Artificial Intelligence as a Useful Tool in Behavioural Studies

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal System and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 724

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Animal monitoring is essential for understanding behaviour and social dynamics. Ethologists utilise focal animal sampling to collect detailed information on individual animals, which helps measure activity budgets and shape conservation strategies. This approach is particularly important for studying captive animals, as their ability to display natural behaviours is vital for their welfare and reintroduction success. The rapid advancement of subdisciplines within artificial intelligence, such as machine learning (ML), presents a unique opportunity for fields related to behavioural sciences. The growing availability of user-friendly ML software allows behavioural scientists to enhance the value and reproducibility of their research findings while also reducing their workload. The automated recording and quantification of behavioural traits create numerous possibilities for comparative studies, enabling robust quantitative conclusions. Consequently, there is an urgent need to integrate artificial intelligence into behavioural sciences for both in situ and ex situ studies of wild and captive populations. Furthermore, the application of AI techniques will facilitate quantitative assessments of animal welfare, potentially attracting researchers in the animal production field.

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather papers, including original research articles and review papers, short communications, perspectives, and technical notes, that provide insights into the application of artificial intelligence techniques in behavioural studies. By incorporating machine learning tools, this Special Issue will facilitate the precise quantification of the duration, speed, and direction of the behavioural traits being examined.

This Special Issue welcomes manuscripts that link together the following themes:

  • Potentiality and perspectives of machine learning techniques for behavioural studies;
  • Use of machine learnings techniques in behavioural science (with potential automatisation using machine learning techniques);
  • Synergistic effects of the use of machine learnings techniques with more conventional behavioural studies techniques;

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Prof. Dr. Cino Pertoldi
Dr. Sussie Pagh
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • machine learning
  • artificial intelligence
  • Yolo
  • DeepLabCut
  • SLEAP
  • Create ML
  • in situ conservation
  • ex situ conservation
  • behavioural studies
  • wildlife biology
  • animal production
  • ethograms
  • time budget

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

34 pages, 1465 KiB  
Review
AI and Data Analytics in the Dairy Farms: A Scoping Review
by Osvaldo Palma, Lluis M. Plà-Aragonés, Alejandro Mac Cawley and Víctor M. Albornoz
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091291 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
The strong growth of the world population will cause a major increase in demand for bovine milk, making it necessary to use various technologies to increase milk production efficiently. Some technologies that can contribute to solving part of this problem are those related [...] Read more.
The strong growth of the world population will cause a major increase in demand for bovine milk, making it necessary to use various technologies to increase milk production efficiently. Some technologies that can contribute to solving part of this problem are those related to data analytics tools, big data, and sensor development. It is timely to review modern technologies and data analytics methods for milk predictions in view of supporting decision-making in dairy farms. To this end, a scoping review was carried out, which resulted in 151 articles of interest. Among the most important results, we found that (i) the identified studies are relatively recent with an average publication time of 5.95 years; (ii) the scope of the selected studies is mostly concentrated on milk and prediction (29%), early detection of lameness (26%), and timely detection of mastitis (13%); (iii) the type of analysis is mostly predictive (87%), and prescriptive is barely present (3%); (iv) the types of input data used in the studies are preferably historical (70%), and real-time data (25%) are used less frequently; (v) we found that the method of artificial neural networks (47%) and the convolutional neural networks (24%) are the most used for the studies regarding bovine milk output predictions. In the selected studies, the artificial neural network methods have considerable accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 Scores on average but with high ranges and standard deviations. (vi) Simulation tools are scarcely used, being present in 4% of cases. In the treatment of variability, the models reviewed are mostly deterministic (77%), and the stochastic models (5%) are considered in a small number of cases. Based on our analysis, we conclude that future research on decision-making tools will benefit from the advantages of artificial neural networks in data analytics combined with optimization–simulation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence as a Useful Tool in Behavioural Studies)
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