Environments

25 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solutions for Modelling the Marine Oil Spill Drift

by Catalin Popa, Dinu Atodiresei, Alecu Toma, Vasile Dobref and Jenel Vatamanu

Environments 2025, 12(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040132 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 137

Oil spills represent a critical environmental hazard with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences, necessitating the development of sophisticated modelling approaches to predict, monitor, and mitigate their impacts. This study presents a computationally efficient and physically grounded modelling framework for simulating oil spill drift [...] Read more.

Oil spills represent a critical environmental hazard with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences, necessitating the development of sophisticated modelling approaches to predict, monitor, and mitigate their impacts. This study presents a computationally efficient and physically grounded modelling framework for simulating oil spill drift in marine environments, developed using Python coding. The proposed model integrates core physical processes—advection, diffusion, and degradation—within a simplified partial differential equation system, employing an integrator for numerical simulation. Building on recent advances in marine pollution modelling, the study incorporates real-time oceanographic data, satellite-based remote sensing, and subsurface dispersion dynamics into an enriched version of the simulation. The research is structured in two phases: (1) the development of a minimalist Python model to validate fundamental oil transport behaviours, and (2) the implementation of a comprehensive, multi-layered simulation that includes NOAA ocean currents, 3D vertical mixing, and support for inland and chemical spill modelling. The results confirm the model’s ability to reproduce realistic oil spill trajectories, diffusion patterns, and biodegradation effects under variable environmental conditions. The proposed framework demonstrates strong potential for real-time decision support in oil spill response, coastal protection, and environmental policy-making. This paperwork contributes to the field by bridging theoretical modelling with practical response needs, offering a scalable and adaptable tool for marine pollution forecasting. Future extensions may incorporate deep learning algorithms and high-resolution sensor data to further enhance predictive accuracy and operational readiness. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Energy: Predictive Models for Space Heating Consumption at the European Central Bank

by Fernando Almeida, Mauro Castelli and Nadine Côrte-Real

Environments 2025, 12(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040131 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 114

Abstract

Space heating consumption prediction is critical for energy management and efficiency, directly impacting sustainability and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate models enable better demand forecasting, promote the use of green energy, and support decarbonization goals. However, existing models often lack precision [...] Read more.

Space heating consumption prediction is critical for energy management and efficiency, directly impacting sustainability and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate models enable better demand forecasting, promote the use of green energy, and support decarbonization goals. However, existing models often lack precision due to limited feature sets, suboptimal algorithm choices, and limited access to weather data, which reduces generalizability. This study addresses these gaps by evaluating various Machine Learning and Deep Learning models, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Regression, Decision Trees, Linear Regression, XGBoost, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurrent Units. We utilized space heating consumption data from the European Central Bank Headquarters office as a case study. We employed a methodology that involved splitting the features into three categories based on the correlation and evaluating model performance using Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Squared Error, and R-squared metrics. Results indicate that XGBoost consistently outperformed other models, particularly when utilizing all available features, achieving an R² value of 0.966 using the weather data from the building weather station. This model’s superior performance underscores the importance of comprehensive feature sets for accurate predictions. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to sustainable energy management practices. By improving the accuracy of space heating consumption forecasts, our approach supports the efficient use of green energy resources, aiding in the global efforts towards decarbonization and reducing carbon footprints in urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Assessment: Methods and Tools to Achieve Sustainable Decarbonization and Circular Economy in the Building Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Environmental Cost–Benefit Analysis of Using Reclaimed Water for Irrigation in Southern Spain

by Antonia María Lorenzo López and Alfonso Expósito

Environments 2025, 12(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040130 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 201

Abstract

Water scarcity and pollution are critical challenges affecting agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluates the environmental benefits of using reclaimed water (RW) for irrigation in southern Spain by applying a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to a water reuse project. This method allows [...] Read more.

Water scarcity and pollution are critical challenges affecting agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluates the environmental benefits of using reclaimed water (RW) for irrigation in southern Spain by applying a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to a water reuse project. This method allows us to assess financial feasibility and environmental externalities of RW use for irrigation, with particular focus on the reduction in eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the proposed CBA highlights the potential of RW to provide essential nutrients for crops, reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and mitigate the ecological impact of fertilizer manufacturing and transportation. Results indicate that, while the direct financial returns of RW are limited, the integration of environmental benefits significantly improves the overall economic viability of water reuse projects. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses suggest that policy measures, such as adjusted water pricing and financial incentives, could enhance the adoption of RW in agriculture. This study supports the role of RW as a sustainable alternative for irrigation, contributing to water conservation, pollution reduction, and climate resilience. Future research should focus on long-term agronomic impacts, optimized pricing models, and policy frameworks that promote water reuse as a key strategy in sustainable water management. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 2782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Agriculture Conserve Biodiversity? Structural Biodiversity Analysis in a Case Study of Wild Bird Communities in Southern Europe

by Maurizio Gioiosa, Alessia Spada, Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, Michela Ingaramo and Massimo Monteleone

Environments 2025, 12(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040129 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 105

Abstract

Agriculture plays a dual role in shaping biodiversity, providing secondary habitats while posing significant threats to ecological systems through habitat fragmentation and land-use intensification. This study aims to assess the relationship between bird species composition and land-use types in Apulia, Italy. Specifically, we [...] Read more.

Agriculture plays a dual role in shaping biodiversity, providing secondary habitats while posing significant threats to ecological systems through habitat fragmentation and land-use intensification. This study aims to assess the relationship between bird species composition and land-use types in Apulia, Italy. Specifically, we investigate how different agricultural and semi-natural landscapes influence avian biodiversity and which agricultural models can have a positive impact on biodiversity. Biodiversity indices were calculated for each bird community observed. The abundance curves showed a geometric series pattern for the AGR communities, indicative of ecosystems at an early stage of ecological succession, and a lognormal distribution for the MIX and NAT communities, typical of mature communities with a more even distribution of species. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in richness and diversity between AGR and NAT sites, but not between NAT and MIX, which had the highest values. Logistic regression estimated the probability of sites belonging to the three ecosystem categories as a function of biodiversity, confirming a strong similarity between NAT and MIX. Finally, linear discriminant analysis confirmed a clear separation from AGR areas, as evidenced by the canonical components. The results highlight the importance of integrating high-diversity landscape elements and appropriate agricultural practices to mitigate biodiversity loss. Even a small increase in the naturalness of agricultural land would be sufficient to convert it from the AGR to the MIX ecosystem category, with significant biodiversity benefits. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenol, Cyanide, and Thiocyanate in Aquatic Media: The Ecotoxicity of Individual Substances and Their Mixtures

by Ana Tutić, Martina Miloloža, Matija Cvetnić, Šime Ukić and Dajana Kučić Grgić

Environments 2025, 12(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040128 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 87

Abstract

Although the coking industry is a major polluter, it is still an important and irreplaceable industry in many countries. Wastewater from the coking industry typically contains large amounts of various hazardous substances, including phenols, cyanides, and thiocyanates; we conducted a comprehensive study on [...] Read more.

Although the coking industry is a major polluter, it is still an important and irreplaceable industry in many countries. Wastewater from the coking industry typically contains large amounts of various hazardous substances, including phenols, cyanides, and thiocyanates; we conducted a comprehensive study on their ecotoxicity. This included five different toxicity tests with common species from different trophic levels: the bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida, the microalgae Chlorella sp., the duckweed Lemna minor, and the onion plant Allium cepa. These tests have rarely or never been used for these three toxicants. The results show that cyanide generally has the highest toxicity, while phenol has a relatively equal or higher toxicity than thiocyanate, depending on the test. Since no data on the joint toxic action of these three toxicants can be found in the literature, and although their joint occurrence in the aquatic environment is very likely, we performed joint toxic action analysis. The analysis was performed for binary and ternary mixtures of the toxicants using the Aliivibrio fischeri test. The concentration addition model was used as a reference model for the toxic behavior of these mixtures. The results obtained showed a synergistic deviation from the concentration addition model for combinations of phenol with cyanide and with thiocyanate, while the combination of cyanide and thiocyanate led to additive toxic behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecofriendly Degradation of PET via Neutral Hydrolysis: Degradation Mechanism and Green Chemistry Metrics

by Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman, Arun Krishna Vuppaladadiyam, Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem, Kamrun Nahar, Manoj Kumar Jena and Kalpit Shah

Environments 2025, 12(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040127 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles represent 12% of global plastic waste; however, only 9% are recycled. Hydrothermal processing presents the opportunity to upcycle waste PET into its monomers, particularly, terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, post-consumer PET sparkling water bottles were neutrally hydrolysed [...] Read more.

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles represent 12% of global plastic waste; however, only 9% are recycled. Hydrothermal processing presents the opportunity to upcycle waste PET into its monomers, particularly, terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, post-consumer PET sparkling water bottles were neutrally hydrolysed via a hydrothermal process operating within a temperature range of 220–270 °C, a residence time of 30–90 min, and autogenous pressure of 25–90 bar. Under these conditions, the TPA yield varied between 7.34 and 81.05%, and the maximum TPA yield was obtained at 250 °C, 90 min, and 40 bar. The process temperature had a more profound impact on the PET conversion and TPA yield than the residence time. The values of the environmental factor (EF) were found to be 0.017–0.106, which were comparable to those of bulk chemicals (EF < 1). With the chosen operating conditions, the environmental energy impact (EEI) of TPA production was estimated to be 5.29 × 10⁴ °C min. The findings demonstrate that neutral hydrolysis is a feasible approach for converting PET polymers into monomers under mild environmental conditions. In addition, a GCMS analysis of the aqueous-phase product revealed a notable increase in the secondary degradation products of TPA, such as benzoic acid, rising from 66.4% to 75.7% as the process temperature increased from 220 °C to 270 °C. The degradation mechanisms of PET were found to be decarboxylation, dehydration, and oxidation. The dominant mechanism was found to be a decarboxylation reaction. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 4418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening Urban Soil Contamination in Rome: Insights from XRF and Multivariate Analysis

by Monica Shree Chandramohan, Isabel Martinho da Silva, Rita P. Ribeiro, Alípio Jorge and Joaquim Esteves da Silva

Environments 2025, 12(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040126 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 160

Abstract

This study investigates spatial distribution and chemical elemental composition screening in soils in Rome (Italy) using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Fifty-nine soil samples were collected from various locations within the urban areas of the Rome municipality and were analyzed for 19 elements. Multivariate statistical [...] Read more.

This study investigates spatial distribution and chemical elemental composition screening in soils in Rome (Italy) using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Fifty-nine soil samples were collected from various locations within the urban areas of the Rome municipality and were analyzed for 19 elements. Multivariate statistical techniques, including nonlinear mapping, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis, were employed to identify clusters of similar soil samples and their spatial distribution and to try to obtain environmental quality information. The soil sample clusters result from natural geological processes and anthropogenic activities on soil contamination patterns. Spatial clustering using the k-means algorithm further identified six distinct clusters, each with specific geographical distributions and elemental characteristics. Hence, the findings underscore the importance of targeted soil assessments to ensure the sustainable use of land resources in urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Patterns with Blood Heavy Metal Concentrations: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012–2016

by Dahyun Park, Nalae Moon, Hee Ju Jun, Su Ji Heo, Seungyoung Park, Min-Jeong Shin and Ju Hee Kim

Environments 2025, 12(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040125 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 151

Abstract

This study investigated possible associations between dietary patterns and blood heavy metal levels in Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012–2016). To explore these associations, demographic, physical activity, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data, including a food [...] Read more.

This study investigated possible associations between dietary patterns and blood heavy metal levels in Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012–2016). To explore these associations, demographic, physical activity, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data, including a food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed. Foods were categorized into 19 groups, and principal component factor analysis identified three dietary patterns: Meat and processed food-enriched diet (MPD), vegetables and milk-enriched diet (VMD), and fermented and fish-enriched diet (FFD). Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and high levels of heavy metals in the blood. The results showed that a high MPD score had a positive association with high levels of blood Pb (OR = 1.470, 95% CI = 1.173–1.842) and Hg (OR = 1.559, 95% CI = 1.259–1.932); a high FFD score also showed a positive association with high levels of blood Pb (OR = 1.492, 95% CI = 1.227–1.814) and Cd (OR = 1.276, 95% CI = 1.045–1.559). In contrast, VMD score was negatively associated with high levels of blood Pb (OR = 0.760, 95% CI = 0.628–0.920) and Cd (OR = 0.948, 95% CI = 0.781–1.151). Moreover, the effect of each dietary pattern on blood heavy metal levels showed differences by sex. Some dietary patterns, such as a high intake of meat, processed foods, fermented foods, and fish, can increase blood heavy metal levels, whereas other dietary patterns, such as vegetables and milk, have a protective effect against heavy metal concentrations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Status of Mesophotic Biogenic Reefs in the Northern Adriatic Sea: Comparing a Biotic Index and Multivariate Community Patterns

by Gregorio Motta, Verdiana Vellani, Manuela Piccardo, Matteo De Luca, Saul Ciriaco, Marco Segarich, Lisa Peratoner, Maurizio Spoto, Antonio Terlizzi, Monia Renzi and Stanislao Bevilacqua

Environments 2025, 12(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040124 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

Coralligenous bioconstructions are priority habitats crucial for the protection of Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Among these bioconstructions, the mesophotic biogenic reefs of the northern Adriatic are of particular concern due to their ecological relevance and the high levels of human pressure in the region. [...] Read more.

Coralligenous bioconstructions are priority habitats crucial for the protection of Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Among these bioconstructions, the mesophotic biogenic reefs of the northern Adriatic are of particular concern due to their ecological relevance and the high levels of human pressure in the region. Thus, effective monitoring strategies are vital for the conservation and management of these fragile environments. In this study, we investigated the multivariate spatial and temporal patterns of sessile macrobenthos on biogenic reefs within two areas of a Natura 2000 site in the northern Adriatic over a four-year period. We also classified the ecological status of reefs based on the NAMBER index, specifically tailored for these peculiar bioconstructions. Our findings revealed that temporal trajectories of assemblages significantly differed between the two investigated areas, mostly due to larger fluctuations in algal turf abundance in the area closest to the coast, which is putatively more exposed to human impacts. In this area, the index identified a “Moderate” status during the period of peaking turf abundance, while the reef status consistently remained “Good” in other periods and in the area located further from the coast. This highlights the index sensitivity in reflecting actual changes in assemblages potentially associated with reef degradation. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Organic Matter and Growing Conditions on Dissipation Behavior and Mobility of Two Pesticides in Soils

by Rakhi Nandi, Aniruddha Sarker, Md Masud Rana and Ahmed Khairul Hasan

Environments 2025, 12(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040123 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

The dissipation pattern and mobility of applied pesticides in the soil represent a crucial process for pesticide safety and subsequent groundwater contamination. In this study, two distinct experiments were conducted to explore the environmental fate, dissipation, and mobility of two pesticides, phorate and [...] Read more.

The dissipation pattern and mobility of applied pesticides in the soil represent a crucial process for pesticide safety and subsequent groundwater contamination. In this study, two distinct experiments were conducted to explore the environmental fate, dissipation, and mobility of two pesticides, phorate and boscalid, in greenhouse conditions and laboratory soil column studies, respectively. The role of organic matter and growing conditions was evaluated during dissipation and mobility studies. In the first study, commercial formulations of phorate (10 G) and boscalid (20% SC) were sprayed in the designated greenhouse for Korean cabbage following the recommended dosage. A sequential collection of plant samples (e.g., 0, 7, 14, 21 days) was performed. On the other hand, three sets of packing columns were prepared (control, biochar-amended, and H₂O₂ treated). The effect of organic matter addition or removal during the leaching of pesticides was explored. A 14-day interval after the last spray was suggested for safe spraying. After 30 days of leachate collection, no pesticide residue was detected in the leaching water, indicating the immobility of the studied pesticides. However, the metabolic transformation of phorate was evident during this column study, with slight mobility within soil columns. In particular, phorate sulfoxide and sulfone were mostly detected in the top soil layer (vadose zone) of the soil column. In summary, phorate and boscalid were considered immobile pesticides with moderate persistence in the soils. The safe pre-harvest interval should be maintained to reduce the health risk of pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Soil, Sediment, Water Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Filling in the Gaps: Working in Un-Surveyed Areas to Create Baseline Data, Habitat Use and Abundance Estimates for Butterflies in Eastern Wyoming, USA

by Lusha M. Tronstad, Madison Mazur, Zoë Short and Christine Bell

Environments 2025, 12(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040122 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Butterflies are charismatic insects that are critical pollinators for plants that humans and wildlife depend on; however, butterflies have some of the largest measured declines. Two iconic butterflies in the USA, the Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia) and the Monarch (Danaus [...] Read more.

Butterflies are charismatic insects that are critical pollinators for plants that humans and wildlife depend on; however, butterflies have some of the largest measured declines. Two iconic butterflies in the USA, the Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia) and the Monarch (Danaus plexippus), are proposed for protection due to decreasing numbers from overexploitation, agricultural activities, disease and development. We surveyed 145 sites and walked 557 km from mid-June to August in 2019 and 2021 to create baseline information for butterflies and fill in knowledge gaps for these species. We observed 16,986 individuals and identified 52 species of butterflies. Generally, butterflies were more abundant at lower wind speeds and in areas with higher forb cover and less bare ground. We identified more species in locations with taller grass, higher bloom densities, higher cover of forbs, and less bare ground. We observed 11 Regal Fritillaries and 31 Monarchs extending from northeastern to southeastern Wyoming in a variety of habitats. The predicted suitable habitat of Regal Fritillaries and Monarchs was highly influenced by sagebrush cover and mean temperature of the wettest quarter according to species distribution models. Our results provide information to managers about the status, distribution, and habitat use of butterflies in a previously un-surveyed area. Historical butterfly surveys were limited to mountain ecosystems, and we provide baseline information on the habitat characteristics that support the highest abundances and most species in prairie ecosystems that can be compared to future efforts. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Physico-Chemical and Radionuclide Characterisation of Soil near a Future Radioactive Waste Management Centre

by Tomislav Bituh, Branko Petrinec, Martina Novosel, Dinko Babić, Davor Rašeta, Iva Hrelja, Marija Galić, Aleksandra Perčin, Ivan Širić, Ivica Kisić, Andrea Rapić and Željka Zgorelec

Environments 2025, 12(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040121 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 203

Abstract

A future radioactive waste management centre is under development in central Croatia. One of the activities in the centre’s development was to monitor environmental radioactivity before the disposal of radioactive materials. Part of the monitoring programme focused on soil characterisation in the municipality [...] Read more.

A future radioactive waste management centre is under development in central Croatia. One of the activities in the centre’s development was to monitor environmental radioactivity before the disposal of radioactive materials. Part of the monitoring programme focused on soil characterisation in the municipality (total area 1308 km²) surrounding the centre, where about 40% of the soil is today used in organic farming. The study included a physico-chemical and radionuclide characterisation of the soil as well as ambient dose rate measurements. The aim of this study was to investigate how the physical and chemical composition of soil affects the concentration of radionuclides ²³⁸U, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs in soil, based on the measured radionuclide concentrations and values of selected soil parameters. Additionally, the ambient equivalent dose rate H*(10)/t was measured and the annual effective dose was calculated for the average person living in the area of interest. The observed ranges of radionuclide concentrations in the soil samples were: 9–72 Bq/kg for ²³⁸U, 65–823 Bq/kg for ⁴⁰K, and 4–80 Bq/kg for ¹³⁷Cs. Ambient dose equivalent rate measurements were in the range of 52–130 nSv/h. The highest measured values were in correlation with higher ²³⁸U activity concentrations in these parts of the investigated area. The results of this study showed that ²³⁸U had a significant correlation with pH; plant available P; sand, silt, and clay content; hydrolytic acidity; CaCO₃; total carbon, organic matter, and total inorganic and organic carbon; and concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, K, Rb, Zr, Nb, Y, Sr, Th, and W. ⁴⁰K showed a significant correlation with pH, sand content, hydrolytic acidity, total hydrogen, total nitrogen, CaCO₃, total carbon, total inorganic carbon, and concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, Rb, Zr, Nb, P, Y, Zn, and Th. ¹³⁷Cs showed a significant correlation with silt content, total nitrogen, and Si concentration. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Adsorption by Microplastics: Effect of Weathering, Polymer Type, Size, and Shape

by Thomas Easton, Vaibhav Budhiraja, Yuanzhe He, Qi Zhang, Ayushi Arora, Vasileios Koutsos and Efthalia Chatzisymeon

Environments 2025, 12(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040120 - 12 Apr 2025

Viewed by 258

Abstract

The interaction of microplastics (MPs) with organic micropollutants, such as antibiotics, facilitates their transport in aquatic environments, increasing mobility and toxicological risk. The diverse polymer types, sizes, and shapes in wastewater present a challenge in understanding the fate of persistent organic micropollutants. This [...] Read more.

The interaction of microplastics (MPs) with organic micropollutants, such as antibiotics, facilitates their transport in aquatic environments, increasing mobility and toxicological risk. The diverse polymer types, sizes, and shapes in wastewater present a challenge in understanding the fate of persistent organic micropollutants. This study examines ceftazidime adsorption on five polymer types—polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), hard and soft polystyrene (PS), hard and soft polyurethane (PU), and tyre wear particles (TWPs, including three passenger tyres and one truck tyre) in various forms (fibres, beads, foam, and fragments) and sizes (10–1000 µm). MPs underwent weathering (alkaline hydrolysis, UVC-activated H₂O₂, and Xenon lamp irradiation) to simulate environmental conditions. Their physical and chemical changes were analysed through mass loss, carbonyl index, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The adsorption values (mg g⁻¹) for pristine and weathered MPs, respectively, were as follows: PET (0.664 and 1.432), PE (0.210 and 0.234), hard PS (0.17 and 0.24), soft PS (0.53 and 0.48), hard PU (0.19), soft PU (0.17), and passenger TWPs—Bridgestone (0.212), Michelin (0.273), Goodyear (0.288), and Kumho truck TWPs (0.495). The highest and lowest adsorption were observed in weathered PET (1.432 mg g⁻¹) and pristine hard PS/soft PU (0.17 mg g⁻¹), respectively. Sorption kinetics and isothermal models showed that aged MPs exhibited higher sorption due to surface cracks, fragmentation, and increased adsorption sites. These findings enhance scientific knowledge of MP–antibiotic interactions in wastewater and can underpin studies to mitigate MP pollution and their adverse effects on the environment and humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Micropollutants in Water, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 20746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pretreatment Methods for Recovering Active Cathode Material from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Federica Barontini, Flavio Francalanci, Eleonora Stefanelli and Monica Puccini

Environments 2025, 12(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040119 - 12 Apr 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

The development of environmentally friendly pretreatment processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for optimizing direct recycling methods. This study explores alternative approaches for recovering active cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs, focusing on environmentally safer options compared to the usually employed toxic [...] Read more.

The development of environmentally friendly pretreatment processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for optimizing direct recycling methods. This study explores alternative approaches for recovering active cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs, focusing on environmentally safer options compared to the usually employed toxic solvent N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), using disassembled batteries as test subjects. Various pretreatment methods, including thermal treatment, selective aluminum foil dissolution with a NaOH solution, and the use of eco-friendly solvents such as triethyl phosphate (TEP), are examined on the cathode sheets. The results show that thermal pretreatment combined with TEP provides the most effective approach, achieving a recovery efficiency of 95% while maintaining the morphology and purity of the recovered materials, making them suitable for direct recycling. These methods are further tested on complete battery cells, simulating industrial-scale operations. The TEP treatment proves particularly promising, ensuring high recovery efficiency and preserving the structural integrity of the materials, with a mean particle diameter of approximately 8 µm. Additionally, when applied to cycled batteries, this pretreatment successfully recovers active materials without contamination. This study provides valuable insights into various pretreatment strategies, contributing to the development of a greener, more efficient direct recycling pretreatment process for spent LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Recycling and Reuse of Industrial By-Products or Waste from Geo-Resource Exploitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate, Pollution, and Maternal Health: Investigating the Impact of Temperature and Ozone on Birth Outcomes in Phoenix, Arizona

by Megan Witsoe, Kristin Mickelson, Paul Kang, Samantha Dinh, Brittany Krzyzanowski, Sai Anmisha Doddamreddy, Pooja Doehrman, Guangying Zhou and Jacqueline Nguyen

Environments 2025, 12(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040118 - 11 Apr 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

Human actions have significantly modified the global environment, leading to adverse effects on public health. Pregnant women, being particularly vulnerable, face increasing risks as climate change continues to raise concerns about its influence on maternal and birth outcomes. As climate change persists, exploration [...] Read more.

Human actions have significantly modified the global environment, leading to adverse effects on public health. Pregnant women, being particularly vulnerable, face increasing risks as climate change continues to raise concerns about its influence on maternal and birth outcomes. As climate change persists, exploration of its effects on maternal birth outcomes is of increasing importance. This study investigates two particularly salient factors (temperature and ozone pollution) and their impact on birth outcomes in Phoenix, Arizona. With its unique mountainous terrain, semi-arid climate, and high temperatures, Phoenix creates conditions that expose residents to elevated levels of pollutants and extreme heat. This paper uses a retrospective cohort study of pregnant mothers who delivered during October 2018–December 2020 at St. Joseph’s Hospital and monthly temperature data during the last trimester of each patient’s pregnancy. These data were gathered from the National Weather Service and Ozone Air Quality Index data from the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Our analyses revealed that the highest levels of ozone and elevated temperature exposure were both independently associated with lower birth weights. Furthermore, we found that ozone mediated the effect of temperature on birth weight outcomes (controlling for participants’ sociodemographics), demonstrating that the relationship between temperature and birth weight was explained through increases in ozone pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 4833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subjective and Objective Measurement of Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupant Comfort in a Multinational Graduate Student Office

by Onkangi Ruth, Kazuki Kuga and Kazuhide Ito

Environments 2025, 12(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040117 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

In an air-conditioned multinational graduate students’ office in Japan during the winter season, we examined indoor environmental conditions, occupants’ perceptions, and their acceptance levels over five consecutive days. Indoor air quality (IAQ) acceptance peaked on the third day, coinciding with the most favourable [...] Read more.

In an air-conditioned multinational graduate students’ office in Japan during the winter season, we examined indoor environmental conditions, occupants’ perceptions, and their acceptance levels over five consecutive days. Indoor air quality (IAQ) acceptance peaked on the third day, coinciding with the most favourable thermal sensation vote, which was “neutral” at a geometric mean indoor temperature of 25.1 °C. Aural comfort received the lowest acceptance due to ongoing construction work, but did not significantly impact overall IEQ acceptance, thus suggesting that unacceptable aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) can be offset by acceptable aspects. IAQ and thermal comfort compensated for its effects, offering insights into occupants’ environmental tolerance. IAQ sensation votes and visual comfort votes exhibit a strong relationship with overall comfort, as indicated by their respective R² values. However, variations in overall comfort are primarily explained by IAQ, which has the highest R² value of 0.50, suggesting that IAQ accounts for 50% of the changes in overall occupant comfort. Non-Japanese participants had lower IEQ acceptance and a significantly higher number of complaints than Japanese participants more so in visual comfort where acceptable luminance levels were higher in Japan than other participants’ countries of origin. Thermal comfort was mutually highly accepted by both groups. Nose and eye irritation were significantly experienced by the international participants due to low RH levels but experiencing loss of concentration and lethargy was comparable in both groups (p > 0.05, t-test). We recommend global coherence in indoor environmental quality standards as is the case with drinking water standards for public health protection and seamless transitions in new indoor environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Air Quality Assessment and Management, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation Forest for Environmental Monitoring: A Data-Driven Approach to Land Management

by Maria Silvia Binetti, Vito Felice Uricchio and Carmine Massarelli

Environments 2025, 12(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040116 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

This paper examines land management technologies to enhance environmental monitoring more efficiently. The study highlights the interactions between human activities and environmental systems with a data-driven environmental monitoring approach. There are many human pressures, such as pollution, land degradation, and habitat loss, negatively [...] Read more.

This paper examines land management technologies to enhance environmental monitoring more efficiently. The study highlights the interactions between human activities and environmental systems with a data-driven environmental monitoring approach. There are many human pressures, such as pollution, land degradation, and habitat loss, negatively impacting soil health. The methodology proposed improves soil status assessments in response to evolving environmental pressures by utilizing satellite imagery and predictive modeling. The integration of Sentinel-2 imagery, the calculation of various spectral indices (NDVI, NBR, NDMI, EVI, SAVI) at different time intervals, and the application of the Isolation Forest algorithm are employed in this study to determine the specific area that is affected by the environmental issue. The chosen algorithm was favored due to its superior performance in handling high-dimensionality data, enhanced computational efficiency, provision of interpretable results, and insensitivity to disparities in class distribution. This study analyzes two separate study cases at different scales. The first involves wildfire identification achieving an overall accuracy of 98%. The second focuses on the expansion areas to pre-existing quarries with an overall accuracy of 95%. The NBR proved most effective in delineating burned areas, whereas the EVI generated the most remarkable results in the quarry case study. This approach provides an effective and scalable tool for environmental monitoring, supporting sustainable management policies, and strengthening ecosystem resilience. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Otorhinolaryngological Emergencies in the COVID-19 Era

by Tommaso Saccardo, Elisa Masetto, Elia Biancoli, Anna Rachel Colombo, Antonio Daloiso, Alessandra Deretti, Francesco Benvegnù, Maria Angiola Crivellaro, Marco Marani, Piero Nicolai, Rosario Marchese Ragona, Gino Marioni, Bruno Scarpa and Giancarlo Ottaviano

Environments 2025, 12(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040115 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Air pollution (AP) is a critical environmental factor influencing public health, with well-documented associations with upper respiratory tract (URT) diseases. This study investigates the relationship between ENT emergency department (ENT-ED) visits at Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova (AOPD) and daily concentrations of environmental [...] Read more.

Air pollution (AP) is a critical environmental factor influencing public health, with well-documented associations with upper respiratory tract (URT) diseases. This study investigates the relationship between ENT emergency department (ENT-ED) visits at Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova (AOPD) and daily concentrations of environmental pollutants during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020–March 2021), compared to pre-pandemic data from 2017. The study focuses on patients diagnosed with URT inflammatory diseases, excluding those with COVID-19 infection, who sought care at the AOPD ENT-ED. Environmental data, including meteorological variables, air pollutants, and major aeroallergen levels, were collected from regional monitoring stations. A total of 4594 patients were admitted in 2020/2021, marking a 37% reduction from 2017, with URT inflammatory admissions decreasing by 52%. A significant decline in PM10, NO₂ and Alternaria levels was observed, whereas Betullaceae and Corylaceae concentrations significantly increased. Multivariate analyses revealed strong associations between aeroallergen exposure and ENT admissions, particularly for Alternaria, which had a notable impact on total admissions (p < 0.001) and was significantly linked to cases of otitis media and tonsillitis. PM10 concentrations on specific days preceding ED visits were associated with increased incidences of pharyngitis and rhinosinusitis (p < 0.05). These findings reinforce the connection between environmental pollutants and ENT emergency visits, highlighting the adverse effects of AP and climate variables on URT diseases, even during a pandemic when enhanced airway protection measures were in place. This study underscores the necessity of stringent air quality regulations and interdisciplinary strategies to mitigate environmental health risks and inform future public health policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Australian and New Zealand Laboratory Experience and Proposed Future Direction of Wastewater Pathogen Genomic Surveillance

by Avram Levy, Christina Crachi, Jake Gazeley, Joanne Chapman, Anna Brischetto, David Speers, Joanne Hewitt, Amy V. Jennison and The Wastewater Surveillance Working Group, Communicable Diseases Genomics Network of Australia

Environments 2025, 12(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040114 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Wastewater pathogen surveillance was rapidly implemented across Australia and New Zealand as a public health tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess method consistency and identify opportunities for harmonization, we surveyed all Australian and New Zealand Laboratories conducting government-funded wastewater pathogen surveillance. The [...] Read more.

Wastewater pathogen surveillance was rapidly implemented across Australia and New Zealand as a public health tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess method consistency and identify opportunities for harmonization, we surveyed all Australian and New Zealand Laboratories conducting government-funded wastewater pathogen surveillance. The survey demonstrated alignment of some method choices, particularly municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sampling and the use of electromagnetic membrane filtration followed by RT-qPCR. However, key differences were observed in the wastewater sample volumes; nucleic acid purification methods; validation approaches; and sequencing, analysis, and reporting methods for SARS-CoV-2 lineages. A lack of consensus on best-practice methods was evident, highlighting the need for interlaboratory sample and data exchanges to support validation and comparability. Following the pandemic period, several jurisdictional programs were discontinued despite the mounting international evidence for the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology for a range of pathogens. Subsequently, a nationally funded program was announced in Australia, necessitating the re-establishment of laboratory capacity for some jurisdictions and expansion of target pathogens for other centers. The results of this survey are intended to inform the re-establishment and enhancement of regional capacity and to provide a foundation for best-practice knowledge sharing and approach harmonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

13 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Worker Safety in High-Field NMR Spectroscopy Laboratories: Challenges and Risk Assessment

by Alessandra Flori, Giuseppe Acri, Maria Antonietta D’Avanzo, Massimo Mattozzi and Valentina Hartwig

Environments 2025, 12(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 313

Abstract

Magnetic Resonance (MR) technology is extensively used in academic and industrial research laboratories and represents one of the most significant methodologies in clinical radiology. Although MR does not use ionizing radiation, it cannot be considered risk-free due to the strong static magnetic fields [...] Read more.

Magnetic Resonance (MR) technology is extensively used in academic and industrial research laboratories and represents one of the most significant methodologies in clinical radiology. Although MR does not use ionizing radiation, it cannot be considered risk-free due to the strong static magnetic fields and time-varying electromagnetic fields employed in the technology. To mitigate risks for MR operators, the European Community and ICNIRP have established safety limits based on the existing literature, primarily related to diagnostic MR. However, the literature on occupational exposure in non-clinical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is limited. Due to their specificity, non-medical NMR environments present unique challenges from the point of view of operator exposure. NMR spectrometers are characterized by extremely high static magnetic fields, reaching up to 28 T in commercial systems; moreover, routine activities performed near the magnet, where field gradients are highest, increase operator exposure. Such environments are not typically perceived as hazardous and are frequented by various types of personnel, often without specific training. This study aims to highlight the critical issues in managing a preclinical MR laboratory equipped with a high-field NMR spectrometer, discussing operator safety challenges and presenting risk assessment data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 610 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of the Home Environment in Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Epidemiological Studies

by Sana Amjad, Myah Verghese, Solmaz Bohlouli, Liz Dennett, Sue Chandra, Maria B. Ospina and Anita Kozyrskyj

Environments 2025, 12(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040112 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

Perinatal depression is a leading cause of maternal morbidity worldwide, impacting about one-third of all pregnant individuals. The indoor home environment plays a critical role in the mental health of pregnant individuals, as they spend a substantial amount of their day inside their [...] Read more.

Perinatal depression is a leading cause of maternal morbidity worldwide, impacting about one-third of all pregnant individuals. The indoor home environment plays a critical role in the mental health of pregnant individuals, as they spend a substantial amount of their day inside their homes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify, synthesize, and evaluate the available scientific literature on the association between home environment attributes related to stability, quality, and indoor exposures and perinatal depression. Comprehensive electronic searches were conducted in four major bibliographic databases. Dual independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were completed. Weighted Z-meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the available evidence. The review included 27 observational epidemiological studies published between 2003 and 2024, involving 174,914 pregnant and/or postpartum individuals, which investigated the role of at least one home environment attribute in relation to perinatal depression. We found very strong evidence linking indoor air pollutants, particularly household tobacco smoke, to perinatal depression. We found strong evidence for the impact of housing instability on perinatal depression. In contrast, the evidence for associations involving housing quality and residential noise was weak. Our findings underscore the significance of incorporating home environment-focused initiatives in public health efforts to improve perinatal mental health. Further research is needed to identify common household attributes associated with poor perinatal mental health to inform future public intervention and policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Easy-to-Implement Decision Support Tool for the Prioritization of Management Actions: The Case Study of Procambarus clarkii in Sicily (Italy)

by Francesco Paolo Faraone, Federico Marrone, Francesco Lillo, Elena Tricarico, Marco Arculeo, Vincenzo Arizza, Dario Savoca, Manuela Mauro and Luca Vecchioni

Environments 2025, 12(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040111 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 270

Abstract

The frequent introduction and rapid spread of invasive alien species (IAS) along with the limited resources available for their management highlight the need to adopt simple and effective methods for prioritizing management efforts. Here, we propose a technically simple model for prioritizing management [...] Read more.

The frequent introduction and rapid spread of invasive alien species (IAS) along with the limited resources available for their management highlight the need to adopt simple and effective methods for prioritizing management efforts. Here, we propose a technically simple model for prioritizing management actions, using Sicily (southern Italy) as a case study. Despite its invasion being relatively recent and the species not yet widespread, the highly invasive red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii proved to be able to colonize different habitat types on this Mediterranean island. We adopted a multicriteria analysis method based on geographic information systems (GIS) to identify both the vulnerability of different areas to its invasion, the likelihood of their invasion, and the impact that the occurrence of the red swamp crayfish might have on habitats or species of conservation relevance. The data used in our analysis are routinely available to local administrations and can be easily processed to map the most vulnerable areas for biodiversity protection. The simplicity of the model makes it particularly suitable for local administrative bodies to plan and implement effective invasive species management interventions, optimizing time and costs and allowing the development of concrete nature conservation actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomonitoring and Risk Assessment of Marine Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Beaded, Powdered and Coated Desiccants for Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid Environments

by Mona Rafat, Gokul Chandrasekaran, Shubham Shrivastava, Alireza Farsad, Jirapat Ananpattarachai, Abigail Qiu, Shahnawaz Sinha, Paul Westerhoff and Patrick Phelan

Environments 2025, 12(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040110 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 314

Abstract

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a promising alternative to address immediate water needs. Desiccant-based AWH could compete effectively with other commercially available AWH technologies. One of the primary challenges facing desiccant-based AWH is the energy required to desorb the captured water vapor from [...] Read more.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a promising alternative to address immediate water needs. Desiccant-based AWH could compete effectively with other commercially available AWH technologies. One of the primary challenges facing desiccant-based AWH is the energy required to desorb the captured water vapor from the desiccant. This work presents a multi-faceted approach targeted explicitly at low-humidity and arid regions, aiming to overcome the limitations of the refrigerant-based AWH system. It includes assessing common desiccants (zeolite, activated alumina, and silica gel) and their forms (beads, powdered, or coated on a substrate). A bench-scale test rig was designed to evaluate different types and forms of desiccants for adsorption and desorption cycles and overall adsorption capacity (g/g), kinetic profiles, and rates. Experimental results indicate that beaded desiccants possess the highest adsorption capacity compared to powdered or coated forms. Furthermore, coated desiccants double the water uptake (1.12 vs. 0.56 g water/g desiccant) and improve adsorption/desorption cycling by 52% compared to beaded forms under the same conditions. Additionally, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis show the pore geometry, morphology, and sorption capacity. The goal is to integrate these performance improvements and propose a more effective, energy-efficient desiccant-based AWH system. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Generation and Ecological Impacts of Nano- and Microplastics from Artificial Turf Systems in Sports Facilities

by Akihito Harusato and Masashi Kato

Environments 2025, 12(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040109 - 2 Apr 2025

Viewed by 308

Abstract

The worldwide adoption of artificial turf in sports facilities and urban landscapes, alongside the systematic transition from natural grass and soil-based grounds, has raised growing concerns about its contribution to the significant source of nano- and microplastics in ecosystems. This review examines current [...] Read more.

The worldwide adoption of artificial turf in sports facilities and urban landscapes, alongside the systematic transition from natural grass and soil-based grounds, has raised growing concerns about its contribution to the significant source of nano- and microplastics in ecosystems. This review examines current knowledge on the mechanisms of nano- and microplastic generation from artificial turf systems and their environmental impacts. Combined mechanical stress, ultra-violet radiation, and weathering processes contribute to the breakdown of synthetic grass fibers and infill materials, generating particles ranging from nanometer to millimeter scales. These nano- and microplastics are detected in drainage systems and surrounding soils near sports facilities. Laboratory studies demonstrate that artificial turf-derived nano- and microplastics can adversely affect soil microbial communities, aquatic organisms, and potentially human health, through various exposure pathways. While current mitigation approaches include hybrid turf, particle retention systems, and improved maintenance protocols, emerging research focuses on developing novel, environmentally friendly materials as alternatives to conventional synthetic turf components. However, field data on emission rates and environmental fate remain limited, and standardized methods for particle characterization and quantification are lacking. This review identifies critical knowledge gaps, underscoring the need for comprehensive research on long-term ecological impacts and highlights the future goal of mitigating nano- and microplastic emissions from artificial turf systems into the ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Soil, Sediment, Water Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Per- and/or Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Reclaimed Water in Three Arizona Communities

by Kalealani M. Gurfield, Madeline G. Molzahn, Jack Welchert, Vasiliki Karanikola and Jani C. Ingram

Environments 2025, 12(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040108 - 2 Apr 2025

Viewed by 390

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of manufactured organic chemicals that are widely employed for their heat-, oil-, and water-resistant properties. Studies have shown that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in living organisms and their related health effects are sufficient for classifying [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of manufactured organic chemicals that are widely employed for their heat-, oil-, and water-resistant properties. Studies have shown that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in living organisms and their related health effects are sufficient for classifying them as a group of toxicants worthy of great concern and further study. While PFASs travel through the air and soil, their contamination of water pathways proves to be the most common route for exposure. We analyzed PFASs from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout Arizona to show that, despite treatment efforts, they persist as contaminants in water sources. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1633, seasonally obtained field samples were prepared for analysis through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 24 samples were taken at different stages of the treatment process to assess the proficiency of the removal processes during remediation. Duplicate samples were each taken from Tucson’s WWTP and Flagstaff’s WWTP before and after chlorination, and from three sites in Yuma County, upstream effluent, downstream effluent, and WWTP, before chlorination. From the samples obtained in Yuma, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid were detected but at levels below their limits of quantification. PFBS was detected at the Yuma and Tucson WWTP at levels up to 4.52 ng/L and 73.53 ng/L, respectively. The samples obtained from Flagstaff’s WWTP were below the instrument level of detection and, therefore, characterized as non-detects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Fate, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Organic Pollutants in Water)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 13364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Fly Ash Layer as a Barrier to Prevent Contamination of Rainwater by Contact with Hg-Contaminated Debris

by Rafael Rodríguez, Marc Bascompta, Efrén García-Ordiales and Julia Ayala

Environments 2025, 12(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040107 - 1 Apr 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Highly contaminated waste from an old mercury mine facility was covered with fly ash from a coal-burning power plant that was analyzing the rainwater infiltration in a full-scale test in which the influencing variables were monitored for a year. A sufficiently low hydraulic [...] Read more.

Highly contaminated waste from an old mercury mine facility was covered with fly ash from a coal-burning power plant that was analyzing the rainwater infiltration in a full-scale test in which the influencing variables were monitored for a year. A sufficiently low hydraulic conductivity and sufficiently high porosity of the ash, and the relationship between evapotranspiration and precipitation were the most important factors controlling rainwater infiltration through the fly ash layer to produce contaminated leachate. A fly ash layer with a thickness between 10 and 50 cm, depending on climatic conditions, works as a barrier to partially or totally prevent, depending on the scenario considered, rainwater contamination. Overall, the solution proposed in this study results in economic savings in all the cases considered, because treatments for eliminating PTEs from waste are usually expensive. On the other hand, the effect is permanent over time, as it is based on a physical barrier effect, while the contamination reduction is independent of the initial concentration and the contamination reduction is for any PTE (Hg, Pb, Zn, etc.). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Case Study of Renewable Natural Gas Techno-Economics and Emissions at a Wastewater Treatment Plant

by Cody D. Jenkins, Jiashen Tian and Ryan J. Milcarek

Environments 2025, 12(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040106 - 31 Mar 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

Renewable natural gas derived from biogas presents a viable pathway for decarbonizing natural gas systems. Wastewater treatment plants equipped with anaerobic digesters often flare or utilize biogas for heat and electricity generation, missing the potential of renewable natural gas. This study investigates the [...] Read more.

Renewable natural gas derived from biogas presents a viable pathway for decarbonizing natural gas systems. Wastewater treatment plants equipped with anaerobic digesters often flare or utilize biogas for heat and electricity generation, missing the potential of renewable natural gas. This study investigates the techno-economic feasibility and emission impact of a renewable natural gas system at a small wastewater treatment plant in the Southwestern United States. Due to a lack of existing data on biogas composition and contaminants from plants originating within the United States, samples were tested seasonally for a year, and gas components are reported in this analysis. Using hourly biogas production data, the analysis incorporates costs and renewable fuel credits at 2022 market prices and the cost to remove the biogas contaminants. The results show a 15-year net present value of USD 16.3 million, with a payback period of three years, surpassing the economic performance of combined heat and power systems previously assessed for the same facility. Additionally, renewable natural gas systems achieve a 22% reduction in site emissions compared to combined heat and power systems. These findings highlight renewable natural gas as a profitable and environmentally superior alternative for biogas utilization in small-scale wastewater treatment plants, contingent on access to renewable fuel credits. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propolis: Biological Activity and Its Role as a Natural Indicator of Pollution in Mining Areas

by Mirel Glevitzky, Mihai Teopent Corcheş, Maria Popa, Ioana Glevitzky and Mihaela Laura Vică

Environments 2025, 12(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040105 - 30 Mar 2025

Viewed by 296

Abstract

Pollution in mining areas represents a major environmental issue, significantly impacting ecosystems and human health. This study highlights propolis as an efficient natural bioindicator for detecting and assessing the degree of contamination in these areas. The objective of this study is to determine [...] Read more.

Pollution in mining areas represents a major environmental issue, significantly impacting ecosystems and human health. This study highlights propolis as an efficient natural bioindicator for detecting and assessing the degree of contamination in these areas. The objective of this study is to determine the levels of metals (Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in propolis from mining exploitation areas in Romania, specifically in the counties of Alba, Hunedoara, Maramureș, and Caraș-Severin. Although mining operations are closed, the anthropogenic impact varies due to differences in the surface areas of the zones affected, the areas occupied by waste heaps, local hydrological conditions, and partial ecological rehabilitation efforts. To highlight the impact of contamination, a reference area considered unaffected by anthropogenic activities was used as a benchmark for each county. The values obtained in the investigated area were compared with those from this control zone to determine the differences and the specific impact of pollution. Maximum values were recorded in Roșia Montană for Pb (9.27 mg·kg⁻¹), Cd (0.17 mg·kg⁻¹), and As (0.87 mg·kg⁻¹); in Băile Borșa for Fe (150.23 mg·kg⁻¹) and Zn (2.9 mg·kg⁻¹); in Certeju de Sus for Cu (6 mg·kg⁻¹) and Cr (7.01 mg·kg⁻¹); and in Moldova Nouă for Mn (25.43 mg·kg⁻¹). The maximum content values of phenols (189.49 mg·kg⁻¹ in Alba County) and flavonoids (88.06 mg·kg⁻¹ in Caraș-Severin) were recorded, as well as the minimum IC₅₀ antioxidant activity (0.33 µg·mL⁻¹). Propolis from these areas showed antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans) and five fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Penicillium chrysogenum), although such antimicrobial and antifungal activities were more intense in unpolluted areas. The present study reveals that propolis is a natural indicator of heavy metal pollution in mining areas. These data support the usefulness of propolis due to its high capacity to accumulate and reflect environmental contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Metals in the Environment: Advances in Detection Techniques, Pollution Assessment and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5081 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analyzing Urban Microclimate (UMC) Parameters and Comprehensive Review of UHI and Air Quality Interconnections

by Lirane Kertesse Mandjoupa, Kibria K. Roman, Hossain Azam and Max Denis

Environments 2025, 12(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040104 - 29 Mar 2025

Viewed by 348

Abstract

This review analyzes the relationship between Urban Heat Island (UHI) microclimate parameters and poor air quality in urban environments, focusing on how temperature variations, wind dynamics, and urban morphology influence pollutant concentrations. Experimental studies and numerical simulations emphasize the necessity of pedestrian-level sensing [...] Read more.

This review analyzes the relationship between Urban Heat Island (UHI) microclimate parameters and poor air quality in urban environments, focusing on how temperature variations, wind dynamics, and urban morphology influence pollutant concentrations. Experimental studies and numerical simulations emphasize the necessity of pedestrian-level sensing combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to accurately capture spatial variations in UHI-related parameters. Ozone concentrations have been observed to increase by up to 4 ppbv, while PM_2.5 levels rise by 1–2 µg/m³ in response to UHI effects. Additionally, ANSYS Fluent 2020.R1. simulations demonstrate a 0.93 °C error in temperature predictions and a 1.35 m/s error in wind speed estimations. These findings highlight the critical role of sustainable urban planning strategies in mitigating UHI effects and improving air quality in densely populated areas. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Landfill Proximity and Water Quality Analytes from Private Domestic Wells in Rural Virginia

by Bianca D. Owens, Joseph Boyle, Dana Adkins, Stephen Adkins, Hillary Boucher, James Burch, Maria D. Thomson and Katherine Y. Tossas

Environments 2025, 12(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040103 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 325

Abstract

The Chickahominy T.R.U.T.H. (Trust, Research, Understand, Teach, and Heal) Project investigates water quality concerns, including potential contamination from a nearby landfill, and their corresponding health implications among residents of rural Charles City County, Virginia. This rural, majority-racial-minority county includes citizens of the Chickahominy [...] Read more.

The Chickahominy T.R.U.T.H. (Trust, Research, Understand, Teach, and Heal) Project investigates water quality concerns, including potential contamination from a nearby landfill, and their corresponding health implications among residents of rural Charles City County, Virginia. This rural, majority-racial-minority county includes citizens of the Chickahominy Indian tribe. The T.R.U.T.H. Project utilizes a community-based participatory research approach and environmental justice-focused lens to study water quality and health; the present study represents the first comprehensive analysis of the drinking water quality of homes with domestic groundwater wells. We collected water samples from 121 participants located within a four-mile radius of the landfill, analyzing over 200 potential analytes that may affect water quality. Among the measured analytes, water pH, aluminum, iron, manganese, and hardness as CaCO₃ were most frequently identified as having ratings outside of established EPA limits (“Bad”). Logistic regression models demonstrated that proximity to streams near the landfill was associated with significantly greater odds of worse water quality for several analytes. Specifically, residing within a mile of these streams was associated with greater odds of “Fair” or worse turbidity (OR = 4.31, 95% CI 1.31–19.53) and zinc levels (OR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.23–5.86). Additionally, residing within half a mile of a proximate stream was linked with “Poor” or worse hardness ratings (OR = 10.71, 95% CI 1.64–86.96); residing within a mile of the landfill was associated with “Bad” water pH levels (OR = 10.50, 95% CI 1.16–95.68). Though many tested analytes did not have concerning ratings or were not significantly associated with proximity to the landfill or streams, the above findings suggest that anthropogenic factors, particularly landfill proximity, may influence water quality with regard to specific analytes. Therefore, addressing water quality through enhanced monitoring, contaminant remediation, and community education is crucial for restoring trust in drinking water and improving public health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Ecosystem, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Environments, Volume 12, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 36 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI