Environments

28 pages, 6220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic Resistance Genes to Water Quality Parameters in Urban Reservoirs: A Seasonal Perspective

by Sihan Li, Raphinos Tackmore Murava, Qiyue Zhang, Tong Zhou, Armstrong Ighodalo Omoregie, Adharsh Rajasekar and Tariq Ouahbi

Environments 2025, 12(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030096 - 18 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 604

Abstract

The interaction between antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in freshwater ecosystems has become a critical environmental concern. This study investigates seasonal variations of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics and their relationship with ARGs in three urban reservoirs in Nanjing, China: Pingshan Forest Park, [...] Read more.

The interaction between antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in freshwater ecosystems has become a critical environmental concern. This study investigates seasonal variations of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics and their relationship with ARGs in three urban reservoirs in Nanjing, China: Pingshan Forest Park, Shanhu Lake Wetland Park, and Zhaoqiao Reservoir. Sampling was conducted in May and September 2023 to assess water quality, antibiotic concentrations, and ARG abundance. A total of 30 water samples were analyzed in regard to their physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and antibiotics. A quantitative PCR assay was used to measure the ARG abundance relative to the 16S rRNA gene. Sulfonamide concentrations ranged from 30 to 120 ng/L, while the concentrations of tetracyclines were 50–160 ng/L. Notably, sulfamethazine decreased significantly in two reservoirs (Shanhu and Zhaoqiao, p < 0.05), while other antibiotics showed minimal variation, indicating persistent contamination from agricultural runoff and wastewater discharge. ARG abundance was lower in May than in September, with sulfonamide resistance genes being lower cumulatively than tetracycline resistance genes. Strong correlations (r > 0.7) were observed between ARGs and parameters like dissolved oxygen and pH. High antibiotic levels were observed in areas without nearby hospitals or pharmaceutical companies, implicating agriculture as a major pollution source. By analyzing sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics and their resistance genes across three eutrophic reservoirs in Nanjing, China, we highlight critical environmental drivers of ARG proliferation and propose targeted mitigation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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14 pages, 4837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sandwich Composite Panels with Thermal and Acoustic Insulation Properties for Sustainable Buildings

by Maria D. Rivera, Nelson J. Escobar, Alvaro Arrieta, Aura S. Merlano and Oriana Palma Calabokis

Environments 2025, 12(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030095 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

Urbanization and population growth have heightened the need for sustainable, efficient building materials that combine acoustic and thermal insulation with environmental and economic sustainability. Sandwich composite panels have gained attention as versatile solutions, offering lightweight structures, high strength, and adaptability in construction applications. [...] Read more.

Urbanization and population growth have heightened the need for sustainable, efficient building materials that combine acoustic and thermal insulation with environmental and economic sustainability. Sandwich composite panels have gained attention as versatile solutions, offering lightweight structures, high strength, and adaptability in construction applications. This study evaluates manual, semi-automatic, and automatic production methods, selecting the automatic process for its efficiency, precision, and suitability for large-scale production. Extensive characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and flammability tests, were employed to evaluate the morphological, thermal, acoustic, and fire-resistant properties of the panels. The P200 sample, produced automatically, demonstrated high acoustic absorption in the mid–high frequencies (2000–4000 Hz), strong interlayer adhesion, and low thermal conductivity (2.75 W/mK), making it effective for insulation applications. The flammability tests confirmed compliance with EPA 1030 standards, with a low flame propagation rate (1.55 mm/s). The TGA-DTG and DSC analyses revealed the thermal stability of the panel’s components, with distinct degradation stages being observed for the polyurethane core and non-woven textile layers. The FE-SEM analysis revealed a compact and homogeneous structure with strong adhesion between the core and textile layers. These results highlight the potential of sandwich composites as eco-friendly, high-performance materials for modern construction. Full article

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19 pages, 4395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Web-Based Baseflow Estimation in SWAT Considering Spatiotemporal Recession Characteristics Using Machine Learning

by Jimin Lee, Jeongho Han, Bernard Engel and Kyoung Jae Lim

Environments 2025, 12(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030094 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 362

Abstract

The increasing frequency and severity of hydrological extremes due to climate change necessitate accurate baseflow estimation and effective watershed management for sustainable water resource use. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is widely utilized for hydrological modeling but shows limitations in baseflow [...] Read more.

The increasing frequency and severity of hydrological extremes due to climate change necessitate accurate baseflow estimation and effective watershed management for sustainable water resource use. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is widely utilized for hydrological modeling but shows limitations in baseflow simulation due to its uniform application of the alpha factor across Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), neglecting spatial and temporal variability. To address these challenges, this study integrated SWAT with the Tree-Based Pipeline Optimization Tool (TPOT), an automated machine learning (AutoML) framework, to predict HRU-specific alpha factors. Furthermore, a user-friendly web-based program was developed to improve the accessibility and practical application of these optimized alpha factors, supporting more accurate baseflow predictions, even in ungauged watersheds. The proposed HRU-specific alpha factor approach in the study area significantly enhanced the recession and baseflow predictions compared to the traditional uniform alpha factor method. This improvement was supported by key performance metrics, including the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), the coefficient of determination (R²), the percent bias (PBIAS), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). This integrated framework effectively improves the accuracy and practicality of hydrological modeling, offering scalable and innovative solutions for sustainable watershed management in the face of increasing water stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Modeling and Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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18 pages, 1162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Screening Life Cycle Assessments of Okara Valorisation Scenarios

by Karina Rohrer, Fabian Whitfield, Aunchalee Aussanasuwannakul, Andriati Ningrum, Christoph Hugi and Lena Breitenmoser

Environments 2025, 12(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030093 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

The rising global production of tofu and soymilk has led to an increase in okara byproduct generation, creating a need for sustainable valorisation strategies to reduce environmental burdens. This study aims to understand the environmental impacts of seven okara valorisation scenarios compared to [...] Read more.

The rising global production of tofu and soymilk has led to an increase in okara byproduct generation, creating a need for sustainable valorisation strategies to reduce environmental burdens. This study aims to understand the environmental impacts of seven okara valorisation scenarios compared to conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling and incineration, by conducting screening Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs). The results show that uncontrolled landfilling causes the highest environmental burden (37.2 EF-µPt/kg_okara), driven by methane and ammonia emissions that contribute to climate change, acidification, eutrophication, and particulate matter formation. Controlled landfilling (10.2 EF-µPt/kg_okara) and incineration (2.5 EF-µPt/kg_okara) lower these impacts but offer no circularity benefits. Biological treatments, such as anaerobic digestion (19.6 EF-µPt/kg_okara), composting (25.4 EF-µPt/kg_okara), and black soldier fly treatment (21.6 EF-µPt/kg_okara), provide climate benefits through energy recovery and feed production but introduce ammonia and organic dust emissions. In contrast, supercritical fluid extraction (−32.3 EF-µPt/kg_okara) and conventional protein hydrolysate production (−23.4 EF-µPt/kg_okara) deliver the greatest environmental savings by displacing soy protein and food-grade oil production. Animal feed use (−5.5 EF-µPt/kg_okara) emerges as a low-impact circular option, reducing climate change, land use, and eutrophication. The results show that regional weighting of emissions (e.g., ammonia, leachate) and uncertainties in substitution effects significantly influence outcomes. This study highlights the value of screening LCAs in identifying key environmental trade-offs in valorisation strategies and supports context-specific decision-making for circular processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Management and Life Cycle Assessment)

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25 pages, 3676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fishponds Are Hotspots of Algal Biodiversity—Organic Carp Farming Reveals Unexpected High Taxa Richness

by Michael Schagerl, Chun-Chieh Yen, Christian Bauer, Luka Gaspar and Johann Waringer

Environments 2025, 12(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030092 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 515

Abstract

Fishponds are regarded as hypertrophic systems accompanied by low biodiversity. We focused on the phytoplankton diversity of 15 fishponds located in Austria. Of the 15 fishponds, 12 waterbodies are aquaculture ponds stocked with common carp, which converted to organic farming some years ago [...] Read more.

Fishponds are regarded as hypertrophic systems accompanied by low biodiversity. We focused on the phytoplankton diversity of 15 fishponds located in Austria. Of the 15 fishponds, 12 waterbodies are aquaculture ponds stocked with common carp, which converted to organic farming some years ago with grain as supplementary feed, and 3 ponds are used for recreational fishing. The trophic state index increased from 59 to 71 in spring to 80 to 93 in autumn and classified the ponds as mid-eutrophic to hypertrophic. The taxa number was surprisingly high (taxa richness up to 100 taxa per pond). The phytoplankton resource use efficiency was in the upper range of eutrophicated waters and did not show seasonal differences (median Chlorophyll-a/total phosphorus = 1.94, Chlorophyll-a/total nitrogen = 0.12). Linking environmental data with the algal community resulted in a distinct temporal community pattern with a significant seasonal shift from the cooler season dominated by Ochrophyta taxa to green algae as the most abundant group in summer and autumn. Our findings challenge general assumptions regarding low phytoplankton diversity with long-lasting Cyanobacteria blooms and conform to the algal dynamics described in the plankton ecology group (PEG) model for temperate shallow lakes. These man-made systems are an ecological asset, highly connected to terrestrial habitats in their vicinity and significantly contributing to the ecological health and long-term sustainability of the region. Full article

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18 pages, 4678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Evaluation of Water Quality with the BMWP Index in a Section of the Tlapaneco River Affected by Two Rural Communities in the Guerrero Mountains, Mexico

by Aide Pantiga-Tapia, José Luis Rosas-Acevedo, María Guzmán-Martínez, José Alberto Solís-Navarrete, Ramón Bedolla-Solano and Karla Rosalba Anzaldúa-Soulé

Environments 2025, 12(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030091 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Anthropic activities such as agriculture, livestock, and wastewater discharges affect water quality in the Tlapaneco River in the mountain region of the state of Guerrero, México, which is a tributary of the Balsas. The river flows from the mountain region and discharges into [...] Read more.

Anthropic activities such as agriculture, livestock, and wastewater discharges affect water quality in the Tlapaneco River in the mountain region of the state of Guerrero, México, which is a tributary of the Balsas. The river flows from the mountain region and discharges into the Pacific Ocean; the water resource in the localities mentioned is used for agriculture, recreation, and domestic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate water quality in the stretch of influence of two localities, Patlicha and Copanatoyac. The instrument used was the Biological Monitoring Working Party biotic index (BMWP) and physicochemical parameters. Nine sampling sites were selected according to the perception of the local community with respect to disturbance; the study area was divided into three parts: high, medium, and low. Twenty-seven collections of macroinvertebrates and water were analyzed, in dry and rainy seasons, through the presence–absence of these organisms and physicochemical analysis, to evaluate water quality. The results showed that the conditions of the riverbed associated with daily activities and domestic discharges are important factors in the composition of the families. Water quality was very poor to regular, according to the macroinvertebrate assemblages collected. The BMWP index was of acceptable quality when the orders (Family) Ephemeroptera (Leptohyphidae; Leptophlebiidae; Baetidae; Ephemerellidae), Diptera (Chironomidae; Simulidae), Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae), Hemiptera (Veliidae; Corixidae), Coleoptera (Hydrophylidae), and Odonata (Lestidae) were present; in sites with poor quality, the families Chironomidae, Leptophlebiidae, Veliidae, Corixidae, Hydropsychidae, Leptohyphidae, Hydrophilidae, Baetidae, and Simuliidae were found, while in very poor quality water, only family Corixidae was present. Full article

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25 pages, 4778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Nature-Based Solutions into Circular Economy Practices: A Case Study on Achieving Net-Zero Emissions at the Asian Institute of Technology

by Raksmey Phal, Nophea Sasaki, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Issei Abe and Ekbordin Winijkul

Environments 2025, 12(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030090 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 747

Abstract

As global efforts to achieve net-zero emissions intensify, the role of nature-based solutions (NbSs) in mitigating climate change through circular economy practices is increasingly recognized. This study evaluates the potential of various NbS strategies at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) campus to [...] Read more.

As global efforts to achieve net-zero emissions intensify, the role of nature-based solutions (NbSs) in mitigating climate change through circular economy practices is increasingly recognized. This study evaluates the potential of various NbS strategies at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) campus to contribute to ambitious net-zero targets by 2030. Our research systematically analyzes baseline carbon emissions, stocks, and removals associated with the following three NbS strategies: improved forest management (IFM), afforestation on available land, and biochar application for soil carbon sequestration. The campus’s baseline emissions were calculated at 8367 MgCO₂e, with electricity consumption contributing 61% of total emissions. Our findings indicate that improved forest management can sequester 2476 MgCO₂ annually, while afforestation strategies utilizing fast-growing species, bamboo species, and slow-growing species have the potential to remove 7586 MgCO₂, 4711 MgCO₂, and 2131 MgCO₂ per year, respectively. In addition, biochar application across 70 hectares could result in cumulative carbon sequestration of 603 MgCO₂ per hectare by 2050. While net-zero emissions may not be achieved by 2030 under retrospective and stable baselines, projections suggest it will be realized shortly thereafter, with Scenario 1—combining IFM, fast-growing species, and biochar—achieving net-zero by 2033.5. These findings highlight the critical role of tailored NbSs in enabling small institutions like the AIT to effectively contribute to global net-zero targets, provided that these strategies are implemented and scaled appropriately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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18 pages, 4491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Assessment of Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI) and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Models for Annual Water Yield Estimation: A Case Study in the Croatan National Forest

by Mahdis Fallahi, Stacy A. C. Nelson, Solomon Beyene, Peter V. Caldwell and Joseph P. Roise

Environments 2025, 12(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030089 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

This study conducts a comparison of two ecosystem service models: the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI) and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). It focuses on each model’s capability to estimate annual water yield within the Croatan National Forest (CNF). [...] Read more.

This study conducts a comparison of two ecosystem service models: the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI) and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). It focuses on each model’s capability to estimate annual water yield within the Croatan National Forest (CNF). The Croatan Forest, characterized as a coastal ecosystem with high biodiversity and unique water resource management challenges, provides an opportune setting to examine and compare the accuracy and efficiency of these models in predicting water yield. Utilizing field data and remote sensing, we investigated the capabilities of both models to estimate water yield. The results indicate that both models can serve as useful tools for water resource management in coastal ecosystems, yet there are differences in their accuracy and sensitivity to environmental factors. This study is the first to compare the two ecosystem models, the WaSSI and InVEST, within a coastal forest setting for the calculation of water yield. Full article

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21 pages, 1829 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hidden Contaminants: The Presence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Remote Regions

by Kuok Ho Daniel Tang

Environments 2025, 12(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030088 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 615

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly detected in remote environments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the types and concentrations of PFAS found in the air, water, soil, sediments, ice, and precipitation across different remote environments globally. Most of [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly detected in remote environments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the types and concentrations of PFAS found in the air, water, soil, sediments, ice, and precipitation across different remote environments globally. Most of the recent studies on PFAS remote occurrence have been conducted for the Arctic, the Antarctica, and the remote regions of China. Elevated perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Meretta and Resolute Lakes reflects the impact of local sources like airports, while PFAS in lakes located in remote regions such as East Antarctica and the Canadian High Arctic suggest atmospheric deposition as a primary PFAS input. Long-chain PFAS (≥C7) accumulate in sediments, while short-chain PFAS remain in water, as shown in Hulun Lake. Oceanic PFAS are concentrated in surface waters, driven by atmospheric deposition, with PFOA and PFOS dominating across oceans due to current emissions and legacy contamination. Coastal areas display higher PFAS levels from local sources. Arctic sediment analysis highlights atmospheric deposition and ocean transport as significant PFAS contributors. PFAS in Antarctic coastal areas suggest local biological input, notably from penguins. The Tibetan Plateau and Arctic atmospheric data confirm long-range transport, with linear PFAS favoring gaseous states, while branched PFAS are more likely to associate with particulates. Climatic factors like the Indian monsoon and temperature fluctuations affect PFAS deposition. Short-chain PFAS are prevalent in snowpacks, serving as temporary reservoirs. Mountainous regions, such as the Tibetan Plateau, act as cold traps, accumulating PFAS from atmospheric precursors. Future studies should focus on identifying and quantifying primary sources of PFAS. Full article

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28 pages, 1911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Heat Is on: How Well Are Densely Populated Korean Cities Adapting to Increased Temperatures and Urban Heat Island Effect?

by Suhyun An and Aysin Dedekorkut-Howes

Environments 2025, 12(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030087 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 930

Abstract

Rising temperatures due to climate change are exacerbating the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). UHI has serious impacts on ecosystems and human health, causes the deterioration of infrastructure and economic loss, decreases air quality, and increases energy consumption. The problem is heightened in [...] Read more.

Rising temperatures due to climate change are exacerbating the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). UHI has serious impacts on ecosystems and human health, causes the deterioration of infrastructure and economic loss, decreases air quality, and increases energy consumption. The problem is heightened in densely populated cities. Temperatures are projected to rise more steeply in Korea than global temperatures. This paper focuses on evaluating UHI adaptation strategies of densely populated Korean cities Seoul, Busan, and Daegu through a policy review. The comparative analysis shows that, in terms of heatwave and UHI policies, Daegu is ahead as the only city with a dedicated heatwave plan. As the hottest city in Korea, it is not surprising that it is leading in heatwave policy and research. The study finds that blue–green infrastructures were the most common strategies for heatwave mitigation in these cities, but transformative adaptation is still largely absent. Despite the severity of the UHI phenomenon, particularly in densely populated Asian cities, the response so far has been limited. While there is evidence of genuine efforts towards UHI mitigation and increasing the quality and quantity of green infrastructure, many policies are too general and do not include specific details or measurable targets. Investment in expensive projects has fallen well short of the need and scale of the problem. The findings show that Korea is in the early stages of policy development for adaptation to the effects of heatwaves and UHI, and much more action is needed in the future. Full article

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22 pages, 2605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Solutions to Marine Plastic Pollution

by Diego Vergara, Javier de la Hoz-M, Edwan Anderson Ariza-Echeverri, Pablo Fernández-Arias and Álvaro Antón-Sancho

Environments 2025, 12(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030086 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

The pollution of the oceans by plastic waste is one of the major environmental problems of our time. It is estimated that there are millions of tons of polymers floating on the surface of the oceans, concentrated in several large plastic accumulations so-called [...] Read more.

The pollution of the oceans by plastic waste is one of the major environmental problems of our time. It is estimated that there are millions of tons of polymers floating on the surface of the oceans, concentrated in several large plastic accumulations so-called plastic islands. The main consequence of marine plastic pollution is the negative impact on marine ecosystems and wildlife. The microplastics can be ingested by marine organisms and transferred through the food chain, potentially having harmful effects on human health. Humanity needs to take immediate action to reduce the high number of plastics that end up in the oceans, otherwise the harmful consequences for our oceans and for humanity will be irreversible. In view of this scenario, the present bibliometric review reflects a growing global commitment to sustainability. Major areas of research, including data-driven models for plastic waste management, technological innovations in the circular economy and the impact of microplastics on ecosystems and human health, exemplify the diverse strategies being employed to promote sustainability. Integrating advanced technologies with sustainable practices is crucial to reduce the environmental footprint of plastic waste and mitigate its adverse effects on both marine ecosystems and human health. Full article

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19 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Ecological Outcomes Be Used to Assess Soil Health?

by Isabella C. F. Maciel, Guilhermo F. S. Congio, Eloa M. Araujo, Morgan MathisonSlee, Matt R. Raven and Jason E. Rowntree

Environments 2025, 12(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030085 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

Soil health is typically evaluated using physical, chemical, and biological parameters. However, identifying cost-effective and interpretable metrics remains a challenge. The effectiveness of ecological outcome verification (EOV) in predicting soil health in grazing lands was assessed at 22 ranches. Sixty-four soil samples were [...] Read more.

Soil health is typically evaluated using physical, chemical, and biological parameters. However, identifying cost-effective and interpretable metrics remains a challenge. The effectiveness of ecological outcome verification (EOV) in predicting soil health in grazing lands was assessed at 22 ranches. Sixty-four soil samples were analyzed using the Haney soil health test (HSHT) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA). Of 104 variables, 13 were retained following principal component analysis (PCA), including variables associated with plant community, carbon dynamics, and microbial community structure. Soils with enriched microbial and organic matter (SOM) characteristics supported a healthier ecological status, as corroborated by greater EOV scores. Water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) was positively correlated to plant functional groups, whereas SOM was positively correlated with plant biodiversity and functional groups. Total bacteria were positively correlated with all EOV parameters. Microbial biomass (MB) was positively correlated with both water and energy cycle indexes, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was positively correlated with the water cycle. From the multiple regression analyses, water infiltration emerged as a key predictor of soil respiration and WEOC. Overall, the ecological outcomes measured by EOV have the potential to serve as a proxy for soil health, providing a practical tool for producers to make informed land management decisions. Full article

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14 pages, 7319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Efficacy of Thiolating Agents for Biochar Surface Modification

by Oluyinka Aduloju, Arnav Pandey, Frieda Eivazi, Sougata Bardhan and Zahra Afrasiabi

Environments 2025, 12(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030084 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 391

Abstract

As a cost-effective sorbent, modified biochar has received increasing attention for the removal of heavy metal contaminants. Among several chemical modification methods, introducing thiol functional groups onto the surface of biochar has been identified as an effective enhancement approach for the heavy metal [...] Read more.

As a cost-effective sorbent, modified biochar has received increasing attention for the removal of heavy metal contaminants. Among several chemical modification methods, introducing thiol functional groups onto the surface of biochar has been identified as an effective enhancement approach for the heavy metal sorption and removal capacity of this porous adsorbent material. In general, chemical impregnation is a widely used method to graft thiol groups onto the surface of carbon-based materials. However, limited comparative data are available on the efficacy of the present biochar thiolation methods. In this study, the biochar of nine different organic sources was modified by two frequently used agents with distinct thiolation mechanisms: 3-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-MPTS) and β-mercaptoethanol. In addition to chemical impregnation, the ball milling method, a simple and environmentally friendly alternative thiolation method, was also evaluated. A comprehensive structural characterization of the biochar samples was completed before and after thiolation. A higher concentration of sulfur on the surface of the biochar was achieved through thiolation with β-mercaptoethanol, in which the thiolation mechanism is performed through an esterification reaction with the carboxylic acid functional groups of the activated biochar. Chemical impregnation was found to be a more effective thiolating method than ball milling using the same thiolating agent. Full article

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20 pages, 3987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater/Surface Water Temperature Variations and Hydrogeological Implications in Doñana National Park

by José Luis Yanes, Alejandro Jiménez-Bonilla, Marina Martínez-Caro, Ana Fernández-Ayuso and Miguel Rodríguez-Rodríguez

Environments 2025, 12(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030083 - 9 Mar 2025

Viewed by 509

Abstract

This study analyzes the evolution of surface water and groundwater temperatures at various depths in the sand-dune ponds of Doñana National Park (southern Spain) over eight hydrometeorological years (2016–2024). This research aims to characterize the water temperature regime, identify water temperature trends, and [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the evolution of surface water and groundwater temperatures at various depths in the sand-dune ponds of Doñana National Park (southern Spain) over eight hydrometeorological years (2016–2024). This research aims to characterize the water temperature regime, identify water temperature trends, and analyze patterns in groundwater flow dynamics. The results indicate that, in a recent dry–warm period (2020–2023), coinciding with a notable decrease in precipitation and an increase in the average air temperature in the area, there was an increase in the annual mean temperature of pond water and in shallow piezometers (~15 m depth). However, in deep piezometers, a decrease in water temperature was recorded during the dry–warm period, along with a reduction in temperature variability. A phase shift has also been observed between groundwater temperature extremes and air temperature variations, with the magnitude of this shift depending on sensor depth. These findings enable the analysis of the sensitivity of these wetlands to global environmental change and contribute to the characterization of recharge and discharge flows in the aquifer, both at local and regional scales, allowing for the evaluation of flow variability in hydrological years with below-average precipitation and above-average air temperature and shallow groundwater temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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21 pages, 1762 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainability-Oriented Innovation in the Textile Manufacturing Industry: Pre-Consumer Waste Recovery and Circular Patterns

by Maria Angela Butturi, Alessandro Neri, Francesco Mercalli and Rita Gamberini

Environments 2025, 12(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030082 - 5 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

The textile manufacturing industry is energy- and water-intensive, and has a great impact on the environment. Sustainability-oriented innovation can support the transition of the textile sector towards a circular economy. This review investigates how the textile manufacturing chain can benefit from sustainability-driven innovation [...] Read more.

The textile manufacturing industry is energy- and water-intensive, and has a great impact on the environment. Sustainability-oriented innovation can support the transition of the textile sector towards a circular economy. This review investigates how the textile manufacturing chain can benefit from sustainability-driven innovation strategies to achieve the main circular economy goals. The review was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science scientific databases, and it addresses material, process, and organizational innovations and covers the 2015–2024 time window. Five main areas of innovation emerged from the retrieved papers, including digitalization, the need for innovative product and process design and sustainable raw materials, the use of textile waste as new raw material outside the textile value chain, waste recovery within the value chain and environmental remediation, and organizational innovation. The innovative solutions analyzed improve the sustainability of the textile manufacturing industry and enable the achievement of circular economy goals. Finally, we discuss some concerns about the introduction of the suggested innovations, including the need to apply design principles for recyclability and durability while studying the feasibility of adopting novel materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Waste Treatment, Pollution Control and Resource Recovery)

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13 pages, 3816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Microplastics as Vectors of Non-Polar Organic Pollutants in Drinking Water

by Sebastiano La Maestra, Mirko Benvenuti, Laura Gaggero, Gianluca Damonte, Annalisa Salis, Stefano Alberti, Linda Ferrea and Francesco D’Agostini

Environments 2025, 12(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030081 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 668

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) in drinking water (DW) raise concerns about their potential impacts on health. Several substances, such as plasticizers and stabilizers, can be leached from plastic polymers following abiotic and biotic denaturation processes. Furthermore, the purification treatment of DW, such as the chlorination [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) in drinking water (DW) raise concerns about their potential impacts on health. Several substances, such as plasticizers and stabilizers, can be leached from plastic polymers following abiotic and biotic denaturation processes. Furthermore, the purification treatment of DW, such as the chlorination process, significantly increases the release of chemical components that are part of the polymer composition. Recently, several studies reported that MPs can adsorb environmental xenobiotics, such as organic molecules and heavy metals, thanks to their surface characteristics acquired in the environment in which they are dispersed. This study aims to evaluate the ability of MPs of different sizes (5 µm and 1 µm) oxidized by UVB exposure to adsorb water-dispersed organic pollutants such as benzo-a-pyrene (BaP). We used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Ζ-potential measurements to characterize MPs particles after UVB exposure and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the adsorptive capacity of oxidized MPs. The analytical results obtained from the present study demonstrate that oxidized MPs have a significant capacity to adsorb BaP dispersed in the aqueous environment and to act as a vehicle for apolar organic substances by concentrating them. This study raises an alert on the dual potential risk determined by the consumption of DW in which MPs can concentrate and convey environmental xenobiotics, in addition to deciding adverse effects related to their chemical-physical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Contaminated Water and Soil)

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10 pages, 3750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Observations on the Use of Microplastics by Aquatic Larvae of the Moth Cataclysta lemnata (Linnaeus, 1758)

by Luca Gallitelli, Simona Ceschin, Flaminia Mariani, Loris Pietrelli and Massimiliano Scalici

Environments 2025, 12(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030080 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 469

Abstract

The interaction between freshwater biota and microplastics (MPs) has recently been described, mostly focusing on indoor experiments using fish, crustaceans, and chironomids. Among aquatic invertebrates, although having an important ecological role, aquatic butterfly larvae have not yet been investigated concerning plastics. We examined [...] Read more.

The interaction between freshwater biota and microplastics (MPs) has recently been described, mostly focusing on indoor experiments using fish, crustaceans, and chironomids. Among aquatic invertebrates, although having an important ecological role, aquatic butterfly larvae have not yet been investigated concerning plastics. We examined the interaction between aquatic larvae of the moth Cataclysta lemnata (Linnaeus, 1758) and MPs. We verified if (i) larvae could use MPs to build their protective cases, (ii) they could chew PVC, and (iii) there were effects on the pupae emergence to adult moths after larvae exposure to PVC. By performing two indoor experiments, (i) we exposed larvae to different MPs polymers, aquatic plant Lemna minuta, and a mix of MPs with L. minuta, and (ii) exposed larvae to a PVC layer. For the first time, we observed that C. lemnata larvae use MPs to build their cases and chewed the PVC layer. About half of the larvae (48.0%) pupated of which 43.7% emerged as adults. Our findings suggest that MPs are used by C. lemnata larvae, potentially affecting their life cycle. Future studies should explore whether MPs are transported by adult moths, linking aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastics Pollution in Aquatic Environments, 2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 5701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Aquifer Flow Capacity and Fossil Hydraulic Gradients Through Numerical Modeling: Implications for Climate Change and Waste Disposal in Arid Basins

by Barry Hibbs

Environments 2025, 12(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030079 - 2 Mar 2025

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Abstract

A two-dimensional longitudinal profile model was used to evaluate groundwater flow along a 48 km flowline in the Southeastern Hueco Aquifer, extending from the Diablo Plateau in Texas to the Sierra de San Ignacio in Chihuahua, Mexico. The model, incorporating geologically distributed permeability [...] Read more.

A two-dimensional longitudinal profile model was used to evaluate groundwater flow along a 48 km flowline in the Southeastern Hueco Aquifer, extending from the Diablo Plateau in Texas to the Sierra de San Ignacio in Chihuahua, Mexico. The model, incorporating geologically distributed permeability values, closely matched the predevelopment potentiometric surface. Predicted recharge rates and travel times aligned with published estimates and environmental isotopes, suggesting potential transboundary groundwater movement. The model estimated recharge rates needed to reach flow capacity, or the maximum volume a system can transmit, typically saturating the water table. Current moisture levels are insufficient, but flow capacity may have been reached during late Pleistocene pluvial periods. Required recharge rates were 297% higher than initial calibration in the U.S. and 1080% higher in Mexico, with only U.S. estimates appearing plausible for the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. These findings are relevant to regional waste disposal considerations because water tables near land surface present a risk to groundwater resources. A transient simulation modeled hydraulic head decay due to recharge abatement linked to climate change over 14,000 years. It simulated a decrease from a “flow capacity” recharge rate of 10.4 mm/year to 3.5 mm/year today. The modeling simulations ended with the hydraulic head remaining only 20 m above current levels, suggesting a minimal-to-negligible fossil hydraulic gradient in the low-permeability flow system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Modeling and Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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23 pages, 5312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Climate on Thermal Loads in Living Walls

by Rosmina A. Bustami, Simon Beecham, James Hopeward, Martin Belusko and Ahmad A. M. Khairulzaim

Environments 2025, 12(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030078 - 2 Mar 2025

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Abstract

This study analysed the impact of living walls on energy-efficient residential buildings in major Australian cities with varying climates. The aim was to identify and quantify the shading and evapotranspiration benefits of living walls using calibrated thermal simulation software. Empirical correlations were applied [...] Read more.

This study analysed the impact of living walls on energy-efficient residential buildings in major Australian cities with varying climates. The aim was to identify and quantify the shading and evapotranspiration benefits of living walls using calibrated thermal simulation software. Empirical correlations were applied to replicate the evapotranspiration effect in the simulation. Building dynamic thermal modelling was undertaken with the widely-used AccuRate Sustainability energy rating software. Two house designs were used in the simulation, applying various scenarios to assess the benefits of living walls in various Australian cities. The results showed that living walls provided the most cooling in warm and dry climates such as Perth and Adelaide, with minimal benefits in tropical regions such as Darwin. In temperate climates, living walls had little impact on heating, but in colder climates, they increased heating demand. Homes with insulated walls are common in modern residential construction. For such homes, the evapotranspiration effect rather than the shading or insulation characteristics of the living wall became the primary mechanism for reducing cooling loads, particularly in drier climates. When applying a single living wall for idealized models a potential cooling savings in cooling energy of 10–16% was determined, whereas for typical home designs this saving reduced to below 1%. It was found that the benefits of living walls are comparable to or lower than simpler, more cost-effective passive strategies such as adjusting building orientation or using light-coloured walls. Full article

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12 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pollution Has No Borders: Microplastics in Antarctica

by Daniela Pellegrino, Daniele La Russa and Laura Barberio

Environments 2025, 12(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030077 - 2 Mar 2025

Viewed by 890

Abstract

In recent years, microplastic pollution has become one of the major global concerns and represents a complex, multidimensional, and multisectoral reality. The considerable existing data relating to microplastic pollution in matrices such as water and soil suggests that microplastics are widespread globally, but [...] Read more.

In recent years, microplastic pollution has become one of the major global concerns and represents a complex, multidimensional, and multisectoral reality. The considerable existing data relating to microplastic pollution in matrices such as water and soil suggests that microplastics are widespread globally, but there are several knowledge gaps regarding their actual distribution mostly in remote locations far from sources. In this review we examine current knowledge on microplastic pollution in the Antarctic continent. Antarctica, the unique continent not permanently anthropized, is the southernmost part of the planet but its geographic isolation does not protect against the harmful impact of human activities. This continent is characterized by limited internal pollution sources but high-burden external routes of contaminants and represents a unique natural laboratory to analyze how pollution can reach every part of the biosphere. This review reports the presence of microplastics in organic and inorganic matrices not only at marine level (water, sediments, benthic organisms, krill, and fish) but also in freshwater (lakes, rivers, snow, and glaciers) highlighting that microplastic contamination is endemic in the Antarctic environment. Microplastic pollution is of great environmental concern everywhere, but the characteristics of remote ecosystems suggest that they could be more sensitive to harm from this pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems: Challenges and Perspectives)

18 pages, 3479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mine Water Discharge Chemistry and Potential Risk in a Former Mining Area

by Mirela Miclean, Oana Cadar, Adriana Muntean and Levente Levei

Environments 2025, 12(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030076 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 558

Abstract

The Maramures region, located in North-Western Romania, was a renowned center of mining and smelting in the last century. Nowadays, all the mines have been decommissioned or are under conservation and greening works, but the acidic waters from some closed or abandoned mine [...] Read more.

The Maramures region, located in North-Western Romania, was a renowned center of mining and smelting in the last century. Nowadays, all the mines have been decommissioned or are under conservation and greening works, but the acidic waters from some closed or abandoned mine galleries negatively affect the nearby streams and, in some cases, the entire river system. In this study, 46 elements and 6 anion concentrations were used to assess the pollution in 12 mine water discharge samples collected in two mining areas in Maramures. The results showed high concentrations of sulfate (average 1264 mg/L) and toxic elements, namely Mn (average 25.1 mg/L), Fe (average 23.0 mg/L), and Zn (average 12.5 mg/L). The sum of the REEs concentration ranged from 1.24 µg/L to 2917 µg/L, with an average of 363 µg/L, with La, Ce, and Nd being the most abundant. High correlations were found between REEs and Li, Be, Al, Sc, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Y, SO₄²⁻, and NO₂⁻. According to the pollution index, the discharge of mine water poses different degrees of ecological risk. The health hazard index calculated for 37 elements revealed an extremely high non-cancer risk and, in addition, an increased carcinogenic risk for Cd, As, and Cr. Full article

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20 pages, 6893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Multi-Year Nitrate Concentration Evolution in Alabama Aquatic Systems Using a Machine Learning Model

by Bahareh KarimiDermani, Christopher T. Green, Geoffrey R. Tick, Hossein Gholizadeh, Wei Wei and Yong Zhang

Environments 2025, 12(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030075 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 708

Abstract

Rising nitrate contamination in water systems poses significant risks to public health and ecosystem stability, necessitating advanced modeling to understand nitrate dynamics more accurately. This study applies the long short-term memory (LSTM) modeling to investigate the hydrologic and environmental factors influencing nitrate concentration [...] Read more.

Rising nitrate contamination in water systems poses significant risks to public health and ecosystem stability, necessitating advanced modeling to understand nitrate dynamics more accurately. This study applies the long short-term memory (LSTM) modeling to investigate the hydrologic and environmental factors influencing nitrate concentration dynamics in rivers and aquifers across the state of Alabama in the southeast of the United States. By integrating dynamic data such as streamflow and groundwater levels with static catchment attributes, the machine learning model identifies primary drivers of nitrate fluctuations, offering detailed insights into the complex interactions affecting multi-year nitrate concentrations in natural aquatic systems. In addition, a novel LSTM-based approach utilizes synthetic surface water nitrate data to predict groundwater nitrate levels, helping to address monitoring gaps in aquifers connected to these rivers. This method reveals potential correlations between surface water and groundwater nitrate dynamics, which is particularly meaningful given the lack of water quality observations in many aquifers. Field applications further show that, while the LSTM model effectively captures seasonal trends, limitations in representing extreme nitrate events suggest areas for further refinement. These findings contribute to data-driven water quality management, enhancing understanding of nitrate behavior in interconnected water systems. Full article

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27 pages, 2139 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanobiopesticides: Sustainability Aspects and Safety Concerns

by Giuliana Vinci, Marco Savastano, Donatella Restuccia and Marco Ruggeri

Environments 2025, 12(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030074 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

The use of chemical pesticides has significantly improved crop yields and global food security but poses risks to environment and human health. To address this, nanobiopesticides, combining nanomaterials and biopesticide, have emerged as a potential alternative. Therefore, this article evaluates their sustainability and [...] Read more.

The use of chemical pesticides has significantly improved crop yields and global food security but poses risks to environment and human health. To address this, nanobiopesticides, combining nanomaterials and biopesticide, have emerged as a potential alternative. Therefore, this article evaluates their sustainability and safety through a literature review using Scopus. The results indicate that nanobiopesticides offer advantages over conventional pesticides, including greater precision, controlled release, and reduced dosage requirements. An illustrative Life Cycle Assessment conducted in this study confirmed that they potentially offer more sustainability than commercial pesticides, showing reductions in environmental impacts from −6% to −99%. However, several gaps remain related to the effect of nanoparticles on non-target organisms and biodiversity, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence in ecosystems, and their ecotoxicological safety. Additionally, regulatory frameworks in major agricultural markets are complex and fragmented, potentially hindering large-scale adoption. Currently, nanobiopesticides are commercially available in countries such as the U.S., India, and Brazil, primarily for pest control in crops like rice, maize, and vegetables. Their market presence is growing, yet widespread implementation will depend on clearer regulations and further research on long-term environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Contamination to Non-target Organisms, the Environment, and Agroecosystems)

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21 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Tinplate Aerosol Cans: Evaluating the Role of Photovoltaic Energy and Green Hydrogen in Environmental Impact Reduction

by Miguel S. Teixeira, Teresa M. Mata, Ana Lourenço, Filipa Oliveira, José Oliveira and António A. Martins

Environments 2025, 12(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030073 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 597

Abstract

This study assesses the environmental impacts of producing 1000 tinplate aerosol cans at a Portuguese packaging company using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The inventory analysis is based on real industrial data collected from the company for foreground processes, complemented with the [...] Read more.

This study assesses the environmental impacts of producing 1000 tinplate aerosol cans at a Portuguese packaging company using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The inventory analysis is based on real industrial data collected from the company for foreground processes, complemented with the literature data for background processes. Two energy scenarios are compared: the current production setup, which relies on electricity from the Portuguese grid and 100% natural gas, and an optimized renewable energy scenario powered entirely by photovoltaic electricity, with thermal energy supplied by a mix of 20% green hydrogen and 80% natural gas. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (E) method was applied to assess 18 environmental impact categories. For the production of 1000 cans, the associated impacts are as follows: 287.11 kg CO₂ eq for GWP, 1.01 × 10⁻⁴ kg CFC-11 eq for ODP, 16.52 kBq Co-60 eq for IRP, 51.59 kg 1,4-DCB for FETP, 0.69 kg PM_2.5 eq for PMFP, 77.20 kg oil eq for FFP, and 2.57 m³ for WCP. Tinplate exhibits the highest environmental burden across most impact categories, particularly in HTPc (96%) and SOP (98%). Offset aluminum printing plates have the greatest impact on FETP (33%), while wood pallets significantly contribute to LOP (81%). The renewable energy scenario resulted in significant reductions in IRP (60.9%), LOP (50.3%), ODP (39.8%), FFP (26.1%), and GWP (24.4%). However, it also led to notable increases in other impact categories, including FETP (135.3%), METP (130.8%), FEP (128.8%), MEP (114.3%), HTPnc (112.0%), SOP (107.8%), TETP (103.4%), and WCP (75.2%), primarily due to green hydrogen production and photovoltaic systems. Among the renewable options, wind electricity stands out as the most environmentally favorable choice for hydrogen production, outperforming both photovoltaic and hydroelectricity. Full article

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13 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessReview

E-Cigarette and Environment

by Ancuta-Alina Constantin and Florin-Dumitru Mihălțan

Environments 2025, 12(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030072 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1298

Abstract

Environmental exposure to e-cigarettes is a significant yet often overlooked issue in the medical field. In this review, we examine various aspects of exposure mechanisms, including the risks of secondhand and thirdhand vaping. Our findings highlight numerous environmental concerns related to the fabrication, [...] Read more.

Environmental exposure to e-cigarettes is a significant yet often overlooked issue in the medical field. In this review, we examine various aspects of exposure mechanisms, including the risks of secondhand and thirdhand vaping. Our findings highlight numerous environmental concerns related to the fabrication, consumption, and waste management of e-cigarettes. Additionally, we address the pressing issue of plastic pollution linked to vaping products. We also explore methods to protect passive vapers and propose strategies aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of e-cigarettes as well as safeguarding innocent bystanders. Full article

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11 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Sustainable Development and the SDGs 3, 4, and 8 Using the Carbon Intensity of Human Well-Being and Longitudinal Multilevel Modeling

by Zehorit Dadon Golan and Wendy M. Purcell

Environments 2025, 12(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030071 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Multilevel modeling statistics for longitudinal examination to explore the connections, relatedness, and interdependency of SDG3 “Good Health and Well-being”, SDG4 “Quality Education”, and economic growth SDGs 8 “Decent Work and Economic Growth” at a country level over the period 2000–2020. This is a [...] Read more.

Multilevel modeling statistics for longitudinal examination to explore the connections, relatedness, and interdependency of SDG3 “Good Health and Well-being”, SDG4 “Quality Education”, and economic growth SDGs 8 “Decent Work and Economic Growth” at a country level over the period 2000–2020. This is a novel approach that incorporates “nested” or “hierarchically nested” observations. Health and well-being, as measured in this study by the carbon intensity of human well-being (CIWB), was positively linked to economic growth and is a production function of sustainability. Results indicate that countries investing in the promotion of health and well-being outcomes will increase their economic growth over the long term. In contrast to previous studies, the relationship between education and economic growth was insignificant with the caveat of the indicators chosen. Using the advanced statistical methods adopted here could offer policymakers new insights and tools to focus their efforts to accelerate the progress of sustainable development and achieve the SDG targets by 2030. Full article

12 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Toxicity on Daphnia magna

by Paula Cojocaru, Maria-Cătălina Pastia, Gabriela Biali and Cristian Cojocaru

Environments 2025, 12(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030070 - 24 Feb 2025

Viewed by 651

Abstract

This study analyzes the acute toxicity of Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cu²⁺ on water fleas. The hatching rate of D. magna ephippia was monitored under the influence of the pollutant at concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the acute toxicity of Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cu²⁺ on water fleas. The hatching rate of D. magna ephippia was monitored under the influence of the pollutant at concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, and 1.0 mg/L over an exposure period of 42 h−67 h. The mortality rate of newborns was determined comparing with the control sample at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, as well as with the lethal concentration 50% (LC50). The results showed that Zn²⁺ appears to be less toxic to D. magna compared to Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺, even at high concentrations, suggesting a greater tolerance of the ephippia to this metal. Newborn mortality increased significantly with higher concentrations and longer exposure times, with Cd²⁺ causing mortality rates of up to 100% after 48 h. In contrast, Zn²⁺ exhibited lower toxicity, although mortality increased with high concentrations and extended exposure periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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Environments, Volume 12, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 27 articles

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