Animals

16 pages, 1595 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Dietary Protein Levels Improved Growth Performance, Promoted Efficient Nutrient Utilization, Increased Fecal Lactobacillus, and Reduced Fecal Malodorous Compounds in Late-Fattening Barrows

by Xin Tao, Jie Wu, Shujie Liu, Qianqian Ma, Xiaoming Men, Yongming Li, Ziwei Xu and Bo Deng

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162465 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary protein levels on barrows during the late fattening period. Fifty Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows with body weights averaging 76.30 ± 6.57 kg were randomly divided into normal protein [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary protein levels on barrows during the late fattening period. Fifty Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows with body weights averaging 76.30 ± 6.57 kg were randomly divided into normal protein (NP) and low protein (LP) groups. The feeding experiment lasted for 55 days. Dietary crude protein (CP) contents were 13.5% in the NP and 11.5% in the LP during days 1–28 and 12.5% and 10.5% during days 29–55, respectively. Results showed that compared with the NP, the LP increased the average daily gain (ADG) of barrows during days 29–55 (p < 0.05); enhanced the digestibility of nutrients, including dry matter (p < 0.01), CP (p < 0.01), calcium (p < 0.01), and phosphorus (p < 0.05); and decreased serum blood urea nitrogen (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.05), and free fatty acids (p < 0.05). Lowering dietary CP increased fecal Lactobacillus abundance (p < 0.01); reduced concentrations of fecal ammonia nitrogen, histamine, butylamine, putrescine, 1,2-heptaenediamine, p-cresol, and indole-3-acetic acid (p < 0.01); and had no negative effects on meat quality (p > 0.05). These results suggested that reducing dietary CP by 2% could improve growth, promote efficient nutrient utilization, increase beneficial fecal microbiota abundance, and reduce the emission of fecal malodorous compounds in late-fattening barrows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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19 pages, 639 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Net Energy Partition Patterns of Growing Pigs Based on Different Nutrients

by Wenjun Gao, Zhengcheng Zeng, Huangwei Shi, Lu Wang, Shijie Liu, Xinwei Dong, Tenghao Wang, Changhua Lai and Shuai Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162464 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to determine the net energy (NE) values of common energy-supplying nutrients, including starch, protein, and fat, to investigate their influence on energetic efficiency and NE partition patterns in growing pigs, and to develop prediction equations for the protein deposition (PD) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the net energy (NE) values of common energy-supplying nutrients, including starch, protein, and fat, to investigate their influence on energetic efficiency and NE partition patterns in growing pigs, and to develop prediction equations for the protein deposition (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) based on nutrient characteristics of ingredients. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 36 growing barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, initial body weight = 28.1 ± 0.8 kg) were randomly allotted to six treatments, with six replicated pigs per treatment. The diets were formulated as follows: a corn–soybean meal basal diet (T1), and five experimental diets containing of 27% corn starch (T2), 27% tapioca starch (T3), 27% pea starch (T4), 5% soybean oil (T5), and 11.8% casein (T6), respectively. In Experiment 2, PD and LD data of 47 ingredients were collected. Subsequently, the nutrient characteristics of ingredients were used as input variables, and PD and LD were used as output variables to establish the prediction equations. Results exhibited that pigs fed the T2, T3, and T4 diets showed increased digestibility of gross energy (GE) and organic matter (OM) compared to those fed the T1 diet (p < 0.01). For various kind of starches, a greater efficiency of using metabolizable energy (ME) for net energy not deposited as protein (PD-free NE, efficiency denoted as kj) was observed when pigs were fed the T2 or T3 diets compared to the T4 diet. Moreover, the kj of soybean oil was 11% and 27% greater than that of starch and casein, respectively, while casein demonstrated 46% and 39% greater efficiency of using ME for PD (efficiency denoted as pj) compared to starch and soybean oil, respectively. Finally, the best-fitted prediction equations for PD and LD were PD = 364.36 − 18.44 × GE + 29.10 × CP − 3.79 × EE − 21.37 × ADF (R² = 0.96; RMSE = 105.15) and LD = −1503.50 + 21.58 × CP + 51.98 × EE + 26.30 × Starch + 26.81 × NDF − 23.87 × ADF (R² = 0.98; RMSE = 172.85), respectively. In summary, there are considerable differences in energetic efficiency and NE partition patterns among various nutrients. In addition, PD and LD can be predicted through nutrient characteristics of ingredients, presenting an innovative approach and methodological framework for the precision nutrition of pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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21 pages, 1417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Different Mixing Strategies on Genomic Prediction Accuracy for Beef Cattle Breeding Values in Multi-Breed Genomic Prediction

by Le Zhou, Lin Zhu, Fengying Ma, Mingjuan Gu, Risu Na and Wenguang Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162463 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Although genomic selection can accelerate livestock breeding, its application in many countries is hindered due to the limited size of reference populations. To address this issue, researchers have explored methods of combining multiple breeds to create reference populations, aiming to enhance the accuracy [...] Read more.

Although genomic selection can accelerate livestock breeding, its application in many countries is hindered due to the limited size of reference populations. To address this issue, researchers have explored methods of combining multiple breeds to create reference populations, aiming to enhance the accuracy of genomic prediction. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the construction of mixed reference populations at different genetic distance levels on the accuracy of multi-breed genome prediction in multi-breed beef cattle populations using three evaluation methods: GBLUP, ssGBLUP, and wGBLUP. In order to study the effect of genetic correlation on multiple populations and to resolve the optimal mixing ratio, we considered six scenarios, including (1) population A as the main body, where the nearest 10% of individuals in populations B and C were added; (2) population A was the main body, where the 15% of individuals with the closest genetic distance in groups B and C were added; and (3) population A as the main body, where the 20% of individuals in populations B and C with the closest genetic distance were added. Our results suggest that the wGBLUP model can be enhanced when the mixing ratio is 15%, and the wGBLUP model shows higher accuracy in predicting populations with different LD decay patterns. Among them, whether combined with PopB or PopC, the wGBLUP model shows better prediction ability than the GBLUP and ssGBLUP models. However, when the mixing ratio is 10% or 20%, the accuracy of the three models is less than 15%, and the wGBLUP and ssGBLUP models show high and stable accuracy. Our results highlight the importance of considering the proportion of mixing between different populations when using genetic assessment models to predict accuracy, especially for endemic beef cattle breeds with different genetic structures and LD patterns and limited resources. However, this study also has some limitations. First, the determination of the optimal mixing ratio still needs further exploration, especially for populations with different genetic structures and LD patterns. Second, future studies can introduce more advanced models to further improve prediction accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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16 pages, 1449 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Salinity on the Survival, Growth, and Eco-Physiological Parameters of Juvenile Sea Urchin Diadema setosum

by Xuanliang Wang, Jieyu Zhang, Lei You, Yunyong Jin, Zhenhao Lin, Junhao Lin, Jinhui Wu and Zonghe Yu

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2462; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162462 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Diadema setosum is an economically important species in tropical and subtropical waters. To determine the optimal salinity for D. setosum aquaculture, we examined six salinity levels (20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 40) during winter and spring, assessing their effects on survival, growth, [...] Read more.

Diadema setosum is an economically important species in tropical and subtropical waters. To determine the optimal salinity for D. setosum aquaculture, we examined six salinity levels (20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 40) during winter and spring, assessing their effects on survival, growth, and eco-physiological parameters of juvenile D. setosum. Results showed that (1) in winter, the survival rate of juvenile D. setosum was highest at salinities of 28–36, with 100% survival at salinities of 32–36. During spring, all salinity groups reached 100% survival. (2) Juveniles exhibited optimal growth performances at salinities of 32–36 across all seasons, and negative growth occurred at lower salinities (20–24) during winter. (3) The juveniles exhibited higher oxygen consumption rate and ammonium excretion rate with an atomic O:N ratio > 25 at salinities of 32–36, indicating that carbon-based substrates were the primary catabolic substrate. Under salinity stress (<24 or >40), the O:N ratio declined significantly, reflecting that proteins were the main metabolic substrate. (4) Fecal excretion was higher in winter than in spring, possibly due to size and digestive efficiency differences. Studies confirmed that salinity and temperature exert significantly combined effects on D. setosum, with an optimal salinity range of 32–36. This work provides valuable insights for the breeding and aquaculture of this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Lipid Metabolism in Aquaculture Invertebrates: Mechanisms, Nutritional Modulation, and Applications)

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16 pages, 235 KB

Open AccessArticle

Many Pros and a Little Cons: Experiences of First-Time Guide Dog Recipients

by Chalotte Glintborg, Johan Trettvik, Rasmus Holm and Tia G. B. Hansen

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2461; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162461 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Guide dogs are primarily seen as mobility aids for people with visual impairments, but they may also influence users’ psychological well-being and social lives. Benefits of being partnered with a guide dog have been found in several countries but Scandinavian studies are sparse. [...] Read more.

Guide dogs are primarily seen as mobility aids for people with visual impairments, but they may also influence users’ psychological well-being and social lives. Benefits of being partnered with a guide dog have been found in several countries but Scandinavian studies are sparse. This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of six Danish guide dog partners through semi-structured interviews. A reflexive thematic analysis found six primary benefits: improved mobility, increased physical activity, enhanced freedom and independence, new social interactions, a strong emotional bond with the dog, and better mental well-being. Users also reported challenges, including frequent distractions caused by the public interacting with the dog, difficulties during the initial adjustment period, increased cleaning, and occasional trouble finding care for the dog. Participants unanimously emphasized the irreplaceable value of their guide dogs and positive socioemotional dimensions of guide dog partnerships. The findings add Scandinavian voices that support existing international research and note three areas of potential improvement: better public education about guide dog etiquette, enhanced support during the adjustment period, and improved care-sharing arrangements. The study underscores the importance of considering guide dogs as both functional aids and sources of emotional and social support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assistance Dogs—What Should We Focus On)

15 pages, 7721 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nutrient Profile, Energy Digestibility in Pigs, and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Wheat Flour Milling Co-Products

by Rajesh Jha, Prajwal R. Regmi, Li F. Wang, Andrew Pharazyn and Ruurd T. Zijlstra

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2460; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162460 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Using wheat flour milling (WFM) co-products in pig diets may reduce feed cost. Still, energy digestibility is lower for WFM co-products than for feed grains. Inadequate information exists about their fermentation characteristics and the relationship between digestible energy (DE) value and chemical characteristics [...] Read more.

Using wheat flour milling (WFM) co-products in pig diets may reduce feed cost. Still, energy digestibility is lower for WFM co-products than for feed grains. Inadequate information exists about their fermentation characteristics and the relationship between digestible energy (DE) value and chemical characteristics or in vitro energy digestibility. The objectives were to (1) determine the chemical characteristics, in vitro and in vivo DE values, and energy digestibility of WFM co-products in growing pigs; (2) determine their in vitro microbial fermentation characteristics, and (3) establish relationships between in vivo DE value of WFM co-products and their chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, or in vitro digestibility values. Across Canada, 94 WFM co-products were sampled and characterized for their chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (DM) and energy digestibility using pepsin, pancreatin, and a multi-enzyme complex containing arabinase, β-glucanase, hemicellulase, xylanase, and cellulase. The in vivo energy, DM digestibility and DE value of 9 WFM co-products (2 shorts, 5 millrun, 1 middling, and 1 bran) were determined using a corn-based diet and 40 growing pigs in two periods to obtain 8 observations per diet. After in vitro digestion, the 9 WFM co-product samples were subjected to microbial fermentation using fresh fecal inoculum in a cumulative gas-production technique. The WFM co-products had a high content of crude fiber (up to 7.9% in shorts, 9.9% in millrun, 7.1% in middlings, and 12.0% in bran) and crude protein (CP; up to 27.8% in shorts, 20.0% in millrun, 22.1% in middlings, 15.9% in bran). The DE values ranged from 2.84 to 3.74 Mcal/kg DM among WFM co-products. Among chemical characteristics, neutral detergent fiber was the best predictor (R² = 0.81) for in vivo DE value, followed by crude fiber (R² = 0.78), and acid detergent fiber (R² = 0.72). The in vitro DE values predicted (R² = 0.80) in vivo DE values of 9 WFM co-products. Based on principal component analysis, total gas and short-chain fatty acid production varied among WFM co-products and was associated with the CP content of WFM co-products. In conclusion, WFM co-products contain high crude protein and have a high DE value for growing pigs but vary substantially in nutritional value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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26 pages, 1795 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides on Growth, Antioxidant and Immune Performance, and mTOR Signaling Pathway in Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Qin Zhang, Luoqing Li, Ziyi Ma, Wenyan He, Enhao Huang, Liuqing Meng, Lan Li, Tong Tong, Huizan Yang, Yongqiang Liu and Haijuan Liu

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162459 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), a prebiotic derived from yeast cell walls, has been shown to enhance growth performance and health status in various aquatic species. As an exogenous antigen adjuvant, MOS modulates T-cell-mediated immune responses, thereby improving immune function and suppressing excessive inflammatory reactions. [...] Read more.

Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), a prebiotic derived from yeast cell walls, has been shown to enhance growth performance and health status in various aquatic species. As an exogenous antigen adjuvant, MOS modulates T-cell-mediated immune responses, thereby improving immune function and suppressing excessive inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary MOS supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant and immune status, and the mTOR signaling pathway in juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Juveniles (initial body weight: 16.17 ± 1.32 g) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (three replicate tanks per group) and fed diets supplemented with MOS at 0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/kg of diet, respectively) for 60 days. Compared with the control group, fish fed MOS-supplemented diets exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) weight gain rates, specific growth rates, and protein efficiency ratios, along with a significantly lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Serum albumin, high-density lipoprotein, and lysozyme levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In the liver, head kidney, and spleen, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and interferon γ) was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05), while the expression of antioxidant and protective genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor β, and heat shock protein 70) as well as mTOR signaling pathway-related genes (mammalian target of rapamycin, akt protein kinase B, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide 1) was significantly upregulated (p < 0.05). Overall, MOS positively affects tilapia’s growth, health, and immunity, with 0.60% identified as the optimal dietary level based on growth performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Effects of Dietary Interventions on Farm Animal Welfare and Production)

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31 pages, 4899 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Bat Signal: An Ultraviolet Light Lure to Increase Acoustic Detection of Bats

by Samuel R. Freeze, Sabrina M. Deeley, Amber S. Litterer, J. Mark Freeze and W. Mark Ford

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2458; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162458 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Bats are a taxa of high conservation concern and are facing numerous threats including widespread mortality due to White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) in North America. With this decline comes increasing difficulty in monitoring imperiled bat species due to lower detection probabilities of both mist-netting [...] Read more.

Bats are a taxa of high conservation concern and are facing numerous threats including widespread mortality due to White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) in North America. With this decline comes increasing difficulty in monitoring imperiled bat species due to lower detection probabilities of both mist-netting and acoustic surveys. Lure technology shows promise to increase detection while decreasing sampling effort; however, to date research has primarily focused on increasing physical captures during mist-net surveys using sound lures. Because much bat monitoring is now performed using acoustic detection, there is a similar need to increase detection probabilities during acoustic surveys. Ultraviolet (UV) lights anecdotally have been shown to attract insects and thereby attract foraging bats for observational studies and to experimentally provide a food source for WNS-impacted bats before and after hibernation. Therefore, we constructed a field-portable and programmable UV lure device to determine the value of lures for increasing acoustic detection of bats. We tested if the lure device increased both the echolocation passes and feeding activity (feeding buzzes) across a transect of bat detectors. There was an increase in feeding activity around the UV light, with a nuanced, species-specific and positionally dependent effect on echolocation passes received. The UV light lure increased echolocation passes for the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), and evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), but decreased passes of the North American hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus). The northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) showed a negative response within the illuminated area but increased echolocation activity outside the illuminated area during lure treatment and activity was elevated at all positions after the lure was deactivated. Our study demonstrates some potential utility of UV lures in increasing the feeding activity and acoustic detection of bats. Additional research and development of UV lure technology may be beneficial, including alternating on and off periods to improve detection of light-averse species, and improving echolocation call quality along with the increase in received passes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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14 pages, 3052 KB

Open AccessArticle

Baicalin Alleviates ADAM17/EGFR Axis-Induced Peritonitis in Weaned Piglets Infected by Glaesserella parasuis

by Qirong Lu, Xuwen Liu, Junke Tian, Pu Guo, Chun Ye, Shulin Fu, Yu Liu and Yinsheng Qiu

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162457 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Glaesserella parasuis (GPS) is a Gram-negative, pathogenic bacterium that colonizes the upper respiratory tract of piglets and causes Glässer’s disease with peritonitis under stress conditions. The mechanism underlying GPS-induced peritonitis in piglets remains unclear. Baicalin is one of the main active [...] Read more.

Glaesserella parasuis (GPS) is a Gram-negative, pathogenic bacterium that colonizes the upper respiratory tract of piglets and causes Glässer’s disease with peritonitis under stress conditions. The mechanism underlying GPS-induced peritonitis in piglets remains unclear. Baicalin is one of the main active ingredients of Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis), which has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on inflammatory diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which baicalin alleviates GPS-induced peritonitis in piglets, specifically focusing on the role of the ADAM17/EGFR signaling axis. We investigated the effects of baicalin in vitro using porcine peritoneal mesothelial cells (PPMCs) and in vivo in GPS-infected piglets. Our results showed that baicalin reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in PPMCs and the peritoneum of piglets after GPS infection. Concurrently, baicalin significantly reduced the upregulation of disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR)/EGFR, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK)/ERK induced by GPS infection in PPMCs and the peritoneum of piglets. Crucially, in vitro mechanistic investigations revealed that baicalin can significantly reduce the upregulation of ADAM17, p-EGFR/EGFR, p-ERK/ERK, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by ADAM17 overexpression in PPMCs. Furthermore, ADAM17 small interfering RNA can significantly reduce the upregulation of ADAM17, p-EGFR/EGFR, p-ERK/ERK, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by GPS infection in PPMCs. These findings demonstrate that baicalin can inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through the ADAM17/EGFR axis, and then alleviate the peritonitis caused by GPS in piglets. This provides a theoretical basis for developing novel non-antibiotic strategies, including phytochemical therapeutics and feed additives, for preventing and controlling GPS. Full article

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18 pages, 2727 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Risk Distribution of Lumpy Skin Disease in Thailand Based on Maximum-Entropy Modeling

by Kusnul Yuli Maulana, Supitchaya Siriyakhun, Kannika Na-Lampang, Kannikar Intawong, Kenny Oriel A. Olana, Wengui Li, Maytawee Tamprateep and Veerasak Punyapornwithaya

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162456 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) poses a significant transboundary threat to livestock health and productivity, especially in regions where vector-borne transmission is a major driver of spread. Environmental and climatic factors are recognized as critical determinants of LSD transmission dynamics. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) poses a significant transboundary threat to livestock health and productivity, especially in regions where vector-borne transmission is a major driver of spread. Environmental and climatic factors are recognized as critical determinants of LSD transmission dynamics. This study aimed to model the environmental suitability for LSD across Thailand using a maximum-entropy approach. Outbreak data from 2021 to 2023 were analyzed alongside bioclimatic variables, land cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and cattle population density. The model produced an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.699 (~0.70), indicating moderate predictive performance. Based on variable contribution, land cover (65%), cattle density (25%), and NDVI (3%) were identified as the most influential predictors of environmental suitability for LSD. The resulting risk map identified central and northeastern Thailand as the most suitable regions for disease occurrence. These findings provide valuable insights to support risk-based surveillance, improve veterinary resource allocation, and enhance early warning systems for effective LSD prevention and control in Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Prevention Strategies for Transboundary Animal Diseases)

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18 pages, 1753 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Inulin on the Growth, Oxidative Stress, and Immune Function of Weaned Kids

by Zhiling Zhou, Chunmei Du, Pengxin Wu, Jian Ma, Shangquan Gan, Zhijing Wang and Fuquan Yin

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162455 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Goats are important producers of meat, milk, hair, and leather. Early-weaned kids may encounter issues such as weaning stress and stress from high-density farming, which can hinder their growth and development. Therefore, exploring feed additives capable of alleviating stress in kids to enhance [...] Read more.

Goats are important producers of meat, milk, hair, and leather. Early-weaned kids may encounter issues such as weaning stress and stress from high-density farming, which can hinder their growth and development. Therefore, exploring feed additives capable of alleviating stress in kids to enhance their growth performance is of particular importance. This experiment aims to investigate the effects of inulin on the growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health of weaned kids. Thirty healthy 60-day-old Leizhou black goat weaned kids with similar body weights (9.00 ± 0.05 kg) were selected and evenly divided into five groups by weight, with six kids in each group. The control group was fed the basal diet, while the AM HCl group received 0.05‰ aureomycin hydrochloride. The inulin groups were supplemented with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% inulin, respectively. By comparison, the results of the 0.3% inulin group in this experiment were most consistent with those of the AM HCl group, and the final weight of the kids was the highest. The 0.3% and 0.5% inulin groups had significantly enhanced immune-related indicator (such as sIgA, IgA, and IgG) concentrations and antioxidant activities (p < 0.05) in kids. Inulin significantly increased cecal total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and the activities of jejunal α-amylase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin (p < 0.05); the activities of intestinal antioxidant enzymes, including GSH-PX, SOD, and T-AOC, were significantly increased (p < 0.05); and the intestinal anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Inulin significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the tight junction protein genes TJP1 (ZO-1) and OCLN in the jejunum (p < 0.05). It also significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β1 and IL-10 while significantly reducing the mRNA level of pro-inflammatory factor IL-6 in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Therefore, inulin enhanced the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of weaned kids, improved the body’s immune response, and reduced inflammatory responses. Specifically, when comparing the growth status, antioxidant enzyme activity, and tight junction protein mRNA level among the groups of kids, the 0.3% inulin supplementation yielded the best results in this experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Ruminants)

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18 pages, 2966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Liver and Spleen in Ussuri Catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) Challenged with Polyriboinosinic Polyribocytidylic Acid (Poly(I:C))

by Yu Liu, Ke Wang, Lingyun Lu, Huanhuan Miao, Libo Gu, Zhipeng Dou and Qing Liu

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162454 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Poly (I:C), a viral mimic, is capable of activating the antiviral immune mechanisms in teleosts. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional responses of Ussuri Catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) to poly (I:C) stimulation at 3 and 48 h, focusing on the similarities [...] Read more.

Poly (I:C), a viral mimic, is capable of activating the antiviral immune mechanisms in teleosts. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional responses of Ussuri Catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) to poly (I:C) stimulation at 3 and 48 h, focusing on the similarities and differences in antiviral mechanisms exhibited in the liver and spleen. At 3 h, the signaling pathways that were concurrently enriched in both the spleen and liver include JAK-STAT, TNF, NF-κB, RIG-I-like receptor, and NOD-like receptor. At 48 h, the signaling pathways that were concurrently enriched in both the spleen and liver include JAK-STAT signaling and cellular homeostasis processes. However, in the liver, the signaling pathways that responded to poly (I:C) stimulation at both 3 and 48 h are cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and RIG-I-like receptor signaling. In the spleen, the signaling pathways that responded to poly (I:C) stimulation at both 3 and 48 h are Hippo signaling, Wnt signaling, TGF-β signaling, and ECM-receptor interaction. Ultimately, the pathways that were enriched in the intersection genes across all groups are JAK-STAT signaling, NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and ECM-receptor interaction, and the core genes identified in the intersection genes of all groups are PTPRS, HECW1, and ERN1 (IRE1), along with UMAD, DKK1, CSH, and RTKN2. Through this study, we identified the key signaling pathways and core genes involved in the antiviral response of Ussuri catfish. These findings provide valuable insights into the antiviral mechanisms of Ussuri catfish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Host Defence Mechanisms of Aquatic Animals)

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19 pages, 2846 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synovial Fluid Biomarker Profile After Intra-Articular Administration of Neosaxitoxin in Horses: A Feasibility Study

by Cristóbal Dörner, Néstor Lagos, Lissette Oyaneder, Bruno C. Menarim and Galia Ramírez-Toloza

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162453 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory joint disease and the leading cause of musculoskeletal disability affecting human and veterinary patients. New therapeutics halting inflammation while preserving joint homeostasis remain a critical need. Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels regulate the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages in the [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory joint disease and the leading cause of musculoskeletal disability affecting human and veterinary patients. New therapeutics halting inflammation while preserving joint homeostasis remain a critical need. Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels regulate the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages in the synovium, the central driver of joint homeostasis. Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) is a phycotoxin that blocks NaV channels, conferring a unique potential to regulate joint inflammation. This study evaluated the safety of intra-articular administration of NeoSTX in horses. Sixteen horses were allocated into two groups (n = 8/each). One group received one intraarticular dose (20 µg/2 mL of saline) of NeoSTX into one tarsocrural joint, while the control group received 2 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl). No differences were observed between groups for systemic or local signs of inflammation, including objective measures of surface temperature and joint effusion. Concentrations of synovial fluid total nucleated and differential cell counts, total protein, glucose, calcium, and 23 cytokines/chemokines measured throughout this study did not differ between treatment groups. In this short-term study, intra-articular NeoSTX injection was shown to be well tolerated and likely safe. Ongoing studies should elucidate the role of NeoSTX in modulating synovial mechanisms of inflammation and its endogenous resolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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22 pages, 1914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Superground Pfaffia glomerata Leaves on Growth Performance and Immune Function in New Zealand Rabbits

by Yan-Jun Chen, Guang-Zhou Lv, Asim Muhammad, Xin-Yu Zheng, Jia-Hong Xie and Jin-Jun Chen

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162452 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 333

Abstract

The rabbit industry urgently needs natural alternatives to maintain gut health. This need is growing due to the higher incidence of intestinal problems in antibiotic-free production systems. Pfaffia glomerata (Brazilian ginseng) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the [...] Read more.

The rabbit industry urgently needs natural alternatives to maintain gut health. This need is growing due to the higher incidence of intestinal problems in antibiotic-free production systems. Pfaffia glomerata (Brazilian ginseng) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of P. glomerata leaf powder on growth performance, immune function, and gut microbiota in New Zealand rabbits. A total of 100 New Zealand rabbits (35 days old) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 20 each). The groups comprised a blank control group (CON), an immunosuppressed group (CTX), and three treatment groups receiving low (L), medium (M), and high (H) doses of P. glomerata leaf powder at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% of the basal diet, respectively. Growth performance was assessed by average daily gain (ADG). Intestinal morphology was evaluated by measuring villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Immune parameters included thymus and spleen weight, serum immunoglobulin levels, and leukocyte counts. Cecal microbiota diversity and composition were analyzed. Compared to CON, Pfaffia supplementation improved growth performance: the L and H groups had significantly higher ADG and a lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). In intestinal histology, groups L and M had reduced crypt depth in the duodenum (p < 0.05), and group L had an increased villus height to crypt depth ratio. In the jejunum and ileum, groups L and H exhibited increased villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.05), indicating an enhanced absorptive surface. In the immunosuppressed model, rabbits in all Pfaffia groups showed significantly increased thymus and spleen weight compared to the CTX group (p < 0.05) and demonstrated elevated serum immunoglobulins and leukocyte counts (monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils) (p < 0.05). Pfaffia supplementation also enhanced cecal microbiota diversity and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In summary, dietary P. glomerata leaf powder enhanced growth performance, immune organ development, and healthy gut microbiota in growing rabbits. The 0.5% supplementation level (L group) yielded the most consistent benefits. These results suggest that P. glomerata is a promising natural feed additive to promote rabbit health and production in antibiotic-free systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Diseases in Agricultural Production Systems: Their Veterinary, Zoonotic, and One Health Importance, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 696 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Motility Performance of Thawed Spermatozoa of Bulls from the Tropics Throughout the Year

by Annie Y. Poclín-Rojas, Martin Daniel Arbaiza Barnechea, Gleni T. Segura Portocarrero, Gustavo Ampuero-Trigoso, Diana Bernilla Carrillo, Benjamín A. Depaz-Hizo, Ronald W. Vásquez-Tarrillo, Clavel Diaz-Quevedo and Hurley A. Quispe-Ccasa

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2451; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162451 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Under tropical conditions, seasonal variations may also influence the sperm characteristics of Bos indicus. The objective was to evaluate the motility of thawed sperm of bulls from the Peruvian tropics throughout the year. Over 24 months, 129 ejaculates were evaluated based on [...] Read more.

Under tropical conditions, seasonal variations may also influence the sperm characteristics of Bos indicus. The objective was to evaluate the motility of thawed sperm of bulls from the Peruvian tropics throughout the year. Over 24 months, 129 ejaculates were evaluated based on semen quality and subjected to slow horizontal freezing in 0.5 mL straws. After thawing, the individual, seasonal period, and season effect on motility and kinetic parameters were analyzed using a Sperm Class Analyzer^® (Microptic S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). There was an individual effect on volume, motility, fresh concentration, and kinetic parameters when thawed. In the dry period, higher straight-line velocity (VSL) (p < 0.05) and beat cross frequency (BCF) were found than in the rainy period (p < 0.01). In summer and autumn, there was greater total motility, fast, circular routes, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, VSL, amplitude of lateral displacement of the head, and BCF (p < 0.01). Greater volume and motility were found in winter and spring, but in summer and autumn, greater speed and vigor of movement were obtained in thawed sperm. The variation in annual climate patterns influences the seminal quality of bulls, and its effect needs to be assessed to propose adaptation strategies to climate change in tropical areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Male Fertility and Sperm Preservation in Animals)

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18 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Low Dose of Berberine Is Metabolized in Weaned Piglets Without Major Changes to Gut Morphology or Gut Microbiota

by Christina Mouchtoglou, Marc Cherlet, Tessa Dehau, Marijke Aluwe, Richard Ducatelle, Evy Goossens, Siska Croubels and Filip Van Immerseel

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2450; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162450 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 436

Abstract

Weaning is one of the most challenging stages in a piglet’s life, with multiple stressors contributing to poor gut health. For several years, zinc oxide (ZnO) was the preferred means of promoting a healthy gut and preventing post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). However, with the [...] Read more.

Weaning is one of the most challenging stages in a piglet’s life, with multiple stressors contributing to poor gut health. For several years, zinc oxide (ZnO) was the preferred means of promoting a healthy gut and preventing post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). However, with the banning of its use at medicinal levels in the EU since 2022, alternatives are needed. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine to treat diarrhea and has pharmacological properties that could make this molecule an attractive alternative to ZnO. The aim of this study was to investigate how berberine is metabolized in the intestinal tract and liver of weaned piglets; determine which metabolites are detected in intestinal contents and plasma; and whether a low dose can alter histomorphological parameters, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and gut microbiota composition. A total of 60 piglets weaned at 4 weeks were divided into two groups (Control and BBR), each consisting of six pens of five animals. After two weeks of feeding with a normal diet or a berberine-supplemented diet (30 mg berberine/kg feed), berberine and its metabolites were quantified in intestinal contents and plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) on 12 animals per group (2 male piglets per pen). Moreover, villus length and crypt depth were measured in small-intestinal tissue, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to examine jejunal, cecal, and colonic gut microbiota composition. Our findings show that piglets metabolize berberine into phase I and II metabolites; however, a low dose does not affect their histomorphology, microbiota composition, or SCFA production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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16 pages, 989 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Monthly Variation of Gait Asymmetry During In-Hand Trot in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Race Training

by Thilo Pfau, Bronte Forbes, Fernanda Sepulveda-Caviedes, Zoe Chan and Renate Weller

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162449 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Based on fundamental mechanics, movement and force associate head and pelvic movement asymmetry with asymmetry of force production. We investigate, how often racehorses undergoing strenuous training regimens show evidence of switching between “preferred” limbs, i.e. one limb producing increased force, when assessed at [...] Read more.

Based on fundamental mechanics, movement and force associate head and pelvic movement asymmetry with asymmetry of force production. We investigate, how often racehorses undergoing strenuous training regimens show evidence of switching between “preferred” limbs, i.e. one limb producing increased force, when assessed at monthly intervals? We hypothesize that clinical asymmetry thresholds designed for “detecting lameness” are frequently exceeded and that when applying previously established Thoroughbred-specific repeatability values, horses rarely switch between showing left- and right-sided asymmetry. Monthly gait assessments (inertial sensors) were conducted in 256 Thoroughbred racehorses at least twice per horse (up to 16 times per horse). Descriptive statistics for absolute differences for head and pelvic movement were compared to published Thoroughbred-specific repeatability values. The percentage of left–right switches between repeat assessments was calculated in comparison to three different levels of pre-defined thresholds (perfect symmetry, clinical lameness thresholds, previously established Thoroughbred-specific repeatability values) and switch frequencies compared between the three thresholds. Ranges containing 95% of monthly differences were higher than published daily and weekly values except for pelvic vertical range of motion. Approximately 30% of monthly differences in individual symmetry parameters showed left–right switches around “perfect symmetry”. Utilizing clinical lameness thresholds for categorizing left–right switches, a significantly (p < 0.001) reduced percentage of 4–11% of measurements for head movement and 7–17% for pelvic movement showed switches. Using daily repeatability values for categorization, a further significantly (p < 0.001) reduced percentage of switches was observed: 0.3–3.6% for head movement and 0.6–7.0% for pelvic movement. While racehorses in training regularly switch between small left- or right-sided movement symmetries, they less frequently switch between more pronounced left- and right-sided movement symmetries defined based on daily variations. Further studies should investigate the reasons for these rare switches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Factors Affecting the Performance of Sport Horses—Second Edition)

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16 pages, 25315 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Object Tracking in Space Animal Behavior Studies

by Zhuang Zhou, Shengyang Li, Yixuan Lv, Kang Liu, Yuxuan Cao and Shicheng Guo

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162448 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

In space environments, microgravity, high radiation, and weak magnetic fields induce behavioral alterations in animals, resulting in erratic movement patterns that complicate tracking. These challenges impede accurate behavioral analysis, especially in multi-object scenarios. To address this issue, this study proposes a deep learning-based [...] Read more.

In space environments, microgravity, high radiation, and weak magnetic fields induce behavioral alterations in animals, resulting in erratic movement patterns that complicate tracking. These challenges impede accurate behavioral analysis, especially in multi-object scenarios. To address this issue, this study proposes a deep learning-based multi-object tracking (MOT) framework specifically designed for space animals. The proposed method decouples appearance and motion features through dual-stream inputs and employs modality-specific encoders (MSEs), which are fused via a heterogeneous graph network to model cross-modal spatio-temporal relationships. Additionally, an object re-detection module is integrated to maintain identity continuity during occlusions or rapid movements. This approach is validated using public datasets of space-observed Drosophila and zebrafish, with experimental results demonstrating superior performance compared with existing tracking methods. This work highlights the potential of artificial intelligence as a valuable tool in behavioral studies, enabling reliable animal tracking and analysis under extreme space conditions and supporting future research in space life sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence as a Useful Tool in Behavioural Studies)

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20 pages, 9798 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Risk Assessment of H5 Avian Influenza in China: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach to Uncover Multi-Scale Drivers

by Xinyi Wang, Yihui Xu and Xi Xi

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162447 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Avian influenza (AI), particularly the H5 subtypes, poses a significant and persistent threat globally. While the influence of environmental factors on AI seasonality is recognized, a comprehensive understanding of the hierarchical and interactive effects of multi-scale drivers in a vast and ecologically diverse [...] Read more.

Avian influenza (AI), particularly the H5 subtypes, poses a significant and persistent threat globally. While the influence of environmental factors on AI seasonality is recognized, a comprehensive understanding of the hierarchical and interactive effects of multi-scale drivers in a vast and ecologically diverse country like China remains limited. We developed an interpretable machine learning framework (XGBoost with SHAP) to analyze the spatiotemporal risk of 1800 H5 AI outbreaks in mainland China from 2000 to 2023. We integrated multi-source data, including dynamic poultry density, Köppen climate classifications, Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), and daily meteorological variables, to identify key drivers and quantify their nonlinear and synergistic effects. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (5-fold cross-validation

R^{2}

= 0.776). Our analysis revealed that macro-scale ecological contexts, particularly poultry density and specific Köppen climate zones (e.g., Cwa), and strong seasonality were the most dominant drivers of AI risk. We identified significant nonlinear relationships, such as a strong inverse relationship with temperature, and a critical synergistic interaction where high temperatures substantially amplified risk in areas with high poultry density. The final predictive map identified high-risk hotspots primarily concentrated in eastern and southern China. Our findings indicate that H5 AI risk is governed by a hierarchical interplay of multi-scale environmental drivers. This interpretable modeling approach provides a valuable tool for developing targeted surveillance and early warning systems to mitigate the threat of avian influenza. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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20 pages, 3997 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Weizmannia coagulans Strain WC412 with Superior Environmental Resilience Improves Growth Performance of Mice by Regulating the Intestinal Microbiota

by Xue Xiao, Hao Huang, Wendi Yu, Jun Liu, Yuanliang Hu, Xiang Yu and Xicai Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162446 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free animal production has intensified interest in probiotics as functional feed additives. In this study, novel strains of Weizmannia coagulans (WC412 and WC413) were isolated from pickle water—a previously unexplored source for probiotic screening. These isolates, along [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free animal production has intensified interest in probiotics as functional feed additives. In this study, novel strains of Weizmannia coagulans (WC412 and WC413) were isolated from pickle water—a previously unexplored source for probiotic screening. These isolates, along with three reference strains (W. coagulans S8, S15, and S17), were evaluated for their tolerance to heat, acid, and bile salts. Strain WC412 exhibited superior environmental resilience, as validated by principal component analysis (PCA) for comprehensive stress-tolerance assessment, and was selected for further investigations. A murine model was employed to assess the physiological and microbiological impacts of WC412 supplementation at varying doses. Medium-dose (1 × 10⁷ CFU·mL⁻¹) administration significantly improved body weight gain by 13% (p < 0.05), modulated serum lipid profiles, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity and IgG/IL-2 levels (p < 0.05). Notably, WC412 uniquely enriched beneficial genera (e.g., Fructilactobacillus and Limosilactobacillus) and promoted metabolic pathways linked to short-chain fatty acid production, as revealed by 16S rDNA sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. These findings highlight WC412 as a robust probiotic candidate for enhancing animal growth performance and gut health through novel microbiota-mediated mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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17 pages, 1527 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Sex Determination in the Grey Mullet Mugil cephalus Suggested by Individual Whole Genome Sequence Data

by Mbarsid Racaku, Serena Ferraresso, Massimiliano Babbucci, Andres Blanco, Costas S. Tsigenopoulos, Tereza Manousaki, Jelena Radojicic, Vasileios Papadogiannis, Paulino Martínez, Luca Bargelloni and Tomaso Patarnello

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162445 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

Mugil cephalus is a cosmopolitan marine fish highly relevant from ecological and economic perspectives. Previous studies identified sex-associated variants in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) gene following an XX/XY sex determination (SD) system. However, these variants could not be fully associated [...] Read more.

Mugil cephalus is a cosmopolitan marine fish highly relevant from ecological and economic perspectives. Previous studies identified sex-associated variants in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) gene following an XX/XY sex determination (SD) system. However, these variants could not be fully associated with sex in all samples. This suggests other genes and/or environmental factors may be involved in the SD of this species, denoting intraspecific variation. In this study, we constructed a new high-quality genome assembly of M. cephalus. We then re-sequenced the whole genome in males and females from two divergent Mediterranean populations to ascertain whether other genetic variants could also be involved in SD. fshr gene variants showed to only partially explain SD, while a new intronic variant in the sestd1 gene appeared to be associated with SD following a ZZ/ZW system. The presence of other putative candidate SD variants showing significant differences between the two populations suggested a regional pattern of variation in SD in the Mediterranean Sea. The incomplete association of all the identified variants also pointed to a potential role for environmental factors. Full article

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17 pages, 3868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Metabolomics and Cardiac Function in Trained vs. Untrained Yili Performance Horses

by Tongliang Wang, Jun Meng, Xixi Yang, Yaqi Zeng, Xinkui Yao and Wanlu Ren

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162444 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 145

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of training on cardiac structure and function, as well as plasma metabolite profiles in horses, in order to uncover the molecular regulatory mechanisms and cardiac remodeling under long-term exercise. We hypothesize that long-term standardized training induces [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of training on cardiac structure and function, as well as plasma metabolite profiles in horses, in order to uncover the molecular regulatory mechanisms and cardiac remodeling under long-term exercise. We hypothesize that long-term standardized training induces physiological cardiac remodeling and differential metabolomic changes in Yili horses, which correlate with improved athletic performance. The study focuses on physiological exercise-induced cardiac remodeling, characterized by increased left ventricular wall thickness and chamber size. A total of 18 Yili horses, a unique Chinese equine breed, were included in the study of equine exercise physiology. Twelve horses underwent six months of standardized training followed by three 1000 m performance tests. Based on final rankings, they were divided into an advanced group (AG, top six horses) and a habitual group (HG, bottom six horses). The remaining six untrained horses served as the untrained group (UG), with only free-range activity. Echocardiographic results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the trained and untrained groups in cardiac parameters such as LVID, LVFW, LVM, AODd, IVSs, HR, EDV, ESV, LADs, LVLD, MVD, PADs, and SV. Further comparison between AG and HG showed significant differences in AODd, EESV, HR, IVSd, LVIDs, LVM, RVDd, and RVDs (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified 465 differential metabolites between AG and HG, 456 between AG and UG, and 379 between HG and UG, with 106 overlapping metabolites among all three groups. Plasma metabolomics revealed significant negative correlations between specific long-chain lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and cardiac structural parameters (LVIDd, LVFWD, LVIDs, LVLD, MVD, and LADs), whereas LPC (O-18:2) showed an opposite trend. Key metabolites such as 3-hydroxybutanoic acid, carnitine C4:0, carnitine isoC4:0, hippuric acid, and uric acid were significantly lower in AG compared to HG and UG, with uric acid levels negatively correlated with LVID and LVM. Glycerophospholipid metabolism emerged as the core pathway differentiating exercise capacity among all groups. Notably, efferocytosis (vs. HG and UG) and tryptophan metabolism/aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (vs. HG) were specifically enriched in AG. These findings provide a novel theoretical basis and research perspective for optimizing racehorse training strategies and exploring the metabolic regulation of the athletic heart. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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31 pages, 2542 KB

Open AccessArticle

ECR-MobileNet: An Imbalanced Largemouth Bass Parameter Prediction Model with Adaptive Contrastive Regression and Dependency-Graph Pruning

by Hao Peng, Cheng Ouyang, Lin Yang, Jingtao Deng, Mingyu Tan, Yahui Luo, Wenwu Hu, Pin Jiang and Yi Wang

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162443 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

The precise, non-destructive monitoring of fish length and weight is a core technology for advancing intelligent aquaculture. However, this field faces dual challenges: traditional contact-based measurements induce stress and yield loss. In addition, existing computer vision methods are hindered by prediction biases from [...] Read more.

The precise, non-destructive monitoring of fish length and weight is a core technology for advancing intelligent aquaculture. However, this field faces dual challenges: traditional contact-based measurements induce stress and yield loss. In addition, existing computer vision methods are hindered by prediction biases from imbalanced data and the deployment bottleneck of balancing high accuracy with model lightweighting. This study aims to overcome these challenges by developing an efficient and robust deep learning framework. We propose ECR-MobileNet, a lightweight framework built on MobileNetV3-Small. It features three key innovations: an efficient channel attention (ECA) module to enhance feature discriminability, an original adaptive multi-scale contrastive regression (AMCR) loss function that extends contrastive learning to multi-dimensional regression for length and weight simultaneously to mitigate data imbalance, and a dependency-graph-based (DepGraph) structured pruning technique that synergistically optimizes model size and performance. On our multi-scene largemouth bass dataset, the pruned ECR-MobileNet-P model comprehensively outperformed 14 mainstream benchmarks. It achieved an R² of 0.9784 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.4296 cm for length prediction, as well as an R² of 0.9740 and an RMSE of 0.0202 kg for weight prediction. The model’s parameter count is only 0.52 M, with a computational load of 0.07 giga floating-point operations per second (GFLOPs) and a CPU latency of 10.19 ms, achieving Pareto optimality. This study provides an edge-deployable solution for stress-free biometric monitoring in aquaculture and establishes an innovative methodological paradigm for imbalanced regression and task-oriented model compression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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11 pages, 354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Are Dairy Cow Replacement Decisions Economically Justified? Evidence from Swiss Farms

by Simon Schlebusch, Rennie Eppenstein, Daniel Hoop and Peter von Rohr

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2442; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162442 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Farmers frequently face the decision to retain or replace dairy cows, with 20% to 40% of cows replaced annually. In Switzerland, this translates to over 100,000 cows replaced each year, representing a significant financial investment for farms and the dairy industry. The average [...] Read more.

Farmers frequently face the decision to retain or replace dairy cows, with 20% to 40% of cows replaced annually. In Switzerland, this translates to over 100,000 cows replaced each year, representing a significant financial investment for farms and the dairy industry. The average productive lifespan of a dairy cow is currently three to four parities worldwide as in Switzerland, shorter than the optimal five to six parities, leading to financial losses from premature culling. Factors influencing suboptimal replacement decisions include inaccurate valuation of production parameters, replacement costs, and health issues. This study bridges the gap between theoretical models and real-world practices by analyzing replacement decisions from 29 Swiss dairy farmers over five years, comparing them to theoretical models and evaluating economic impacts. On average, suboptimal decisions resulted in an economic loss of 161 ± 164 CHF per farm per month (1.55 ± 1.58 CHF per cow per month), with losses from retaining unprofitable cows being approximately three times greater than those from premature culling. The results indicate that farmers typically make economically sound decisions regarding cow replacement; this contrasts with findings from previous studies on the topic. Nonetheless, replacing cows prematurely, particularly during their first parity, is not ideal from ecological, animal welfare, and sustainability standpoints. Consequently, enhancing animal health and fertility becomes essential for reducing culling rates and improving the longevity of dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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21 pages, 15915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Insight into Dugong Mortality: First Report of Systemic Achromobacter xylosoxidans Infection, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, and Associated Pathogenesis

by Piyaporn Eiamcharoen, Piyarat Khumraksa, Santi Ninwat, Tatsawan Suttiboon, Narissara Keawchana, Peerapon Sornying and Watcharapol Suyapoh

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162441 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Dugongs (Dugong dugon), classified as vulnerable marine mammals, are increasingly impacted by infectious diseases, yet the role of septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in their mortality remains uncharacterized. This study aimed to investigate the pathological and microbiological features associated with [...] Read more.

Dugongs (Dugong dugon), classified as vulnerable marine mammals, are increasingly impacted by infectious diseases, yet the role of septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in their mortality remains uncharacterized. This study aimed to investigate the pathological and microbiological features associated with an acute mortality event in a juvenile dugong during rehabilitation in southern Thailand. Comprehensive histopathological and microbiological analyses were conducted on tissue samples collected postmortem. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using standard culture techniques and the VITEK-2 system. Histological examination revealed multisystemic lesions, including fibrin thrombi, hemorrhage, hepatocellular degeneration, pancreatic necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and neuronal damage. Oxidative stress and DNA damage were confirmed in brain tissues through immunofluorescence detection of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Achromobacter xylosoxidans, an opportunistic pathogen, was isolated from multiple organs, consistent with acute systemic infection. These findings represent the first evidence of septicemia-associated DIC in dugongs caused by A. xylosoxidans, highlighting a previously undocumented cause of mortality in dugongs. The results emphasize the role of opportunistic bacteria in triggering oxidative damage and coagulopathy and underscore the importance of early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies to improve survival in stranded or rehabilitated dugongs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Diseases: Pathology and Diagnostic Investigation)

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18 pages, 3124 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation in Macroinvertebrate Communities and Ecological Health Assessment in the Poyang Lake Basin During the Early Stage of a Fishing Ban

by Chunhua Zhou, Ruobing Zhao, Wenxin Xia, Fangfa Zeng, Yanqing Deng, Wenhao Wang, Shan Ouyang and Xiaoping Wu

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162440 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 173

Abstract

Macroinvertebrates are a crucial part of aquatic ecosystems and significantly contribute to the maintenance of their health and stability. Our aims were to explore spatio-temporal patterns in macroinvertebrate communities and evaluate the ecological health of various parts of the Poyang Lake Basin during [...] Read more.

Macroinvertebrates are a crucial part of aquatic ecosystems and significantly contribute to the maintenance of their health and stability. Our aims were to explore spatio-temporal patterns in macroinvertebrate communities and evaluate the ecological health of various parts of the Poyang Lake Basin during the early stage of a fishing ban. We collected samples using a Peterson grab sampler and conducted ecological evaluations using the B-IBI index. A total of 107 species of macroinvertebrates were identified, and most species were arthropods. The density and biomass of macroinvertebrates significantly differed among seasons and water bodies. No significant differences in diversity among seasons were observed; however, diversity significantly varied among water bodies. Environmental parameters such as water depth, pH, turbidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a played a crucial role in shaping the community structure of macroinvertebrates. Most of the sampling sites were classified as healthy or sub-healthy, indicating that the fishing ban policy has started to have a positive effect. The effects of this ban are achieved through a cascading sequence of processes, including the elimination of fishing disturbance, the restoration of habitat structure, and the reallocation of trophic energy, in addition to increases in microhabitat diversity associated with habitat heterogeneity. Together, these processes drive the multidimensional recovery of macroinvertebrate communities, manifested as increased species richness, higher density and biomass, and elevated B-IBI scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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16 pages, 2923 KB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Dairy Cow Target Detection and Tracking Based on Lightweight YOLO v11

by Zhongkun Li, Guodong Cheng, Lu Yang, Shuqing Han, Yali Wang, Xiaofei Dai, Jianyu Fang and Jianzhai Wu

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162439 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 192

Abstract

With the development of precision livestock farming, in order to achieve the goal of fine management and improve the health and welfare of dairy cows, research on dairy cow motion monitoring has become particularly important. In this study, considering the problems surrounding a [...] Read more.

With the development of precision livestock farming, in order to achieve the goal of fine management and improve the health and welfare of dairy cows, research on dairy cow motion monitoring has become particularly important. In this study, considering the problems surrounding a large amount of model parameters, the poor accuracy of multi-target tracking, and the nonlinear motion of dairy cows in dairy farming scenes, a lightweight detection model based on improved YOLO v11n was proposed and four tracking algorithms were compared. Firstly, the Ghost module was used to replace the standard convolutions in the YOLO v11n network and a more lightweight attention mechanism called ELA was replaced, which reduced the number of model parameters by 18.59%. Then, a loss function called SDIoU was used to solve the influence of different cow target sizes. With the above improvements, the improved model achieved an increase of 2.0 percentage points and 2.3 percentage points in mAP@75 and mAP@50-95, respectively. Secondly, the performance of four tracking algorithms, including ByteTrack, BoT-SORT, OC-SORT, and BoostTrack, was systematically compared. The results show that 97.02% MOTA and 89.81% HOTA could be achieved when combined with the OC-SORT tracking algorithm. Considering the demand of equipment in lightweight models, the improved object detection model in this paper reduces the number of model parameters while offering better performance. The OC-SORT tracking algorithm enables the tracking and localization of cows through video surveillance alone, creating the necessary conditions for the continuous monitoring of cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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10 pages, 3078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study: Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Indices in Mules Evaluated by 24-Hour Electrocardiogram

by Lauren T. Maas, Jessica M. Morgan, Jordan Case, David D. Chell and Amy K. McLean

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162438 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

Mules and donkeys are the 5th largest equine population in the U.S., yet basic information such as heart rate and arrhythmia prevalence in mules has not been described. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides valuable insight into physiologic and autonomic differences between [...] Read more.

Mules and donkeys are the 5th largest equine population in the U.S., yet basic information such as heart rate and arrhythmia prevalence in mules has not been described. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides valuable insight into physiologic and autonomic differences between mules, horses, and donkeys. We aimed to pilot the evaluation of heart rate and variability in a healthy population of mules using a 24 h electrocardiogram. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (aECG) recordings were collected from an athletic population of seven privately owned healthy mules in Northern California. Vision 5 Holter Analysis Software was utilized for ECG review and analysis. An average heart rate of 32–42 bpm, with a mean of 36 ± 3 bpm for 23.8 ± 0.2 h, was recorded. Minimum heart rate was 16–24 bpm, and maximum was 70–156 bpm. Individual mules had supraventricular complexes, sinoatrial heart block, and second-degree atrioventricular block during the observation period. Electrocardiographic evaluation of mules over 24 h found heart rate (HR) to be similar to horses and lower than in donkeys. Arrhythmias were consistent with the range of cardiac rhythms observed in horses and more frequent than reported in donkeys. Further investigation with a larger sample size of mules is warranted to determine if reference values for horses should continue to be used to assess mules and to investigate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their clinical relevance in the mule. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Donkeys and Mules: Second Edition)

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12 pages, 597 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Feeding Strategies for the Larviculture of the Vermiculated Angelfish Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus: The Key Role of Copepods

by Yu-Hsuan Sun, Yu-Ru Lin, Hung-Yen Hsieh and Pei-Jie Meng

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162437 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The captive breeding of marine ornamental fish with specialized larval requirements—such as Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus—remains a major bottleneck in aquaculture, largely due to the lack of techniques tailored to their unique morphological and nutritional needs. The global marine ornamental aquaculture market is valued [...] Read more.

The captive breeding of marine ornamental fish with specialized larval requirements—such as Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus—remains a major bottleneck in aquaculture, largely due to the lack of techniques tailored to their unique morphological and nutritional needs. The global marine ornamental aquaculture market is valued at approximately USD 2.15 billion annually; however, only around 10% of marine ornamental species are currently supplied through captive breeding, highlighting a substantial technological gap. The artificial propagation of C. mesoleucus is particularly challenging due to the species’ small mouth gape and high nutritional demands during early development. To address this issue, we evaluated the effects of three live-prey types—Euplotes sp., Brachionus sp., and Bestiolina coreana—as well as a mixed diet containing all three, on larval performance. From 3 days post-hatch, larvae were fed each prey type at equal densities (15–20 individuals/mL), and water quality was carefully maintained to minimize external influences. Survival and total length were assessed at 14 dph. At the end of the trial, the mixed-diet group showed the highest survival rate (36.2 ± 5.6%), whereas larvae fed only B. coreana exhibited the greatest total length (7.4 ± 1.2 mm) and a high metamorphosis rate (97.8%). These findings demonstrate that prey selection significantly influences the early survival and growth in C. mesoleucus larvae and highlight the critical role of copepods in promoting growth performance. However, as larval biomass was not quantified, the findings should be interpreted with caution, and future studies incorporating biomass assessments are needed to draw more conclusive inferences. The successful mass rearing of this species supports the feasibility of captive production to reduce wild harvesting, protect coral-reef biodiversity, and promote sustainable ornamental aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 6762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Sequencing and Differential Analysis of Ovaries Across Diverse States (Follicular and Non-Follicular Phases)

by Jiabei Sun, Tongliang Wang, Yuheng Xue, Zhehong Shen, Chen Meng, Xinkui Yao, Jun Meng, Jianwen Wang, Hongzhong Chu, Wanlu Ren, Linling Li and Yaqi Zeng

Animals 2025, 15(16), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162436 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 159

Abstract

The Kazakh horse, one of China’s indigenous primitive breeds, is renowned for its remarkable adaptability and distinctive physiological traits. The ovary is a vital reproductive organ in female animals, responsible for oocyte production and hormone secretion. However, limited research has been conducted on [...] Read more.

The Kazakh horse, one of China’s indigenous primitive breeds, is renowned for its remarkable adaptability and distinctive physiological traits. The ovary is a vital reproductive organ in female animals, responsible for oocyte production and hormone secretion. However, limited research has been conducted on gene expression profiles in the ovarian tissue of equine species. To address this gap, the present study performed transcriptomic sequencing on ovarian tissues from 12 Kazakh horses in different physiological states. A total of 979 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified, including 619 upregulated and 360 downregulated genes. Among these, key genes such as COL1A1, LHCGR, KISS1, NTRK2, COL1A2, and THBS4 were identified as differentially expressed. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that 374 of these genes were primarily involved in ovarian steroidogenesis, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ECM-receptor interactions among 292 enriched pathways. This study provides a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of equine ovarian tissue, offering in-depth insights into differential gene expression and signal pathways associated with ovarian development in Kazakh horses, providing theoretical foundations and referential data for future research in equine ovarian development and reproductive studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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Animals, Volume 15, Issue 16 (August-2 2025) – 141 articles

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