Nanomaterials

13 pages, 2913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ordered Mesoporous Cu–Co Supported on Al₂O₃ Catalysts for Higher Alcohol Synthesis from Syngas: Effect of Cu/Co Ratio on Structure and Performance

by Guoqiang Zhang, Ruiqin Liu, Yuan Zhou, Huayan Zheng and Fanhui Meng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080450 (registering DOI) - 9 Apr 2026

Abstract

CuCo-based catalysts are promising candidates for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas, yet their performance is often limited by poor metal dispersion and insufficient Cu-Co synergy. In this work, a series of ordered mesoporous CuCoAl catalysts with varying Cu/Co atomic ratios were synthesized via [...] Read more.

CuCo-based catalysts are promising candidates for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas, yet their performance is often limited by poor metal dispersion and insufficient Cu-Co synergy. In this work, a series of ordered mesoporous CuCoAl catalysts with varying Cu/Co atomic ratios were synthesized via the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method. The structural, electronic, and catalytic properties were systematically investigated using N₂ physisorption, XRD, TEM, H₂-TPR, CO-TPD, XPS, and fixed-bed reactor evaluation. The results show that all CuCoAl catalysts prepared by the EISA method possess well-ordered mesoporous structures with high surface areas (up to 235 m²/g) and narrow pore size distributions. The interaction between Cu and Co stabilizes the mesoporous framework, inhibits Cu particle growth, and induces electron transfer from Cu to Co as evidenced by XPS. Among the catalysts tested, Cu₁Co₁Al (Cu/Co = 1:1) exhibits the highest strong CO adsorption capacity (1.54 mmol/g) and surface hydroxyl content (63.29%), achieving a CO conversion of 32.9% with a C₂⁺ alcohol space–time yield of 20.5 mg·gcat⁻¹·h⁻¹. These findings establish clear structure–performance relationships for ordered mesoporous CuCoAl catalysts and provide fundamental guidance for the rational design of efficient catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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12 pages, 1967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Performance via Nickel-Doped α-MnO₂ Modified Separator

by Zhengtao Zhao, Lin Wan, Jiahui Chen and Huangqing Ye

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080449 - 9 Apr 2026

Abstract

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) offer a theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg⁻¹ but suffer from the polysulfide shuttle effect, which causes rapid capacity decay and limits practical application. To address this, we developed a bifunctional separator coating using Ni-doped α-MnO₂ combined [...] Read more.

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) offer a theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg⁻¹ but suffer from the polysulfide shuttle effect, which causes rapid capacity decay and limits practical application. To address this, we developed a bifunctional separator coating using Ni-doped α-MnO₂ combined with carbon nanotubes (Ni-MnO₂/CNTs). Ni doping induces lattice expansion due to the larger Ni²⁺ ionic radius, modulating the electronic structure to create more active sites, enhance electrical conductivity, and improve polysulfide adsorption and redox kinetics. The needle-like morphology further strengthens physical/chemical confinement of polysulfides and accelerates conversion reactions. Batteries with the Ni-MnO₂/CNTs-modified separator deliver a high-rate capacity of 813 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 C and exhibit a low capacity decay rate of 0.0399% per cycle over 1500 cycles at 2 C. Even under high sulfur loading (∼10 mg cm⁻²) and lean electrolyte conditions (10 μL mg⁻¹), the cell maintains stable cycling with a decay rate of 0.0929% per cycle over 300 cycles at 0.2 C. This lattice-modulation strategy on commercial separators provides a simple, effective pathway toward high-energy-density, long-life LSBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensors and Energy Storage Device Applications)

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11 pages, 4415 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chromium-for-Aluminum Substitution in Synthetic Serpentine

by Huang Lin, Hui Zhang and Benjamin Gilbert

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080448 - 9 Apr 2026

Abstract

Cr-bearing clay minerals are products of hydrothermal alteration and fluid–rock interactions of ultramafic rocks that form serpentine minerals. Cr is typically observed to substitute for Al in serpentine minerals, but the crystal chemistry and environmental constraints on this substitution are unknown. Here, we [...] Read more.

Cr-bearing clay minerals are products of hydrothermal alteration and fluid–rock interactions of ultramafic rocks that form serpentine minerals. Cr is typically observed to substitute for Al in serpentine minerals, but the crystal chemistry and environmental constraints on this substitution are unknown. Here, we synthesized endmember and Cr-substituted amesite, a typical Al-serpentine mineral, via the hydrothermal method. We found that the phase purity highly depends on the pH of the hydrothermal solution, which should be controlled at ~12.7 to avoid the formation of impurity phases. Additionally, amesite can incorporate Cr at a concentration equivalent to ~39.5% substitution of Al. The Cr-free and Cr-substituted amesite are highly defective and contain multiple polytypes, including 6R₂, 2M₁, and possibly 2H₂. However, the relative proportions of these polytypes do not change with increasing chromium substitution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Clay-Based Nanocomposites: From Design to Sustainable Applications)

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36 pages, 16232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Multimodal Surrogate Modeling and Uncertainty-Aware Co-Design for L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V with Nanomaterials-Informed Morphology Proxies

by Rifath Bin Hossain, Xuchao Pan, Geng Chang, Xin Su, Yu Tao and Xinyi Han

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080447 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Reliable property prediction and process selection in laser powder bed fusion are hindered by small, set-level datasets in which key morphology descriptors are intermittently missing, limiting both generalization and actionable co-design. A hybrid multimodal surrogate strategy is introduced that couples engineered process physics [...] Read more.

Reliable property prediction and process selection in laser powder bed fusion are hindered by small, set-level datasets in which key morphology descriptors are intermittently missing, limiting both generalization and actionable co-design. A hybrid multimodal surrogate strategy is introduced that couples engineered process physics features with morphology proxies through a deployable two-stage embedding module and gradient-boosted tree regressors. Set-resolved inputs are assembled from L-PBF parameters, linear energy density and related energy-density variants, pore and prior-β grain summary statistics, and stress–strain-derived descriptors, followed by missingness-aware feature filtering, median imputation, and 5-fold GroupKFold evaluation grouped by set_id, with morphology embeddings learned on training folds and predicted when absent. Across six targets, the final deployable models achieve an RMSE/R² of 11.07 MPa/0.895 (yield), 13.88 MPa/0.873 (UTS), 0.677%/0.861 (elongation), and 2.38 GPa/0.663 (modulus), while roughness and hardness remain challenging (RMSE 2.31 μm and 16.54 HV; R² about 0.12 and 0.11). These surrogates enable constraint-aware candidate generation that identifies a concise set of manufacturing recipes balancing strength and surface objectives under uncertainty-aware screening. The resulting framework provides a practical blueprint for multimodal, small-data additive manufacturing studies and can be extended to richer microstructure measurements and prospective validation to accelerate functional and biomedical alloy development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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21 pages, 5147 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Humidifying and Super-Protonic Conductivity of SPEEK-Based Composite Proton Exchange Membranes Incorporated by Functionalized MXene and Modified TiO₂ Nanofillers

by Manting Huang, Ai Song, Xingliu Ben, Weijia Ji, Yuxuan Pan and Huaxin Rao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080446 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

MXene, as a suitable and alternative 2D nanofiller incorporated into a proton exchange membrane (PEM), has recently received considerable attention because of desired mechanical stability, promising conductivity, and active surface functional groups. However, agglomeration or sedimentation in PEMs, as well as the water [...] Read more.

MXene, as a suitable and alternative 2D nanofiller incorporated into a proton exchange membrane (PEM), has recently received considerable attention because of desired mechanical stability, promising conductivity, and active surface functional groups. However, agglomeration or sedimentation in PEMs, as well as the water retention capacity under low humidity of MXene, are limiting factors in the field of PEMs. In this paper, modified MXene and TiO₂ nanoparticles used as functional nanofillers were incorporated into sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) to prepare novel SPEEK-based composite PEMs. The effects of the nanofiller contents on self-humidifying and protonic conductivity of the composite PEMs were also investigated under different temperatures. When the contents of functionalized MXene and modified TiO₂ are 5 wt.%, proton conductivity, water uptake and methanol permeability of the composite PEMs can be up to 0.143 S/cm, 60% and 2.27 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s, respectively, which represent increases of about 192%, about 38% and a decrease of 47%, respectively, compared with that of primary SPEEK PEM. Under the synergistic action of functionalized MXene providing a higher number of exchangeable proton sites, modified TiO₂ with inherent hydrophilicity enhancing water retention and Pt providing catalytic sites for the H₂/O₂ reaction to generate water in situ, the self-humidifying capability and proton conductivity of the composite PEMs were improved significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical, Physical Properties and Thermal Characteristics of Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites)

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33 pages, 3281 KB

Open AccessReview

Engineered MoS₂ Nanoplatforms for Drug-Enhanced Cancer Phototherapy: From Design Strategies to Translational Opportunities

by Catarina Tavares, Maria Carolina Dias, Bruno Freitas, Fernão D. Magalhães and Artur M. Pinto

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(8), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16080445 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and the limitations of conventional therapies have intensified interest in treatment strategies that combine improved selectivity with reduced systemic toxicity. Photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy have emerged as minimally invasive approaches capable of achieving spatiotemporally controlled [...] Read more.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and the limitations of conventional therapies have intensified interest in treatment strategies that combine improved selectivity with reduced systemic toxicity. Photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy have emerged as minimally invasive approaches capable of achieving spatiotemporally controlled tumour ablation. In this context, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), a transition metal dichalcogenide with strong near-infrared absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and versatile surface chemistry, has gained increasing attention as a multifunctional platform for drug delivery and light-triggered cancer therapy. This review examines recent advances in engineered MoS₂ nanoplatforms for drug-enhanced cancer phototherapy, with emphasis on how surface design and therapeutic cargoes mechanistically amplify light-triggered tumour killing. Approaches such as polymer coatings, biomimetic membranes, targeting ligands, chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, and photosensitisers have been explored to improve colloidal stability, tumour targeting, immune evasion, and stimulus-responsive drug release, while also adding complementary cytotoxic pathways such as chemotherapy, ROS generation, or gene silencing. Available in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that these systems generally exhibit favourable short-term biocompatibility under the tested conditions and can produce significant antitumour effects following irradiation. The review also discusses key biological barriers and translational challenges, including biodistribution, long-term safety, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations, highlighting opportunities for the development of clinically viable MoS₂-based phototherapeutic platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications (Third Edition))

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12 pages, 5004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonvolatile Reconfigurable Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Devices Induced by Spin-Orbit Torque for Multifunctional In-Memory Computing

by Mingxu Song, Jiahao Liu and Zhihong Zhu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070444 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

The proliferation of intelligent edge devices demands compact, low-power hardware capable of dynamically switching between sensing, logic, and learning tasks—a versatility that traditional multi-chip solutions fundamentally lack. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable spin–orbit torque (SOT) device based on an FeTb/Ru/Co synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) [...] Read more.

The proliferation of intelligent edge devices demands compact, low-power hardware capable of dynamically switching between sensing, logic, and learning tasks—a versatility that traditional multi-chip solutions fundamentally lack. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable spin–orbit torque (SOT) device based on an FeTb/Ru/Co synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) heterostructure. By modulating the input current amplitude, the device dynamically switches between two distinct operating modes: saturation and activation. In the saturation regime (>80 mA), deterministic magnetization reversal enables Boolean logic operations (AND, NOR). In the activation regime (<80 mA), gradual, non-volatile conductance modulation emulates synaptic plasticity. Benefiting from the strong antiferromagnetic coupling and near-zero net magnetization of the SAF structure, all operations are achieved without external magnetic fields. This single-device, dual-mode reconfigurable architecture establishes a new paradigm for high-density, low-power, multifunctional in-memory computing units, with promise for advancing adaptive edge computing chips. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Materials for Spintronics: From Fundamental to Applications)

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19 pages, 3372 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mn-CeO₂ Nanomaterial for the Colorimetric Sensing of H₂O₂ and Ascorbic Acid

by Faxue Ma, Xiangju Wu, Zhen Ma, Jingjing Lu, Xueqing Zhu and Yuguang Lv

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070443 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Owing to the high stability and low cost of nanozymes, they have been extensively investigated and reported. In this work, highly active CeO₂ nanoflowers were first prepared and then different metal elements were doped into the CeO₂ nanoflower matrix via a [...] Read more.

Owing to the high stability and low cost of nanozymes, they have been extensively investigated and reported. In this work, highly active CeO₂ nanoflowers were first prepared and then different metal elements were doped into the CeO₂ nanoflower matrix via a novel synthesis method to fabricate M-CeO₂ (M = Cu, Fe, Co, Mn, La) nanomaterials. Mn-CeO₂ with the highest peroxidase-like activity was selected via systematic screening, the as-prepared Mn-CeO₂ nanocomposites exhibited enhanced enzyme-like activity due to the strong metal-support interaction. This article explored the effects of doping ratio, pH, temperature, reaction time, and material concentration on its activity. A simple sensitive and selective colorimetric method was established and successfully used to detect hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid sensitively. When the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration is within the 2.0–120.0 μM range, the UV-visible absorbance at 652 nm was associated linearly with the H₂O₂ concentration, R² = 0.9959, LOD = 1.7 μM (S/N = 3). The absorbance of the reaction system showed a good linear relationship with the ascorbic acid (AA) concentration (1.0–40.0 μM, R² = 0.992), LOD = 0.98 μM (S/N = 3). This study provides an effective way to construct efficient nanozymes and their potential applications in sensing and detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Energetics: Design, Developments, and Challenges from Experimentation and Computation Aspects)

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19 pages, 5064 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoscale α Phase Enables Excellent Strength–Ductility Balance in TC21 Titanium Alloy

by Keyu Ma, Zehua Jiang, Kaihong Wu, Yongfeng Shen and Zhaodong Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070442 - 5 Apr 2026

Abstract

The limited ductility of conventional titanium alloys significantly limits their application in critical load-bearing components. To overcome this limitation, a Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Nb-2Zr-2Sn titanium alloy (TC21) was subjected to warm rolling at 500 and 600 °C and aging treatment. Subsequently, microstructural characterization was conducted using [...] Read more.

The limited ductility of conventional titanium alloys significantly limits their application in critical load-bearing components. To overcome this limitation, a Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Nb-2Zr-2Sn titanium alloy (TC21) was subjected to warm rolling at 500 and 600 °C and aging treatment. Subsequently, microstructural characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, while the mechanical properties were tested by uniaxial tensile tests and nanoindentation tests. The sample warm rolled at 600 °C exhibited an optimal combination of strength and ductility, with an ultrahigh yield strength of 1138 MPa and an elongation-to-fracture of 7.3%. Aging treatment further enhanced the yield strength to 1263 MPa, while retaining a good ductility of 9.6%. The improved mechanical properties are mainly associated with the formation of nanoscale secondary α phase (α_s) lamellae caused by the aging treatment. Interface strengthening is identified as the primary strengthening mechanism. In particular, the optimal volume fraction and decreasing texture intensity of the soft phase contribute to the enhanced ductility. This work provides a method for viable thermo-mechanical processing for achieving an excellent strength–ductility combination in titanium alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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21 pages, 3297 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lutetium-177 Radiolabeled Gold Nanoparticles for Prostate Cancer Theranostics

by Adamantia Apostolopoulou, Evangelia-Alexandra Salvanou, Christos Liolios, Stavros Xanthopoulos, Przemysław Koźmiński and Penelope Bouziotis

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070441 - 4 Apr 2026

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively studied in cancer treatment research since they have special physicochemical characteristics such as facile surface functionalization with various chemical groups, low toxicity, favorable biocompatibility, and the ability to passively accumulate in tumors through the enhanced permeability and [...] Read more.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively studied in cancer treatment research since they have special physicochemical characteristics such as facile surface functionalization with various chemical groups, low toxicity, favorable biocompatibility, and the ability to passively accumulate in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Prostate cancer cells exhibit an overexpression of the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), which therefore represents an ideal candidate for the development of nanoplatforms targeting PSMA overexpressed on these cells. Lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu) is a β-particle emitter with a half-life of 6.7 days. This radionuclide is very promising for the development of theranostic platforms as it emits β⁻ particles, which are suitable for therapy, and γ-photons, capable of SPECT imaging. The combination of ¹⁷⁷Lu with AuNPs functionalized with PSMA for targeted delivery offers a promising tool for both diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. In this study, we focused on the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of PSMA-targeted AuNPs radiolabeled with ¹⁷⁷Lu. The AuNPs were functionalized with the TADOTAGA chelator, which enables effective radiolabeling with the radiometal, as well as with a PSMA molecule, which comprises the PSMA targeting moiety (vehicle) of the nanoconstruct. Radiolabeling of the functionalized AuNPs with ¹⁷⁷Lu was fast and robust. Subsequent studies focused on the in vitro stability and cellular interaction with two prostate cancer cell lines with different PSMA expression levels, in both 2D and 3D cell cultures, to assess effective targeting. Results indicate that radiolabeled AuNPs exhibit selective interaction with PSMA-expressing cells and present a stronger in vitro cytotoxic effect when functionalized with the PSMA molecule, confirming their potential as theranostic agents and warranting further investigation in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 4th Edition)

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18 pages, 15233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Micro-Nano Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shale Reservoirs Under Differential Sedimentation: A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and Upper Permian Dalong Formation Shales in the Sichuan Basin, China

by Jia Wang, Sirui Liu, Tao Wang, Tianzhu Hu, Qi Zhang, Mingkai Zhang, Xinrui Yang and Dunfan Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070440 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Both the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and the Upper Permian Dalong Formation shales in southern China are organic-rich with well-developed nanoscale reservoir pores, demonstrating significant shale gas exploration potential. However, the current lack of in-depth research on the differential depositional and reservoir evolution [...] Read more.

Both the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and the Upper Permian Dalong Formation shales in southern China are organic-rich with well-developed nanoscale reservoir pores, demonstrating significant shale gas exploration potential. However, the current lack of in-depth research on the differential depositional and reservoir evolution characteristics of these two shale sequences has left the main controlling factors of the reservoirs unclear, thereby constraining breakthroughs in shale gas development. Focusing on the Longmaxi and Dalong formation shales in the Sichuan Basin, this study employed various analytical methods, including major and trace element analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), nitrogen adsorption, CO₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Investigations into the depositional paleoenvironment, paleoproductivity, organic matter enrichment, and microscopic difference mechanisms of nanoscale reservoirs reveal that the Longmaxi Formation shale represents a passive continental margin shelf facies. It is characterized by strong terrigenous input, a predominance of quartz and clay minerals, and consists mainly of siliceous and argillaceous shale facies with high organic matter abundance. In contrast, the Dalong Formation shale was deposited in an intra-platform basin under the influence of intra-platform rifting. It features weak terrigenous input, highly reducing conditions, and strong paleoproductivity. Dominated by quartz and carbonate minerals, its lithofacies are primarily siliceous and calcareous shales. Within the Dalong Formation, the diagenetic dissolution of carbonate minerals promotes the development of micrometer-scale pores larger than 100 μm, while the extensive thermal evolution of organic matter fosters the formation of honeycomb- and embayment-like nanoscale micropores and mesopores, rendering it a relatively superior shale reservoir. Ultimately, the high-TOC shales in the lower part of the Longmaxi Formation and the upper part of the Dalong Formation are identified as the primary sweet spot intervals for future shale gas development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanopores and Nanostructures in Tight Reservoir Rocks)

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13 pages, 2102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Mechanism by Which Vacancy Defects Influence the Electrical and Piezoresistive Properties of Graphene

by Shuaituan Wang, Mengwei Li, Shengsheng Wei, Qiqi Dong, Guangjun Xing, Zhibin Wang and Junqiang Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070439 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Owing to its exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, graphene is regarded as an ideal sensing material for piezoresistive pressure sensors. However, vacancy defects inevitably introduced during graphene preparation and transfer significantly alter its electrical characteristics and piezoresistive performance. Based on first-principles calculations, this [...] Read more.

Owing to its exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, graphene is regarded as an ideal sensing material for piezoresistive pressure sensors. However, vacancy defects inevitably introduced during graphene preparation and transfer significantly alter its electrical characteristics and piezoresistive performance. Based on first-principles calculations, this work systematically investigates the influence of mono-, di-, and tri-vacancy defects on the electrical and piezoresistive properties of graphene. The results indicate that di- and tri-vacancy defects reconstruct into 5-8-5 and 5-10-5 configurations during relaxation. Mono-, di-, and tri-vacancy defects effectively open bandgaps in graphene, yielding values of 0.62, 0.48, and 0.72 eV, respectively. The mono-vacancy introduces localized defect states near the Fermi level, the di-vacancy shifts the Dirac point from K to M, and the tri-vacancy moves it along the K-Γ path, eventually placing it between K and Γ. The application of strain not only widens the bandgap of defective graphene but also induces the movement of defect energy levels toward the band edges in the mono-vacancy system. All three defect types enhance the piezoresistive effect, with the tri-vacancy defect showing the most pronounced enhancement—boosting the gauge factor by a factor of 5.58. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing graphene-based pressure sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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17 pages, 3974 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of N Doping and Ag Loading on Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Rhodamine B by ZnO Nanoarrays

by Congwen Liu, Wei Deng, Hai Zhang, Xiaochen Han, Qiang Ran, Wenxuan Yu, Xiaoling Xu and Zuowan Zhou

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070438 - 2 Apr 2026

Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation is a highly efficient, stable and promising technology for water treatment. Developing high-performance photocatalysts is crucial for removing aquatic contaminants. However, traditional zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysts are severely restricted by intrinsic drawbacks, such as a wide band gap, fast recombination of [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic degradation is a highly efficient, stable and promising technology for water treatment. Developing high-performance photocatalysts is crucial for removing aquatic contaminants. However, traditional zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysts are severely restricted by intrinsic drawbacks, such as a wide band gap, fast recombination of photogenerated carriers, and high photocorrosion tendency. Conventional powder catalysts also suffer from difficult recovery and serious secondary pollution. Therefore, developing simple strategies to fabricate high-performance, reusable, and stable ZnO-based photocatalysts is of great scientific and practical importance. In this work, silver-loaded nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoarrays (Ag_Y@N_X-ZnO NAs, where X and Y represent the urea and AgNO₃ concentrations, respectively) were synthesized on 304 stainless steel sheets (SSS) using a two-step hydrothermal method combined with photoreduction at room temperature. The samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS, and the catalytic mechanism was studied through active species trapping and EPR. Nitrogen doping and Ag loading exhibited a strong synergistic effect, narrowing the band gap, enhancing visible-light absorption, and promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers. The optimal sample (Ag_1.5@N₄-ZnO NAs) degraded 93.2% of Rhodamine B (RhB) within 180 min, with a reaction rate constant 2.65 times higher than pure ZnO. The main active species were ·O₂⁻ and ·OH. This work provides a feasible route to fabricate recyclable and stable stainless steel-based ZnO nanoarray photocatalysts for efficient water purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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23 pages, 4213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silver Nanocomposites Based on a Peach Shell-Derived Carbon Matrix with Antibacterial Activity

by Aleksandra Stankova, Stela Atanasova-Vladimirova, Bogdan Ranguelov, Georgi Avdeev, Nartzislav Petrov, Maria Todorova, Lyudmila Velkova, Aleksandar Dolashki and Pavlina Dolashka

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070437 - 1 Apr 2026

Abstract

Environmental pollution affects the health of living organisms, provoking the emergence of new diseases and infections. In search of sustainable and effective solutions, this study presents a “green” synthesis of five silver nanocomposites with activated carbon (Ag-NACs) obtained from waste biomass from peach [...] Read more.

Environmental pollution affects the health of living organisms, provoking the emergence of new diseases and infections. In search of sustainable and effective solutions, this study presents a “green” synthesis of five silver nanocomposites with activated carbon (Ag-NACs) obtained from waste biomass from peach shells. The process is carried out in an aqueous environment and does not use toxic organic solvents. The chemical composition, structural properties and morphology of the synthesized Ag-NACs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Comparative analysis under different conditions, including silver concentration (0.5%, 1.5%, 4.0% and 8.0%) and impregnation time (24 and 72 h), identified the samples with 4.0% and 8.0% Ag as optimally structured, showing the strongest antibacterial activity. The results confirmed the synergistic effect and mechanism of the carbon composites, which effectively attract bacterial cells while the silver ions inhibit the growth of various pathogens. This efficacy was demonstrated against both Gram-positive (Gram⁺), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus spizizenii, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, and Enterococcus faecium, and Gram-negative (Gram⁻) bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which highlights the significant potential of Ag-NACs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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12 pages, 1479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Size-Dependent Permittivity for Alumina Powders

by Tien-Fu Yang, Hsien-Wen Chao, Bo-Wie Tseng, Yu-Syuan Dai and Tsun-Hsu Chang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070436 - 1 Apr 2026

Abstract

Alumina is a commonly used ceramic material known for high permittivity, low dielectric loss, good thermal conductivity, and low cost. In the development of electronic devices, the size effect of powdery materials is crucial, particularly in applications involving composite materials. This study introduces [...] Read more.

Alumina is a commonly used ceramic material known for high permittivity, low dielectric loss, good thermal conductivity, and low cost. In the development of electronic devices, the size effect of powdery materials is crucial, particularly in applications involving composite materials. This study introduces the field-enhancement method (FEM) to measure the resonant frequency (

f_{0}

) and the quality factor (Q) of alumina powders packed in a Teflon container and placed on top of the central rod in the proposed cavity. The measured resonant condition (

f_{0}

and Q) is mapped to a contour plot and simulated using a high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The contour mapping technique allows the researchers to obtain the effective complex permittivity of alumina–air composites. The complex permittivity of the alumina powder is retrieved using a hybrid model and the effective medium theories (EMTs), respectively. The Landau–Lifshitz–Looyenga (LLL) model is compared with the results using the hybrid model for its applicability. The dielectric constant and the loss tangent of the alumina powder are found to increase as the powder size reduces. A power relation is found to fit the obtained permittivity, covering sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers, and a surface-charge scaling argument is proposed to explain the observed trend. This finding opens a new avenue for manipulation of permittivity in composite materials and has potential applications in stealth/absorber technology and as a self-limiter for grain growth during sintering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Ceramic Nanocomposites)

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32 pages, 1387 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanocellulose Materials: Processing, Properties, and Application

by Anthony Burchett, Niccole Callahan, Trey Casini, Aidan De Los Reyes, James Dornhoefer, Subin Antony Jose and Pradeep L. Menezes

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070435 - 1 Apr 2026

Abstract

Nanocellulose materials (CNMs), encompassing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), have emerged as a versatile and sustainable class of bio-based nanomaterials with significant promise for applications in mechanical engineering. This review systematically examines the processing of nanocellulose via mechanical, [...] Read more.

Nanocellulose materials (CNMs), encompassing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), have emerged as a versatile and sustainable class of bio-based nanomaterials with significant promise for applications in mechanical engineering. This review systematically examines the processing of nanocellulose via mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic routes, alongside surface modification strategies that enhance performance and address scalability challenges. A principal advantage of CNMs lies in their exceptional mechanical properties, including superior strength, stiffness, and toughness, which position them as high-performance, sustainable reinforcement agents for advanced composites. Beyond mechanical reinforcement, CNMs exhibit a suite of functional properties critical for engineering design, such as thermal stability, tunable conductivity, effective gas/moisture barrier performance, and improved tribological behavior. These characteristics enable their use in diverse high-value applications, including lightweight composites, protective coatings, energy storage devices, sensors, actuators, and intelligent material systems. Furthermore, the inherent renewability, biodegradability, and recyclability of nanocellulose align closely with the principles of a circular economy and green engineering. However, the successful integration of CNMs into mainstream manufacturing requires overcoming key challenges. These include the energy intensity of certain production processes, inherent moisture sensitivity, long-term stability under operational conditions, and compatibility with established industrial techniques. Life-cycle analyses reveal important environmental trade-offs that must be navigated. Overall, nanocellulose represents a renewable, multi-functional material platform whose unique combination of mechanical performance, functional versatility, and environmental benefits is poised to drive innovation in next-generation engineering materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Nanocellulose and Related Polysaccharide-Based Nanomaterials in a Green Context)

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11 pages, 3481 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reaction Pathways and the Underlying Mechanism of Ni₄Cu Alloy Clusters Anchored on Graphene for CO₂ Electroreduction to Formic Acid

by Lisu Zhang, Yanbo Zou, Xingguo Wang and Qingyang Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070434 - 1 Apr 2026

Abstract

The electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a sustainable route for converting greenhouse gases into high-value fuels; however, its efficiency has long been constrained by the thermodynamic stability of CO₂ molecules and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Using density [...] Read more.

The electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a sustainable route for converting greenhouse gases into high-value fuels; however, its efficiency has long been constrained by the thermodynamic stability of CO₂ molecules and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this work systematically investigates the catalytic performance of Ni₅ and alloy Ni₄Cu clusters anchored on divacancy graphene (DVG) for CO₂RR. The results demonstrate that the introduction of Cu atoms significantly enhances the interfacial binding energy between the cluster and the support (shifting from −6.2 eV to −7.5 eV). Charge density difference analysis combined with Bader charge analysis further reveals that interfacial charge transfer and the formation of Ni–C bonds serve as the electronic origin of this improved stability. Free energy calculations show that, compared to Ni₅/DVG, Ni₄Cu/DVG substantially reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step for formic acid (HCOOH) formation from 1.18 eV to 0.26 eV, thereby significantly optimizing the reaction kinetics. Crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis demonstrates that Cu doping modulates metal–oxygen bond strength in the key *OCHO intermediate (ICOHP: Ni-O bonds at −0.697 eV/−0.976 eV vs. Cu-O bonds at −0.408 eV/−0.492 eV), optimizing the adsorption–desorption balance and steering selectivity toward HCOOH. This work elucidates the atomic-scale electronic and bonding mechanisms underlying Ni–Cu synergistic effects, providing theoretical guidance for designing efficient non-noble metal CO₂RR electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Energy Storage and Catalysis)

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33 pages, 4489 KB

Open AccessReview

Mechanistic and Life-Cycle Framework for Green Nanomaterials in Atmospheric Water Harvesting

by Noor Al-Sadeq, Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah, Alberto Romero and Víctor M. Perez-Puyana

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070433 - 31 Mar 2026

Abstract

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has been recognized as a promising technology to address global freshwater scarcity in a decentralized manner. Nevertheless, conventional AWH sorbents are often associated with high energy consumption, toxic synthesis procedures, and short operational lifetimes. To address such limitations, a [...] Read more.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has been recognized as a promising technology to address global freshwater scarcity in a decentralized manner. Nevertheless, conventional AWH sorbents are often associated with high energy consumption, toxic synthesis procedures, and short operational lifetimes. To address such limitations, a comprehensive review paper develops a unified framework to bridge the gap between nanoscale material properties, such as synthesis routes, structural architecture, and adsorption thermodynamics, and macro-scale environmental and economic performance. This review paper rigorously examines emerging nanomaterials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), mesoporous metal oxides, and graphene oxide derivatives. By highlighting benchmark materials such as MOF-303 and passive solar-regenerated COF-ok, the review paper emphasizes the advantages of bio-assisted “green” synthesis routes. Crucially, this review extends beyond traditional water uptake figures and incorporates comprehensive Techno-Economic Assessments (TEA) and Life-Cycle Assessments (LCA). It examines various real-world influences, such as cumulative energy demand, levelized costs of water, and ton-scale manufacturing viability, to name a few. This report bridges atomic-level mechanics with industrial economics, and by so doing, offers design criteria to guide researchers in crafting a new generation of sustainable AWH infrastructure, with a focus on hierarchical pores, surface chemistry, and photothermal design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Nanomaterials: Innovations in Sustainable Applications)

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12 pages, 2940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Polarization in Ferroelectric Composites via DIW-Controlled Perovskite Nanosheet Orientation

by Yuxin Han, Zhe Zhu and Hexing Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070432 - 31 Mar 2026

Abstract

PVDF has expanded the application of ferroelectric materials in flexible and wearable electronics due to its flexibility, corrosion resistance, ease of processing, and low cost. However, the polarization of ferroelectric polymers is low, with a bottleneck value of 10 µC cm⁻². [...] Read more.

PVDF has expanded the application of ferroelectric materials in flexible and wearable electronics due to its flexibility, corrosion resistance, ease of processing, and low cost. However, the polarization of ferroelectric polymers is low, with a bottleneck value of 10 µC cm⁻². In this study, flexible ferroelectric composite films comprising Ca₂Nb₃O₁₀ (CNO) nanosheets and PVDF were fabricated via direct ink writing (DIW). By modulating the nozzle-to-substrate height in conjunction with flow-induced shear within the syringe and the application of additional shear force at the nozzle, effective alignment of low-content (2 wt.%) CNO nanosheets dispersed in a highly fluid ink was achieved. The enhanced orientation degree of the CNO nanosheets increased the breakdown strength of the PVDF–CNO composite films to 524 MV/m. Furthermore, the remanent polarization (P_r) was significantly increased by 207% compared to pure PVDF films, reaching a value of 11.6 µC cm⁻². This study provides a simple and efficient DIW-based strategy for improving filler orientation in composites and demonstrates the substantial enhancement in dielectric and ferroelectric properties achievable through such filler alignment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials)

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