Journal of Functional Biomaterials

18 pages, 1992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Paeonia lactiflora Callus-Derived Polynucleotides Enhance Collagen Accumulation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

by Soyoung Hwang, Seunghye Park, Jin Woo Lee, Mira Park, Le Anh Nguyet, Yongsung Hwang, Keunsun Ahn, Hyun-young Shin and Kuk Hui Son

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010056 - 22 Jan 2026

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Plant-derived polynucleotides (PNs) have emerged as promising regenerative biomolecules; however, their mechanisms remain less defined than those of salmon-derived polydeoxyribonucleotides (S-PDRNs). Here, we extracted polynucleotides from Paeonia lactiflora callus (PL-PN) and evaluated their biological effects on human dermal fibroblasts. PL-PN treatment increased cell [...] Read more.

Plant-derived polynucleotides (PNs) have emerged as promising regenerative biomolecules; however, their mechanisms remain less defined than those of salmon-derived polydeoxyribonucleotides (S-PDRNs). Here, we extracted polynucleotides from Paeonia lactiflora callus (PL-PN) and evaluated their biological effects on human dermal fibroblasts. PL-PN treatment increased cell viability and pro-collagen I α1 secretion. PL-PN enhanced adenosine A2A receptor expression and activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway, accompanied by increased Cyclin D1 levels, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation, and nuclear proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels, indicating an accelerated G1/S transition. PL-PN also significantly reduced nuclear NF-κB localization and downregulated MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13, suggesting attenuation of inflammatory and catabolic signaling. Furthermore, PL-PN increased TGF-β maturation, Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and the transcription of COL1A1, COL3A1, and elastin, resulting in enhanced collagen and elastin deposition. These effects are comparable to those of S-PDRN. Although the pathway specificity and in vivo relevance require further studies, our findings provide evidence that PL-PN promotes extracellular matrix regeneration via coordinated proliferative, anabolic, and anti-inflammatory actions. Thus, PL-PN represents a potential sustainable plant-based alternative to S-PDRN for dermatological regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)

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22 pages, 1861 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Expression of S100A Genes in hDPSCs Following Stimulation with Two Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cements: A Laboratory Investigation

by Holger Jungbluth, Diana Lalaouni, Jochen Winter, Søren Jepsen and Dominik Kraus

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010055 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) are contemporary materials in vital pulp therapy (VPT) and regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) due to their favorable effects on pulpal and periodontal cells, including cell differentiation and hard tissue formation. Recent studies also indicated the involvement of several [...] Read more.

Hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) are contemporary materials in vital pulp therapy (VPT) and regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) due to their favorable effects on pulpal and periodontal cells, including cell differentiation and hard tissue formation. Recent studies also indicated the involvement of several S100A proteins in inflammatory, differentiation, and mineralization processes of the pulp. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of HCSCs on S100A gene expression in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Human DPSCs were isolated and characterized by multi-lineage stem-cell markers and differentiation protocols. In stimulation experiments hDPSCs were exposed to ProRoot^®MTA, Biodentine^®, IL-1β, and dexamethasone. Cell viability was determined by XTT assay. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression was measured to analyze proinflammatory response. In addition, odontogenic differentiation and biomineralization assays were conducted (DSPP- and ALP-mRNA expression, ALP activity, and Alizarin Red staining). Differential expression of 13 S100A genes was examined using qPCR. Low concentrations of HCSCs enhanced the proliferation of hDPSCs, whereas higher concentrations exhibited cytotoxic effects. HCSCs induced a pro-inflammatory response and led to odontogenic differentiation and biomineralization. This was accompanied by significant alterations in the expression levels of various S100A genes. ProRoot^®MTA and Biodentine^® significantly affect the expression of several S100A genes in hDPSCs, supporting their role in inflammation, differentiation, and mineralization. These findings indicate a link between the effects of HCSCs on human pulp cells during VPT or RET and S100A proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 4212 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Feasibility of Concurrent Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents and for Magnetic Hyperthermia

by Przemysław Wróblewski, Michał Wieteska, Mateusz Midura, Grzegorz Domański, Damian Wanta, Wojciech Obrębski, Tomasz Płociński, Ewa Piątkowska-Janko, Kamil Lipiński, Mikhail Ivanenko, Mateusz Orzechowski, Waldemar T. Smolik and Piotr Bogorodzki

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010054 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The aim of the article was to analyze the potential simultaneous use of magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agents in MRI imaging and for magnetic hyperthermia. The study proposed characterizing the nanoparticles using various measurement methods in order to investigate the relationships between different [...] Read more.

The aim of the article was to analyze the potential simultaneous use of magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agents in MRI imaging and for magnetic hyperthermia. The study proposed characterizing the nanoparticles using various measurement methods in order to investigate the relationships between different properties. The first stage involved measuring images of nanoparticle samples using scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The diameter distribution of nanoparticles was determined based on image segmentation. The next step involved measuring relaxation properties of nanoparticles in low and high magnetic fields. The research was carried out for nanoparticle solutions of various concentrations and properties. The last step was measuring calorimetric properties of nanoparticles as a thermal source under alternating magnetic field excitation conditions. The range of nanoparticle diameters (20–25 nm) for which maximum losses occur in an alternating magnetic field corresponds to the diameter range in which the maximum r₂ relaxivity is observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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38 pages, 4278 KB

Open AccessReview

Fibrous Biomaterial Scaffold for Tympanic Membrane Repair: Microarchitectural Engineering and Structure Function Performance

by Lea Jiang, Chokri Cherif and Michael Wöltje

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010053 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, arising from infections, injuries, or chronic otitis media, remain a frequent clinical finding and can lead to hearing problems when the tissue does not regenerate adequately. Although autologous grafts are still the standard option for repairing persistent defects, they [...] Read more.

Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, arising from infections, injuries, or chronic otitis media, remain a frequent clinical finding and can lead to hearing problems when the tissue does not regenerate adequately. Although autologous grafts are still the standard option for repairing persistent defects, they come with well-known limitations. Beyond the need for additional harvesting procedures, these grafts rarely reproduce the intricate, fibrous layering of the native TM, which can compromise sound transmission after healing. In search of alternatives, fibre-based scaffolds have attracted considerable interest. The primary advantage of this material is the level of structural control it affords. The fibre orientation, porosity, and overall microarchitecture can be adjusted to replicate the organisation and mechanical behaviour of the natural membrane. A range of biocompatible polymers—among them silk fibroin, poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), and poly(vinyl alcohol) and their composites—provide options for tuning stiffness, degradation rates, and interactions with cells, making them suitable building blocks for TM repair constructs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary fabrication methodologies, namely electrospinning, additive manufacturing, melt electrowriting, and hybrid strategies. In addition, it offers a detailed discussion of the evaluation procedures employed for these scaffolds and discusses how scaffold structure affects later performance. Mechanical testing, microstructural imaging, and in vitro biocompatibility assays help to determine how closely a construct can approach the performance of the native tissue. Bringing these elements together may support the gradual translation of fibre-based TM scaffolds into clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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17 pages, 7685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D Peptide Nanofibers for Bone Differentiation

by Faye Fouladgar, Robert Powell, Emily Carney, Andrea Escobar Martinez, Amir Jafari and Neda Habibi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010052 - 19 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Mechanical stimulation critically regulates mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, yet its effects in three-dimensional (3D) environments remain poorly defined. Here, we developed a custom dynamic stretcher integrating poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chambers to apply cyclic strain to human MSCs encapsulated in Fmoc-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) peptide hydrogels—a [...] Read more.

Mechanical stimulation critically regulates mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, yet its effects in three-dimensional (3D) environments remain poorly defined. Here, we developed a custom dynamic stretcher integrating poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chambers to apply cyclic strain to human MSCs encapsulated in Fmoc-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) peptide hydrogels—a fully synthetic, tunable extracellular matrix mimic. Finite element modeling verified uniform strain transmission across the hydrogel. Dynamic stretching at 0.5 Hz and 10% strain induced pronounced cytoskeletal alignment, enhanced actin stress fiber formation (coherency index

\approx 0.85

), and significantly increased proliferation compared to static or high-frequency (2.5 Hz, 1%) conditions (coherency index

\approx 0.6

). Quantitative image analysis confirmed strain-dependent increases in coherency index and F-actin intensity, indicating enhanced mechanotransductive remodeling. Biochemical assays and qRT–PCR revealed 2–3-fold upregulation of osteogenic markers—RUNX2, ALP, COL1A1, OSX, BMP, ON, and IBSP—under optimal strain. These results demonstrate that low-frequency, high-strain mechanical loading in 3D peptide hydrogels activates RhoA/ROCK and YAP/TAZ pathways, driving osteogenic differentiation. The integrated experimental–computational approach provides a robust platform for studying mechanobiological regulation and advancing mechanically tunable biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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3 pages, 154 KB

Open AccessEditorial

From Scaffolds to Complex Systems: Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine

by Cristian Scheau, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu and Constantin Caruntu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010051 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Regenerative medicine stands at a crossroad between biology and materials science, where functional biomaterials are expected to interact with living tissues, guide repair, and restore functionality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials: Bioactive Properties and Medical Applications)

17 pages, 3200 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Self-Assembling Peptide P₁₁-4 Induces the Expression of Mineralization-Related Genes in Odontoblasts Independently of Metabolic Alterations

by Leticia Martins Pereira, Marina Damasceno e Souza de Carvalho Chiari, Diego Mauro Carneiro Pereira, Regina Maria Puppin-Rontani and Fábio Dupart Nascimento

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010050 - 18 Jan 2026

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Abstract

(1) Background: The synthetic eleven-amino acid peptide P₁₁-4, derived from DMP-1, self-assembles into β-sheet tapes, ribbons, fibrils, and fibers that form a 3D matrix enriched with calcium-binding sites. This study investigated whether P₁₁-4 modulates gene and protein expression or [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The synthetic eleven-amino acid peptide P₁₁-4, derived from DMP-1, self-assembles into β-sheet tapes, ribbons, fibrils, and fibers that form a 3D matrix enriched with calcium-binding sites. This study investigated whether P₁₁-4 modulates gene and protein expression or induces adverse metabolic alterations in odontoblast-like cells. (2) Methods: MDPC-23 cells were cultured under standard conditions and stimulated with different concentrations of P₁₁-4, followed by assessments of cell viability using the MTT assay, proliferation and migration, cytoplasmic calcium kinetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, osteogenic differentiation-related gene expression via PCR array, and expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. (3) Results: The MTT assay showed that P₁₁-4 at 6.3, 12.6, and 25.2 µmol/L was non-cytotoxic and did not alter MDPC-23 cell proliferation or migration. Only the 25.2 µmol/L concentration induced a detectable Ca²⁺ influx and a slight increase in ROS. Among the 84 genes examined, P₁₁-4 at 6.3 µmol/L upregulated 79 genes, including transcription factors, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix-related proteins. Furthermore, P₁₁-4 did not increase IL-6 expression under any condition tested. (4) Conclusion: P₁₁-4 markedly modulates mineralization-associated gene regulation without causing metabolic damage in odontoblast-like cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 1527 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Implants Used for Orthodontic Anchorage in Patients with Treated Stage IV Periodontitis: A Retrospective Case–Control Study

by Shing-Zeng Dung and I-Shiang Tzeng

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010049 - 18 Jan 2026

Viewed by 243

Abstract

Little is known about the effects of orthodontic loading on dental implants used for orthodontic anchorage in patients with Stage IV periodontitis. This retrospective case–control study included 58 dental implants in 24 patients with treated Stage IV periodontitis. The dental implants were used [...] Read more.

Little is known about the effects of orthodontic loading on dental implants used for orthodontic anchorage in patients with Stage IV periodontitis. This retrospective case–control study included 58 dental implants in 24 patients with treated Stage IV periodontitis. The dental implants were used for both chewing function and orthodontic anchorages. The outcome measures included peri-implant marginal bone loss and peri-implantitis. Pair t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to analyze the impact of implants as orthodontic anchorage on marginal bone loss (MBL) and peri-implantitis. No implants were lost during the 17-year follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in the MBL and incidence of peri-implantitis between implants used as orthodontic anchorage and non-anchorage controls. (p > 0.05). Poor oral hygiene (p = 0.05), one-piece implants (p = 0.05) and implants with a keratinized mucosa < 2 mm (p = 0.015) were associated with a higher risk of peri-implantitis. Results from the present long-term study indicated that dental implants could be successfully used as orthodontic anchorage in periodontal compromised patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Dental Materials for Orthodontics and Implants)

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18 pages, 971 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of Etidronic Acid for Smear Layer Removal: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

by María-Inmaculada Vidal-Montolío, José Luis Sanz, James Ghilotti, Sofía Folguera and Carmen Llena

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010048 - 16 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Irrigation plays a crucial role in the success of root canal treatment; however, currently, no standardized irrigation protocols exist, particularly regarding the optimal sequence for smear layer removal. This systematic review aimed to determine which irrigation protocol achieves superior smear layer removal: traditional [...] Read more.

Irrigation plays a crucial role in the success of root canal treatment; however, currently, no standardized irrigation protocols exist, particularly regarding the optimal sequence for smear layer removal. This systematic review aimed to determine which irrigation protocol achieves superior smear layer removal: traditional sequential irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or irrigation with etidronic acid, either combined with NaOCl in continuous chelation or used as a final irrigant. Continuous chelation with etidronic acid may be clinically advantageous in daily practice, as it would facilitate workflow by using a single irrigating solution without compromising the efficacy of the irrigation process. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science, last updated in August 2025. In vitro studies were selected according to predefined PICO-based criteria. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and extracted data, with an inter-rater agreement of 0.92 using the Kappa index. Risk of bias was evaluated using a modified CONSORT checklist for in vitro studies on dental materials. The average item compliance of the included studies was 58%. The maximum score was 73% and the minimum was 47%. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Etidronic acid used in continuous chelation showed equal or superior smear layer removal compared with sequential irrigation in nine of ten studies. Conversely, when used as a final irrigant, etidronic acid demonstrated inferior performance in more than half of the studies, particularly in the apical third. Based on the available evidence, etidronic acid in continuous chelation appears as effective as, or more effective than, traditional NaOCl–EDTA sequential irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tension-Dominant Orthodontic Loading and Buccal Periodontal Phenotype Preservation: An Integrative Mechanobiological Model Supported by FEM and a Proof-of-Concept CBCT

by Anna Ewa Kuc, Jacek Kotuła, Kamil Sybilski, Szymon Saternus, Jerzy Małachowski, Natalia Kuc, Grzegorz Hajduk, Joanna Lis, Beata Kawala, Michał Sarul and Magdalena Sulewska

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010047 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 283

Abstract

Background: Adult patients with a thin buccal cortical plate and fragile periodontal phenotype are at high risk of dehiscence, fenestration and recession during transverse orthodontic expansion. Conventional mechanics often create a cervical compression-dominant environment that exceeds the adaptive capacity of the periodontal ligament [...] Read more.

Background: Adult patients with a thin buccal cortical plate and fragile periodontal phenotype are at high risk of dehiscence, fenestration and recession during transverse orthodontic expansion. Conventional mechanics often create a cervical compression-dominant environment that exceeds the adaptive capacity of the periodontal ligament (PDL)–bone complex. Objectives: This study proposes an integrative mechanobiological model in which a skeletal-anchorage-assisted loading protocol (Bone Protection System, BPS) transforms expansion into a tension-dominant regime that favours buccal phenotype preservation. Methods: Patient-specific finite element models were used to compare conventional expansion with a BPS-modified force system. Regional PDL stress patterns and crown/apex displacement vectors were analysed to distinguish tipping-dominant from translation-dominated mechanics. A pilot CBCT proof-of-concept (n = 1 thin-phenotype adult) with voxel-based registration quantified changes in maxillary and mandibular alveolar ridge width and buccal cortical plate thickness before and after BPS-assisted expansion. The mechanical findings were integrated with current evidence on compression- versus tension-driven inflammatory and osteogenic pathways in the PDL and cortical bone. Results: FEM demonstrated that conventional expansion concentrates high cervical compressive stress along the buccal PDL and cortical surface, accompanied by bending-like crown–root divergence. In contrast, the BPS protocol redirected forces to create a buccal tensile-favourable region and a more parallel crown–apex displacement pattern, indicative of translation-dominated movement. In the proof-of-concept (n = 1) CBCT case, BPS-assisted expansion was associated with preservation or increase of buccal ridge dimensions without radiographic signs of cortical breakdown. Conclusions: A tension-dominant orthodontic loading environment generated by a skeletal-anchorage-assisted force system may support buccal cortical preservation and vestibular phenotype reinforcement in thin-phenotype patients. The proposed mechanobiological model links these imaging and FEM findings to known molecular pathways of inflammation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis. It suggests a functional biomaterial-based strategy for widening the biological envelope of safe tooth movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Dental Materials for Orthodontics and Implants)

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13 pages, 3249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Success Rates of Dental Implants with Bone Grafting in a Large-Scale National Dataset

by Mordechai Findler, Haim Doron, Jonathan Mann, Tali Chackartchi and Guy Tobias

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010046 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 342

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the clinical success outcomes and risk factors associated with dental implants placed with simultaneous bone augmentation in a large-scale, real-world cohort. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 158,824 implants, including 45,715 Dental Bone Grafts, placed between 2014 and 2022 [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical success outcomes and risk factors associated with dental implants placed with simultaneous bone augmentation in a large-scale, real-world cohort. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 158,824 implants, including 45,715 Dental Bone Grafts, placed between 2014 and 2022 within a national healthcare network. Multivariate Generalized Estimating Equations were utilized to assess the impact of demographic, anatomical, and procedural variables on implant failure. Results: The augmented cohort demonstrated a high clinical success rate of 97.83% (2.17% failure), statistically comparable to the general implant population. Failures were predominantly early (<1 year), accounting for 70% of losses. Significant independent risk factors included immediate implant placement (3.08% failure vs. 2.07% for delayed), male gender, and maxillary location. Notably, low socioeconomic status (SES) emerged as a significant predictor, with a failure rate of 3.07% compared to 2.06% in high-SES groups. Conclusions: Simultaneous bone augmentation is a predictable modality that does not inherently increase implant failure risk, supporting the stabilization hypothesis. However, failure is modulated by specific variables. The identification of lower SES, male gender, and immediate placement as significant risk indicators highlights the necessity for personalized risk assessment and targeted protocols to optimize outcomes in augmented sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Regeneration)

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28 pages, 30300 KB

Open AccessReview

An Exploration of Nanobiotechnology Bridging Patho-Therapeutics with Regenerative and Clinical Perspectives in Periodontitis

by Baozhu Zhang, Muhammad Umar Javed, Yinghe Zhang and Bing Guo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010045 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 309

Abstract

Periodontal disease represents a major global concern characterized by chronic biofilm-driven inflammation, excessive oxidative stress, progressive tissue destruction, and impaired regenerative capacity. Beyond conventional antimicrobial approaches, recent progress has shifted toward host-directed and regenerative therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring both oral function and [...] Read more.

Periodontal disease represents a major global concern characterized by chronic biofilm-driven inflammation, excessive oxidative stress, progressive tissue destruction, and impaired regenerative capacity. Beyond conventional antimicrobial approaches, recent progress has shifted toward host-directed and regenerative therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring both oral function and tissue homeostasis. This review consolidates current developments in nanobiotechnology-based materials that modulate immune responses, scavenge reactive oxygen species, and promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis, thereby facilitating the effective regeneration of dental and periodontal tissues. Emphasis is placed on bioresponsive hydrogels, bioactive scaffolds, and gas-releasing platforms that integrate therapeutic regulation with tissue repair. The discussion further highlights key advances in polymeric and inorganic biomaterials designed to balance antibacterial action with cellular compatibility and regenerative potential. By linking pathophysiological mechanisms with material-guided healing processes, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on emerging nanobiotechnological solutions that bridge patho-therapeutics with regenerative and clinical dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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28 pages, 1711 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration: From Fundamental Mechanism to Translational Applications—A Scoping Review

by Żaneta Anna Mierzejewska, Valentina Veselinović, Nataša Trtić, Saša Marin, Jan Borys and Bożena Antonowicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010044 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 464

Abstract

Recent advances in biomaterials, immunomodulation, stem cell therapy, and biofabrication are reshaping maxillofacial surgery, shifting reconstruction paradigms toward biologically integrated and patient-specific tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current and emerging strategies for bone and soft-tissue regeneration in the craniofacial [...] Read more.

Recent advances in biomaterials, immunomodulation, stem cell therapy, and biofabrication are reshaping maxillofacial surgery, shifting reconstruction paradigms toward biologically integrated and patient-specific tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current and emerging strategies for bone and soft-tissue regeneration in the craniofacial region, with particular emphasis on bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers, hybrid composites, and stimuli-responsive smart materials. We further examine translational technologies such as extracellular vesicles, decellularized extracellular matrices, organoids, and 3D bioprinting, highlighting key challenges such as bioink standardization, perfusion limitations, and regulatory classification. Maxillofacial surgery is positioned for a paradigm shift toward personalized, biologically active, and clinically scalable regenerative solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration (2nd Edition))

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28 pages, 5967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implantation of Bioreactor-Conditioned Plant-Based Vascular Grafts

by Tai Yin, Nicole Gorbenko, Christina Karras, Samantha E. Nainan, Gianna Imeidopf, Arvind Ramsamooj, Sleiman Ghorayeb and Nick Merna

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010043 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Small-diameter synthetic grafts often fail from thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and compliance mismatch, highlighting the need for alternatives that better support endothelialization and remodeling. Here, we evaluated multilayer plant-based vascular grafts fabricated from decellularized leatherleaf viburnum reinforced with cross-linked gelatin, seeded with vascular smooth [...] Read more.

Small-diameter synthetic grafts often fail from thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and compliance mismatch, highlighting the need for alternatives that better support endothelialization and remodeling. Here, we evaluated multilayer plant-based vascular grafts fabricated from decellularized leatherleaf viburnum reinforced with cross-linked gelatin, seeded with vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, and conditioned in a perfusion bioreactor to mimic physiological shear stress. Pre-implant assays confirmed effective decellularization, low residual detergent, and mechanical integrity suitable for surgical handling. In a rat abdominal aorta interposition model, plant-based grafts remained patent at 1, 4, and 24 weeks and showed higher survival than silicone controls. Ultrasound imaging demonstrated flow patterns and resistance indices similar to native vessels, and plant-based grafts maintained significantly higher endothelial cell coverage than silicone controls, reaching native-like density by 24 weeks. Histology and biochemical assays showed early collagen and elastin coverage comparable to native aorta and increased collagen by 24 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy showed smooth luminal surfaces with minimal thrombus formation, contrasting with the rougher, thrombus-prone surfaces of silicone grafts. These findings indicate that plant-based grafts support endothelialization, maintain long-term patency, and undergo favorable remodeling in vivo, supporting their potential as a biomimetic alternative for small-diameter arterial repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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14 pages, 3537 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatic Patterning of Nanofibrous Microcapsules for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture

by Masashi Ikeuchi, Yoshinori Inoue, Ryosuke Tane, Daisuke Ishikawa, Chihiro Aoyama, Yoshitaka Miyamoto and Koji Ikuta

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010042 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds with controlled geometry and surface nanoarchitecture are essential for advancing polymer processing strategies in tissue engineering. Conventional electrospinning generates nanofibrous structures but has limited ability to reproduce defined three-dimensional shapes or achieve high pattern fidelity. This study aimed to develop [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds with controlled geometry and surface nanoarchitecture are essential for advancing polymer processing strategies in tissue engineering. Conventional electrospinning generates nanofibrous structures but has limited ability to reproduce defined three-dimensional shapes or achieve high pattern fidelity. This study aimed to develop a scalable processing method for producing biodegradable scaffolds with precisely controlled microstructure and geometry using phase separation–assisted electrospray. Poly (lactic acid) microcapsules with tunable diameters and porous nanofibrous surfaces were fabricated under controlled humidity and deposited onto conductive molds to obtain two- and three-dimensional scaffold shapes. The manufacturing process required only simple electrospray equipment and static molds, without mechanically complex collectors or moving stages. The resulting scaffolds replicated mold features with resolutions down to 200 μm and achieved thickness up to 600 μm. The nanofibrous microcapsule surfaces supported strong adhesion and metabolic activity of HepG2 cells, while cellular penetration into deeper scaffold regions remained limited to approximately 80 μm. These findings indicate that electrospray-mediated microcapsule deposition is a practical polymer-processing approach that integrates nanofibrous surface formation with mold-defined shaping, offering a reproducible and scalable method for fabricating structurally precise and biologically compatible three-dimensional scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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36 pages, 3743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tri-Layer Composite Nanofiber Wound Dressing Incorporating Glucantime and Silver Nanoparticles for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Management

by Hilal Topuz, Murat Inal, Atiye Turker, Zisan Toprak, Emrah Sefik Abamor, Sezen Canim Ates and Serap Acar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010041 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania parasites and leads to chronic, non-healing skin lesions. Although current drugs can control the disease, their use is limited by systemic side effects, low efficacy, and inadequate lesion penetration. Therefore, innovative local delivery systems [...] Read more.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania parasites and leads to chronic, non-healing skin lesions. Although current drugs can control the disease, their use is limited by systemic side effects, low efficacy, and inadequate lesion penetration. Therefore, innovative local delivery systems are required to enhance drug penetration and reduce systemic toxicity. To address these challenges, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using propolis extract through a green synthesis approach, and a tri-layer wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin containing synthesized AgNPs and Glucantime was fabricated by electrospinning. Characterization (SEM-EDX, FTIR, TGA) confirmed uniform morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability; the wound dressing exhibited hydrophilicity, antioxidant activity, and biphasic release. Biological evaluations against Leishmania tropica demonstrated significant antiparasitic activity. Promastigote viability decreased from 76.3% in neat fibers to 31.6% in nanofibers containing AgNPs and 7.9% in tri-layer nanofibers containing both AgNPs and Glucantime. Similarly, the amastigote infection index dropped from 410 in controls to 250 in neat nanofibers, 204 in AgNPs-containing nanofibers, and 22 in tri-layer nanofibers containing AgNPs and Glucantime. The tri-layer nanofibers demonstrated enhanced antileishmanial activity over AgNPs-containing fibers, confirming synergistic efficacy. All nanofibers were biocompatible, supporting their use as a safe platform for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Repair)

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22 pages, 2640 KB

Open AccessReview

Allomelanin: A Promising Alternative to Polydopamine for Bioapplications

by Silvia Vicenzi, Agata Pane, Chiara Mattioli, Dario Mordini, Arianna Menichetti and Marco Montalti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010040 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Allomelanin is a natural class of melanin found mainly in fungi and derived from nitrogen-free precursors such as 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN). Despite its biological relevance, allomelanin remains significantly less explored than other synthetic melanin analogs, particularly compared to polydopamine, a synthetic analog of eumelanin. [...] Read more.

Allomelanin is a natural class of melanin found mainly in fungi and derived from nitrogen-free precursors such as 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN). Despite its biological relevance, allomelanin remains significantly less explored than other synthetic melanin analogs, particularly compared to polydopamine, a synthetic analog of eumelanin. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on allomelanin, summarizing the main methods used to characterize its molecular structure, morphology, and chemical functionalities. We also present its emerging applications, ranging from human health to materials science, highlighting how its optical characteristics, ability to modulate redox processes, and antioxidant properties support its growing technological interest. Finally, we describe the natural presence and biological role of allomelanin, highlighting how knowledge of its biosynthetic processes and functions in nature can guide more effective strategies for the design and optimization of new allomelanin materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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24 pages, 3309 KB

Open AccessReview

Biomaterials for Improving Skin Penetration in Treatment of Skin Cancer

by Davide Secci, Andrew Urquhart, Vasileios Bekiaris and Katrine Qvortrup

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010039 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 362

Abstract

Skin cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide, posing a significant societal burden due to its increasing incidence and its limited responsiveness to conventional topical therapies. Treatment is challenged by the presence of the skin barrier which restricts drug penetration. This review [...] Read more.

Skin cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide, posing a significant societal burden due to its increasing incidence and its limited responsiveness to conventional topical therapies. Treatment is challenged by the presence of the skin barrier which restricts drug penetration. This review discusses the structural and physiological challenges of topical delivery and summarizes efforts to develop functional biomaterials to enhance skin drug penetration. Important aspects to consider when developing formulation strategies, such as drug properties and release mechanisms, are discussed alongside current limitations and future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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11 pages, 1684 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polarization Dependence on the Optical Emission in Nd-Doped Bioactive W-TCP Coatings

by Daniel Sola, Eloy Chueca and José Ignacio Peña

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010038 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Neodymium-doped bioactive wollastonite–tricalcium phosphate (W-TCP:Nd) coatings were fabricated by combining dip-coating and laser floating zone (LFZ) techniques to investigate the dependence of optical emission on polarization. Structural and spectroscopic analyses were performed on both longitudinal and transversal sections of the coating to assess [...] Read more.

Neodymium-doped bioactive wollastonite–tricalcium phosphate (W-TCP:Nd) coatings were fabricated by combining dip-coating and laser floating zone (LFZ) techniques to investigate the dependence of optical emission on polarization. Structural and spectroscopic analyses were performed on both longitudinal and transversal sections of the coating to assess the effects of directional solidification on luminescence and vibrational behavior. Micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed that the coating exhibited sharp, well-defined peaks compared to the W-TCP:Nd glass, confirming its glass-ceramic nature. New Raman modes appeared in the longitudinal section, accompanied by red and blue shifts in some bands relative to the transversal section, suggesting the presence of anisotropic stress and orientation-dependent crystal growth. Optical emission measurements showed that while the ⁴F_3/2→⁴I_11/2 transition near 1060 nm was nearly polarization independent, the ⁴F_3/2→⁴I_9/2 transition around 870–900 nm exhibited strong polarization dependence with notable Stark splitting. The relative intensity and spectral position of the Stark components varied systematically with the rotation of the emission polarization. These findings demonstrate that directional solidification induces polarization-dependent optical behavior, indicating potential applications for polarization-sensitive optical tracking and sensing in bioactive implant coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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37 pages, 2140 KB

Open AccessReview

Functional Peptide-Based Biomaterials for Pharmaceutical Application: Sequences, Mechanisms, and Optimization Strategies

by Dedong Yu, Nari Han, Hyejeong Son, Sun Jo Kim and Seho Kweon

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010037 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 659

Abstract

Peptide-based biomaterials have emerged as versatile tools for pharmaceutical drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and tunable sequences, yet a comprehensive overview of their categories, mechanisms, and optimization strategies remains lacking to guide clinical translation. This review systematically collates advances in peptide-based biomaterials, [...] Read more.

Peptide-based biomaterials have emerged as versatile tools for pharmaceutical drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and tunable sequences, yet a comprehensive overview of their categories, mechanisms, and optimization strategies remains lacking to guide clinical translation. This review systematically collates advances in peptide-based biomaterials, covering peptide excipients (cell penetrating peptides, tight junction modulating peptides, and peptide surfactants/stabilizers), self-assembling peptides (peptide-based nanospheres, cyclic peptide nanotubes, nanovesicles and micelles, peptide-based hydrogels and depots), and peptide linkers (for antibody drug-conjugates, peptide drug-conjugates, and prodrugs). We also dissect sequence-based optimization strategies, including rational design and biophysical optimization (cyclization, stapling, D-amino acid incorporation), functional motif integration, and combinatorial discovery with AI assistance, with examples spanning marketed drugs and research-stage candidates. The review reveals that cell-penetrating peptides enable efficient intracellular payload delivery via direct penetration or endocytosis; self-assembling peptides form diverse nanostructures for controlled release; and peptide linkers achieve site-specific drug release by responding to tumor-associated enzymes or pH cues, while sequence optimization enhances stability and targeting. Peptide-based biomaterials offer precise, biocompatible and tunable solutions for drug delivery, future advancements relying on AI-driven design and multi-functional modification will accelerate their transition from basic research to clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptides with a Rationale: Smart Biomaterials for Biomedical Innovation)

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19 pages, 6074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Albumin Nanoparticles Harness Activated Neutrophils to Cross Vascular Barriers for Targeted Subcutaneous and Orthotopic Colon Cancer Therapy

by Zhifan Luo, Liuqing Dong, Yujie Zhang and Mingzhen Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010036 - 10 Jan 2026

Viewed by 459

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy faces challenges due to limited drug penetration across the blood–tumor barrier. Neutrophils, with their natural ability to migrate to inflamed and tumor sites, offer a promising cell-mediated delivery strategy. This study developed albumin nanoparticles loaded with 6-shogaol (NPs/6-shogaol) and [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy faces challenges due to limited drug penetration across the blood–tumor barrier. Neutrophils, with their natural ability to migrate to inflamed and tumor sites, offer a promising cell-mediated delivery strategy. This study developed albumin nanoparticles loaded with 6-shogaol (NPs/6-shogaol) and utilized activated neutrophils as carriers to transport the nanoparticles across vascular barriers for colon cancer therapy. The physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and targeting efficiency of the NPs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The formulated NPs/6-shogaol exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, including a uniform nano-scale size (~150 nm), negative zeta potential, and high drug loading efficiency. In both subcutaneous and orthotopic colon cancer models, neutrophil-mediated delivery significantly enhanced tumor accumulation of 6-shogaol, inhibited tumor growth, and induced apoptosis by suppressing neutrophil elastase (NE) expression. Notably, no significant systemic toxicity was observed. This neutrophil-hitchhiking albumin nanoplatform provides a targeted and biocompatible strategy for effective colon cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery (2nd Edition))

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28 pages, 3174 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Biomaterial-Based In Vitro Osteoarthritis Models: Integrating Sex as a Biological Variable in Hormonal, Subchondral Bone, and Mechanobiological Pathways

by Elisa Capuana, Angela De Luca, Viviana Costa, Lavinia Raimondi, Daniele Bellavia, Valerio Brucato, Gianluca Giavaresi and Vincenzo La Carrubba

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010035 - 10 Jan 2026

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and represents a major clinical and socioeconomic burden. Epidemiological data consistently show that OA affects women more frequently and, in several joints, more severely than men. Nevertheless, current in vitro models rarely consider sex-specific [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and represents a major clinical and socioeconomic burden. Epidemiological data consistently show that OA affects women more frequently and, in several joints, more severely than men. Nevertheless, current in vitro models rarely consider sex-specific variables, limiting their ability to capture the biological mechanisms that shape the pathogenesis and progression of OA. Increasing evidence indicates that age-related hormonal fluctuations and subchondral bone remodeling strongly influence OA evolution, and that these processes differ between the sexes. For instance, the decline in estrogen levels during menopause has been associated with accelerated cartilage degeneration, increased osteoclastic activity, and a higher susceptibility to subchondral bone alterations, which may contribute to more aggressive clinical manifestations in women. These mechanisms are only partially reproduced in widely used experimental systems, including traditional biomaterial scaffolds and simplified osteochondral constructs, leaving important sex-dependent pathways unresolved. While advanced biomaterials enable precise control of stiffness, porosity, and biochemical cues, most current in vitro OA models still rely on sex-neutral design assumptions, limiting their ability to reproduce the divergent disease trajectories observed in men and women. By integrating material properties with dynamic loading and tunable hormonal conditions, next-generation in vitro systems could improve mechanistic understanding, increase the reliability of drug screening, and better support the development of sex-specific therapies through the combined efforts of bioengineering, materials science, cell biology, and translational medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)

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26 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Osteogenic and Biocompatibility Potential of Polylactic Acid-Based Materials: A Systematic Review of Human Primary Cells Studies

by Mario Guerrero-Torres, Silvia M. Becerra-Bayona, Martha L. Arango-Rodríguez and Emilio A. Cafferata

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010034 - 9 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) relies on barrier membranes, for which polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are promising biodegradable polymers. However, their inherent hydrophobicity limits biological performance, and the evidence regarding how specific modifications affect key human cell types, [...] Read more.

Background: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) relies on barrier membranes, for which polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are promising biodegradable polymers. However, their inherent hydrophobicity limits biological performance, and the evidence regarding how specific modifications affect key human cell types, particularly osteoblasts and fibroblasts, remains scattered. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to synthesize the in vitro evidence on the response of primary human osteoblasts and fibroblasts to polylactic acid-based materials. Following a pre-registered protocol (10.17605/OSF.IO/CE8KB), a comprehensive search was performed across four major databases, and the risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using an adapted OHAT tool. Results: Twenty-six studies were included, which showed that polylactic acid-based materials have limited bioactivity, and their modification significantly improves cellular responses. The incorporation of bioceramics and growth factors, or alterations in surface topography, notably enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in osteoblasts. For gingival fibroblasts, topographical modifications like micro-grooves guided cell alignment and modulated proliferation. Conclusions: Native polylactic acid-based materials display limited bioactivity. However, functionalization through bioceramics incorporation, growth factor delivery, and surface topographical modification is crucial for transforming them into bioactive scaffolds capable of achieving the dual biofunctionality required for successful GBR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration and Repair)

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13 pages, 1200 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency and Risk Assessment of Dental Bridge Removal Tools on Implant Abutments

by Gianmario Schierano, Domenico Baldi, Cristina Bignardi, Mara Terzini and Andrea Tancredi Lugas

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010033 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 673

Abstract

This study evaluated the efficiency and potential risks associated with three clinical tools for removing cement-retained implant-supported prostheses: Magnetic Mallet, sliding hammer, and Coronaflex. The tests consisted of: cementation of three-unit bridge models onto titanium abutments with different geometries using Zinc Oxide non-eugenol [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the efficiency and potential risks associated with three clinical tools for removing cement-retained implant-supported prostheses: Magnetic Mallet, sliding hammer, and Coronaflex. The tests consisted of: cementation of three-unit bridge models onto titanium abutments with different geometries using Zinc Oxide non-eugenol or Zinc Phosphate cement. Seven different geometries of three-unit bridges were tested; therefore, a total of 7 bridges × 2 luting agents × 3 tools were combined in a full factorial analysis. Five test replicates were performed for each combination, resulting in a total of 5 × 7 × 2 × 3 = 210 retrieval tests. The 70 tests regarding the Coronaflex were taken from a previously conducted experiment on the topic, using the same dental bridge models and the same experimental conditions. Efficiency was assessed by the percentage of successful removals and the maximum force recorded with a piezoelectric load cell. For temporary cementations, the sliding hammer achieved the highest retrieval rate, while the Magnetic Mallet demonstrated comparable efficiency with lower forces. Coronaflex showed lower success rates and higher forces than Magnetic Mallet. For permanent cementations, most bridges were not removable, and attempts with the sliding hammer occasionally resulted in abutment screw damage. Within the limitations of this study, the Magnetic Mallet appears to be an effective option for removing bridges cemented with temporary cement, potentially in combination with a sliding hammer for highly retentive geometries. Zinc phosphate cement should be avoided when retrievability is desired, except for abutments with very low retention capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry (2nd Edition))

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26 pages, 2695 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Vital Pulp Therapy Using Resin-Modified Versus Conventional Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Alberto Cabrera-Fernández, Laura Dominguez-Dominguez, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, João Miguel Marques Santos, Aránzazu Díaz-Cuenca, Daniel Torres-Lagares, Diana B. Sequeira, Juan J. Segura-Egea and Jenifer Martín-González

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010032 - 7 Jan 2026

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is increasingly recognised as a biologically driven alternative to root canal treatment in teeth with deep caries and a vital pulp diagnosis. Resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (RM-CSMs) were introduced to combine the bioactivity of traditional cements with improved handling [...] Read more.

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is increasingly recognised as a biologically driven alternative to root canal treatment in teeth with deep caries and a vital pulp diagnosis. Resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (RM-CSMs) were introduced to combine the bioactivity of traditional cements with improved handling and immediate light-curing, but their biological performance remains debated. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of VPT performed with RM-CSMs compared with conventional non-resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (NRM-CSMs) Methods: PRISMA Guidelines were followed to carry out this systematic review. Electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched up to October 2025 for randomised clinical trials evaluating indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, or pulpotomy. Nine trials met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were performed for TheraCal LC, the only RM-CSM with sufficient clinical evidence. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 Tool. The certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Pooled results showed no significant differences in overall clinical–radiographic success between RM-CSMs and NRM-CSMs at 90 or 180 days. At 360 days, a trend favouring NRM-CSMs emerged, though not statistically significant. Dentine bridge formation at 360 days was significantly lower with TheraCal LC. Conclusions: Current RM-CSMs demonstrate comparable short-term success to conventional materials but still present biological limitations, particularly regarding long-term reparative outcomes. NRM-CSMs remain the preferred option when maximal bioactivity and predictable dentinogenesis are required Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (3rd Edition))

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11 pages, 1792 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Status at Mandibular Condylar Fracture Osteosynthesis Plate After Healing Period

by Izabela Gabryelczak and Marcin Kozakiewicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010031 - 6 Jan 2026

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Objectives: Against common belief, mandibular condyle fractures are not that rare, with morbidity rates ranging from 19 to 52%, depending on actual literature sources. Practitioners try to improve the surgical techniques applied to obtain the most satisfactory anatomical and functional effect. The purpose [...] Read more.

Objectives: Against common belief, mandibular condyle fractures are not that rare, with morbidity rates ranging from 19 to 52%, depending on actual literature sources. Practitioners try to improve the surgical techniques applied to obtain the most satisfactory anatomical and functional effect. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships that affect bone loss around screws and plates in mandibular condylar process fractures treated surgically using the Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) technique. Materials and Methods: Our research covered 276 fractures of the base, low and high neck of the condylar process. No formal sample size calculation was performed; the study enrolled patients treated at the Department during the last 4 years, based on informed consent granted both prospectively and retrospectively compares to the actual treatment time. The study group was selected based on injury type and the ability to implement surgical treatment. The imaging modality selected for the study was computed tomography (CT), which was assessed in each case by the same operator. Therefore, there was no need to account for inter-rater variability in the results. Based on CT scans, we studied various parameters, including bone healing in the fracture area, bone loss in the screws and plates area, change in the length of the mandibular ramus following osteosynthesis and on the opposite side after 12 months, as well as deformities of the mandibular head. Results: Using screws and plates is the gold standard for treating mandibular condylar process fractures. The number of screws used affects the bone loss ratio around head of the screw. Another factor that impacts the results achieved is the distance from the plate edge to the lateral pole of the mandibular head. Statistical evaluation indicated that proximity to the lateral pole is a risk factor for bone resorption at the plate edge. Conclusions: Based on the collected data, it is possible to predict bone loss, determine the location and selection of plates and screws, as well as to plan the procedure, achieving the lowest possible loss rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Implants)

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18 pages, 2377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photo Crosslinkable Hybrid Hydrogels for High Fidelity Direct Write 3D Printing: Rheology, Curing Kinetics, and Bio-Scaffold Fabrication

by Riley Rohauer, Kory Schimmelpfennig, Perrin Woods, Rokeya Sarah, Ahasan Habib and Christopher L. Lewis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010030 - 4 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 576

Abstract

This work characterizes hybrid hydrogels prepared via the combination of natural and synthetic polymers. By incorporating a biocompatible compound, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, M_n = 400), into alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels, the in situ UV crosslinking of these materials was [...] Read more.

This work characterizes hybrid hydrogels prepared via the combination of natural and synthetic polymers. By incorporating a biocompatible compound, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, M_n = 400), into alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels, the in situ UV crosslinking of these materials was assessed. A custom direct-write (DW) 3D bioprinter was utilized to prepare hybrid hydrogel constructs and scaffolds. A control sample, which consisted of 4% w/v alginate and 4% w/v CMC, was prepared and evaluated in addition to three PEGDA (4.5, 6.5, and 10% w/v)-containing hybrid hydrogels. Rotational rheology was utilized to evaluate the thixotropic behavior of these materials. Filament fusion tests were employed to generate bilayer constructs of various pore sizes, providing metrics for the printability and diffusion rate of hydrogels post-extrusion. Printability indicates the shape fidelity of pore geometry, whereas diffusion rate represents material spreading after deposition. Curing kinetics of PEGDA-containing hydrogels were evaluated using photo-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and photorheology. The Kamal model was fitted to photo-DSC results, enabling an assessment and comparison of the curing kinetics for PEGDA-containing hydrogels. Photorheological results highlight the increase in hydrogel stiffness concomitant with PEGDA content. The range of obtained complex moduli (G*) provides utility for the development of brain, kidney, and heart tissue (620–4600 Pa). The in situ UV irradiation of PEGDA-containing hydrogels improved the shape fidelity of printed bilayers and decreased filament diffusion rates. In situ UV irradiation enabled 10-layer scaffolds with 1 × 1 mm pore sizes to be printed. Ultimately, this study highlights the utility of PEGDA-containing hybrid hydrogels for high-resolution DW 3D bioprinting and potential application toward customizable tissue analogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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11 pages, 854 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Simulated Energy Drink Exposure and Fatigue Loading on Bioactive and Conventional Resin Composites

by Fatin A. Hasanain and Alaa Turkistani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010029 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 438

Abstract

The consumption of energy and sports drinks is on the rise globally, exposing dental restorations to more frequent low-pH challenges, which affect degradation. This in vitro study simulated the combined effect of energy drink exposure and cyclic fatigue loading on the fatigue survival [...] Read more.

The consumption of energy and sports drinks is on the rise globally, exposing dental restorations to more frequent low-pH challenges, which affect degradation. This in vitro study simulated the combined effect of energy drink exposure and cyclic fatigue loading on the fatigue survival rate and flexural strength of three direct dental resin restorative materials with distinct chemistries: a bioactive ionic resin (Activa Presto), a giomer (Beautifil Flow Plus F00) and a conventional nano-hybrid composite (Tetric Ceram). Bar-shaped specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were fabricated according to ISO 4049 and stored for 24 h in either distilled water or 0.2 M citric acid (pH ≈ 2.5), simulating an energy drink (n = 10/group). The samples then underwent chewing simulation (40 N, 100,000 cycles, 1.6 Hz) using a steel antagonist; surviving specimens were tested via three-point bending to determine their flexural strength. All the materials were affected by storage conditions: Activa Presto showed the lowest fatigue survival (20% in water; 0% in citric acid), Tetric N-Ceram moderate survival (40% in both solutions) and Beautifil Flow Plus F00 the highest and most stable survival (90% in water; 40% in citric acid). Among the surviving specimens, Tetric Ceram exhibited the highest flexural strength, followed by Beautifil Flow Plus F00 and then Activa Presto. Citric acid exposure and cyclic loading adversely affected the mechanical performance of all the materials within the limitations of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 4506 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Printing of Oxygen-Sensing ECM-Based Skin Graft for Personalized Treatment of Chronic Wounds—A Technological Proof of Concept

by Yehonatan Zur, Rotem Hayam, Nir Almog, Inna Kovrigina, Limor Baruch, Aharon Blank and Marcelle Machluf

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010028 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 684

Abstract

Chronic diabetic wounds are often characterized by persistent hypoxia and poor healing outcomes, highlighting the need for regenerative grafts that not only promote tissue repair but also provide insights into the wound microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy for diabetic [...] Read more.

Chronic diabetic wounds are often characterized by persistent hypoxia and poor healing outcomes, highlighting the need for regenerative grafts that not only promote tissue repair but also provide insights into the wound microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy for diabetic ulcer treatment through the development of a structurally personalized skin graft. The graft is fabricated via 3D bioprinting of natural porcine skin extracellular matrix (psECM) and integrated with microsensors for oxygen monitoring. We established a porcine skin decellularization protocol that efficiently removed cellular components, while preserving the integrity of the ECM, as verified by DNA quantification and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting psECM bioink demonstrated rheological properties suitable for 3D printing, which depended on psECM concentration and exhibited temperature-responsive gelation behavior. Incorporation of LiNC-BuO oxygen microsensors into the bioink enabled real-time, non-invasive oxygen level monitoring within the printed constructs. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the cytocompatibility and low immunogenicity of the psECM-based grafts with embedded microsensors. Moreover, the 3D bioprinting technology enabled the manufacturing of grafts tailored to match individual wound geometries. The technological proof of concept presented herein for this multifunctional platform, which integrates the regenerative benefits of ECM scaffolds with advanced biosensing capabilities, represents a promising approach for enhancing future therapeutic outcomes in the management of diabetic ulcers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials: Functionalization, Diagnostics, and Modeling for Advanced Therapeutic and Regenerative Applications)

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26 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Silver and Silver-Based Products in Wound Management: A Review of Advances and Current Landscape

by Yiyao Du, Jianyu Lu, Xinya Guo, Zhaofan Xia and Shizhao Ji

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010027 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 950

Abstract

The urgent need for silver-based antibacterial agents in clinical settings has driven the diversification of their delivery systems, evolving from traditional silver salt preparations to new silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-based composite functional materials. Research and application of various carrier systems have established [...] Read more.

The urgent need for silver-based antibacterial agents in clinical settings has driven the diversification of their delivery systems, evolving from traditional silver salt preparations to new silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-based composite functional materials. Research and application of various carrier systems have established a solid foundation for the clinical translation of silver. However, it is important to recognize that the clinical use of silver-based materials still faces several key challenges: one is the potential risk of cytotoxicity, another is the growing trend of bacterial resistance to silver, and the third is the heterogeneity of antibacterial properties in different wound microenvironments. Additionally, this study thoroughly examines the significant gap between basic research and clinical application of silver-based materials, highlighting that the lack of standardized clinical endpoint indicators and high-quality clinical research evidence are the main barriers to its standardized use. Future research should focus on four key areas: developing precise targeted delivery systems, creating combined treatments with silver and other antibacterial agents, enhancing biosafety through material engineering, and establishing a unified framework for clinical efficacy evaluation. Through systematic innovation and evidence-based clinical implementation, silver-based technologies hold broad potential and significant clinical value for addressing complex wound infections and alleviating the global antibiotic resistance crisis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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