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Brain Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 8

August 2021 - 154 articles

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Cover Story: Visceral fat areas (VFA) might be clinically important to prevent dementia; however, the association between VFA and cognitive function in the elderly remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between brain structural abnormalities using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and VFA and the association between cognitive function and VFA, in the elderly (N = 2364). The high-VFA group had significantly lower cognitive function and significantly higher odds ratios for white matter lesions and perivascular space than the low-VFA group. Reducing visceral fat might be important not only to prevent cardiovascular disease but also to prevent dementia. View this paper

Articles (154)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,290 Views
15 Pages
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Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Globally Improves Learning but Does Not Selectively Potentiate the Benefits of Targeted Memory Reactivation on Awake Memory Consolidation

  • Médhi Gilson,
  • Michael A. Nitsche and
  • Philippe Peigneux
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1104;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081104

21 August 2021

Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance memory consolidation. It is currently unknown whether TMR reinforced by simultaneous tDCS has superior efficacy. In this study, we investigated the comp...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,477 Views
10 Pages
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Reduction of Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP) as an Early Indicator of the Need of Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

  • Stefano Zoccolella,
  • Rosa Capozzo,
  • Vitaliano N. Quaranta,
  • Giorgio Castellana,
  • Lorenzo Marra,
  • Vito Liotino,
  • Vincenza Giorgio,
  • Isabella L. Simone,
  • Onofrio Resta and
  • Marco Piccininni
  • + 2 authors
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1091;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081091

20 August 2021

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the standard procedure for feeding severely dysphagic patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is associated with prolonged survival and improvement in quality of life. Nasal inspiratory press...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,300 Views
11 Pages
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Mirror Visual Feedback Induces M1 Excitability by Disengaging Functional Connections of Perceptuo-Motor-Attentional Processes during Asynchronous Bimanual Movement: A Magnetoencephalographic Study

  • Szu-Hung Lin,
  • Chia-Hsiung Cheng,
  • Ching-Yi Wu,
  • Chien-Ting Liu,
  • Chia-Ling Chen and
  • Yu-Wei Hsieh
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1092;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081092

20 August 2021

Mirror visual feedback (MVF) has been shown to increase the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) during asynchronous bimanual movement. However, the functional networks underlying this process remain unclear. We recruited 16 healthy voluntee...

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  • Case Report
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,622 Views
12 Pages
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Noninvasive Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow and EEG Spectral Responses after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report

  • Chien-Sing Poon,
  • Benjamin Rinehart,
  • Dharminder S. Langri,
  • Timothy M. Rambo,
  • Aaron J. Miller,
  • Brandon Foreman and
  • Ulas Sunar
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1093;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081093

20 August 2021

Survivors of severe brain injury may require care in a neurointensive care unit (neuro-ICU), where the brain is vulnerable to secondary brain injury. Thus, there is a need for noninvasive, bedside, continuous cerebral blood flow monitoring approaches...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,051 Views
16 Pages
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Informal Caregivers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Multi-Centre, Exploratory Study of Burden and Difficulties

  • Éilís Conroy,
  • Polly Kennedy,
  • Mark Heverin,
  • Iracema Leroi,
  • Emily Mayberry,
  • Anita Beelen,
  • Theocharis Stavroulakis,
  • Leonard H. van den Berg,
  • Christopher J. McDermott and
  • Orla Hardiman
  • + 1 author
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1094;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081094

20 August 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND) is a systemic and fatal neurodegenerative condition for which there is currently no cure. Informal caregivers play a vital role in supporting the person with ALS, and it is essential to s...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,039 Views
19 Pages
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Motor Learning Based on Oscillatory Brain Activity Using Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Review

  • Naoyuki Takeuchi and
  • Shin-Ichi Izumi
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1095;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081095

20 August 2021

Developing effective tools and strategies to promote motor learning is a high-priority scientific and clinical goal. In particular, motor-related areas have been investigated as potential targets to facilitate motor learning by noninvasive brain stim...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,002 Views
17 Pages
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Neural Representation of Costs and Rewards in Decision Making

  • Yixuan Chen
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1096;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081096

20 August 2021

Decision making is crucial for animal survival because the choices they make based on their current situation could influence their future rewards and could have potential costs. This review summarises recent developments in decision making, discusse...

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  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,632 Views
14 Pages
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Effects of Aquatic Exercise and Land-Based Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Motor Function, Balance, and Functional Independence in Stroke Patients—A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

  • Daxin Li and
  • Ping Chen
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1097;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081097

20 August 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aquatic exercise (AE) and land-based exercise (LE) on cardiorespiratory fitness, motor function, balance, and functional independence in stroke patients. Design: Through searching PubMed, Embase,...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
31 Citations
5,734 Views
15 Pages
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Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection

  • Maria Ester La Torre,
  • Ines Villano,
  • Marcellino Monda,
  • Antonietta Messina,
  • Giuseppe Cibelli,
  • Anna Valenzano,
  • Daniela Pisanelli,
  • Maria Antonietta Panaro,
  • Nicola Tartaglia and
  • Antonio Ambrosi
  • + 4 authors
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1098;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081098

20 August 2021

Microglia are the first line of defense at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). Phenotypic change in microglia can be regulated by various factors, including the orexin system. Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process mediated by cytoki...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,660 Views
13 Pages
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Existence of Interhemispheric Inhibition between Foot Sections of Human Primary Motor Cortices: Evidence from Negative Blood Oxygenation-Level Dependent Signal

  • Eiichi Naito,
  • Tomoyo Morita,
  • Nodoka Kimura and
  • Minoru Asada
Brain Sci.2021, 11(8), 1099;https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081099

20 August 2021

Interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the left and right primary motor cortices (M1) plays an important role when people perform an isolated unilateral limb movement. Moreover, negative blood oxygenation-level dependent signal (deactivation) obta...

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