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Brain Sciences, Volume 8, Issue 2

February 2018 - 18 articles

Cover Story: Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel is blocked, causing damage in the focal area and adjacent penumbra regions, as a result of ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI). Brain ischemia is strongly associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species and increased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). PC12 cells deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R), have been used to mimic some of the properties of cerebral IRI and have been instrumental in identifying mechanisms such as calcium overload, redox potential, lipid peroxidation and MAPKs modulation. This model was useful for establishing mechanisms of neuroprotection of bioactive compounds, drugs and growth factors secreted by stem cells, affecting the MAPK cascade and redox potential. The lesson learned from the PC12 OGD/R cell model calls for antioxidants and growth factors, as suitable drug candidates for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Articles (18)

  • Review
  • Open Access
83 Citations
14,056 Views
11 Pages

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review

  • Jérôme Brunelin,
  • Marine Mondino,
  • Rémy Bation,
  • Ulrich Palm,
  • Mohamed Saoud and
  • Emmanuel Poulet

24 February 2018

Despite the advances in psychopharmacology and established psychotherapeutic interventions, more than 40% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not respond to conventional treatment approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulatio...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
11,386 Views
10 Pages

Neurobiology of Propofol Addiction and Supportive Evidence: What Is the New Development?

  • Ming Xiong,
  • Nimisha Shiwalkar,
  • Kavya Reddy,
  • Peter Shin and
  • Alex Bekker

22 February 2018

Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent suitable for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia as well as for procedural and intensive care unit sedation. As such it has become an unparalleled anesthetic agent of choice in many...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
15,137 Views
13 Pages

Octodrine: New Questions and Challenges in Sport Supplements

  • Valeria Catalani,
  • Mariya Prilutskaya,
  • Ahmed Al-Imam,
  • Shanna Marrinan,
  • Yasmine Elgharably,
  • Mire Zloh,
  • Giovanni Martinotti,
  • Robert Chilcott and
  • Ornella Corazza

20 February 2018

Background: Octodrine is the trade name for Dimethylhexylamine (DMHA), a central nervous stimulant that increases the uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. Originally developed as a nasal decongestant in the 1950’s, it has recently been re-introduce...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
18,451 Views
22 Pages

20 February 2018

Surgery of temporal lobe epilepsy is the best opportunity for seizure freedom in medically intractable patients. The surgical approach has evolved to recognize the paramount importance of the mesial temporal structures in the majority of patients wit...

  • Review
  • Open Access
199 Citations
19,723 Views
12 Pages

18 February 2018

Neurodegeneration is a complex process that leads to irreversible neuronal damage and death in spinal cord injury (SCI) and various neurodegenerative diseases, which are serious, debilitating conditions. Despite exhaustive research, the cause of neur...

  • Review
  • Open Access
39 Citations
8,686 Views
31 Pages

8 February 2018

This review surveys the efforts taken to investigate in vitro neuroprotective features of synthetic compounds and cell-released growth factors on PC12 clonal cell line temporarily deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). Thes...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
9,903 Views
15 Pages

Acute Confusional Migraine: Distinct Clinical Entity or Spectrum of Migraine Biology?

  • Ashar M. Farooqi,
  • Jennifer M. Padilla and
  • Teshamae S. Monteith

7 February 2018

The goal of this review is to explore the literature reports of acute confusional migraine (ACM) including patient characteristics, migraine symptomatology, and proposed diagnostic criteria. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and...

  • Review
  • Open Access
44 Citations
7,505 Views
11 Pages

7 February 2018

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is known as one of the most devastating diseases in the central nervous system. In the past few decades, research on SAH has focused on cerebral vasospasm to prevent post-SAH delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) an...

  • Review
  • Open Access
38 Citations
5,988 Views
17 Pages

With a Little Help from My Friends: The Role of Intraoperative Fluorescent Dyes in the Surgical Management of High-Grade Gliomas

  • Rosario Maugeri,
  • Alessandro Villa,
  • Mariangela Pino,
  • Alessia Imperato,
  • Giuseppe Roberto Giammalva,
  • Gabriele Costantino,
  • Francesca Graziano,
  • Carlo Gulì,
  • Francesco Meli and
  • Natale Francaviglia
  • + 1 author

7 February 2018

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most frequent primary malignant brain tumors in adults, which lead to death within two years of diagnosis. Maximal safe resection of malignant gliomas as the first step of multimodal therapy is an accepted goal in ma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
9,607 Views
15 Pages

Electric Field Comparison between Microelectrode Recording and Deep Brain Stimulation Systems—A Simulation Study

  • Fabiola Alonso,
  • Dorian Vogel,
  • Johannes Johansson,
  • Karin Wårdell and
  • Simone Hemm

6 February 2018

The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) relies primarily on the localization of the implanted electrode. Its final position can be chosen based on the results of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) and stimulation tests. The optimal pos...

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Brain Sci. - ISSN 2076-3425