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Chemosensors
Volume 14
Issue 4
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Chemosensors, Volume 14, Issue 4 (April 2026) – 24 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This review explores recent advancements in SPR biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, focusing on enhanced viral recognition via nano-plasmonic modifications and surface functionalization, alongside signal amplification and automation. Distinguished by its label-free, real-time monitoring capabilities compared to traditional methods, the review concludes that integrating nanomaterials, AI, and microfluidics will effectively address current challenges in virus detection. View this paper
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32 pages, 5367 KB  
Review
Sensors and Mass Spectrometry Connection for Food Analysis: A Systematic Review of Methodological Synergies
by Fabiola Eugelio, Marcello Mascini, Federico Fanti, Sara Palmieri and Michele Del Carlo
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040100 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 590
Abstract
Background: Sensors and mass spectrometry (MS) are frequently used in combination for food safety and quality assessment, yet their functional integration lacks a formal methodological framework. This review categorizes the synergies between these technologies into distinct Relational Connections. Methodology: Following Preferred Reporting Items [...] Read more.
Background: Sensors and mass spectrometry (MS) are frequently used in combination for food safety and quality assessment, yet their functional integration lacks a formal methodological framework. This review categorizes the synergies between these technologies into distinct Relational Connections. Methodology: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 155 original research articles published between 2015 and 2025 were systematically analyzed. Records were identified via the Scopus database within the food science domain. Experimental meta-data, including extraction protocols, instrumental configurations (ionization source, mass analyzer, cost tier), and chemometric strategies, were extracted to identify core methodological patterns. Statistical associations were quantified using chi-squared tests with Cramer’s V effect sizes. Results: Five Relational Connections were identified: (1) MS as reference for sensor validation (25.2%); (2) MS-sensor correlative analysis (10.3%); (3) MS quantifying data to train predictive sensor models (6.5%); (4) MS identifying targets for sensor detection (7.1%); and (5) MS enabling sensor classification models (51.0%). Technology pairing is governed by a three-level hierarchy: analyte polarity determines the ionization source (V = 0.69), required precision determines the mass analyzer (V = 0.64), and cost/availability constraints shape the practical integration strategy. Gas Chromatography (GC)-MS is predominantly coupled with Electronic Noses for volatile profiling (86% of classification studies), while Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) pairs with biosensors for contaminant analysis (74% of reference validation studies). Systematic analysis of the full pairing matrix reveals that 75% of theoretically possible MS-sensor combinations remain unexplored or underrepresented, identifying both technical boundaries and innovation frontiers. Discussion: The findings clarify the strategic logic behind technology pairings, demonstrating that MS provides the quantitative molecular data required for sensor training. The hierarchical decision framework and identification of underexplored pairings provide an evidence-based guide for designing future integrated food analysis systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GC, MS and GC-MS Analytical Methods: Opportunities and Challenges (Fourth Edition))
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31 pages, 7683 KB  
Review
Prostate Cancer Diagnostics in Transition: A Review of Promising Biomarkers, Multiplex Biosensors, and Point-of-Care Diagnostic Strategies
by Sarra Takita, Alexei Nabok, Magdi H. Mussa, Abdalrahem Shtawa, Anna Lishchuk and David P. Smith
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040099 - 19 Apr 2026
Viewed by 2399
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most prevalent urological malignancies worldwide, with early and accurate diagnosis being critical for improving patient outcomes. Traditional screening approaches, such as digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, have long served as frontline tools; however, [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most prevalent urological malignancies worldwide, with early and accurate diagnosis being critical for improving patient outcomes. Traditional screening approaches, such as digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, have long served as frontline tools; however, their limited specificity and sensitivity contribute to high rates of false positives, unnecessary biopsies, and overtreatment. Recent UK guidelines and international consensus increasingly question the role of PSA-based population screening, advocating for risk-stratified pathways and multiparametric MRI as first-line investigations. In parallel, advances in molecular biology have identified promising cancer-specific biomarkers, such as prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2:ERG), that outperform PSAs in terms of specificity and prognostic value. These developments have catalysed innovation in biosensor technologies, enabling rapid, cost-effective, and non-invasive detection of single and multiplex biomarkers in urine and serum. Electrochemical and optical affinity-based biosensors offer transformative potential for the development of personalised point-of-care platforms and diagnostics, reducing the reliance on invasive procedures and improving clinical decision-making. The latter can be augmented with artificial intelligence (AI) tools. This review critically examines the limitations of PSAs, synthesises evidence on novel biomarkers and imaging-led strategies, and evaluates the design, performance, and translational challenges of biosensor-based assays. Furthermore, it outlines future directions, including standardisation, large-scale clinical validation, and integration of multiplex biosensors with AI for precision diagnostics. By bridging molecular insights with engineering innovations, these approaches promise to redefine PCa screening and enable accurate, patient-centred care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Global Health Challenges)
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13 pages, 4123 KB  
Article
Quantitative Detection of ALP Activity via Electrochemiluminescence Signal Switching on a Biomimetic Zirconia Interface
by Xinyu Lu, Jin Wang, Jiahao Zhou, Wenwen Tu, Junru Zhou and Tianxiang Wei
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040098 - 19 Apr 2026
Viewed by 536
Abstract
Quantitative detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is crucial in clinical diagnosis and bioanalysis. Herein, we have developed a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor that employs a biomimetic zirconia interface as its core sensing platform. The interface was constructed by immobilizing o-phosphorylethanolamine (PEA) [...] Read more.
Quantitative detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is crucial in clinical diagnosis and bioanalysis. Herein, we have developed a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor that employs a biomimetic zirconia interface as its core sensing platform. The interface was constructed by immobilizing o-phosphorylethanolamine (PEA) onto zirconium oxide nanofilms (ZrO2NFs), forming a surface rich in Zr-O-P bonds. This design mimics phosphate recognition and enzyme-triggered dephosphorylation processes, where ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of these bonds, triggering a direct switch in the ECL signal from Ru(bpy)32+-loaded gold nanocage (Ru-AuNCs) emitters. This sensor achieves a wide linear range of 0.100–100 U/L and a low detection limit down to 0.0899 U/L. Its practical utility was validated through the accurate detection of ALP in fetal bovine serum samples, confirming high recovery and reliability. This strategy highlights the potential of biomimetic zirconia interfaces in developing robust biosensors for early disease diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Global Health Challenges)
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20 pages, 2788 KB  
Review
Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Detection of SARS-CoV-2
by Yili Yuan, Qing Kang, Xusheng Wang, Wensheng Liu and Jialei Du
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040097 - 19 Apr 2026
Viewed by 949
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free, real-time biosensing technology with high sensitivity for the detection of biomolecular interactions. This review highlights recent advances in SPR biosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. First, we outline design strategies, especially advanced plasmonic nanostructures and precise [...] Read more.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free, real-time biosensing technology with high sensitivity for the detection of biomolecular interactions. This review highlights recent advances in SPR biosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. First, we outline design strategies, especially advanced plasmonic nanostructures and precise surface functionalization, that improve the specificity and binding affinity to viral targets. Next, we cover signal amplification methods, such as nanoparticle conjugation and plasmonic photothermal effects, which enhance the sensitivity for low-abundance viral components. Subsequently, we conducted a comparative analysis of SPR biosensors alongside traditional and emerging detection approaches for SARS-CoV-2, elucidating their individual merits and drawbacks. We also discuss how machine learning improves data interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future development directions, particularly for clinical diagnostics, epidemic monitoring, and public health security. These advances support faster, more reliable, and accessible diagnostics for current and future viral outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectrochemical and Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors: Current Status and Future Perspectives)
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18 pages, 1272 KB  
Article
Analytical Challenges in the Separation and Identification of Ten Substituted Cathinone Isomers (C12H17NO) Using EI-GC-MS and ESI-LC-MS/MS
by Shih-Rong Lin, Yan-Chiao Mao, Ahai C. Lua, Hsuan-Wei Huang, Jun-Jen Liu and Yu-Chih Shen
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040096 - 14 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1060
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are among the most frequently encountered classes of new psychoactive substances, and many occur as structural isomers sharing identical molecular formulas and highly similar mass-spectral features. Among them, substituted cathinones with the molecular formula C12H17NO (MW 191 Da) present particular analytical [...] Read more.
Synthetic cathinones are among the most frequently encountered classes of new psychoactive substances, and many occur as structural isomers sharing identical molecular formulas and highly similar mass-spectral features. Among them, substituted cathinones with the molecular formula C12H17NO (MW 191 Da) present particular analytical challenges because of their similar chromatographic behavior and overlapping ionization patterns. This study evaluated a combined EI-GC-MS and ESI-LC-MS/MS workflow, incorporating derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and acetic anhydride (AA), for the differentiation of ten MW 191 Da isomers. TFAA-derivatized GC-MS enabled preliminary classification of the isomers, although several EMC and MEC analogs remained only partially resolved. AA derivatization improved the separation of unresolved isomers under slower oven temperature conditions, demonstrating the value of alternative acylation for enhancing chromatographic discrimination. LC-MS/MS provided complementary confirmation for several analytes, but some isomers remained difficult to distinguish because of shared product ions and peak fusion in mixed-standard analysis. Overall, this study establishes a practical analytical workflow for distinguishing MW 191 Da substituted cathinone isomers and highlights both the strengths and limitations of combining derivatization-based GC-MS with LC-MS/MS confirmation in routine forensic or clinical laboratories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Methods, Instrumentation and Miniaturization)
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28 pages, 1997 KB  
Review
Sensor Technologies in Medicine–Food Homology: A Comprehensive Review
by Yifan Qi, Shuwen Yan, Jianrong Chai, Tingrui Wang and Yuming Wang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040095 - 13 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Medicine–food homology (MFH) substances, which possess both medicinal and edible properties, have garnered widespread attention in the global health context of the new era. The MFH industry has experienced explosive growth and has gradually become a key supporting aspect of TCM modernization. However, [...] Read more.
Medicine–food homology (MFH) substances, which possess both medicinal and edible properties, have garnered widespread attention in the global health context of the new era. The MFH industry has experienced explosive growth and has gradually become a key supporting aspect of TCM modernization. However, due to the pollution of the modern environment, the content of pollutants in MFH products has been increasing, raising concerns regarding quality, safety, and efficacy control. Traditional quality-analysis technologies struggle to meet the needs of rapid on-site detection because of their dependence on large instruments and the complexity of operation. This dilemma has propelled advances in sensor technology. With its advantages of high sensitivity, real-time detection, and portability, sensor technology has become a key technical support for quality control and supervision in the field of MFH. In this review, we comprehensively categorize the mainstream sensor types used for analysis in the field of MFH, including intelligent sensors, optics, electrochemistry, biosensors, etc. This review outlines their research status, elaborates on their primary application directions and corresponding core technologies, discusses current challenges (including stability, interference, and cost), and presents future perspectives. Overall, sensor-based technologies offer a promising and scalable solution for the quality control of MFH products, addressing critical challenges such as stability, interference, and cost. With ongoing advances in intelligent sensing, optics, electrochemistry, and biosensing platforms, these methods are poised to play an increasingly vital role in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality consistency of MFH products amid growing environmental pressures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Bio)Chemical Sensing in Real-World Applications—a Dedicated Issue for Young Researchers)
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24 pages, 2148 KB  
Review
Research Progress on the Detection of Deep-Sea Microorganisms and the Significance of Measurement Standards
by Ziyi Cheng, Mei Zhang, Huijun Yuan, Jingjing Liu and Yongzhuo Zhang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040094 - 11 Apr 2026
Viewed by 754
Abstract
The exploration of deep-sea microorganisms is transitioning from ex situ laboratory analysis to in situ real-time monitoring. While in situ technologies offer unprecedented access to microbial activities in their natural extreme habitats, they face a critical, yet often overlooked, bottleneck: the absence of [...] Read more.
The exploration of deep-sea microorganisms is transitioning from ex situ laboratory analysis to in situ real-time monitoring. While in situ technologies offer unprecedented access to microbial activities in their natural extreme habitats, they face a critical, yet often overlooked, bottleneck: the absence of a robust metrological framework. This lack of standardized calibration, traceability, and reference materials results in data that are often irreproducible, device-specific, and incomparable across studies, severely undermining scientific discovery and resource assessment. This review provides a systematic analysis of the current landscape of deep-sea microbial detection technologies, categorizing them by their operational principles and critically evaluating their performance, limitations, and metrological readiness. By synthesizing the technological challenges with the principles of metrology, we identify the fundamental gap between advanced sensing capabilities and the lack of in situ measurement standards. To bridge this gap, we propose an innovative “laboratory simulation–in situ detection–remote calibration” trinity calibration system. This framework establishes a complete metrological traceability chain tailored for extreme deep-sea conditions, aiming to transform isolated sensor data into globally comparable, scientifically robust, and industrially actionable information, thereby paving the way for precision deep-sea biology and governance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section (Bio)chemical Sensing)
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17 pages, 3359 KB  
Article
Ag-Functionalized ZIF-8-Derived Porous ZnO Nanocomposites for ppb-Level Acetone Detection
by Wenjie Bi, Jinmiao Zhu, Bin Zheng, Shiwei Yang, Chengzhi Ruan, Siyu Yu, Xinran Li, Yinuo Xu, Hongyu Yu, Yafei Xu and Shantang Liu
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040093 - 9 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
In this study, Ag-functionalized porous ZnO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via pyrolysis of Ag-loaded ZIF-8 precursors. The structural and surface properties of the materials were systematically characterized using XRD, XPS, FESEM, and HRTEM analyses. A gas sensor fabricated from the optimized 3.0 wt% [...] Read more.
In this study, Ag-functionalized porous ZnO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via pyrolysis of Ag-loaded ZIF-8 precursors. The structural and surface properties of the materials were systematically characterized using XRD, XPS, FESEM, and HRTEM analyses. A gas sensor fabricated from the optimized 3.0 wt% Ag–ZnO sample exhibited a significantly enhanced response (Ra/Rg = 103) toward 100 ppm acetone at an operating temperature of 275 °C, which is approximately 2.51 times greater than that of pristine ZnO. The sensor also demonstrated rapid response/recovery times (6 s/7 s), excellent linearity over a wide concentration range (500 ppb–200 ppm), good selectivity against common interfering VOCs, and stable performance, with over 95% response retention after 30 days. The improved sensing performance is attributed to the hierarchical porous structure derived from ZIF-8 and the increased oxygen vacancy concentration and chemisorbed oxygen species induced by Ag loading, which collectively increase surface reaction activity. This work provides an effective strategy for constructing noble metal-modified porous ZnO materials for sensitive and reliable acetone detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived Functional Materials: Advances in Sensing Applications)
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14 pages, 2277 KB  
Article
Deep Learning Denoising for Enhanced Acetone Detection in Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
by Wenxuan Li, Dongxin Shi, Feifei Wang, Yuxiao Song, Yong Yang, Jing Sun and Chenyu Jiang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040092 - 5 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 743
Abstract
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy has significant potential for detecting trace volatile organic compounds, owing to its long absorption path and high sensitivity. However, in practical measurements, noise severely decreases the accuracy of decay curves and the reliability of concentration retrieval. To address this, we [...] Read more.
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy has significant potential for detecting trace volatile organic compounds, owing to its long absorption path and high sensitivity. However, in practical measurements, noise severely decreases the accuracy of decay curves and the reliability of concentration retrieval. To address this, we developed a deep learning-based denoising model called decay-upsampling FC-Net. Experimental results showed that the model improved the signal-to-noise ratio from 13.86 dB to 26.79 dB and processed a single decay curve in only 0.000207 s on average. Moreover, under high-noise conditions, it determined the ring-down time more accurately than conventional methods. This study provides an effective signal processing solution to enhance the practical reliability of Cavity ring-down spectroscopy gas detection systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopic Techniques for Chemical Analysis, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 7585 KB  
Article
Enhanced Gas-Sensing Behavior of ErFeO3-Based Material via Medium-Entropy Engineering and Applied Magnetic Fields
by Zhenghe Li, Zhonghang Xia, Huiming Ji and Yiwen Zhang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040091 - 4 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1965
Abstract
To detect volatile organic compounds, fabricating gas sensors with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, low detection limits, and good long-term stability is critical. Herein, Er1/3Yb1/3La1/3FeO3 medium-entropy material was synthesized via the sol–gel method and characterized in terms [...] Read more.
To detect volatile organic compounds, fabricating gas sensors with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, low detection limits, and good long-term stability is critical. Herein, Er1/3Yb1/3La1/3FeO3 medium-entropy material was synthesized via the sol–gel method and characterized in terms of its morphological, structural, and chemical properties. The medium-entropy design induces significant lattice distortion and increased oxygen vacancies, leading to higher adsorbed oxygen content and hole concentration on the material surface, which enhances the activity of gas-sensing reactions. The Er1/3Yb1/3La1/3FeO3 sensor exhibits a response of 13.2 toward 10 ppm of butanone gas at the optimum operating temperature of 192 °C, which is nearly three times the response of the ErFeO3 sensor (4.5), along with excellent selectivity to butanone gas, a low detection limit (0.5 ppm), and long-term stability. Moreover, the applied magnetic fields improve the ordering of magnetic moments in both Er1/3Yb1/3La1/3FeO3 and O2 molecules, which facilitates gas adsorption and electron transfer, and further boosts the gas-sensing performance. The response of the Er1/3Yb1/3La1/3FeO3 sensor toward 10 ppm butanone is enhanced to 21.3 under the applied magnetic field of 680 mT, which improves the selectivity toward butanone. This work provides a novel material design strategy for the detection of VOCs and a feasible magnetic field-assisted approach for optimizing the gas-sensing performance of perovskite ferrite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Chemical Sensing)
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19 pages, 3588 KB  
Article
A Novel Conductometric Methanol Sensor Based on Green-Synthesized Fe3O4-Nanoparticles
by Sabri Ouni, Eslam Elkalla, Sumera Khizar, Abdelhamid Elaissari, Abdelhamid Errachid and Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040090 - 3 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 767
Abstract
Methanol (MeOH) is widely used in industry and is highly toxic when ingested. In this work, a new micro-conductometric transducer is functionalized with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles capped with Artemisia Herba Alba (AHA) extract. The resulting AHA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles, [...] Read more.
Methanol (MeOH) is widely used in industry and is highly toxic when ingested. In this work, a new micro-conductometric transducer is functionalized with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles capped with Artemisia Herba Alba (AHA) extract. The resulting AHA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles, crystallized in the cubic spinel phase, exhibit an average crystallite size of 6 nm. These nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed within an electrodeposited chitosan film on interdigitated electrodes for conductometric measurements. The gas-sensing behavior of the films was evaluated at room temperature toward methanol, ethanol, and acetone vapors. For methanol, the sensor shows response times (tRes) ranging from 9 to 12 s depending on the analyte concentration, with a detection limit of 600 ppm in the gas phase. The methanol sensor presents a sensitivity 30 times lower for acetone and 3.7 times lower for ethanol. The sensor exhibited stable detection sensitivity over two months, under intermittent storage at 4 °C. Methanol was detected in the headspace of commercial product samples, in good agreement with the producer’s value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials-Based (Bio-)Sensors for Electrochemical Detection and Analysis: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1254 KB  
Article
Investigation on the Mechanism of Enhanced Formaldehyde Gas-Sensing Performance of UiO-66 by Amino Modification
by Zijian Wu, Ying Chen, Ming Li, Pengcheng Xu and Xinxin Li
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040089 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1790
Abstract
Detection of formaldehyde is of great significance for environmental monitoring and public health. Although amino-modified MOF nanomaterials have been widely adopted to improve the gas-sensing properties for hazardous gases, the fundamental enhancement mechanism is still insufficiently clarified, especially for formaldehyde-sensing material. In this [...] Read more.
Detection of formaldehyde is of great significance for environmental monitoring and public health. Although amino-modified MOF nanomaterials have been widely adopted to improve the gas-sensing properties for hazardous gases, the fundamental enhancement mechanism is still insufficiently clarified, especially for formaldehyde-sensing material. In this work, the adsorption enthalpies of formaldehyde on UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 were quantitatively extracted via MEMS variable-temperature adsorption experiments, yielding values of −21.8 and −45.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The results demonstrate that amino-modified UiO-66-NH2 enables reversible adsorption between physisorption and chemisorption, which is more favorable for gas-sensing applications. Furthermore, a formaldehyde sensor was fabricated based on a MEMS resonant microcantilever. Gas-sensing performance tests indicate that the UiO-66-NH2-based sensor displays a remarkable response to 0.5–10 ppm formaldehyde with a detection limit of 17 ppb and high selectivity. The significantly improved sensing performance experimentally validates the reasonability of the proposed mechanism. This work provides a reliable strategy for revealing the sensitivity enhancement mechanism and developing high-performance MOF-based formaldehyde sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors and Humidity Sensors, 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 4744 KB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Detection of Phenylbutazone with Metallic Particle-Based Electrochemical Sensors
by Ana-Raluca Măghinici, Andreea-Loredana Comănescu, Andrei-Daniel Geman and Constantin Apetrei
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040088 - 3 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 802
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as phenylbutazone (PBZ) are among the most widely used medications globally due to their effectiveness in relieving pain and reducing inflammation. This study aims to detect PBZ with metallic particle-based electrochemical sensors using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the presence [...] Read more.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as phenylbutazone (PBZ) are among the most widely used medications globally due to their effectiveness in relieving pain and reducing inflammation. This study aims to detect PBZ with metallic particle-based electrochemical sensors using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the presence of catechol as a redox probe. The approach focuses on evaluating the electrochemical behaviour of PBZ under different experimental conditions and optimizing the detection parameters to develop a simple, rapid, and cost-effective analytical method suitable for this pharmaceutical compound in lab practice. CV was performed using four types of screen-printed electrodes, each modified with different transitional metal particles, in potassium ferrocyanide/potassium ferricyanide, catechol, and catechol-PBZ solutions to study the electrochemical response and detection capability for PBZ. The best performance characteristics were obtained for the sensor modified with Ir particles that detect PBZ, with a linearity range of 0.01 to 1.00 μM and a detection limit of 1.53 nM. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterize the PBZ in pharmaceuticals. The method using an iridium-modified sensor developed in this study allows the accurate detection of PBZ in pharmaceuticals with a relative error lower than 4%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Analytical Methods in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2nd Edition)
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2 pages, 506 KB  
Correction
Correction: Guembe-Garcia et al. Multi-Way Data Analysis Nowadays: Taking Advanced Chemometric Tools to Everyday Analytical Chemistry Applications. Chemosensors 2026, 14, 37
by Marta Guembe-Garcia, Lisa Rita Magnaghi, Guglielmo Emanuele Franceschi, Antonio Bova and Raffaela Biesuz
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040087 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 370
Abstract
Error in Figure 7a [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemometric Methods for Analytical Applications)
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14 pages, 3155 KB  
Article
An Immunosensor Based on Electric Field-Assisted Oriented Immobilization for Sensitive Detection of Brucella Antibodies
by Wei Yang, Jinpeng Ma and Guandong Wang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040086 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 758
Abstract
Brucellosis is a globally prevalent zoonosis that causes abortion and infertility in livestock, leading to substantial economic losses. Sensitive and reliable quantification of Brucella antibodies, particularly at trace levels, is critical for early diagnosis. In this work, an electrochemical immunosensor was developed by [...] Read more.
Brucellosis is a globally prevalent zoonosis that causes abortion and infertility in livestock, leading to substantial economic losses. Sensitive and reliable quantification of Brucella antibodies, particularly at trace levels, is critical for early diagnosis. In this work, an electrochemical immunosensor was developed by integrating electric field-assisted antigen immobilization with an electrode platform. The electrode was first electrochemically pretreated to improve interfacial reproducibility, and then sequentially modified with L-cysteine and glutaraldehyde to construct an antigen-coupling layer. During antigen immobilization, a custom-built electric field device was applied to regulate the interfacial arrangement of Brucella antigens. The fabrication process was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry, and the analytical performance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetric measurements. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed immunosensor exhibited a linear response to Brucella antibodies over the range of 1 × 10−6–10 IU/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a detection limit of 2.04 × 10−7 IU/mL. The sensor also showed acceptable specificity, repeatability, and short-term storage stability, with recoveries of 93.15–99.14% in spiked milk samples. These results indicate that electric field-assisted immobilization can serve as a useful interfacial regulation strategy for Brucella immunosensing and support the analytical feasibility of the proposed platform under controlled experimental conditions. Further validation in more complex biological matrices is still required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemical Devices and Sensors)
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15 pages, 4053 KB  
Article
Electro-Steric Stabilization of Green-Synthesized Ni-Co Nanoparticles via β-Cyclodextrin Encapsulation for Enhanced Cadmium Ion Sensing
by Wafa Al-Gethami
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040085 - 2 Apr 2026
Viewed by 696
Abstract
This study presents the post-synthetic functionalization of Ni-Co bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) framework using a green synthesis approach with Illicium verum (Star anise) extract. The synthesized nanocomposite was verified using physicochemical characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential, DLS, [...] Read more.
This study presents the post-synthetic functionalization of Ni-Co bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) framework using a green synthesis approach with Illicium verum (Star anise) extract. The synthesized nanocomposite was verified using physicochemical characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential, DLS, SEM, and TEM. This surface modification successfully yielded a stable core–shell architecture with a reduced crystallite size of 29.5 nm, compared to 41.2 nm for bare Ni-Co NPs. The β-CD coating shifted the Zeta potential from −33.07 mV to −27.65 mV, establishing an electro-steric stabilization mechanism. Sensing performance toward Cd2+ ions was evaluated via the QCM-D technique. The Ni-Co/β-CD nanocomposite demonstrated a superior sensitivity of 34.72 Hz/mM and a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of 17.3 µM, representing a 27-fold enhancement over the bare Ni-Co NPs (LOD: 472.2 µM). The mechanical signature, characterized by negative dissipation shifts and a high acoustic ratio (ΔD/Δf = 79.410 × 10−6), confirms an analyte-induced conformational rigidification driven by a host–guest interaction mechanism. These findings establish a robust method of producing bio-based, “smart” nanocomposites for high-precision environmental sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanostructures for Chemical Sensing)
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15 pages, 4042 KB  
Article
Digital Colorimetric Approach for Rapid Determination of Acetaldehyde in Pisco Head During Distillation
by Beatriz Hatta-Sakoda, M. Monica Giusti, Luis E. Rodriguez-Saona and Luis Condezo-Hoyos
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040084 - 2 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 945
Abstract
A digital colorimetric method (ACETimage), which utilizes aldol condensation, crotonization, and resinification, was developed and validated to quantify acetaldehyde in the head fraction of Pisco distillation. The optimal conditions for the reaction were as follows: the head Pisco samples were placed in headspace [...] Read more.
A digital colorimetric method (ACETimage), which utilizes aldol condensation, crotonization, and resinification, was developed and validated to quantify acetaldehyde in the head fraction of Pisco distillation. The optimal conditions for the reaction were as follows: the head Pisco samples were placed in headspace vials, 20% w/w NaOH was added, and the mixture was boiled in water for 2 min. The Color Grab app was used to capture and analyze images of the reactions, with a screen brightness intensity of 0.5, within a maximum post-reaction time of 10 min. The Euclidean distance (ED-RGB) was the color parameter most sensitive to changes, showing a linear correlation with the square of acetaldehyde concentration, with R2 values ranging from 0.9926 to 0.9976. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the ACETimage method were determined to be 30 and 95.3 mg/L, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the acetaldehyde content measured using ACETimage and gas chromatography (Spearman’s r = 0.9373). Bland–Altman analysis indicated that the differences between the two methods were within the 95% limits of agreement. ACETimage offers a rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly solution for monitoring acetaldehyde levels during Pisco distillation, enabling easy implementation in production environments, both artisanal and industrial, with minimal sample preparation and limited personnel training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Methods, Instrumentation and Miniaturization)
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5 pages, 199 KB  
Editorial
Feature Review Papers in Chemical/Bio-Sensors and Analytical Chemistry in 2025
by Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault and Jin-Ming Lin
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040083 - 2 Apr 2026
Viewed by 2011
Abstract
This Special Issue, entitled “Feature Review Papers in Chemical/Bio-Sensors and Analytical Chemistry in 2025”, collates 13 review papers that present state-of-the-art findings and future challenges regarding research on gas sensors, chemical sensors, and biosensors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Chemical/Bio-Sensors and Analytical Chemistry in 2025)
18 pages, 2711 KB  
Article
A Simple Benzo[d]thiazole-Based Schiff Base Probe for Selective Fluorometric Detection of Al3+ Ions: Validation Through DFT, Test Strips, Fish Pieces, Cellular Imaging, and Real Water Investigations
by Sanket Kadam, Rohit Ketkar, Wen Tai Li, Muthaiah Shellaiah, Basheer Aazaad, Nabanita Sadhukhan, Ming Chang Lin, Sadeecha Wani and Ganesh Chaturbhuj
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040082 - 1 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
The use of one-step products and their applications in sensory applications has gained much importance. Herein, Schiff’s base fluorescent turn-on sensor, namely FBTS, was synthesised via a condensation reaction between 6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The probe FBTS exhibits an intense “turn-on” blue [...] Read more.
The use of one-step products and their applications in sensory applications has gained much importance. Herein, Schiff’s base fluorescent turn-on sensor, namely FBTS, was synthesised via a condensation reaction between 6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The probe FBTS exhibits an intense “turn-on” blue fluorescence upon binding to Al3+ ions in a dimethyl sulfoxide–water (DMSO–H2O (8:2, v/v)) medium. From photoluminescence (PL) titrations, the detection limit (LOD) for Al3+ is estimated to be 0.14 microM, and the Benesi–Hildebrand plot-based association constant (Ka) of 5.4 × 104 M−1 confirm a strong association between FBTS and Al3+. Negligible interference is observed in the presence of other metal ions. From the pH effect studies, the optimal pH range for Al3+ detection is 7–9. The recyclable reversibility of FBTS + Al3+ complex has been demonstrated via the sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2-EDTA) chelation. A Job’s plot and interrogations, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration, and density functional theory (DFT), verified the 1:1 stoichiometry of binding between FBTS and Al3+. Based on multiple analyses, the binding mode and mechanism have been detailed. In addition, the practical application of FBTS for detecting Al3+ is demonstrated using the strip paper method, fish analysis, spiked real sample analysis, and cellular imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensors: Current Status and Future Development)
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11 pages, 1206 KB  
Article
Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor Based on Core–Shell Structural Silica Nanoparticle for H2O2 Detection
by Xinhua Shi, Xinru Zhao, Xiaofan An and Meng Gao
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040081 - 1 Apr 2026
Viewed by 700
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a very vital role in industrial and biological processes, but its high concentration may cause health hazards. Therefore, accurate detection of H2O2 is crucial for chemical and biological sensing applications. In this [...] Read more.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a very vital role in industrial and biological processes, but its high concentration may cause health hazards. Therefore, accurate detection of H2O2 is crucial for chemical and biological sensing applications. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescent probe was developed using a core–shell structural silica nanoparticle for the detection of H2O2. Firstly, a silica core structure with red fluorescence emission was constructed by encapsulating a Schiff base compound (SD). Afterwards, a mesoporous silica shell was fabricated, and the AIE featured fluorophore with a H2O2 response character was covalently linked on the surface of the mesoporous shell layer. As recognition sites on the shell, blue-emitting TB molecules specifically identified H2O2 through their phenylboronic acid ester group. The blue fluorescence of core–shell structural nanoprobes would be quenched in the presence of H2O2, while red fluorescence remained unchanged, ensuring the high sensitivity and specificity of the ratio sensing. This design has demonstrated significant potential for the reliable monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in biological and environmental applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Chemical Sensors)
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19 pages, 2993 KB  
Article
Voltammetric Fingerprinting and Chemometrics: A Rapid and Robust Platform for Ground Clove Bud Authentication and Adulteration Detection
by Shelly Hafira Nikma, Budi Riza Putra, Mohamad Rafi, Eti Rohaeti, Munawar Khalil and Wulan Tri Wahyuni
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040080 - 1 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 908
Abstract
Ground clove bud adulteration with cheaper materials, such as clove stem and soil, poses a significant threat to spice quality and consumer trust. This study introduces a novel, alternative analytical method for the authentication and detection of adulteration in ground clove bud samples. [...] Read more.
Ground clove bud adulteration with cheaper materials, such as clove stem and soil, poses a significant threat to spice quality and consumer trust. This study introduces a novel, alternative analytical method for the authentication and detection of adulteration in ground clove bud samples. The approach combines voltammetric fingerprinting using a multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified electrode with robust chemometric analysis. Cyclic voltammetry of clove bud samples revealed anodic peaks above +0.5 V and a smaller cathodic peak between +0.5 and −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, suggesting the presence of electroactive compounds. Voltammograms were obtained for authentic clove bud samples sourced from three major Indonesian production regions (South Sulawesi, North Maluku, and East Java), showing varying redox peak intensities. Chemometric analysis, specifically Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), was successfully employed to differentiate clove bud samples by geographical origin, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate authentic clove bud samples from adulterants. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) was utilized to quantify adulteration levels, predicting adulterant concentration (10–100% w/w) using electrochemical signal intensities. The PLSR method exhibited strong linearity between observed and predicted values, confirming its robustness. This proposed method offers a simple, portable, and practical approach for the quality control of ground clove bud. The combination of rapid voltammetric measurement and chemometric modelling provides a valuable and practical tool to prevent fraud and ensure the integrity of the spice trade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry: Second Edition)
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14 pages, 900 KB  
Article
Pollution Monitoring of Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Diclofenac in Pharmaceutical Wastewater from Al-Kharj Governorate Using FASS-SPE Enhanced Capillary Electrophoresis
by Alhumaidi B. Alabbas and Sherif A. Abdel-Gawad
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040079 - 1 Apr 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 919
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments represent a significant pollution concern, particularly in regions experiencing rapid healthcare and industrial growth. This study presents a sensitive and environmentally sustainable analytical method for monitoring paracetamol (PAR), ibuprofen (IBU), and diclofenac sodium (DIC) in pharmaceutical wastewater from [...] Read more.
Pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments represent a significant pollution concern, particularly in regions experiencing rapid healthcare and industrial growth. This study presents a sensitive and environmentally sustainable analytical method for monitoring paracetamol (PAR), ibuprofen (IBU), and diclofenac sodium (DIC) in pharmaceutical wastewater from Al-Kharj Governorate, Saudi Arabia. The method integrates off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) prior to capillary electrophoresis (CE), enabling effective dual preconcentration and enhanced detection sensitivity. Key parameters affecting separation and enrichment, including background electrolyte composition, pH, injection conditions, stacking efficiency, and SPE sorbent selection, were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions, the SPE–CE–FASS method demonstrated excellent linearity (r2 ≥ 0.997) over the concentration range of 10–1000 ng L−1, with strong precision (intra- and inter-day RSD ≤ 6%) and high recoveries (91.8–98.5%) in pharmaceutical wastewater samples. Matrix-based limits of detection were 4.0 ng L−1 for PAR, 3.5 ng L−1 for IBU, and 3.0 ng L−1 for DIC. The method was successfully applied to real wastewater samples, where all target analytes were detected at environmentally relevant concentrations. Owing to its low solvent consumption, reduced waste generation, and high sensitivity, the proposed SPE–CE–FASS method offers a reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for routine monitoring of pharmaceutical residues in complex wastewater matrices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Analytical Methods in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 4471 KB  
Article
Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Au/Ag Bimetallic Nanoclusters as a Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Hg2+ and Cu2+
by Hongbo Lin, Taiqun Yang, Lei Li and Lang Liu
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040078 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 784
Abstract
Fluorescent metal nanoclusters show great promise in heavy metal ion sensing. Herein, a bimetallic nanocluster (GSH-Au/Ag NCs) with orange fluorescence was synthesized through a facile one-pot method. The synthesized GSH-Au/Ag NCs displayed optimal excitation and emission peaks at 275 and 610 nm, respectively. [...] Read more.
Fluorescent metal nanoclusters show great promise in heavy metal ion sensing. Herein, a bimetallic nanocluster (GSH-Au/Ag NCs) with orange fluorescence was synthesized through a facile one-pot method. The synthesized GSH-Au/Ag NCs displayed optimal excitation and emission peaks at 275 and 610 nm, respectively. The incorporation of silver can enhance the fluorescence of metal nanoclusters. The fluorescence of as-synthesized GSH-Au/Ag NCs can be significantly quenched by Hg2+ and Cu2+, and a “on–off” fluorescent probe was designed. The detection conditions, including pH and the concentration of the probe, were optimized. The respective detection limits for Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions under optimal detection conditions are estimated to be 40 nM and 33 nM, over the linear range of 100–1200 nM. Furthermore, a ratiometric fluorescent probe was prepared by mixing quinine sulfate and as-synthesized GSH-Au/Ag NCs. Hg2+ and Cu2+ can effectively quench the red fluorescence of GSH-Au/Ag NCs, whereas the blue fluorescence of quinine sulfate remains invariant. This leads to measurable changes in the RGB values of the resulting fluorescence images. The ratio (R/B) exhibits a linear relationship with the concentration of Hg2+ and Cu2+, enabling the determination of its concentration by analyzing RGB values in fluorescence images. This visual detection method significantly reduces both assay time and cost, making it suitable for on-site detection of heavy metal ions in water samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanostructures for Chemical Sensing)
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13 pages, 2969 KB  
Article
Electrochemical Sensor Based on CTAB–Nafion-Modified Nano-Graphite Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Application in the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Food
by Juan Ma, Hong Li, Siyu Huang, Xiaojing Hu, Tingjuan Xia and Dongyun Zheng
Chemosensors 2026, 14(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14040077 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1038
Abstract
In the present study, an amperometric aflatoxin B1 sensor was constructed via modifying a nano-graphite carbon paste microelectrode with a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a perfluorosulfonic acid resin of Nafion through a simple and controllable electrochemical scanning method. The experiment [...] Read more.
In the present study, an amperometric aflatoxin B1 sensor was constructed via modifying a nano-graphite carbon paste microelectrode with a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a perfluorosulfonic acid resin of Nafion through a simple and controllable electrochemical scanning method. The experiment results show that CTAB–Nafion composite film has a good catalytic effect on the electrochemical response of aflatoxin B1. The electrocatalytic mechanism was investigated with the aid of different analytical techniques, including square wave voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronocoulometry, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the sensor is from 0.1 nM to 100 nM, and its detection limit and sensitivity are 20 pM (S/N = 3) and (24.9 ± 1.51) μA/nM, respectively. The accurate and rapid detection of aflatoxin B1, which has strong carcinogenicity, is of great significance for food quality monitoring and the protection of human health. Therefore, finally, the sensor was used to detect the concentration of aflatoxin B1 in milk and soy sauce samples, and the favorable recovery results indicated its good application prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics for Food, Environmental and Biological Analysis)
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