalytic graphitization of PAN was comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the boronated PAN containing a 5% Fe salt was more graphitized due to the optimized amount of the metallic iron, which promoted the rate of conversion of the amorphous carbon to graphitic carbon containing carbon nanotube (CNT) by rearranging the nearby carbon and reducing the energy barrier for the transformation. Furthermore, the in situ formed iron boron carbide within the graphitized carbon provided a nucleation site and stabilized the catalytic activity of the metallic iron at high temperature. This work presents a promising approach for obtaining a highly graphitic PAN-derived carbon by adopting a strategy of catalytic graphitization using the born and iron as catalytic agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 11063 KiB  
Article
Supramolecular Assemblies and Anticancer Activities of Aminopyidine-Based Polynuclear and Mononuclear Co(II) Benzoates: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
by Kamal K. Dutta, Trishnajyoti Baishya, Rosa M. Gomila, Antonio Frontera, Miquel Barcelo-Oliver, Akalesh Kumar Verma, Jumi Das and Manjit K. Bhattacharyya
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020051 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Two new Co(II) coordination compounds viz. [Co(H2O)(bz)2(μ-3-Ampy)2]n (1) and [Co(4-Mebz)2(2-Ampy)2] (2) (wherebz = benzoate, 4-Mebz = 4-Methylbenzoate and Ampy = Aminopyridine) were synthesized and characterized via elemental (CHN), [...] Read more.
Two new Co(II) coordination compounds viz. [Co(H2O)(bz)2(μ-3-Ampy)2]n (1) and [Co(4-Mebz)2(2-Ampy)2] (2) (wherebz = benzoate, 4-Mebz = 4-Methylbenzoate and Ampy = Aminopyridine) were synthesized and characterized via elemental (CHN), electronic spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, inferring that compound 1 crystallizes as a 3-Ampy bridged Co(II) coordination polymer, whereas compound 2 crystallizes as a mononuclear Co(II) compound. Compound 1 unfolds the presence of N–H⋯O, C–H⋯O, O–H⋯O, C–H⋯N and aromatic π⋯π interactions, while for compound 2, N–H⋯O, C–H⋯O, C–H⋯C and C–H⋯π interactions are observed. Both the compounds showcase scarcely reported chelate ring interactions involving the benzoate moiety (chelate ring⋯π in 1 and N–H⋯chelate ring in 2). We also conducted theoretical evaluations comprising of combined QTAIM/NCI plot analysis, DFT energy calculation and MEP surface analysis to analyze the supramolecular interactions present in the crystal structures. As per QTAIM parameters, the predominance of π-stacking interactions over hydrogen bonds in stabilizing the assembly in compound 1 is affirmed. Likewise, in compound 2, both hydrogen bonding (HBs) and C–H⋯π interactions are deemed pivotal in stabilizing the dimeric assemblies. The in vitro antiproliferative activities of compounds 1 and 2 were performed against Dalton’s lymphoma (DL) cancer cell lines through cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays, showcasing higher cytotoxicity of compound 1 (IC50 = 28 μM) over compound 2 (IC50 = 34 μM). Additionally, a molecular docking study investigated the structure–activity relationship of these compounds and allowed an understanding of the molecular behaviour after treatment. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3029 KiB  
Article
Efficient Sequestration of Heavy Metal Cations by [Mo2S12]2− Intercalated Cobalt Aluminum-Layered Double Hydroxide
by Subrata Chandra Roy, Carrie L. Donley and Saiful M. Islam
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020050 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 627
Abstract
Heavy metal cations such as Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ can accumulate in living organisms, posing severe risks to biological systems, including humans. Therefore, removing heavy metal cations from wastewater is crucial before discharging them to the environment. However, [...] Read more.
Heavy metal cations such as Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ can accumulate in living organisms, posing severe risks to biological systems, including humans. Therefore, removing heavy metal cations from wastewater is crucial before discharging them to the environment. However, trace levels and high-capacity removal of the heavy metals remain a critical challenge. This work demonstrates the synthesis and characterization of [Mo2S12]2− intercalated cobalt aluminum-layered double hydroxide, CoAl―Mo2S12―LDH (CoAl―Mo2S12), and its remarkable sorption properties for heavy metals. This material shows high efficiency for removing over 99.9% of Ag+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ from 10 ppm aqueous solutions with a distribution constant, Kd, as high as 107 mL/g. The selectivity order for removing these ions, determined from the mixed ion state experiment, was Pb2+ < Cu2+ ≪ Hg2+ < Ag+. This study also suggests that CoAl―Mo2S12 is not selective for Ni2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ cations. CoAl―Mo2S12 is an efficient sorbent for Ag+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ ions at pH~12, with the removal performance of both Ag+ and Hg2+ cations retaining > 99.7% across the pH range of ~2 to 12. Our study also shows that the CoAl―Mo2S12 is a highly competent silver cation adsorbent exhibiting removal capacity (qm) as high as ~918 mg/g compared with the reported data. A detailed mechanistic analysis of the post-treated solid samples with Ag+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ reveals the formation of Ag2S, HgS, and PbMoO4, respectively, suggesting the precipitation reaction mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystalline Porous Materials for Environment and Sensing)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 4635 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances and Challenges in Hybrid Supercapacitors Based on Metal Oxides and Carbons
by Lili Gao, Fuyuan Liu, Jiaxing Qi, Wenyue Gao and Guobao Xu
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020049 - 8 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345
Abstract
Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) are a novel type of supercapacitor composed of battery-type electrodes and capacitor-type electrodes, which have directly transformed the global energy landscape. On one hand, they can replace clean energy sources that are heavily dependent on climatic conditions in specific regions, [...] Read more.
Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) are a novel type of supercapacitor composed of battery-type electrodes and capacitor-type electrodes, which have directly transformed the global energy landscape. On one hand, they can replace clean energy sources that are heavily dependent on climatic conditions in specific regions, thereby enhancing the effective utilization of intermittent energy sources. On the other hand, with their high energy density akin to secondary batteries and the long lifespan and high power density characteristic of supercapacitors, they perfectly bridge the gap between secondary batteries and supercapacitors. This article reviews the fundamental energy storage principles of HSCs and highlights the latest optimization strategies for HSCs based on transition metal oxides (TMOs) and carbon over the past two years. These strategies include heteroatom doping, heterostructured materials, nanocomposites, and metal–organic frameworks (MOF). Finally, prospects on future research directions of HSCs are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Electrode Materials in High-Performance Energy Storage Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6895 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Activity of Pt/Pd Mono- and Bimetallic Catalysts in Electrochemical Hydrogen Pump/Compressor
by Nevelin Borisov, Borislava Mladenova, Galin Borisov and Evelina Slavcheva
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020048 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 641
Abstract
In this study, mono- and bimetallic platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and Pt-Pd nanoparticles were synthesized using the wet sol–gel method, employing a carbon-based XC72R as catalytic carrier. The overall metal content was set at 40 wt.% at varying Pt:Pd ratios. Characterization of the [...] Read more.
In this study, mono- and bimetallic platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and Pt-Pd nanoparticles were synthesized using the wet sol–gel method, employing a carbon-based XC72R as catalytic carrier. The overall metal content was set at 40 wt.% at varying Pt:Pd ratios. Characterization of the morphology and surface structure was conducted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The electrochemical performance and catalytic activity against the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were assessed in a three-electrode cell for screening purposes, as well as in a prototype cell of an electrochemical hydrogen pump/compressor (EHP/C) where the catalysts served as cathodes, while the anode was Pt/XC72 40% wt. with 0.38 mgPt·cm−2 within a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a 180 µm thick Nafion 117 proton-conductive membrane. The results obtained indicated superior catalytic activity of the bimetallic catalysts in comparison to the pure metal samples. Further electrochemical tests in an EHP/C cell at varying differential pressures in the range of 0–3 bar revealed stable behavior and high current density, reaching approximately 0.7 A cm−2 at 60 °C. The accelerated durability tests performed demonstrated excellent stability of the synthesized composite catalysts. These findings underscore the potential of Pt-Pd nanoparticles as efficient catalysts with sustainable performance for electrochemical hydrogen pumping/compressing applications. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 10414 KiB  
Review
Progress in 2D MoS2-Based Advanced Materials for Hydrogen Evolution and Energy Storage Applications
by Waseem Raza, Khursheed Ahmad, Flaviano Garcia Alvarado and Tae Hwan Oh
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020047 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1095
Abstract
The increasing energy demand for and fast depletion of fossil fuels have driven the need to explore renewable and clean energy sources. Hydrogen production via water electrocatalysis is considered a promising green fuel technology for addressing global energy and environmental challenges while supporting [...] Read more.
The increasing energy demand for and fast depletion of fossil fuels have driven the need to explore renewable and clean energy sources. Hydrogen production via water electrocatalysis is considered a promising green fuel technology for addressing global energy and environmental challenges while supporting sustainable development. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a potential electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and super-capacitor (SC) applications due to its high electrochemical activity, low cost, and abundance. However, compared to noble metals like platinum (Pt), MoS2 exhibit lower HER activity in water electrocatalysis. Therefore, further modification is needed to enhance its catalytic performance. To address this, MoS2 has been effectively modified with materials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), polymers, metal oxides, and MXenes. These modifications significantly improve the electrochemical properties of MoS2, enhancing its performance in HER and SC applications. In this review article, we have compiled recent reports on the fabrication of MoS2-based hybrid materials for HER and SC applications. The challenges, advantages, and future perspectives of MoS2-based materials for HERs and SCs have been discussed. It is believed that readers may benefit from the recent updates on the fabrication of MoS2-based hybrid materials for HER and SC applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art and Progress in Metal–Hydrogen Systems, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 13205 KiB  
Article
Ti Coating-Enhanced Tribocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes by CdS Nanoparticles
by Mingzhang Zhu, Jiannan Song, Senhua Ke, Yanhong Gu, Lina Bing, Zhenjiang Shen and Wanping Chen
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020046 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 599
Abstract
Coating disk-shaped materials on the bottoms of containers has become a highly effective method for tribocatalysis enhancement. Here, the effects of Ti coatings on the tribocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by CdS nanoparticles were systematically studied. For both 50 mg/L rhodamine B (RhB) [...] Read more.
Coating disk-shaped materials on the bottoms of containers has become a highly effective method for tribocatalysis enhancement. Here, the effects of Ti coatings on the tribocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by CdS nanoparticles were systematically studied. For both 50 mg/L rhodamine B (RhB) and 20 mg/L methyl orange (MO) solutions, the tribocatalytic degradation by CdS nanoparticles was dramatically enhanced in Ti-coated beakers compared to as-received glass-bottomed beakers, with the degradation rate constant increased by 4.77 and 5.21 times, respectively. Moreover, for tribocatalytic degradation of MO using CdS, two quite different MO degradation modes were identified between Ti and Al2O3 coatings. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy analyses showed that more radicals were generated when CdS nanoparticles rubbed against the Ti coating than against the glass bottom, and boron nitride nanoparticles were employed to verify that the enhancement associated with the Ti coating resulted from the interactions between Ti and CdS. These findings underscore the importance of catalyst and coating material selection in tribocatalytic systems, offering valuable insights for the development of efficient environmental purification technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Catalyst Discovery, Design and Synthesis)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

44 pages, 7453 KiB  
Review
Functionalized MXenes for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalysis: A Focus on Surface Termination Engineering and Composite Design
by Muhammad Azam Qamar and Syed Kashif Ali
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020045 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1303
Abstract
MXenes, a groundbreaking class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as highly promising materials for photocatalytic applications due to their unique structural, electrical, and surface properties. These materials are synthesized by selectively etching the A layer from MAX [...] Read more.
MXenes, a groundbreaking class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as highly promising materials for photocatalytic applications due to their unique structural, electrical, and surface properties. These materials are synthesized by selectively etching the A layer from MAX phases, yielding compositions with the general formula Mn+1XnTx, where M is a transition metal, X represents carbon or nitrogen, and Tx refers to surface terminations such as –OH, –O, or –F. This review delves into the advanced synthesis techniques of MXenes, including fluoride-free etching and molten salt methods, and explores their potential in photocatalysis for environmental remediation. MXenes exhibit remarkable light absorption capabilities and efficient charge carrier separation, making them highly effective for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light. Modulating their surface chemistry and bandgap via functional group modifications further enhances their photocatalytic performance. These attributes position MXenes as next-generation materials for sustainable photocatalytic applications, offering significant potential in addressing global environmental challenges. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2995 KiB  
Article
Ti3AlC2 MAX/MXene for Hydrogen Generation via Photocatalytic Hydride Hydrolysis
by Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020044 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Reducing dehydrogenation temperature while preserving high hydrogen generation capacity obstructs the hydrolysis of sodium borohydrides (NaBH4). The two-dimensional (2D) MAX phase of titanium aluminum carbide (Ti3AlC2) and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) multilayers was [...] Read more.
Reducing dehydrogenation temperature while preserving high hydrogen generation capacity obstructs the hydrolysis of sodium borohydrides (NaBH4). The two-dimensional (2D) MAX phase of titanium aluminum carbide (Ti3AlC2) and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) multilayers was investigated for hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis with and without light. The material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The activity of Ti3AlC2 was significantly enhanced by the integration of UV light radiation during hydrolysis. Ti3AlC2/Ti3C2Tx improved the dehydrogenation rates of NaBH4 at ambient conditions and maintained high hydrogen generation rates (HGRs) over time compared to a conventional method. It exhibited a HGR of 200–300 mL·min−1·g−1. Photo-assisted hydrolysis over the catalyst can be maintained for several times at ambient temperature. The catalyst demonstrated effective performance even after five cycles of usage. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 14712 KiB  
Article
Structural and Morphological Investigation of Calcium-Silicate-Based Bioceramics Prepared from Eggshell via Conventional Approach
by Maroua H. Kaou, Csaba Balázsi and Katalin Balázsi
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020043 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Calcium-silicate-based ceramic composites with different CaO/SiO2 weight ratios (10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10) have been prepared from chicken eggshells and silica gel using attrition milling for 3 h in wet conditions and conventional pressing–heat treatment in the [...] Read more.
Calcium-silicate-based ceramic composites with different CaO/SiO2 weight ratios (10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10) have been prepared from chicken eggshells and silica gel using attrition milling for 3 h in wet conditions and conventional pressing–heat treatment in the air at 800 °C for 1 h. The effect of the CaO/SiO2 weight ratio and the calcination period of the eggshells on the microstructural features including apparent density, phase evolution, and morphological properties were investigated. The phase transformation of the powder mixtures after attrition milling for 3 h in ethanol with powder/ball milling mass ratio of 0.0996 (110/1104.7) revealed to have calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) as a dominate phase, which was observed to increase with the increase in calcium oxide (CaO) amount in the powder mixtures. The phase transformation of ceramic samples after heat treatment at 800 °C for 1 h, on the other hand, showed different phases depending on the CaO/SiO2 weight ratio. The results also show a linear relationship between the CaO/SiO2 weight ratio and apparent density when the CaO/SiO2 ratio increase from 0.11 (10/90) to 0.67 (40/60) due to the densification of ceramics. An inversely proportional relationship was found between CaO/SiO2 and density when the CaO/SiO2 weight ratio increased from 0.67 (40/60) to 9 (90/10). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Functional Ceramics)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 4000 KiB  
Article
Studies Toward Persilylation of π-Cyclopentadienyl Complexes of Fe and Ru. Molecular Structures of [Fe(C5H5){C5(SiMe2H)5}], [Fe(C5H5){C5Br3(SiMe3)2}] and [Fe(C5H5){C5Br2(SiMe3)3}]
by Stefanie Bernhartzeder, Tobias Blockhaus, Markus Lang and Karlheinz Sünkel
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020042 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 479
Abstract
Increasing the number of SiMe3 substituents on a cyclopentadienyl ring has, in addition to a stabilizing effect of unusual coordination geometries and oxidation states, the effect of increasing the solubility in unpolar solvents and increasing the volatility. Starting from pentabromoferrocene and pentabromo(pentamethyl)ruthenocene, [...] Read more.
Increasing the number of SiMe3 substituents on a cyclopentadienyl ring has, in addition to a stabilizing effect of unusual coordination geometries and oxidation states, the effect of increasing the solubility in unpolar solvents and increasing the volatility. Starting from pentabromoferrocene and pentabromo(pentamethyl)ruthenocene, we could achieve the introduction of up to five silyl (SiMe2H or SiMe3) groups to give [Fe(C5H5){C5(SiMe2R)5}], R = H, Me, and [Ru(C5Me5){C5(SiMe2H)5}]. However, yields were very low, and nearly all intermediate steps afforded mixtures of similar silyl-substituted compounds, which were difficult to separate. The crystal structures of [Fe(C5H5){C5(SiMe2H)5}] (13a), [Fe(C5H5){C5Br3(SiMe3)2}] (4b), and [Fe(C5H5){C5Br2(SiMe3)3}] (8b) were determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Germany)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3247 KiB  
Article
Pyridine vs. Thiazole in Cyclometalated N^C^N Ni(II) Complexes
by Lukas Kletsch, Rose Jordan, Julian Strippel, David A. Vicic and Axel Klein
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020041 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 719
Abstract
Six N^C^N cyclometalated Ni(II) complexes [Ni(N^C^N)Cl] or [Ni(N^C^N’)Br] with symmetric N^C^N or non-symmetric N^C^N’ ligands in which the peripheral N-groups were varied with pyridine (Py), 4-thiazole (4Tz), 2-thiazole (2Tz), and 2-benzothiazole (2Btz) complementing the previously reported complexes with di(2-pyridyl)phenide ligands [Ni(Py(Ph)Py)X] X = [...] Read more.
Six N^C^N cyclometalated Ni(II) complexes [Ni(N^C^N)Cl] or [Ni(N^C^N’)Br] with symmetric N^C^N or non-symmetric N^C^N’ ligands in which the peripheral N-groups were varied with pyridine (Py), 4-thiazole (4Tz), 2-thiazole (2Tz), and 2-benzothiazole (2Btz) complementing the previously reported complexes with di(2-pyridyl)phenide ligands [Ni(Py(Ph)Py)X] X = Cl or Br. The non-symmetric [Ni(N^C^N’)Br] complexes were synthesized from NiBr2 and N^CH^N’ protoligands through base-assisted nickelation, while the symmetric [Ni(N^C^N)Cl] complexes were received from the N^C(Cl)^N protoligands and [Ni(COD)2] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene). Introduction of 4Tz on both sides shifted the electrochemical gap ΔEexp = Eox–Ered and the long wavelength UV-vis absorption maxima of the complexes to higher energies, while 2Tz leads to a shift to lower energies. When introducing only one 4Tz or 2Tz as peripheral groups, the remaining PhPy moiety dominates the electronic properties and electrochemistry and photophysics are very similar to the Py(Ph)Py derivatives. In contrast to this, introduction of 2Btz shifts both values to lower energies, regardless of one or two 2Btz groups and the 2Btz moiety dominates the character of the frontier molecular orbitals of the complexes, as DFT calculations show. Long-wavelength UV-vis absorptions vary from 416 to 443 nm, and their energies correlate well with the first reduction potentials. Negishi-type C–C cross-coupling reactions gave total yields ranging from 1 to 60% and cross-coupling yields from 1 to 44%. The reactivities correlate roughly with the first reduction potentials. Facilitated reduction (E around –2 or higher) goes generally along with improved performance, making the thiazole-containing complexes interesting candidates for such catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Organometallic Chemistry 2024)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1765 KiB  
Article
Unsymmetrical Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Ligands and Their Nickel(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity
by Rodrigo Burón, David G. Calatayud, M. A. Mendiola and Elena López-Torres
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020040 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 753
Abstract
The widespread use of organic dyes in industrial processes has led to a considerable release of these compounds into water systems, making the removal of organic contaminants from freshwater a pressing challenge. Photocatalysis, particularly through coordination compounds, presents a promising solution to this [...] Read more.
The widespread use of organic dyes in industrial processes has led to a considerable release of these compounds into water systems, making the removal of organic contaminants from freshwater a pressing challenge. Photocatalysis, particularly through coordination compounds, presents a promising solution to this problem. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of three novel dissymmetric bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands and their corresponding nickel(II) complexes, which have been extensively analyzed using various techniques. We evaluated the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by these nickel complexes, with results demonstrating that they exhibit superior efficiency compared to previously reported nickel-based complexes. Theoretical calculations reveal a correlation between the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and the energies of the involved orbitals. Additionally, with the growing demand for sustainable fuels that do not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, molecular hydrogen stands out as a promising candidate. Given the potential of bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, we performed preliminary experiments to assess the ability of these nickel complexes to function as photocatalysts for water splitting. The results show that the three nickel complexes successfully generate hydrogen under the tested conditions, although further optimization is necessary to improve hydrogen production efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 6300 KiB  
Article
Chiral Layered Zinc Phosphonates: Exfoliation and Chiroptical Properties
by Zi-Xin Yang, Sheng-Fu Wu, Song-Song Bao, Xiu-Fang Ma, Tao Zheng and Li-Min Zheng
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020039 - 28 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 910
Abstract
Chiral layered coordination polymers have attracted considerable attention not only because of their intriguing physicochemical properties but also because of their ability to exfoliate into chiral nanosheets. Chiral metal phosphonates with layered structures are of particular interest due to their relatively high thermal [...] Read more.
Chiral layered coordination polymers have attracted considerable attention not only because of their intriguing physicochemical properties but also because of their ability to exfoliate into chiral nanosheets. Chiral metal phosphonates with layered structures are of particular interest due to their relatively high thermal and water stabilities, but their corresponding nanosheets are rarely reported on. Herein, we report on a pair of enantiopure zinc phosphonates with the formula S- and R-Zn8(cyampH)8Cl8 (S-Zn, R-Zn), where S- and R-cyampH2 represent S- and R-(1-cyclohexylamino)methylphosphonic acids. They have layered structures in which the {ZnO3Cl} tetrahedra are connected by {PO3C} tetrahedra via corner-sharing. By doping analogous chromophore ligands S- and R-(1-naphthalenethylamino)methylphosphonic acid (S-, R-nempH2), we obtained compounds S- and R-Zn8(cyampH)8-n(nempH)nCl8 (S-, R-Zn-x%, x = 2, 4, 6), which exhibited obvious circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties. The bulk samples of S-Zn and S-Zn-4% were further subjected to exfoliation in acetone, resulting in chiral nanosheets of one–three-layer thicknesses. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2802 KiB  
Review
Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity of Copper(II) Complexes with Fluorine-Functionalized Schiff Bases: A Mini-Review
by María Esther Moreno-Narváez, Lucero González-Sebastián, Raúl Colorado-Peralta, Viviana Reyes-Márquez, Luz Ofelia Franco-Sandoval, Adriana Romo-Pérez, Jesús Antonio Cruz-Navarro, Ivone Vanessa Mañozca-Dosman, Alberto Aragón-Muriel and David Morales-Morales
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020038 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1214
Abstract
In recent years, metallodrugs have emerged as captivating and promising compounds in the fields of cancer therapy and antimicrobial agents. While noble metals have shown remarkable biological activity, increasing interest lies in utilizing more abundant and cost-effective metals in medicinal chemistry. This is [...] Read more.
In recent years, metallodrugs have emerged as captivating and promising compounds in the fields of cancer therapy and antimicrobial agents. While noble metals have shown remarkable biological activity, increasing interest lies in utilizing more abundant and cost-effective metals in medicinal chemistry. This is primarily due to their pivotal role in biological processes and their lower cost compared to precious metals. Among these, copper(II) complexes have emerged with promising applications in medicine. Notably, copper compounds bearing Schiff bases stand out as innovative metallodrugs. They exhibit intriguing cytotoxic properties against a wide range of cancer cell lines, while also demonstrating inhibitory effects on prevalent bacterial and fungal strains. Nevertheless, research into Cu(II) complexes with Schiff bases remains of paramount interest. One strategic avenue to bolster their biological activity involves the introduction of fluorine groups into the ligands. This approach has demonstrated a significant augmentation in efficacy and selectivity, particularly in targeting cancer cells and microbial pathogens, because fluorine incorporation can improve metabolic stability and cellular uptake. This further reinforces the therapeutic potential of these metallodrugs. Thanks to these promising outcomes, research into the development of Cu(II) complexes with fluorinated Schiff bases is advancing significantly. This holds immense potential for progressing the field of medicinal chemistry, with the aim of addressing unmet clinical needs in both cancer therapy and antimicrobial treatment. This review comprehensively explores the latest advancements in Cu(II) complexes bearing fluorinated Schiff bases, encompassing diverse coordination modes. It delves into their scope and applications in cytotoxic evaluations, as well as their efficacy as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 4748 KiB  
Article
Hierarchically Porous Titanosilicate Hollow Spheres Containing TS-1 Zeolite Precursors for Oxidative Desulfurization
by Yao Wang, Hongda Yu, Huan Wang and Tiehong Chen
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020037 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 599
Abstract
The environmental and health impacts of sulfur compounds in fuel oil have prompted considerable research interest in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology. Tetrahedrally coordinated titanium has been demonstrated to exhibit excellent activity in the context of oxidative desulfurization processes. However, further improving the catalytic [...] Read more.
The environmental and health impacts of sulfur compounds in fuel oil have prompted considerable research interest in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology. Tetrahedrally coordinated titanium has been demonstrated to exhibit excellent activity in the context of oxidative desulfurization processes. However, further improving the catalytic property of the tetrahedrally coordinated titanium remains a challenging endeavor. In the context of ODS processes conducted at near room temperatures, the improvement of conversion remains a subject of considerable challenge. In this study, hierarchically porous titanosilicate hollow spheres were synthesized by using TS-1 zeolite precursors as Ti and Si sources to obtain the catalyst with only tetrahedrally coordinated titanium. The synthesized materials were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and nitrogen adsorption analysis. These techniques confirmed the formation of hollow spherical hierarchically porous structures with Ti species uniformly incorporated in tetrahedral coordination and the presence of five-member rings of TS-1 zeolite. As a result, the hierarchically porous titanosilicate hollow spheres demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in ODS, achieving complete dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal within 15 min and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 123 h−1 at 30 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2024)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1945 KiB  
Communication
Homo-Chromophores in Cu(I)(XXX), (X3 = N3, C3, Cl3, S3, P3, Br3, or I3) Derivatives—Structural Aspects
by Milan Melník, Veronika Mikušová and Peter Mikuš
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020036 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 17545
Abstract
The structural aspects of homo-chromophores in Cu(I)(XXX) complexes, where X3 = N3, C3, Cl3, S3, P3, Br3, or I3, are analyzed in this study. These copper(I) derivatives crystallize [...] Read more.
The structural aspects of homo-chromophores in Cu(I)(XXX) complexes, where X3 = N3, C3, Cl3, S3, P3, Br3, or I3, are analyzed in this study. These copper(I) derivatives crystallize in five distinct crystal systems as follows: rhombohedral (1 example), trigonal (1 example), orthorhombic (4 examples), triclinic (5 examples), and monoclinic (15 examples). The angular distortion from regular trigonal geometry increases in the following order: Cu(ClClCl) < Cu(NNN) < Cu(PPP) < Cu(BrBrBr) < Cu(III) < Cu(CCC) < Cu(SSS). For Cu(I)(XX) complexes, the deviation from linear geometry increases in the order: Cu(SeSe) < Cu(SS) < Cu(OO) < Cu(ClCl) < Cu(NN) < Cu(CC) < Cu(PP) < Cu(BrBr). The structural parameters of Cu(I)(XXX) are examined, discussed, and compared with those of homonuclear Cu(I)(XX) complexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Future Trends for Novel Copper Complexes)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-37
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop