Environments

17 pages, 4687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Toxicological Evaluation of Solubilizers and Hydrotropic Agents Using Daphnia magna as a Model Organism

by Iulia Ioana Olaru, Dragos Paul Mihai, Octavian Tudorel Olaru, Cerasela Elena Gird, Anca Zanfirescu, Gheorghe Stancov, Corina Andrei, Emanuela-Alice Luta and George Mihai Nitulescu

Environments 2025, 12(5), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050172 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 37

Abstract

Improving the aqueous solubility of poorly soluble pharmaceuticals is essential for accurate pharmacotoxicological testing, but the biological safety of solubilizers and hydrotropic agents used for this purpose requires careful evaluation. This study assessed the acute toxicity, physiological parameters (heart rate, claw and appendage [...] Read more.

Improving the aqueous solubility of poorly soluble pharmaceuticals is essential for accurate pharmacotoxicological testing, but the biological safety of solubilizers and hydrotropic agents used for this purpose requires careful evaluation. This study assessed the acute toxicity, physiological parameters (heart rate, claw and appendage movement), behavioral responses (swimming speed), and embryotoxicity of 15 commonly used solubilizers and hydrotropes using Daphnia magna as a biological model. Compounds included surfactants (polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)), sulfonated hydrotropes (sodium xylene sulfonate (SXS), sodium benzenesulfonate (SBS), sodium p-toluenesulfonate (PTS), sodium 1,3-benzenedisulfonate (SBDS)), and solubilizing solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), propylene glycol (PDO), dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N’-Dimethylbenzamide (DMBA), N,N-Diethylnicotinamide (DENA), N,N-Dimethylurea (DMU), urea). Acute lethality was evaluated across concentration ranges appropriate to each compound group (e.g., 0.0005–0.125% for surfactants; up to 5% for less toxic solvents). Surfactants exhibited extreme toxicity, with Tween 20 and SLS causing 100% lethality even at 0.0005%, while Tween 80 induced 40–50% lethality at that concentration. In contrast, DMSO, GLY, and PDO showed low acute toxicity, maintaining normal heart rate (202–395 bpm), claw and appendage movement, and swimming speed at ≤1%, though embryotoxicity became evident at higher concentrations (≥1–2%). SXS, SBS, PTS, and SBDS displayed clear dose-dependent toxicity but were generally tolerated up to 0.05%. DMBA, DENA, and DMU caused physiological suppression, including reduced heart rate (e.g., DMBA: 246 bpm vs. control 315 bpm) and impaired mobility. Behavioral assays revealed biphasic effects for DMSO and DMBA, with early stimulation (24 h) followed by inhibition (48 h). Embryotoxicity assays demonstrated significant morphological abnormalities and developmental delays at elevated concentrations, especially for DMSO, GLY, and PDO. Overall, DMSO, GLY, PDO, SXS, and DMF can be safely used at tightly controlled concentrations in Daphnia magna toxicity assays to ensure accurate screening without solvent-induced artifacts. Full article

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19 pages, 2884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Impacts of Vermicompost-Derived Nutrients on a Strawberry–Corn Double Cropping System Under Plasticulture in South Florida

by Ivan Oyege and Maruthi Sridhar Balaji Bhaskar

Environments 2025, 12(5), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050171 - 21 May 2025

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Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices necessitates strategies such as organic fertilizer alternatives and residual nutrient use to enhance crop productivity while maintaining soil health. This study investigates the residual effects of vermicompost on strawberry growth and physiology after a corn cropping [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices necessitates strategies such as organic fertilizer alternatives and residual nutrient use to enhance crop productivity while maintaining soil health. This study investigates the residual effects of vermicompost on strawberry growth and physiology after a corn cropping cycle. The objectives were to assess how different vermicompost application rates impact strawberry yield, biomass, chlorophyll content, and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted over six months, using raised beds previously cultivated with corn and treated with six nutrient management strategies, namely, V0 (control), VC1, VCT100, VC1+VCT50, VC3, and VC3+VCT50. Metrics such as SPAD values, Brix sugar content, and stomatal conductance were measured throughout the growing season to assess physiological responses. Soil and plant chemical concentrations were determined at the end of the study to evaluate nutrient status. Results showed that the VC1 treatment produced the highest yield (11,573 kg/acre) and biomass (38,364 kg/acre), with significantly improved fruit quality (Brix sugar content of 8.3%) compared to the control (6.8%). SPAD values declined over time and showed no statistically significant differences among treatments. In the surface soil, VC3+VCT50 exhibited the highest N, P, Mg, Na, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and it also resulted in the highest leaf N. Leaves had higher N, P, K, and Mg concentrations, while Fe, Mn, and Cu were more concentrated in roots. Spectral reflectance data indicated reduced chlorophyll content in the VC3+VCT50-treated plants. These findings suggest that moderate vermicompost applications, such as VC1, can significantly contribute to sustainable agriculture by enhancing strawberry productivity and reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. However, high-rate applications, especially VC3 and VC3+VCT50, reduced plant vigor and yield, possibly due to salinity stress and the high sodium content in the vermicompost used in this study. Such outcomes may vary depending on feedstock composition, highlighting the importance of salinity screening when using organic amendments in salt-sensitive crops like strawberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments, 2nd Edition)

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4 pages, 153 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments

by Elias Afif and Rubén Forján

Environments 2025, 12(5), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050170 - 21 May 2025

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Abstract

Soils are fundamental to terrestrial ecosystems, human health, food production, and global environmental stability [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement through the Application of By-Product Amendments)

16 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Waterborne Nanoplastics Affect the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas? A Case Study with Poly(methyl)methacrylate Particles

by Beatriz Neves, Miguel Oliveira, Carolina Frazão, Mónica Almeida, Ricardo J. B. Pinto, Etelvina Figueira and Adília Pires

Environments 2025, 12(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050169 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 66

Abstract

Nanoplastics (NPs) pose a significant environmental threat due to their small sizes, widespread distribution, and bioavailability, enabling interactions with marine organisms from pelagic to benthic species. In this study, the effects of 10 days of exposure to waterborne poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) NPs were evaluated [...] Read more.

Nanoplastics (NPs) pose a significant environmental threat due to their small sizes, widespread distribution, and bioavailability, enabling interactions with marine organisms from pelagic to benthic species. In this study, the effects of 10 days of exposure to waterborne poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) NPs were evaluated in the crab Carcinus maenas by assessing behavioral and biochemical endpoints (in gills, hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph). Behavioral assessments using an open field test revealed that exposure to PMMA NPs resulted in an increase in distance walked (from 73.662 ± 17.137 cm in control to 248.560 ± 25.462 cm in the highest PMMA NPs concentration) and in random movement patterns. Muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity decreased from 10.83 ± 0.73 to 6.75 ± 0.45 nmol/min/mg of protein with PMMA NPs concentration increase, which, combined with behavioral responses, suggests neurological incapacities. In the gills and hepatopancreas, defense and detoxification mechanisms were activated, with a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (at 20 µg/L in gills and 80 µg/L in hepatopancreas) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activity (all PMMA NPs concentrations in gills and 20 and 320 µg/L in hepatopancreas). Despite these activations, oxidative damage was observed, with a significant increase in protein carbonylation (PC) levels (20, 80, and 320 µg/L in gills and 5, 20, and 80 µg/L in hepatopancreas) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (80 and 320 µg/L in gills and 80 µg/L in hepatopancreas). Effects on hemolymph followed a pattern similar to those reported for gills and hepatopancreas. An increase in SOD hemolymph activity was observed in organisms exposed to 5 and 80 µg/L, and GSTs activity increased in crabs exposed to 80 µg/L. Oxidative damage in hemolymph was only detected through LPO at 5 and 320 µg/L. Overall, this study showed that PMMA NPs induce biochemical alterations and damage in different tissues of C. maenas and affect its behavior with potential impacts at a population level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicity of Microplastics)

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14 pages, 8083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aerial Imagery and Surface Water and Ocean Topography for High-Resolution Mapping for Water Availability Assessments of Small Waterbodies on the Coast

by Cuizhen Wang, Charles Alex Pellett, Haofeng Tan and Tanner Arrington

Environments 2025, 12(5), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050168 - 20 May 2025

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Abstract

Surface water is the primary freshwater supply for Earth. Small lakes and ponds provide important ecological and economic services to society but are often left undocumented, or their documentation is outdated, due to their small sizes and temporal dynamics. This study tested the [...] Read more.

Surface water is the primary freshwater supply for Earth. Small lakes and ponds provide important ecological and economic services to society but are often left undocumented, or their documentation is outdated, due to their small sizes and temporal dynamics. This study tested the feasibility of the new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission regarding the 3D documentation of small waterbodies in a coastal area of South Carolina, USA. Via deep learning using a recent 15 cm aerial image, small waterbodies (>0.02 ha) were extracted at an average precision score of 0.81. The water surface elevation (WSE) of each waterbody was extracted using the SWOT Level-2 Water Mask Pixel Cloud (PIXC) product, with the data collected on 1 June 2023. Using a statistical noise-removal approach, the average WSE values of small waterbodies revealed a significant correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.64) with their bottom elevations. Via spatial interpolation, the water levels of small waterbodies across the study area were generally aligned with the state-reported Cone of Depression of ground water surfaces in underlying aquifers. While the WSE measurements of SWOT pixel points are noisy due to the land–water interactions in small waterbodies, this study indicates that the SWOT PIXC product could provide a valuable resource for assessing freshwater availability to assist in water-use decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Modeling and Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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34 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessReview

Building Climate-Resilient Food Systems Through the Water–Energy–Food–Environment Nexus

by Aurup Ratan Dhar

Environments 2025, 12(5), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050167 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 426

Abstract

Climate change disrupts global food systems by affecting water, energy, ecosystems, and agricultural productivity. Building climate resilience demands integrated approaches that recognize interdependencies among water, energy, food, and environmental (WEF-E) systems. This review synthesizes current research on how the WEF-E nexus can guide [...] Read more.

Climate change disrupts global food systems by affecting water, energy, ecosystems, and agricultural productivity. Building climate resilience demands integrated approaches that recognize interdependencies among water, energy, food, and environmental (WEF-E) systems. This review synthesizes current research on how the WEF-E nexus can guide climate adaptation strategies. It highlights interdisciplinary solutions—such as solar-powered irrigation, agrivoltaics, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and nature-based water management—that enhance resource efficiency, stabilize yields, and reduce environmental degradation. Effective implementation requires governance innovation, stakeholder participation, and coherent cross-sector policies. The paper also outlines research priorities, including the development of resilience metrics, modeling tools, and inclusive decision-making mechanisms. Emphasizing both adaptation and mitigation, the WEF-E nexus offers a transformative lens for sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient food systems. As climate pressures intensify, advancing this integrated framework presents both an urgent necessity and a strategic opportunity to align food security with environmental stewardship. Full article

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15 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mofettes as Models for Basic Research on Soil and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Possible Applications of These Extreme Ecosystems

by Irena Maček

Environments 2025, 12(5), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050166 - 17 May 2025

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Abstract

Mofettes or natural CO₂ springs release large amounts of geogenic CO₂ at ambient temperature, leading to long-term soil hypoxia in these extreme ecosystems. Thus, they can serve as natural long-term experiments in ecology and evolution and other environmental studies, providing stable [...] Read more.

Mofettes or natural CO₂ springs release large amounts of geogenic CO₂ at ambient temperature, leading to long-term soil hypoxia in these extreme ecosystems. Thus, they can serve as natural long-term experiments in ecology and evolution and other environmental studies, providing stable long-term changes in abiotic factors that are most pronounced in mofette soils. This paper reviews basic research on rhizosphere processes, soil microbial communities, and microbial diversity in mofettes, focusing on reports describing the effects of altered soil gas regimes on root respiration and the diversity and community structure of archaea, bacteria, and fungi in soil. Furthermore, an insight into possible applications of mofette ecosystems is given. For more than 20 years, mofettes have provided new insights into the importance of long-term changes in abiotic environmental factors in regulating soil biodiversity, serving as a model for extreme ecosystems. Mofettes provide an innovative approach to the study of many ecological processes that occur slowly and, therefore, require extensive and lengthy observations and experiments, acting as a space-for-time substitution. Previous studies in mofettes around the world have determined plant responses to elevated CO₂ concentrations over multiple generations, described new species of collembolans and yeasts, and identified stable patterns in microbial communities describing specific acidophilic and methanogenic consortia of soil archaea and bacteria, as well as stable communities of plant symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. As the development of high-throughput molecular techniques has accelerated rapidly in the last decade, mofettes now serve more than ever as a natural long-term experimental system to study soil and rhizosphere ecology and contribute to further research on long-term ecological and evolutionary processes that are crucial for understanding past evolutionary events, managing future ecosystems, and predicting ecological responses to global change. Some recent developments target the specific geological and biological characteristics of these extreme ecosystems, including in terms of applications related to environmental impact assessment of carbon capture and storage systems, as well as conservation status, tourism, culture and education, i.e., broader ecosystem services of mofettes, which are addressed in this review together with basic research on soil biodiversity. Full article

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17 pages, 4429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Technical Decision-Making Strategy to Collect Biomass Waste from the Palm Oil Industry as a Renewable Energy Source: Case Study in Colombia

by Jader Alean, Marlon Bastidas, Efraín Boom-Cárcamo, Juan C. Maya, Farid Chejne, Say Ramírez, Diego Nieto, Carlos Ceballos, Adonis Saurith and Marlon Córdoba-Ramirez

Environments 2025, 12(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050165 - 16 May 2025

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Abstract

This work presents an effective design of a strategy to manage biomass waste (empty fruit bunch—EFB, kernel shell, and fiber) available from the processing of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Colombia as a renewable energy source. This type of study is [...] Read more.

This work presents an effective design of a strategy to manage biomass waste (empty fruit bunch—EFB, kernel shell, and fiber) available from the processing of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Colombia as a renewable energy source. This type of study is conducted for the first time in the country, and the proposed strategy is structured in four phases. Firstly, an inventory of available biomass waste was prepared based on information from 45 African palm oil companies of the approximately 70 that exist in the country. It was determined that the country had about 2762 kt of available waste (63.64% EFB, 12.55% kernel shell, and 23.81% fiber) for the year 2023. The estimates were conducted using a model that correlates processing capacity, the biomass generated, and the biomass demanded. The validation was performed using national reports. Subsequently, the minimum number (six) of storage centers in Colombia, where the largest amount of biomass can be stored, was determined. The center of gravity method was used to find the geographical location of each bulk storage center (municipality of Aracataca, Agustín Codazzi, San Martín, Puerto Wilches, Castilla La Nueva, and Cabuyaru). The next step was to determine the transportation costs as a decision criterion to select the best bulk storage center. When the required storage capacity does not exceed 211 kt·year⁻¹, Agustín Codazzi is the best option because it has the lowest transportation cost (USD 1.01·t⁻¹). When the storage capacity requirements exceed 211 kt·year⁻¹ but are less than 423 kt·year⁻¹, then Puerto Wilches and/or Aracataca are the best options (transportation cost of USD 1.7·t⁻¹). In all cases, Cabuyaru has the highest costs (USD 6.56·t⁻¹). Finally, an energy potential of 50,196 × 10⁶ GJ·year⁻¹ for the collected biomass was estimated, which makes this kind of waste an environmental alternative that could replace coal in Colombia. Full article

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18 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Interactive Tool for the Factor Analysis of Environmental Social Representations

by Sylvain Delouvée, Arthur Delisle and Jean-Charles David

Environments 2025, 12(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050164 - 16 May 2025

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Abstract

Wind turbines are a focal point of contemporary environmental debates, symbolizing progress in renewable energy but also generating significant social tension. This study introduces FactoShinySR, a web-based application designed to facilitate correspondence factor analysis (Corr.F.A.) for studying social representations, making complex analyses accessible [...] Read more.

Wind turbines are a focal point of contemporary environmental debates, symbolizing progress in renewable energy but also generating significant social tension. This study introduces FactoShinySR, a web-based application designed to facilitate correspondence factor analysis (Corr.F.A.) for studying social representations, making complex analyses accessible to researchers without advanced programming skills. Using data from 323 participants who completed free association tasks and Likert-scale questionnaires, the tool was applied to examine social representations, attitudes toward wind turbines, and trust in authorities. Corr.F.A. revealed two primary dimensions: ecological versus critical attitudes and systemic optimism versus concrete opposition. Positive representations highlighted environmental benefits, while negative perceptions focused on local impacts, such as noise, visual disruption, and ecological harm. Trust in authorities emerged as a critical factor shaping attitudes. FactoShinySR proved instrumental in visualizing the complex socio-representational structures surrounding wind turbines, offering a platform for analyzing environmental perceptions. By bridging methodological complexity and practical application, this tool enables researchers and practitioners to better understand and address public social representations. Full article

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17 pages, 13120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Principal Component Analysis to Discriminate and Locate Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Contamination Within a Strongly Anthropized Region: A Technical Workflow

by Antonio Iannone, Salvatore Dominech, Chaosheng Zhang, Lucia Rita Pacifico, Alessio De Falco and Stefano Albanese

Environments 2025, 12(5), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050163 - 15 May 2025

Viewed by 237

Abstract

Environmental risks often stem from contamination driven by chemical stressors introduced from multiple sources, either geogenic or anthopogenic. Differentiating between anthropogenic chemical anomalies and those inherent to the environment is crucial. This distinction is essential for defining feasible remediation objectives. This study applied [...] Read more.

Environmental risks often stem from contamination driven by chemical stressors introduced from multiple sources, either geogenic or anthopogenic. Differentiating between anthropogenic chemical anomalies and those inherent to the environment is crucial. This distinction is essential for defining feasible remediation objectives. This study applied univariate and multivariate statistical techniques to analyse geochemical data from over 7000 topsoil samples in Campania (Southern Italy), over an area of approximately 13,600 km². A key step in the methodology was applying Normal Score Transformation (NST), which stabilized the variance of the dataset, pulling the extreme outliers back to normal ranges, making it more suitable for multivariate analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed, and four components were selected; the spatialization of their scores revealed four primary independent sources controlling geochemical variability across the region. Specifically, two distinct volcanic districts were identified, plus a siliciclastic and an anthropogenic component. The integration of RGB composite maps further refined this differentiation, emphasising the coexistence or the predominance of one component over the other. The methodological approach demonstrated here provides valuable insights for environmental risk assessment and remediation planning in geochemically complex and anthropized regions. Full article

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13 pages, 2264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ambient Air Quality and Hospital Admissions in Gjakova: A Time Series Analysis

by Antigona Ukëhaxhaj, Rita Xhiha, Faton T. Hoxha, Hasime Terziqi and Hanns Moshammer

Environments 2025, 12(5), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050162 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

Even at historically low levels of air pollution, epidemiological time series studies carried out in cities across the globe have documented its substantial detrimental health effects. A time series analysis of counts of respiratory hospital admissions in Gjakova and outdoor air pollutants was [...] Read more.

Even at historically low levels of air pollution, epidemiological time series studies carried out in cities across the globe have documented its substantial detrimental health effects. A time series analysis of counts of respiratory hospital admissions in Gjakova and outdoor air pollutants was performed, applying a General Additive Model with a Poisson distribution, controlling for time trends and meteorological factors over a 4-year period (2020–2023) with different time lags (0–7 days). The effects were further analyzed per age group (children and adults). We found significant associations between gaseous pollutants, mainly NO₂, and respiratory disease-related hospital admissions in the city. The strongest association between NO₂ and total hospital admissions was observed after a lag of 6 days, with an increase of 0.14 cases per 10 μg/m³ increase in concentration. The effects were stronger in adults. An adverse effect was also seen with SO₂, but not particulate pollution. Our findings call for greater awareness regarding environmental protection and the implementation of effective measures to improve air quality, which may reduce the risk of adverse health effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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21 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessReview

Arsenic in Soil: A Critical and Scoping Review of Exposure Pathways and Health Impacts

by Catherine Irwin, Sajni Gudka, Sofie De Meyer, Martine Dennekamp, Pacian Netherway, Maryam Moslehi, Timothy Chaston, Antti Mikkonen, Jen Martin, Mark Patrick Taylor and Suzanne Mavoa

Environments 2025, 12(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050161 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Arsenic (As) in soil, such as mining waste, is a concern for communities with legacy contamination. While the chronic health effects of As exposure through drinking water are well documented, the association between As in soil and population-wide health impacts is [...] Read more.

Arsenic (As) in soil, such as mining waste, is a concern for communities with legacy contamination. While the chronic health effects of As exposure through drinking water are well documented, the association between As in soil and population-wide health impacts is complex, involving factors like soil accessibility, soil properties, and exposure modes. This review summarizes evidence of associations between As in soil and human health, as well as biomarker and bioaccessibility evidence of exposure pathways. Fourteen studies were included in the final analysis. Reviewed studies reported associations between As in soil and birth outcomes, neurological effects, DNA damage, and cancer. Some of these health outcomes are not known to be linked to As in drinking water and were reported over a range of soil concentrations, indicating inconsistencies. Higher soil As concentrations are associated with higher As in human biospecimens, suggesting direct and indirect soil ingestion as primary exposure pathways. The subpopulations more likely to be exposed include younger children and those involved in soil-based activities. Future research should focus on standardized epidemiological studies, longitudinal studies, soil exposure and mitigating factors, combined exposure biomarker studies, the behavior of the different As species, soil dose related to bioavailability/bioaccessibility, and effects with other elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Soil Contamination and Remediation)

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23 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Kind of Fertilization and Type of Soil Tillage Affect Soil Fertility and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations in an Experimental Vineyard of Kefalonia

by Theocharis Chatzistathis, Virginia Sarropoulou, Athanasios Fragkos, Eirini Katsalirou, Ioannis Daskalakis, Katerina Biniari, Gerasimos Danalatos and Areti Bountla

Environments 2025, 12(5), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050160 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

Our study was based on the premise that the type of soil tillage and the kind of fertilization significantly affect soil properties, nutrient availability, and uptake by Vitis vinifera L. (cv. ‘Robola’) plants. For this purpose, a two-year field experiment was conducted, in [...] Read more.

Our study was based on the premise that the type of soil tillage and the kind of fertilization significantly affect soil properties, nutrient availability, and uptake by Vitis vinifera L. (cv. ‘Robola’) plants. For this purpose, a two-year field experiment was conducted, in a 2 × 3 factorial (i.e., two types of soil tillage-conventional and reduced and three kinds of fertilization-conventional, controlled N release and organic), with six treatments derived from the combination of the two tillage and the three fertilization methods. The results showed that the organic matter content (%), as well as the exchangeable Mg, were significantly influenced by the type of tillage. The kind of fertilization affected soil nitrate and leaf N (lower values in the organic fertilization) and P concentrations (higher values in the organic fertilization). Regarding the effect of the type of tillage, foliar Mg was significantly higher in the conventional soil tillage. Finally, both the type of tillage and kind of fertilization significantly affected leaf Zn. Overall, these data show the importance of innovative dual co-application of pomace (an organic by-product of the wine industry) with reduced soil tillage on soil properties and plant nutrition. Thus, it is expected to gain environmental, ecological, and economic benefits for wine producers and also to improve vineyards’ sustainability and protected designation of origin (PDO) wine quality under the challenges provoked by climatic and recent energy crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coping with Climate Change: Fate of Nutrients and Pollutants in Soil)

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18 pages, 2442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trace Metal Contamination in Community Gardens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

by Rebecca McDonough and Kabindra M. Shakya

Environments 2025, 12(5), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050159 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

High levels of trace metals in urban community garden soils pose human health risk due to the potential exposure through the ingestion of crops grown in contaminated soil and other exposures. This study assesses eight trace metal and metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, [...] Read more.

High levels of trace metals in urban community garden soils pose human health risk due to the potential exposure through the ingestion of crops grown in contaminated soil and other exposures. This study assesses eight trace metal and metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in a total of 54 soil samples collected from nine community gardens across Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2022 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). There was a strong correlation between XRF and ICP-MS measurement (R² > 0.8) for all elements except V. When the mean concentration of trace elements at each of the gardens was compared against the most stringent standard, none of the gardens had exceedances for Pb, Cd, and V. One specific garden had exceedances for Cr, Ni, Zn, and As. About 15% of soil samples had Pb concentrations exceeding 100 mg/kg. Mean Pb concentration measured by ICP-MS was 53.7 ± 40.2 mg/kg and 72.7 ± 53.7 mg/kg in raised bed and ground soil, respectively. It is important to conduct regular soil testing at community gardens in the areas with industrial activities. In addition, use of raised-bed with new soil and safe gardening practices, such as the use of gloves and changing clothes before entering homes, can help to reduce exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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33 pages, 2298 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence for River Water Quality Forecasting: A Review

by Daiwei Pan, Ying Deng, Simon X. Yang and Bahram Gharabaghi

Environments 2025, 12(5), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050158 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 355

Abstract

Rapid population growth and climate change have created challenges for managing water quality. Protecting water sources and devising practical solutions are essential for restoring impaired inland rivers. Traditional water quality monitoring and forecasting methods rely on labor-intensive sampling and analysis, which are often [...] Read more.

Rapid population growth and climate change have created challenges for managing water quality. Protecting water sources and devising practical solutions are essential for restoring impaired inland rivers. Traditional water quality monitoring and forecasting methods rely on labor-intensive sampling and analysis, which are often costly. In recent years, real-time monitoring, remote sensing, and machine learning have significantly improved the accuracy of water quality forecasting. This paper categorizes machine learning approaches into traditional, deep learning, and hybrid models, evaluating their performance in forecasting water quality parameters. In recent years, the long short-term memory (LSTMs), gated recurrent units (GRUs) and LSTM- and GRU-based hybrid models have been widely used in forecasting inland river water quality. Combining remote sensing with a real-time water quality monitoring network has enhanced data collection efficiency by capturing spatial variability within the river network, complementing the high temporal resolution of in situ measurements, and improving the overall robustness of predictive deep learning models. Additionally, leveraging weather prediction models can further enhance the accuracy of water quality forecasting and better decision-making for water resource management. Full article

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14 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Lignocellulose-Based Renewable Diesel’s Potential for Texas Freight

by Hongbo Du and Raghava R. Kommalapati

Environments 2025, 12(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050157 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

The abundant availability of crop waste and forestry residues in Texas provides great potential for producing renewable diesel in the local towns of Texas. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of renewable diesel use in Texas transportation and the potential of [...] Read more.

The abundant availability of crop waste and forestry residues in Texas provides great potential for producing renewable diesel in the local towns of Texas. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of renewable diesel use in Texas transportation and the potential of renewable diesel production in Texas. The GREET model was used to customize the life cycle pathway of renewable diesel and evaluate its environmental impacts. The models of renewable diesel produced from forestry residue and corn stover were built to calculate life cycle gas emissions of combination short-haul heavy-duty trucks fueled with renewable diesel. Life cycle GHG emissions of renewable diesel are much lower than those of low-sulfur diesel. However, with respect to renewable diesel derived from corn stover, life cycle PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions were almost double those of low-sulfur diesel in 2024, and both emissions will be reduced by 37–38% in 2035. The life cycle emission trends of SO_x, black carbon, and primary organic carbon are very similar to those of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. The total cost of ownership (TCO) of heavy-duty trucks using renewable diesel produced from forestry residues or corn stover would be 10.3–14.8% higher than those consuming regular low-sulfur diesel in Texas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Energy and Environmental Sustainability: Innovations, Impacts, and Pathways)

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17 pages, 8234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration in the Beijing Region and Assessing the Impacts of Fossil Fuel Emissions

by Zhoutong Liang, Qixiang Cai, Ning Zeng, Wenhan Tang, Pengfei Han, Yu Zhang, Weijun Quan, Bo Yao, Pucai Wang and Zhiqiang Liu

Environments 2025, 12(5), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050156 - 8 May 2025

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Abstract

Reducing anthropogenic fossil fuel CO₂ (FFCO₂) emissions in urban areas is key to mitigating climate change. To better understand the spatial characteristics and temporal variations in urban CO₂ levels in the Beijing (BJ) region, we conducted a long-term CO [...] Read more.

Reducing anthropogenic fossil fuel CO₂ (FFCO₂) emissions in urban areas is key to mitigating climate change. To better understand the spatial characteristics and temporal variations in urban CO₂ levels in the Beijing (BJ) region, we conducted a long-term CO₂ simulation study by using the Weather Research and Forecasting WRF-Chem model and CO₂ observation data. To assess the model performance, three representative sites with high-precision CO₂ observation data were chosen in this study: the rural regional background Shangdianzi (SDZ) site, the suburban Xianghe (XH) site, and the urban BJ site. The simulation results generally captured the observed variations at these three sites, but the model performed much better at the SDZ and XH sites, with mean biases of −0.7 ppm and −2.3 ppm, respectively, and RMSE of 12.3 ppm and 21.4 ppm, respectively. The diurnal variations in the model results agreed well with those in the observed CO₂ concentrations at the SDZ and XH sites during all seasons. In the meanwhile, the diurnal variations in the modeled FFCO₂ were similar to those in the CO₂ observation with a positive bias at the BJ site, which may have been caused by higher emissions especially in winter. Moreover, both the modeled FFCO₂ and biospheric CO₂ (BIOCO₂) have positive correlations with the observed CO₂ concentration, whereas the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and observed CO₂ concentration exhibited negative correlations at all sites. In addition, the contributions of FFCO₂ and BIOCO₂ to CO₂ varies depending on the seasons and the location of sites. Full article

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22 pages, 2295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging the Gap: Evaluating Farmers’ Sustainability Perceptions, Their Agricultural Practices, and Measured Soil Indicators Towards Promoting a Sustainable Viticulture

by Jesús López Santiago, Carlos Iglesias-Merchán, Roberto Cordero Navarro and María Teresa Gómez-Villarino

Environments 2025, 12(5), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050155 - 8 May 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the relationships between farmers’ perceptions, their agriculture practices, and objective soil health indicators in a viticultural subzone of the Madrid region, aligning with the EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy. A dual-methodology approach was employed, combining detailed soil chemical and physical [...] Read more.

This study investigates the relationships between farmers’ perceptions, their agriculture practices, and objective soil health indicators in a viticultural subzone of the Madrid region, aligning with the EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy. A dual-methodology approach was employed, combining detailed soil chemical and physical analyses with a structured survey of thirty-four local farmers. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and heavy metals (nickel, lead, and cadmium), while the survey captured farmers’ perceptions regarding soil contamination and sustainable practices. Results showed significantly higher levels of nitrogen (0.09% vs. 0.04%), phosphorus (125 vs. 65 mg/kg), and potassium (3100 vs. 1550 mg/kg) in fertilized plots (p < 0.05), while heavy metals remained within safe limits, compared to those not using fertilizers, as confirmed by Mann–Whitney U tests (p < 0.05). However, the impact on heavy metal accumulation was minimal, with only a slight decrease in nickel levels in fertilized plots. Additionally, the survey revealed low adoption rates of conservation agriculture techniques and limited training on sustainable practices, despite strong environmental commitment among farmers. These findings underscore the need for regular soil testing, targeted educational initiatives, and the increased promotion of conservation practices to better align subjective assessments with scientific evidence, ultimately enhancing both productivity and ecological resilience in sustainable viticulture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation: Multidisciplinary Approaches to a Global Challenge)

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22 pages, 1837 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analytical Methods for In-Depth Assessment of Recycled Plastics: A Review

by Joseph Patrick Dzoh Fonkou, Giovanni Beggio, Gabriella Salviulo and Maria Cristina Lavagnolo

Environments 2025, 12(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050154 - 7 May 2025

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Abstract

Assessing the detailed characteristics of recycled plastics is essential for evaluating their quality and suitability for high-value applications compared to virgin polymers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced analytical techniques used for characterizing the chemical, structural, morphological, and physical properties of [...] Read more.

Assessing the detailed characteristics of recycled plastics is essential for evaluating their quality and suitability for high-value applications compared to virgin polymers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced analytical techniques used for characterizing the chemical, structural, morphological, and physical properties of recycled polymeric materials. The techniques examined include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) techniques, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These methods are critically assessed for their effectiveness in detecting polymer degradation, surface and structural alterations, and the presence of contaminants—factors frequently introduced during mechanical recycling processes. For each technique, this review outlines the working principles, sample preparation protocols, and illustrative case studies while discussing their advantages, limitations, and operational challenges. By synthesizing current knowledge and methodological advancements, this review aims to support the development of robust and standardized quality assessment protocols. Enhancing the reliability and precision of recycled plastic characterization will improve their acceptance as high-quality secondary raw materials, thereby facilitating their upcycling and contributing to the broader goals of the circular economy. Full article

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19 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Air Pollution and Breast Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review

by Maria Fiore, Marco Palella, Eliana Ferroni, Lucia Miligi, Maurizio Portaluri, Cristiana Alessandra Marchese, Carolina Mensi, Serenella Civitelli, Gabriella Tanturri and Cristina Mangia

Environments 2025, 12(5), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050153 - 7 May 2025

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Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is a major global health challenge, responsible for one in four cancer diagnoses and one in six cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women and the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in most countries. Recent [...] Read more.

Breast cancer (BC) is a major global health challenge, responsible for one in four cancer diagnoses and one in six cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women and the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in most countries. Recent studies have suggested a potential link between exposure to ambient air pollutants—such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5)—and an increased risk of breast cancer. However, the existing evidence remains inconclusive. This umbrella review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, aimed to evaluate the strength and reliability of epidemiological evidence concerning this association. All seven meta-analyses included in this review reported a relative risk greater than 1 for exposure to the three pollutants, though findings varied in terms of heterogeneity and publication bias. Notably, the overall analysis indicates that exposure to both NO₂ and PM_2.5 may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer incidence, while the evidence linking PM_2.5 exposure to breast cancer mortality appears to be weaker. The most vulnerable groups were identified as premenopausal European women exposed to NO₂ and PM₁₀, as well as individuals in developed countries exposed to PM_2.5. Further research is necessary to examine PM composition and refine exposure assessment methodology. Given the widespread impact of breast cancer as the most common invasive malignancy, incorporating this outcome into environmental health research on air pollution is essential. A clearer understanding of these associations could support more targeted environmental interventions. Importantly, the available evidence suggests that breast cancer prevention can be addressed not only through personal lifestyle changes but also through broad public health policies focused on reducing NO₂, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)

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23 pages, 5939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxic Phytoplankton in Mussel Farms in the Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea (Italy): A Preliminary Analysis of Long-Term Data (2001–2022) in Relation to Environmental Conditions

by Lisa Tondelli, Nicola Bettoso, Oriana Blasutto, Massimo Celio and Alessandro Acquavita

Environments 2025, 12(5), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050152 - 3 May 2025

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Abstract

The present study utilised a comprehensive, long-term dataset of toxic phytoplankton (2001–2022) to analyse the relationships between the abundance, distribution, and seasonal trends of toxic phytoplankton, as well as the influence of various sampling methods, physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, and meteo-climatic parameters. The data [...] Read more.

The present study utilised a comprehensive, long-term dataset of toxic phytoplankton (2001–2022) to analyse the relationships between the abundance, distribution, and seasonal trends of toxic phytoplankton, as well as the influence of various sampling methods, physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, and meteo-climatic parameters. The data were obtained through institutional monitoring at four selected sites dedicated to shellfish farming in the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic Sea, Italy). The results show significant gradients in the spatial distribution of toxic phytoplankton and clear seasonal patterns in regard to the physico-chemical parameters and nutrients. Toxic phytoplankton abundance peaked in late winter/early spring and early autumn, depending on the genus considered. Significant correlations suggest that rainfall influences the nutrient levels and the proliferation of toxic phytoplankton. The time series analysis highlighted significant increases in temperature, salinity, and nitrogen species, during the study period, and decreases in silicon and phosphorous, while chlorophyll a and the overall phytoplankton abundance remained relatively stable, except for a significant decrease in Lingulodinium from 2015 to 2022. This preliminary assessment provides a valuable basis for further approaches (e.g., continuous in situ measurements, modelling, machine learning) to investigate the potential impact of climate variability on toxic phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Trieste and to support mussel-farming management from both health and environmental perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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34 pages, 17783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrological Processes in a German Low Mountain Range Basin: Modelling Future Water Availability, Low Flows and Water Temperatures Using SWAT+

by Paula Farina Grosser and Britta Schmalz

Environments 2025, 12(5), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050151 - 2 May 2025

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Abstract

This study assesses the projected impacts of climate change on hydrological processes in the Gersprenz catchment, a representative low mountain range basin in central Germany, under the RCP8.5 scenario. Using the SWAT+ model and a bias-corrected climate projection ensemble, it simulates the temporal [...] Read more.

This study assesses the projected impacts of climate change on hydrological processes in the Gersprenz catchment, a representative low mountain range basin in central Germany, under the RCP8.5 scenario. Using the SWAT+ model and a bias-corrected climate projection ensemble, it simulates the temporal and spatial dynamics of water availability, discharge and water temperature through 2100. The results indicate a substantial reduction in seasonal discharge, with summer minima decreasing by 85% and autumn minima decreasing by 38% compared to the baseline. Rising air temperatures drive substantial warming, with maximum summer water temperatures projected to exceed 28 °C, increasing thermal stress on aquatic ecosystems. Spatial analysis reveals strong variability: Southern subcatchments, located in the upstream part of the catchment, face severe water deficits, while groundwater-fed springs provide localized thermal refuges but with limited buffering capacity. Northern regions generally show higher resilience, with exceptions. The findings highlight the fine-scale sensitivity of hydrological processes to climate change, shaped by catchment characteristics and amplified by natural seasonal variations. This study presents a framework for identifying spatio-temporal hotspots of water scarcity at the subcatchment scale, providing a basis for spatially targeted adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on regional water resources and ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Modeling and Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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30 pages, 2879 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Occurrence and Distribution of Neonicotinoids in Sediments, Soil, and Other Environmental Media in China: A Review

by Shaoqing Zhang and Jia-Qian Jiang

Environments 2025, 12(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050150 - 2 May 2025

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Abstract

Neonicotinoids (NEOs) have emerged as viable alternatives to conventional organophosphate pesticides and are widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and household applications. However, the increasing frequency and concentration of NEOs detected in water, sediments, soil, and other environmental media have raised significant concerns about [...] Read more.

Neonicotinoids (NEOs) have emerged as viable alternatives to conventional organophosphate pesticides and are widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and household applications. However, the increasing frequency and concentration of NEOs detected in water, sediments, soil, and other environmental media have raised significant concerns about their threats to ecosystems and public health globally. This review paper compiles and integrates key findings from previous studies to analyze the overall occurrence and distribution trends of NEOs in sediments, soil, and other environmental media in China from 2019 to 2024, which has updated and analyzed new data and advanced the knowledge that the previous literature disclosed. The main findings of this work were that over the past decades, NEOs have been consistently detected in sediments, soils, and other environmental media at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 ng g⁻¹ dw. Acetamiprid (ACE), imidacloprid (IMI), clothianidin (CLO), and thiamethoxam (THM) are the most frequently detected NEOs in sediments and soil. It was found from this work that the threshold concentration of NEOs in soil is very limited, and there are no official acceptable toxic levels of NEOs in soil/water/sediments. Only few countries have conducted the work, at the initial phase, on regulating NEOs and have established their regulatory threshold levels. The associated ecological risks and levels of human exposure in soil have been evaluated, revealing that imidacloprid and thiamethoxam present higher risks for long-term environmental contamination due to their relatively higher concentrations. In contrast, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiacloprid exhibited lower environmental persistence, potentially posing lower ecological risks. These trends imply the need for more focused monitoring and regulatory efforts for compounds like imidacloprid, which exhibit higher concentrations in environmental media. Despite these findings, the contamination of NEOs in sediments and soils is still considered to receive insufficient attention, particularly in northern and western China. Furthermore, the presence of NEOs in other environmental media, including indoor dust, wheat grains, vegetables, and teas, warrants further investigation and concern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Contamination to Non-target Organisms, the Environment, and Agroecosystems)

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20 pages, 3059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climatic Changes Shift Macroalgal Assemblages from Cold- to Warm-Adapted Species: The Venice Lagoon as a Study Case

by Adriano Sfriso, Yari Tomio and Andrea Augusto Sfriso

Environments 2025, 12(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050149 - 2 May 2025

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Abstract

Temperature increase is one of the main effects of climate change occurring worldwide, with drastic impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Changes in the dominant macroalgal taxa in the Venice Lagoon have been analyzed in relation to the rise in air temperature [...] Read more.

Temperature increase is one of the main effects of climate change occurring worldwide, with drastic impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Changes in the dominant macroalgal taxa in the Venice Lagoon have been analyzed in relation to the rise in air temperature recorded since 1973, highlighting the significant decline in cold-adapted species, which have been replaced by taxa more tolerant of higher temperatures. Cold-adapted species such as the native Fucus virsoides, Punctaria latifolia, Scytosiphon lomentaria, and many other Phaeophyceae are in decline, whereas thermophilic species such as the non-indigenous species (NIS) Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Agardhiella subulata, Solieria filiformis, Hypnea cervicornis, Caulacanthus okamurae, and many others have replaced the species that once dominated the lagoon. These changes have been associated with an average air temperature increase of approximately 2.5 °C. The highest increase has mostly been recorded for average minimum temperatures (+2.8 °C), compared to average maximum temperatures (+2.0 °C). As a result, Phaeophyceae have declined, while Rhodophyceae, especially recent NIS introductions, have colonized the lagoon bottoms. Changes in Chlorophyceae, on the other hand, appear to be more linked to the reduction of the lagoon’s trophic conditions, although the currently dominant species is Ulva australis, a NIS that has replaced the native Ulva rigida almost everywhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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22 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessReview

Geography of Sustainability Transitions: Mapping Spatial Dynamics and Research Trends Between 1995 and 2024

by Inácio Pinto Ribeiro, Hélder Silva Lopes, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis and Paula C. Remoaldo

Environments 2025, 12(5), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050148 - 1 May 2025

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Abstract

The study of Sustainability Transitions (STs) has emerged as an interdisciplinary research field aimed at understanding and guiding societal transformations toward sustainability. While significant advancements have been made in analyzing socio-technical, economic, and policy dimensions, spatial aspects of STs have been largely overlooked. [...] Read more.

The study of Sustainability Transitions (STs) has emerged as an interdisciplinary research field aimed at understanding and guiding societal transformations toward sustainability. While significant advancements have been made in analyzing socio-technical, economic, and policy dimensions, spatial aspects of STs have been largely overlooked. This study contributes to the field by conducting a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of academic research on the Geography of Sustainability Transitions (GST). Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) framework, this study identified and analyzed 63 scientific publications indexed in SCOPUS (1995–2024) to examine trends, regional distribution, author profiles, thematic focuses, and main advances. Results highlight a concentration of research in the Global North, with major contributions from Europe and North America, while studies from the Global South remain scarce. The analysis also reveals six dominant transition themes: urban transitions, energy transitions, industrial transitions, transport transitions, circular economy, and agri-food transitions. Each of these themes is discussed in terms of spatial dynamics, governance mechanisms, and the role of regional contexts in shaping transition pathways. The study underscores the need for a more spatially inclusive approach in transition research, advocating for greater integration of geographical perspectives in sustainability studies. Future research should emphasize the role of local and regional factors in transition processes, addressing disparities in transition capabilities between different territories. By doing so, this work contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how STs unfold across diverse spatial contexts. Identifying the observed research gaps, the study acts as a catalyst for interdisciplinary analytical reasoning and reinforces the geospatial effect within the broader field of STs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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13 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Young Workers and Lifestyles in a Mediterranean Cultural Context: What Is the Contribution of Occupational Health Promotion?

by Elpidio Maria Garzillo, Anna Rita Corvino, Giuseppe Porciello, Daniele Guida, Marco Spasiano, Nadia Miraglia and Monica Lamberti

Environments 2025, 12(5), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050147 - 1 May 2025

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Abstract

Adherence to a healthy diet and an active lifestyle is now a key component of workplace health promotion (WHP) programs. The primary objective of the study is the assessment of the need for the implementation of corrective WHP interventions aimed at improving the [...] Read more.

Adherence to a healthy diet and an active lifestyle is now a key component of workplace health promotion (WHP) programs. The primary objective of the study is the assessment of the need for the implementation of corrective WHP interventions aimed at improving the lifestyle in students belonging to health-related degree programs. A prospective observational epidemiological study through the recruitment of a sample of 242 young adult-equated workers at the Vanvitelli University in Naples was conducted. Two questionnaires were administered, one related to Mediterranean diet adherence (PREDIMED) and one concerning daily physical activity (IPAQ). A total of 56.6% of the participants were in the intermediate level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 24.0% low and 19.4% in the high level, with highly significant differences in the distribution between the groups. The chi-square test revealed a statistically significant association between groups and physical activity level (p = 0.0166). A statistically significant association was also found between gender and physical activity level (men showing high levels of physical activity). The analysis showed significant differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet between the different students’ groups, with no gender-related differences. This study highlighted the need for a systematic and differentiated approach to WHP, differentiating the various groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)

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24 pages, 3424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants Containing Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors Followed or Not by Post-Treatments

by Juan Pablo Pereira Lima and André Aguiar

Environments 2025, 12(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050146 - 1 May 2025

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Abstract

Sewage treatment is essential to prevent disease transmission and adverse environmental impacts. This study evaluated the performance of four Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in two cities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two STPs (Santana and São José) that have Up-Flow Anaerobic [...] Read more.

Sewage treatment is essential to prevent disease transmission and adverse environmental impacts. This study evaluated the performance of four Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in two cities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two STPs (Santana and São José) that have Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors as the sole biological treatment stage did not comply with the discharge standards in receiving water bodies, particularly for SetS, TSS and O&G parameters. This shows the need for improvements, such as the implementation of post-treatment. For the other plants that have UASB reactors followed by an activated sludge system (Industrial Complex STP) or an up-flow anaerobic filter (Carbonita STP) as post-treatment, only the O&G parameter was not met. With the exception of one of the STPs that lackes post-treatment (São José STP), the other three met the required minimum removals of 60% for BOD₅ and 55% for COD. The Carbonita STP promoted the highest average removals of BOD₅ and COD, at 90% and 86%, respectively. Despite the discharge of industrial wastewater into the sewage collection network of one of the cities in this study, the biodegradability of the raw sewage remained high (BOD₅/COD ratio > 0.4). The wastewater treated by the STPs that have post-treatment showed greater potential for reuse in agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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20 pages, 2139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composted Sludge and Trichoderma harzianum T-22 as a Dual Strategy to Enhance Wheat Growth and Soil Microbial Diversity

by Pilar Mañas and Jorge De las Heras

Environments 2025, 12(5), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050145 - 1 May 2025

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Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 on wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum, cv. Vitron) growth and soil microbial dynamics. Three inoculation levels (I0, I1, and I2) were applied to different soil substrates: Villacañas soil (V), Quero soil [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 on wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum, cv. Vitron) growth and soil microbial dynamics. Three inoculation levels (I0, I1, and I2) were applied to different soil substrates: Villacañas soil (V), Quero soil (Q), and composted sewage sludge (C) from Alcázar de San Juan. Over six months, soil physicochemical properties, fungal diversity, and plant development were analyzed. The results showed that Trichoderma significantly increased fungal diversity, particularly in compost-amended substrates. In treatments with composted sludge and Trichoderma (CVI2 and CQI2), Trichoderma colonization reached up to 112,000 propagules/g, enhancing microbial activity. Higher shoot biomass and spike weight were observed when combining compost with Trichoderma since it improved nutrient availability and plant growth. Additionally, Trichoderma inoculation reduced the presence of pathogenic fungi such as Helminthosporium and Fusarium, reinforcing its biocontrol potential. However, high salinity of the soil limited microbial proliferation and plant performance. In conclusion, composted sludge and Trichoderma improved soil microbiota, enhanced wheat growth, and increased resistance against pathogens. The results highlight the potential of Trichoderma as a sustainable alternative to chemical treatments in crop production. Further studies should further investigate field-scale applications to validate these findings under real agricultural conditions. Full article

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15 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Picloram and Clopyralid on Ocimum Basilicum (Basil)—A Study of the Uptake, Distribution and Translocation of Synthetic Auxins from Soil to Plant

by Roxana Elena Scutariu, Valentina Andreea Petre, Alina Tatarus, Diana Maria Puiu and Florentina Laura Chiriac

Environments 2025, 12(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050144 - 29 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The current study monitored the degree of uptake, distribution, bioaccumulation, and translocation of synthetic auxins (Picloram and Clopyralid) in medicinal plants (Basil). The study’s main objectives were the development and optimization of an analytical method for the identification and quantification of auxins, an [...] Read more.

The current study monitored the degree of uptake, distribution, bioaccumulation, and translocation of synthetic auxins (Picloram and Clopyralid) in medicinal plants (Basil). The study’s main objectives were the development and optimization of an analytical method for the identification and quantification of auxins, an optimized method of auxins extraction from soil and plant samples, and, based on the analytical results obtained, the evaluation of bioaccumulation and translocation capacity. To evaluate the effects produced by synthetic auxins on the Basil plant, three experiments were carried out in parallel (Basil-Clopyralid, Basil-Picloram, and Basil-Clopyralid-Picloram) for 15 days, where the plant was permanently exposed to a constant concentration of auxins. The study results showed that in the individual tests and the test carried out in the mixture, the highest concentration was recorded for Clopyralid in the Basil leaves, 16 µg/kg d.w., respectively, 22 µg/kg d.w. The antagonist, Picloram, was primarily detected in the plant’s roots, up to 7.2 µg/kg d.w. Therefore, Picloram favors the accumulation of Clopyralid in high percentages in all plant organs. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) and translocation factors (TF) calculation showed values lower than 1, indicating that Basil is an excluder and has no potential for phytoremediation. Full article

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21 pages, 2891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method Validation: Extraction of Microplastics from Organic Fertilisers

by Delphine Ciréderf Boulant, Mathilde Simon, Anthony Magueresse, Nicolas Mortas, Nicolas Thévenin, Valérie Yeuch, Gaël Durand, Adrien Caurant, Sophie Goulitquer, Aurélie Even, Solenne Maisonnat, Zhazira Yesbergenova-Cuny, Isabelle Deportes, Stéphane Bruzaud and Mikaël Kedzierski

Environments 2025, 12(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050143 - 26 Apr 2025

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Abstract

It has been demonstrated that organic fertilisers could be a source of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils. These organic fertilisers comprise a diverse array of matrices including organic waste and by-products. Currently, there is no established methodology for the extraction of MP from [...] Read more.

It has been demonstrated that organic fertilisers could be a source of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils. These organic fertilisers comprise a diverse array of matrices including organic waste and by-products. Currently, there is no established methodology for the extraction of MP from these matrices. The present article aims to validate a standardised protocol for the extraction of MPs from a diverse range of complex, organic-rich samples. The protocol has been developed to ensure a high recovery of MPs, to preserve their integrity, and to eliminate organic particles that interfere with FTIR analyses. Spiked MPs sized 315–5000 µm were subjected to a two-step process involving chemical digestion (H₂O₂, 30% (w/v), 53 °C) and density separation (NaI, >1.60 g·cm⁻³). This resulted in a mean extraction rate exceeding 95%, with undigested matter remaining below 5%. No evidence of fragmentation was observed. Furthermore, the chemical nature of spiked microplastics is still perfectly interpretable from the FTIR spectra despite the different chemical treatments undergone. These findings thus validate the method for the microplastic range 315–5000 µm. However, a new method for reanalysing the project’s data produced contrasting results, suggesting a significant drop in recovery rates for size ranges below 250 µm. This reanalysis approach constitutes the second innovation of this protocol, and enables a more critical analysis of the results obtained in publications on microplastics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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