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Volume 15
Issue 14
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Animals, Volume 15, Issue 14 (July-2 2025) – 155 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is a foodborne pathogen associated with poultry, posing a significant threat to public health and food safety. Turkey poults are highly prone to colonization by this pathogen, affecting gut homeostasis and health. Alternatives to antibiotics, including probiotics and phytochemicals, are increasingly being used to control Salmonella in turkeys. In this study, we compared the cecal metabolome profiles of turkey poults challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg, with or without supplementing turkey-origin Lactobacillus probiotics and trans-cinnamaldehyde, a phytochemical. Our results provide insight into metabolomic changes and potential host–microbe interactions during infection and intervention with implications for designing and applying Salmonella control strategies from a mechanistic perspective. View this paper
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12 pages, 953 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Male Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens) After Overland Shipping
by Karun Thongprajukaew, Saowalak Malawa, Sukanya Poolthajit, Nutt Nuntapong and Waraporn Hahor
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142156 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Ornamental fish shipped by road or rail may spend days in transit without food, leading to a reduction in somatic growth after transportation and during acclimatization. In the present study, a time-series (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days) experiment was [...] Read more.
Ornamental fish shipped by road or rail may spend days in transit without food, leading to a reduction in somatic growth after transportation and during acclimatization. In the present study, a time-series (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days) experiment was conducted to investigate the growth recovery of male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens, 1.56 ± 0.02 g body weight, n = 15 per group) transported by road for two days. Biometric changes, nesting activity, skin pigmentation, digestive enzyme activity, muscle quality, and whole-body composition, were compared across all fish groups. The recovery in growth, as indicated by final body weight, increased with post-transportation time (p < 0.05), causing a significant reversal of weight loss with a proportionally stable condition factor from day 8 until the end of observation (p > 0.05). During this time period, the fish exhibited similar bubble-nest building activity to the control group that was not transported (p > 0.05). Color parameters, digestive enzyme activities, muscle quality, and whole-body composition of fish 8 days after shipping were comparable to the control fish group (p > 0.05). Our findings indicate that an 8-day recovery time is an appropriate protocol for Siamese fighting fish acclimatization following overland shipping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
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23 pages, 10386 KiB  
Article
Hair Metabolomic Profiling of Diseased Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)
by Lina Yi, Han Jiang, Yajun Li, Zongtao Xu, Haolin Zhang and Defu Hu
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142155 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 367
Abstract
Hair, as a non-invasive biospecimen, retains metabolic deposits from sebaceous glands and capillaries, reflecting substances from the peripheral circulation, and provides valuable biochemical information linked to phenotypes, yet its application in animal disease research remains limited. This work applied ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass [...] Read more.
Hair, as a non-invasive biospecimen, retains metabolic deposits from sebaceous glands and capillaries, reflecting substances from the peripheral circulation, and provides valuable biochemical information linked to phenotypes, yet its application in animal disease research remains limited. This work applied ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to compare the hair metabolomic characteristics of healthy forest musk deer (FMD, Moschus berezovskii) and those diagnosed with hemorrhagic pneumonia (HP), phytobezoar disease (PD), and abscess disease (AD). A total of 2119 metabolites were identified in the FMD hair samples, comprising 1084 metabolites in positive ion mode and 1035 metabolites in negative ion mode. Differential compounds analysis was conducted utilizing the orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. In comparison to the healthy control group, the HP group displayed 85 upregulated and 92 downregulated metabolites, the PD group presented 124 upregulated and 106 downregulated metabolites, and the AD group exhibited 63 upregulated and 62 downregulated metabolites. Functional annotation using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the differential metabolites exhibited significant enrichment in pathways associated with cancer, parasitism, energy metabolism, and stress. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that both the individual and combined panels of differential metabolites exhibited area under the curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.7, demonstrating good sample discrimination capability. This research indicates that hair metabolomics can yield diverse biochemical insights and facilitate the development of non-invasive early diagnostic techniques for diseases in captive FMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
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10 pages, 680 KiB  
Article
Stress Response of Siniperca chuatsi to Transport Stimuli Using Compound Feed and Live Bait
by Yuanliang Duan, Qiang Li, Zhipeng Huang, Zhongmeng Zhao, Han Zhao, Yang Feng, Senyue Liu, Chengyan Mou, Jian Zhou and Lu Zhang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142154 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 161
Abstract
The transition from live bait (LF) feeding to compound feed (CF) feeding in aquaculture is of great production significance. In recent decades, cultivation with CF has become a focus for practitioners and researchers dealing with Siniperca chuatsi. This study focused on experimental [...] Read more.
The transition from live bait (LF) feeding to compound feed (CF) feeding in aquaculture is of great production significance. In recent decades, cultivation with CF has become a focus for practitioners and researchers dealing with Siniperca chuatsi. This study focused on experimental subjects of S. chuatsi fed with CF and LF, using short-distance transportation as a stimulating factor. For the first time, the differences between S. chuatsi fed with CF and LF were analyzed from the perspective of stress response during transportation. This study found that after transportation stimulation, the activities of LZM and the contents of MDA, TGs, and glucose in the brain, liver, kidneys, muscles, stomach, pyloric caecum, intestines, and blood of S. chuatsi fed with CF were higher compared to S. chuatsi fed with LF (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the impacts of various diets on the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the intestine. In summary, this study found that S. chuatsi fed with CF could retain more energy after transport stimulation and exhibited stronger resistance to microbial stress, but they had a weaker antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in future research on CF for S. chuatsi, we need to focus on its ability to enhance antioxidant capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)
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13 pages, 896 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus in Bulk Tank Milk from Community-Based Alpine Dairy Pastures in Tyrol, Austria
by Nasrin Ramezanigardaloud, Igor Loncaric, Patrick Mikuni-Mester, Masoumeh Alinaghi, Monika Ehling-Schulz, Johannes Lorenz Khol and Tom Grunert
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142153 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes intramammary infections in dairy cows (bovine mastitis), which impair animal welfare, milk yield, and food safety. This study determined the prevalence and genetic diversity of S. aureus in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from community-based Alpine dairy pastures in [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes intramammary infections in dairy cows (bovine mastitis), which impair animal welfare, milk yield, and food safety. This study determined the prevalence and genetic diversity of S. aureus in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from community-based Alpine dairy pastures in Tyrol, a major milk-producing region in Austria. Throughout the 2023 Alpine season (May–September), 60.3% (94/156) of BTM samples tested positive for S. aureus at least once over the course of up to four samplings. A total of 140 isolates collected from the 94 S. aureus-positive community-based Alpine dairy pastures revealed 33 distinct spa types, with t2953 (n = 33), t529 (n = 12), t267 (n = 11), and t024 (n = 10) being the most common. Selected isolates representing the different spa types were characterised by DNA microarray-based genotyping, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Isolates with spa types associated with bovine-adapted CC8 (CC8bov/GTB) were identified as the most common subtype, being detected in BTM samples from 35.3% (55/156) of the pastures. This emphasises the high prevalence of this subtype in dairy herds across European Alpine countries. Other common bovine-associated subtypes were also detected, including CC97, CC151, and CC479. While antimicrobial resistance was rare, enterotoxin-producing genes were detected in all CC8bov-associated spa types. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of rigorous hygiene practices in dairy farming, particularly in community-based Alpine dairy pastures, where the risk of transmission is particularly high. It also emphasises the need for continued surveillance and subtyping to improve animal health, ensure food safety, and promote sustainable milk production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Products)
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25 pages, 5317 KiB  
Article
High Temperature and Ethinylestradiol May Reduce Body Growth, Liver and Hepatocyte Volumes and Lipid Droplets in Adult Male Guppies
by Margarida Vilaça, Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji, Maria João Rocha and Eduardo Rocha
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142152 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 184
Abstract
Global warming raises surface water temperatures, impacting fish alongside pollutants, such as ubiquitous xenoestrogens. Combined stressor effects are poorly studied but likely to worsen impacts and hinder biota adaptation, warranting further research. Unadapted fish face heightened risks. The liver is a vital metabolic [...] Read more.
Global warming raises surface water temperatures, impacting fish alongside pollutants, such as ubiquitous xenoestrogens. Combined stressor effects are poorly studied but likely to worsen impacts and hinder biota adaptation, warranting further research. Unadapted fish face heightened risks. The liver is a vital metabolic organ, sensitive to temperature and xenoestrogens, eventually adjusting hepatocyte size and number to ensure survival, growth, and reproduction. This study assessed, for the first time, the impact of exposure (45 days) to thermal stress (29 °C versus 26 °C) and ethinylestradiol (EE2, 5 ng/L) on male guppies, primarily on body and quantitative liver morphology. Higher temperature reduced body mass (14%) and standard length (3.6%) gain. EE2 exposure reduced body mass increase (14%), hepatosomatic index (20%), and the volumes of the liver (32%), hepatocytes (16%), and their nuclei (17%). The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and total hepatocyte number remained stable. No histopathological lesions existed. Guppies appear to have adapted to stressors by reducing hepatocyte size and utilizing lipid reserves, yet they exhibited deficits in body growth and hepatosomatic index. Gonadal maturation was unaffected. Only under EE2 at 29 °C did hepatocytes show minimal lipid droplet content (less vacuolation). This indicated exhausted reserves, reinforcing how heat and toxicants interact to exacerbate impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)
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17 pages, 3749 KiB  
Article
A Brown Bear’s Days in Vilnius, the Capital of Lithuania
by Linas Balčiauskas and Laima Balčiauskienė
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142151 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
In June 2025, a two-year-old female brown bear (Ursus arctos) appeared in the streets of Vilnius, the capital city of Lithuania. This sparked significant public, institutional, and media responses. This paper analyzes the event through ecological, social, and symbolic lenses to [...] Read more.
In June 2025, a two-year-old female brown bear (Ursus arctos) appeared in the streets of Vilnius, the capital city of Lithuania. This sparked significant public, institutional, and media responses. This paper analyzes the event through ecological, social, and symbolic lenses to explore how large carnivores are perceived and managed at the wildland–urban interface. Through an examination of media reports, policy responses, and theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and narrative studies, we explore how the bear’s presence became a public safety concern and a culturally significant symbol. Public discourse revealed tensions between institutional authority and local ethical values, as evidenced by hunters’ refusal to carry out a kill permit. This case also illustrates the growing use of technology, such as drones, in urban wildlife management. The bear’s peaceful departure reinforced the effectiveness of nonlethal conflict resolution. This case underscores the importance of integrating ecological realities with social perceptions, media framing, and symbolic interpretations in large carnivore conservation. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches that address the emotional and cultural aspects of human–wildlife interactions in rapidly urbanizing areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carnivores and Urbanization)
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21 pages, 12098 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Hsp70 Gene Family of Procambarus clarkii Reveals Its Immune Role in Response to Bacterial Challenge After Non-Lethal Heat Shock
by Xin Zhang, Xiuhong Cai, Shirui Yue, Zhangxuan Chen, Yulong Sun, Lei Cheng, Yewen Xi and Shunchang Wang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142150 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
Water temperature significantly affects the physiological balance of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial for stress resistance and pathogen defense. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis to explore the functional characteristics of the Hsp70 gene family in Procambarus [...] Read more.
Water temperature significantly affects the physiological balance of aquatic organisms like crustaceans, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial for stress resistance and pathogen defense. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis to explore the functional characteristics of the Hsp70 gene family in Procambarus clarkii. Fifteen Hsp70 family members were identified, with several genes showing upregulation under non-lethal heat shock (NLHS) and pathogen challenges. RNA-Seq and qPCR analyses confirmed increased expression of certain PcHsp70s during NLHS, indicating NLHS activation of the Hsp70 family to enhance immune regulation. dsRNA-mediated silencing of Hsp70 led to downregulation of TLR pathway genes (e.g., TLR1, TLR6), suggesting Hsp70 regulates the TLR signaling pathway for immune responses. These findings reveal that NLHS-induced Hsp70 upregulation improves pathogen resistance, offering insights for addressing temperature fluctuations and disease outbreaks in aquaculture to optimize management practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)
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22 pages, 14158 KiB  
Article
Enhanced YOLOv8 for Robust Pig Detection and Counting in Complex Agricultural Environments
by Jian Li, Wenkai Ma, Yanan Wei and Tan Wang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142149 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
Accurate pig counting is crucial for precision livestock farming, enabling optimized feeding management and health monitoring. Detection-based counting methods face significant challenges due to mutual occlusion, varying illumination conditions, diverse pen configurations, and substantial variations in pig densities. Previous approaches often struggle with [...] Read more.
Accurate pig counting is crucial for precision livestock farming, enabling optimized feeding management and health monitoring. Detection-based counting methods face significant challenges due to mutual occlusion, varying illumination conditions, diverse pen configurations, and substantial variations in pig densities. Previous approaches often struggle with complex agricultural environments where lighting conditions, pig postures, and crowding levels create challenging detection scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose EAPC-YOLO (enhanced adaptive pig counting YOLO), a robust architecture integrating density-aware processing with advanced detection optimizations. The method consists of (1) an enhanced YOLOv8 network incorporating multiple architectural improvements for better feature extraction and object localization. These improvements include DCNv4 deformable convolutions for irregular pig postures, BiFPN bidirectional feature fusion for multi-scale information integration, EfficientViT linear attention for computational efficiency, and PIoU v2 loss for improved overlap handling. (2) A density-aware post-processing module with intelligent NMS strategies that adapt to different crowding scenarios. Experimental results on a comprehensive dataset spanning diverse agricultural scenarios (nighttime, controlled indoor, and natural daylight environments with density variations from 4 to 30 pigs) demonstrate our method achieves 94.2% mAP@0.5 for detection performance and 96.8% counting accuracy, representing 12.3% and 15.7% improvements compared to the strongest baseline, YOLOv11n. This work enables robust, accurate pig counting across challenging agricultural environments, supporting precision livestock management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Livestock Farming: New Techniques for Monitoring the Behaviour and Welfare of Farm Animal)
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8 pages, 4837 KiB  
Case Report
Successful Rehabilitation and Release of a Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) After a Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO)
by Sohwon Bae, Minjae Jo, Woojin Shin, Chea-Un Cho, Son-Il Pak and Sangjin Ahn
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142148 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
A water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) was rescued following a vehicle collision and presented with suspected hip injury. Radiographic examination confirmed coxofemoral luxation, and a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) was performed to restore functional mobility. Postoperatively, the water deer underwent intensive [...] Read more.
A water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) was rescued following a vehicle collision and presented with suspected hip injury. Radiographic examination confirmed coxofemoral luxation, and a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) was performed to restore functional mobility. Postoperatively, the water deer underwent intensive rehabilitation, including controlled movement and physical therapy, to enhance limb function. Following successful recovery, the water deer was equipped with a GPS collar and released into its natural habitat. GPS tracking data were collected to evaluate the water deer’s post-release adaptation and movement patterns. The Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method was used to determine the home range, showing an overall home range (MCP 95%) of 8.03 km2 and a core habitat (MCP 50%) of 6.967 km2. These results indicate a successful post-surgery outcome, with the water deer demonstrating mobility comparable to healthy individuals. This case demonstrates the clinical feasibility of an FHO in managing hip luxation in water deer and underscores the critical role of post-release monitoring in evaluating functional rehabilitation success in wildlife medicine. This study underscores the importance of integrating surgical intervention, structured rehabilitation, and post-release monitoring to ensure the successful reintroduction of injured wildlife. GPS tracking provides valuable insights into long-term adaptation and mobility, contributing to evidence-based conservation medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Medicine: Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Diagnosis, Treatment and Preventative Care)
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19 pages, 2699 KiB  
Article
Nitrogen Utilization and Ruminal Microbiota of Hu Lambs in Response to Varying Dietary Metabolizable Protein Levels
by Yitao Cai, Jifu Zou, Yibang Zhou, Jinyong Yang, Chong Wang and Huiling Mao
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142147 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Optimizing the metabolizable protein level in ruminant diets represents a promising strategy to increase nitrogen use efficiency and mitigate environmental pollution. This study explored the impacts of varying metabolizable protein (MP) levels on amino acid (AA) balance, nitrogen (N) utilization, and the ruminal [...] Read more.
Optimizing the metabolizable protein level in ruminant diets represents a promising strategy to increase nitrogen use efficiency and mitigate environmental pollution. This study explored the impacts of varying metabolizable protein (MP) levels on amino acid (AA) balance, nitrogen (N) utilization, and the ruminal microbiota in Hu lambs. Fifty-four female Hu lambs of 60 d old, with an average body weight (BW) of 18.7 ± 2.37 kg, were randomly allocated to three dietary MP groups: (1) low MP (LMP, 7.38% of DM), (2) moderate MP (MMP, 8.66% of DM), and (3) high MP (HMP, 9.93% of DM). Three lambs with similar BW within each group were housed together in a single pen, serving as one experimental replicate (n = 6). The feeding trial lasted for 60 days with 10 days for adaptation. The final BW of lambs in the MMP and HMP groups increased (p < 0.05) by 5.64% and 5.26%, respectively, compared to the LMP group. Additionally, lambs fed the MMP diet exhibited an 11.6% higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain than those in the LMP group. Increasing dietary MP levels enhanced (p < 0.05) N intake, urinary N, retained N, and percent N retained, but decreased apparent N digestibility (p < 0.05). Urinary uric acid, total purine derivatives, intestinally absorbable dietary protein, microbial crude protein, intestinally absorbable microbial crude protein, and actual MP supply all increased (p < 0.05) with higher MP values in the diet. The plasma concentrations of arginine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, aspartic acid, proline, total essential AAs, and total nonessential AAs were the lowest (p < 0.05) in the LMP group. In the rumen, elevated MP levels led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the ammonia N content. The relative abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Ruminococcus, and Oscillospira were the lowest (p < 0.05), whereas the relative abundances of Terrisporobacter and the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group were the highest (p < 0.05) in the MMP group. In conclusion, the moderate dietary metabolizable protein level could enhance growth performance, balance the plasma amino acid profiles, and increase nitrogen utilization efficiency in Hu lambs, while also altering the rumen bacterial community by increasing beneficial probiotics like the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Modulation Strategies for Rumen Microbiota Structure and Methane Emissions)
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16 pages, 2914 KiB  
Article
Smart Dairy Farming: A Mobile Application for Milk Yield Classification Tasks
by Allan Hall-Solorio, Graciela Ramirez-Alonso, Alfonso Juventino Chay-Canul, Héctor A. Lee-Rangel, Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez and David R. Lopez-Flores
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142146 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
This study analyzes the use of a lightweight image-based deep learning model to classify dairy cows into low-, medium-, and high-milk-yield categories by automatically detecting the udder region of the cow. The implemented model was based on the YOLOv11 architecture, which enables efficient [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the use of a lightweight image-based deep learning model to classify dairy cows into low-, medium-, and high-milk-yield categories by automatically detecting the udder region of the cow. The implemented model was based on the YOLOv11 architecture, which enables efficient object detection and classification with real-time performance. The model is trained on a public dataset of cow images labeled with 305-day milk yield records. Thresholds were established to define the three yield classes, and a balanced subset of labeled images was selected for training, validation, and testing purposes. To assess the robustness and consistency of the proposed approach, the model was trained 30 times following the same experimental protocol. The system achieves precision, recall, and mean Average Precision (mAP@50) of 0.408 ± 0.044, 0.739 ± 0.095, and 0.492 ± 0.031, respectively, across all classes. The highest precision (0.445 ± 0.055), recall (0.766 ± 0.107), and mAP@50 (0.558 ± 0.036) were observed in the low-yield class. Qualitative analysis revealed that misclassifications mainly occurred near class boundaries, emphasizing the importance of consistent image acquisition conditions. The resulting model was deployed in a mobile application designed to support field-level assessment by non-specialist users. These findings demonstrate the practical feasibility of applying vision-based models to support decision-making in dairy production systems, particularly in settings where traditional data collection methods are unavailable or impractical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 738 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of Levamisole on Subclinical Mastitis in Bovine Leukemia Virus-Infected Cows Classified by Proviral Load
by Aiko Watanabe, Yosuke Maeda, Hironobu Murakami, Shiro Miyoshi, Michisaburo Miura, Koki Murao, Yasunori Shinozuka, Tomomi Kurumisawa and Kazuhiro Kawai
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142145 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield and elevated somatic cell counts (SCCs), despite no visible clinical signs. A higher incidence of subclinical mastitis has been reported in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Levamisole (LMS), known for its [...] Read more.
Subclinical mastitis causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield and elevated somatic cell counts (SCCs), despite no visible clinical signs. A higher incidence of subclinical mastitis has been reported in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Levamisole (LMS), known for its immunomodulatory properties, has been suggested as a potential alternative to antibiotics for mastitis treatment; however, its efficacy in BLV-infected cows, particularly in relation to proviral load (PVL), remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LMS on subclinical mastitis and its impact on milk immune responses by classifying BLV-infected cows based on PVL. A total of 42 dairy cows with subclinical mastitis (48 quarters) were grouped as BLV-negative, low-PVL, or high-PVL using a PVL cut-off value of 17.8 copies/10 ng DNA, and were administered LMS orally. Changes in viable bacterial counts, SCCs, and milk leukocyte populations were compared. LMS administration significantly reduced the SCC and milk macrophage numbers, especially in BLV-negative and low-PVL cows. These results suggest that LMS may improve subclinical mastitis in certain BLV-infected cows and that PVL may serve as a useful indicator for treatment responsiveness. However, the limited effect in high-PVL cows and the small sample size have limitations, warranting further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Health: Management, Challenges, and Veterinary Solutions)
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16 pages, 6248 KiB  
Article
Global Hotspots of Whale–Ship Collision Risk: A Multi-Species Framework Integrating Critical Habitat Zonation and Shipping Pressure for Conservation Prioritization
by Bei Wang, Linlin Zhao, Tong Lu, Linjie Li, Tingting Li, Bailin Cong and Shenghao Liu
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142144 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 584
Abstract
The expansion of global maritime activities threatens marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Collisions between ships and marine megafauna profoundly impact vulnerable species such as whales, who serve as keystone predators. However, the specific regions most heavily affected by shipping traffic and the multi-species facing [...] Read more.
The expansion of global maritime activities threatens marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Collisions between ships and marine megafauna profoundly impact vulnerable species such as whales, who serve as keystone predators. However, the specific regions most heavily affected by shipping traffic and the multi-species facing collision risk remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed global shipping data to assess the distribution of areas with high shipping pressure and identify global hotspots for whale–ship collisions. The results reveal that high-pressure habitats are primarily distributed within exclusive economic zones (EEZs), which are generally consistent with the distribution of collision hotspots. High-pressure habitats exhibit significant spatial mismatch: 32.9% of Marine Protected Areas endure high shipping stress and yet occupy merely 1.25% of protected ocean area. Additionally, 25.1% of collision hotspots (top 1% risk) affect four or more whale species, forming critical aggregation in regions like the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northeast Asian marginal seas. Most of these high-risk areas lack protective measures. These findings offer actionable spatial priorities for implementing targeted conservation strategies, such as the introduction of mandatory speed restrictions and dynamic vessel routing in high-risk, multi-species hotspots. By focusing on critical aggregation areas, these strategies will help mitigate whale mortality and enhance marine biodiversity protection, supporting the sustainable coexistence of maritime activities with vulnerable marine megafauna. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)
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13 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
Genetic Variability of Loci Affecting Meat Quality and Production in Nero Siciliano Pig Breed
by Serena Tumino, Morena Carlentini, Giorgio Chessari, Andrea Criscione, Aurora Antoci, Donata Marletta and Salvatore Bordonaro
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142143 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 212
Abstract
Nero Siciliano (NS) is an autochthonous pig breed reared in northeastern Sicily; despite its high-quality meat products, NS is currently endangered. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability at nine loci within candidate genes for meat traits—Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R), [...] Read more.
Nero Siciliano (NS) is an autochthonous pig breed reared in northeastern Sicily; despite its high-quality meat products, NS is currently endangered. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability at nine loci within candidate genes for meat traits—Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R), Ryanodine Receptor 1 (RYR1), Class 3 Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PIK3C3) and Leptin (LEP)—to provide useful information for preservation and exploitation of the NS pig breed. Distribution of the genetic variants was assessed in a representative sample of 87 pigs (18 boars and 69 sows) collected in nine farms located in the original breeding area. Genotypes have been determined using PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing. Alleles linked to different growth rates and back fat deposition showed high frequencies (MC4R c.175C—0.93; LEP g.3469T—0.91) in the whole sample. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and different allele distribution in boars and sows were observed. The RYR1 g.1843T allele, associated with Malignant Hyperthermia and Pale Soft Exudative meat defect, was reported in seven heterozygote pigs (q = 0.04) with one farm exhibiting a frequency of 0.29. Our results suggest the need for continuous monitoring of the genetic variants in NS both to maintain high meat quality and eradicate the RYR1 g.1843T allele. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Genetics and Feeding on Growth Performance of Pigs)
19 pages, 1771 KiB  
Article
Neutral Sodium Humate Modulates Growth, Slaughter Traits, Antioxidant Status, and Gut Health in Yellow-Feathered Broilers
by Junran Lv, Mingzhu Cen, Benkuan Li, Xin Feng, Hongyu Cai and Huihua Zhang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142142 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
In this study, we explored the dose-dependent effects of neutral sodium humate (NSH) on the growth performance, slaughter traits, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated into three groups, with each [...] Read more.
In this study, we explored the dose-dependent effects of neutral sodium humate (NSH) on the growth performance, slaughter traits, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated into three groups, with each group consisting of four replicates containing 20 birds per replicate. The control group (Blank) received a basal diet, while the NSH-L and NSH-H groups were provided with the same basal diet included with neutral sodium humate at concentrations of 0.15% and 0.3%, respectively. The results indicate that dietary inclusion of neutral sodium humate at both low (NSH-L) and high (NSH-H) doses significantly increased the body weight and leg muscle yield of yellow-feathered broilers and improved meat quality (p < 0.05). Furthermore, NSH inclusion effectively reduced serum total cholesterol levels and elevated total protein concentration (p < 0.05). In addition, NSH significantly improved duodenal and ileal morphology (e.g., increased villus height and reduced crypt depth), strengthened intestinal barrier integrity (p < 0.05), and enhanced antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). Notably, the high-dose NSH group (NSH-H) demonstrated significantly greater enhancements in intestinal and barrier integrity compared to the low-dose group (NSH-L). Microbiome analysis revealed that, compared to the Blank group, both the NSH-L and NSH-H groups exhibited significant shifts in cecal microbiota composition, including increased abundance of Bacteroidota and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and reduced abundance of Euryarchaeota and Methanobrevibacter. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that neutral sodium humate acts as a multifunctional feed additive in yellow-feathered broilers, enhancing productivity and gut health. The study provides a theoretical foundation for the scientific application of neutral sodium humate in broiler production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition)
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25 pages, 5687 KiB  
Article
Using an Equine Cadaver Head to Investigate Associations Between Sub-Noseband Space, Noseband Tension, and Sub-Noseband Pressure at Three Locations
by Orla Doherty, Richard Conway and Paul McGreevy
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142141 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Pressures applied to horses via nosebands are of growing concern. The current study applied noseband pressure to the head of a dead horse. Pressure sensors were placed on the left nasal bone to record pressures as the noseband was progressively tightened. Tightness increased [...] Read more.
Pressures applied to horses via nosebands are of growing concern. The current study applied noseband pressure to the head of a dead horse. Pressure sensors were placed on the left nasal bone to record pressures as the noseband was progressively tightened. Tightness increased as predicated by holes in the strap of the noseband (as supplied) through eight steps from two fingers’ space, assessed using the standard International Society for Equitation Science Taper Gauge through to zero space. Sensors were also placed at the midline frontal plane and intra-orally at the level of the second premolar tooth. A strain gauge integrated into the noseband recorded tensions within the noseband at each tightness level, and a digital taper gauge under the noseband recorded forces on the face. Pressures at the left nasal bone rose to 403 kPa, while those at the frontal nasal plane reached 185 kPa. Pressures rose rapidly once the noseband was tightened at the equivalent of 1.4 fingers’ space under the noseband. These findings may help to explain cases of bone and skin damage at the noseband location and indicate the need to ensure that nosebands can accommodate more than the equivalent of 1.4 fingers beneath them in the nasal midline. Given that pressures are expected to rise from those reported here when horses wear bits, locomote, and when the reins are under tension, we conclude that the traditional provision of two fingers’ space should be retained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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12 pages, 366 KiB  
Article
Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Cryptosporidium in Ochotona curzoniae and Bos grunniens of Zoige County, Sichuan Province
by Tian-Cai Tang, Ri-Hong Jike, Liang-Quan Zhu, Chao-Xi Chen and Li-Li Hao
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142140 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
In order to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium in O. curzoniae and B. grunniens in Zoige County, Sichuan Province, fecal samples from B. grunniens and gastrointestinal contents from captured O. curzoniae were collected between March and December 2023 from five townships (Dazhasi, [...] Read more.
In order to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium in O. curzoniae and B. grunniens in Zoige County, Sichuan Province, fecal samples from B. grunniens and gastrointestinal contents from captured O. curzoniae were collected between March and December 2023 from five townships (Dazhasi, Axi, Hongxing, Tangke, and Maixi). Genomic DNA was extracted, and nested PCR targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium was performed. PCR-positive products were sequenced, trimmed, aligned, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine species and genotypes. A total of 242 samples were obtained, of which 20 were Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA-positive, yielding an overall detection rate of 8.3% (20/242). The detection rates of O. curzoniae and B. grunniens were 7.0% (8/114) and 9.4% (12/128), respectively. Among the five sampling sites, Maixi town exhibited the highest detection rate (32.4%, 11/44), followed by Hongxing town (15.2%, 7/46) and Tangke town (4.6%, 2/44). Phylogenetic analysis detected an unidentified Cryptosporidium sp. in O. curzoniae, while C. bovis (n = 10) and C. ryanae (n = 2) were detected in B. grunniens. These findings demonstrate that Cryptosporidium infections are present in both O. curzoniae and B. grunniens in Zoige County, with notable differences in infection rates and species composition. Continued surveillance of Cryptosporidium in local livestock and wildlife is warranted to provide critical data for regional public health management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coccidian Parasites: Epidemiology, Control and Prevention Strategies)
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23 pages, 502 KiB  
Article
Natural Savanna Systems Within the “One Health and One Welfare” Approach: Part 2—Sociodemographic and Institution Factors Impacting Relationships Between Farmers and Livestock
by Marlyn H. Romero, Sergio A. Gallego-Polania and Jorge A. Sanchez
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142139 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 435
Abstract
The relationships between farmers and livestock are multifaceted. The aim of this study was to describe the sociodemographic, biogeographic, and institutional factors that influence the relationships between humans and animals in the natural savanna. Visits were made to 65 farms, followed by interviews [...] Read more.
The relationships between farmers and livestock are multifaceted. The aim of this study was to describe the sociodemographic, biogeographic, and institutional factors that influence the relationships between humans and animals in the natural savanna. Visits were made to 65 farms, followed by interviews (n = 13) and three focus group interviews (n = 24) directed at farmers and institutional representatives. The results were triangulated to extract the key findings. The following findings were obtained: (a) cultural gender transitions and the lack of generational succession have transformed livestock farming; (b) the relationships between farmers and livestock have favored the implementation of new productive practices and innovations, as well as improvements in animal welfare practices; (c) conditioning factors affecting these relationships include gender discriminatory norms, low profitability and credit access, poor sanitation, animal handling infrastructure, security, and resistance to change; and (d) improvement opportunities include the inclusion of young people and women in livestock farming, education for work practices, credit facilitation, access to technologies, governance, and improvement in the cattle logistics chain. The results are useful for enhancing the relationships between farmers and livestock, guiding training activities, and responsible governance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond the Home: Exploring Human–Animal Relationships in Veterinary, Agricultural, and Workplace Contexts)
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19 pages, 767 KiB  
Systematic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Applied to Swine Farms—A Systematic Literature Review
by Aldie Trabachini, Michele da Rocha Moreira, Érik dos Santos Harada, Magno do Nascimento Amorim and Késia Oliveira da Silva-Miranda
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142138 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 518
Abstract
This systematic review, which analyzed 75 articles published between 2019 and 2024, investigated the application of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies in pig farming. Using a rigorous methodology, including SWOT analysis and categorization into four thematic groups, the research identified that 37% of [...] Read more.
This systematic review, which analyzed 75 articles published between 2019 and 2024, investigated the application of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies in pig farming. Using a rigorous methodology, including SWOT analysis and categorization into four thematic groups, the research identified that 37% of the studies focused on animal identification and monitoring, while 28% addressed animal welfare. The SWOT analysis revealed that PLF offers significant opportunities to improve animal welfare, optimize production processes, and reduce environmental impact. The results of this research can guide the development of research to promote the adoption of PLF technologies in pig farming, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Livestock Farming: New Techniques for Monitoring the Behaviour and Welfare of Farm Animal)
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12 pages, 3638 KiB  
Article
Clinical Evaluation and Systematic Classification of Endoscopic Gastrointestinal Findings in 176 French Bulldogs with Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome
by Enrico Bottero, Pietro Ruggiero, Daniele Falcioni, Fabiano Raponi, Andrea Campanile, Giuseppe De Cata, Davide De Lorenzi, Samuele Gonella, Emanuele Mussi, Antonio Borrelli, Ugo Ala and Paola Gianella
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142137 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
The respiratory consequences of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS) are well known; however, brachycephalic dogs may also present with alimentary tract signs. The electronic medical records of 176 French bulldogs with BAOS were reviewed to classify the gastrointestinal endoscopic findings, and to evaluate [...] Read more.
The respiratory consequences of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS) are well known; however, brachycephalic dogs may also present with alimentary tract signs. The electronic medical records of 176 French bulldogs with BAOS were reviewed to classify the gastrointestinal endoscopic findings, and to evaluate the associations between clinicopathological data, endoscopic respiratory, and digestive findings. Dogs that did not undergo endoscopic examination of both airways and the upper digestive tract were excluded. The type and frequency of respiratory and digestive signs were assessed according to a previously described grading system, in addition to gastrointestinal histopathological findings. Video documentation was reviewed to assign a score to each gastrointestinal endoscopic finding (EGF) and to obtain a total EGF score. All dogs showed at least one EGF. The median total EGF score was 5 (range 1–9). A significant association between the score from digestive signs and the total EGF score was found. In addition, laryngeal granulomas were significantly associated with regurgitation. No associations were found between gastrointestinal histopathological findings and the scores from respiratory or digestive signs. Overall, gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and laryngeal granulomas are common among French bulldogs with BAOS. Therefore, a systematic endoscopic approach to alimentary signs is desirable to determine the most appropriate treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases of Companion Animals)
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10 pages, 1100 KiB  
Article
The Biology of Demodecid Mites (Trombidiformes: Demodecidae) and Their Parasitism in the Eurasian Beaver Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758, with a Description of a New Species
by Leszek Rolbiecki, Joanna N. Izdebska, Joanna Dzido and Sławomira Fryderyk
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142136 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
The largest Eurasian rodent, the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber, is known for its amphibious lifestyle that allows it to adapt its environment to its needs. Due to its lifestyle and evolutionary history, the beaver is characterized by a distinct, unique parasitofauna. In [...] Read more.
The largest Eurasian rodent, the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber, is known for its amphibious lifestyle that allows it to adapt its environment to its needs. Due to its lifestyle and evolutionary history, the beaver is characterized by a distinct, unique parasitofauna. In this context, the occurrence of mites from the Demodecidae family in the Eurasian beaver was investigated. The topography of the Demodex castoris was analyzed: it was previously known from a single record from a single skin location of this host. The mite was found in large numbers in various locations in the hairy skin, including the head, trunk, and limbs. In addition, a new species associated with hairless skin, mainly around the mouth, was discovered and described: Demodex ovaportans sp. nov. The females of this species carry the egg on the dorsal side of the podosoma, which may be a form of care and a previously unknown reproductive strategy in Demodecidae. Our findings confirm that a host-specific demodecid mite species associated with the hairy skin of the entire body is a universal model in mammals. They also emphasize the uniqueness of the beaver parasitofauna, as evidenced by the host specificity and the different biology of the demodecids described in it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Interactions Between Mites and Vertebrates)
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19 pages, 4255 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Early Weaning on Lamb Gut Health and Immune Function: Short-Term and Long-Term Effects
by Chong Li, Yunfei Xu, Jiale Jia, Xiuxiu Weng, Yang Zhang, Jialin Peng, Xueming An and Guoxiu Wang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142135 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Despite the known impacts of weaning on animal health, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, particularly how psychological and nutritional stress differentially affect gut health and immune function over time. This study hypothesized that early weaning exerts distinct short- and long-term effects on [...] Read more.
Despite the known impacts of weaning on animal health, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, particularly how psychological and nutritional stress differentially affect gut health and immune function over time. This study hypothesized that early weaning exerts distinct short- and long-term effects on lamb stress physiology, immunity, and gut health, mediated by specific molecular pathways. Twelve pairs of full-sibling male Hu sheep lambs were assigned to control (CON) or early-weaned (EW) groups. Plasma stress/immune markers were dynamically monitored, and intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, and transcriptomic profiles were analyzed at 5 and 28 days post-weaning. Early weaning triggered transient psychological stress, elevating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis hormones (cortisol, catecholamines) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) within 1 day (p < 0.05); however, stress responses were transient and recovered by 7 days post-weaning. Sustained intestinal remodeling was observed in EW lambs, featuring reduced ileal villus height, increased crypt depth (p < 0.05), and oxidative damage (MDA levels doubled vs. CON; p < 0.01). Compensatory epithelial adaptation included increased crypt depth but paradoxically reduced villus tip apoptosis. The transcriptome analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression related to immune function, fat digestion, and metabolism. Key DEGs included APOA4, linked to lipid transport adaptation; NOS2, associated with nitric oxide-mediated immune–metabolic crosstalk; and mitochondrial gene COX1, reflecting energy metabolism dysregulation. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed NOS2 as a hub gene interacting with IDO1 and CXCL11, connecting oxidative stress to immune cell recruitment. Early weaning exerts minimal lasting psychological stress but drives persistent gut dysfunction through transcriptome-mediated changes in metabolic and immune pathways, highlighting key genes such as APOA4, NOS2, and COX1 as potential regulators of these effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement)
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20 pages, 7380 KiB  
Article
Copper Pyrithione Induces Hepatopancreatic Apoptosis and Metabolic Disruption in Litopenaeus vannamei: Integrated Transcriptomic, Metabolomic, and Histopathological Analysis
by Jieyu Guo, Yang Yang, Siying Yu, Cairui Jiang, Xianbin Su, Yongfeng Zou and Hui Guo
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142134 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 206
Abstract
Copper pyrithione (CuPT), an emerging biocide used in ship antifouling coatings, may accumulate in marine sediments and pose risks to non-target organisms. However, current research on CuPT toxicity remains limited. Litopenaeus vannamei, one of the world’s most important aquaculture shrimp species, relies [...] Read more.
Copper pyrithione (CuPT), an emerging biocide used in ship antifouling coatings, may accumulate in marine sediments and pose risks to non-target organisms. However, current research on CuPT toxicity remains limited. Litopenaeus vannamei, one of the world’s most important aquaculture shrimp species, relies heavily on its hepatopancreas for energy metabolism, detoxification, and immune responses. Due to their benthic habitat, these shrimps are highly vulnerable to contamination in sediment environments. This study investigated the toxicological response in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei exposed to CuPT (128 μg/L) for 3 and 48 h. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) fluorescence staining revealed increased apoptosis, deformation of hepatic tubule lumens, and the loss of stellate structures in the hepatopancreas after CuPT 48 h exposure. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptomics analysis at 3 and 48 h, respectively. Most of these DEGs were related to detoxification, glucose transport, and immunity. Metabolomic analysis identified numerous significantly different metabolites (SDMs) at both 3 and 48 h post-exposure, with most SDMs associated with energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and related pathways. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of metabolomics and transcriptome revealed that both DEGs and SDMs were enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways at 3 h, while at 48 h they were enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and galactose metabolism pathways. These results suggested that CuPT disrupts the energy and lipid homeostasis of L. vannamei. This disruption compelled L. vannamei to allocate additional energy toward sustaining basal physiological functions and consequently caused the accumulation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, leading to apoptosis and subsequent tissue damage, and ultimately suppressed the immune system and impaired the health of L. vannamei. Our study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of CuPT-induced metabolic disruption and immunotoxicity in L. vannamei through integrated multi-omics analyses, providing new insights for ecological risk assessment of this emerging antifoulant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Aquatic Crustaceans: Crabs, Shrimps and Lobsters)
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13 pages, 1822 KiB  
Article
The Effect of a Class IV Therapeutic LASER on Post-Surgical Wound Healing Processes in Canis familiaris and Felis catus: A Preliminary Study
by Ana Lopes, Pedro Azevedo and L. Miguel Carreira
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142133 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Class IV laser therapy has emerged as a promising non-invasive tool to promote tissue repair, but its effects on post-surgical wound healing in small animals remain underexplored. This preliminary study investigated the impact of class IV laser therapy on surgical wound healing in [...] Read more.
Class IV laser therapy has emerged as a promising non-invasive tool to promote tissue repair, but its effects on post-surgical wound healing in small animals remain underexplored. This preliminary study investigated the impact of class IV laser therapy on surgical wound healing in 49 dogs and cats. Each surgical incision was divided into a Laser Zone (LZ) and a Control Zone (CZ). Wound healing was assessed at three timepoints (T0, T1, T2) using standardized clinical parameters: skin thickness, skin color, presence of hematoma, regional temperature, skin elasticity, and presence of fluids. The LZ consistently showed reduced skin thickness, more vivid pinkish skin color, faster hematoma resolution, increased regional temperature, improved skin elasticity, and decreased fluid accumulation compared to the CZ. These effects were observed across different species, ages, sexes, and body condition scores, indicating robust biological consistency. The results suggest that class IV laser therapy accelerates post-surgical wound healing by modulating inflammation, enhancing vascularization, and supporting extracellular matrix remodeling. This technique may serve as a valuable adjunct to conventional wound management in veterinary practice. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore long-term outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
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20 pages, 3327 KiB  
Article
Identification of Simultaneous Occurrence of Amphibian Chytrid Fungi and Ranavirus in South Korea
by Ji-Eun Lee, Young Jin Park, Mun-Gyeong Kwon, Yun-Kyeong Oh, Min Sun Kim and Yuno Do
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142132 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases such as chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and ranavirus (RV), respectively, are major contributors to global amphibian declines. Despite their significance, comprehensive data on the spatial epidemiology of these pathogens in South Korea remain limited. [...] Read more.
Emerging infectious diseases such as chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and ranavirus (RV), respectively, are major contributors to global amphibian declines. Despite their significance, comprehensive data on the spatial epidemiology of these pathogens in South Korea remain limited. This study aimed to assess the nationwide co-occurrence and prevalence of Bd and RV across four anuran species in five administrative regions. Infection rates were analyzed in relation to host species, sex, and life history stage. Results indicated distinct prevalence patterns driven by ecological traits. Bd was predominantly detected in mountainous and coastal habitats, whereas RV was more common in flat inland areas. Both pathogens exhibited peak occurrence in central regions, likely reflecting seasonal transmission dynamics rather than stable endemic hotspots. The observed spatial heterogeneity appears to be influenced by pathogen-specific thermal tolerance and host ecology. These findings underscore the importance of understanding host–pathogen–environment interactions for effective disease surveillance and management. Continuous monitoring and integrative ecological approaches are essential to mitigate pathogen-induced biodiversity loss and to inform amphibian conservation strategies in East Asia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)
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12 pages, 921 KiB  
Article
Mixed Ensiling Increases Degradation Without Altering Attached Microbiota Through In Situ Ruminal Incubation Technique
by Xuanxuan Pu, Min Zhang, Jianjun Zhang, Xiumin Zhang, Shizhe Zhang, Bo Lin, Tianwei Wang, Zhiliang Tan and Min Wang
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142131 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
Mixed silage can disrupt the girder structure of rape straw, and thus facilitate ruminal degradation. Further investigation is warranted to validate this observation in vivo. The objective of this study was to investigate the degradation kinetics and bacterial colonization of mixed silage during [...] Read more.
Mixed silage can disrupt the girder structure of rape straw, and thus facilitate ruminal degradation. Further investigation is warranted to validate this observation in vivo. The objective of this study was to investigate the degradation kinetics and bacterial colonization of mixed silage during digestion using an in situ ruminal incubation technique. The experiment comprised two treatments: a mixture of rape straw and corn silage (control), and a mixed silage treatment of rape straw and whole crop corn (mixed silage). Three ruminally cannulated Holstein bulls were employed. Substrates were incubated for varying durations (4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 216 h) to assess substrate degradation kinetics. Bacterial colonization were analyzed after 4- and 48-h incubation time. Mixed ensiling disrupted the fiber structure of rape straw, and thus had lower fiber content compared to the control, as NDF and ADF content ‌decreased by 55 g/kg (678 vs. 623 g/kg) and 27 g/kg (440 vs. 413 g/kg), respectively. Compared to the control group, ruminal DM disappearance of mixed silage significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased from 315 to 366 g/kg (+16.2%) at an incubation time of 4 h, 552 to 638 g/kg (+15.6%) at 120 h, and 563 to 651 g/kg (+15.6%) at 216 h. Similarly, compared to the control group, NDF disappearance of mixed silage significantly (p ≤ 0.05) rose from 112 to 201 g/kg (+79.5%) at 4 h, 405 to 517 g/kg (+27.7%) at 120 h, and 429 to 532 g/kg (+24.0%) at 216 h. Compared to the control group, soluble and washout nutrient fractions (a) of DM or NDF fraction in mixed silage significantly (p ≤ 0.05) rose from 289 to 340 g/kg (+17.6%), potentially degradable fractions (b) of NDF increased from 310 to 370 g/kg (+19.4%), and the undegraded fraction of NDF (μNDF) decreased from 582 to 471 g/kg (−19.1%). Incubation time, apart from in the mixed ensiling treatment, altered the bacterial community. The study highlights that higher total potentially degradable fractions account for enhanced ruminal substrate degradation of mixed silage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximizing Fiber Utilization for Sustainable, Efficient Ruminant Production)
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17 pages, 1145 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Heat Stress and Genetic Responses in Growth Traits of Thai Native Synthetic Chicken Lines
by Wuttigrai Boonkum, Supawan Wiangnak and Vibuntita Chankitisakul
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142130 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 204
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated genetic parameters and progress in growth traits and heat tolerance across four Thai native synthetic chicken lines—Kaimook e-san, Soi Pet, Soi Nin, and Kaen Thong—over seven generations. Growth traits, including body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and [...] Read more.
In this study, we evaluated genetic parameters and progress in growth traits and heat tolerance across four Thai native synthetic chicken lines—Kaimook e-san, Soi Pet, Soi Nin, and Kaen Thong—over seven generations. Growth traits, including body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and breast circumference (BrC), were recorded and analyzed from hatching to 14 weeks of age, with heat stress assessed based on the temperature–humidity index (THI). Genetic parameters were estimated using a multi-trait animal model incorporating THI thresholds. Significant differences in growth traits were observed among the lines (p < 0.05). Kaimook e-san consistently exhibited superior performance, with males outperforming females, while Kaen Thong showed the lowest performance across all traits. Heritability estimates declined with age, with higher values observed in early growth stages, indicating stronger genetic influence during early development. Strong negative genetic correlations between heat tolerance and growth traits were observed in Kaimook e-san, while Kaen Thong showed weaker correlations, suggesting greater potential for simultaneous improvement in growth and heat tolerance. All lines demonstrated genetic progress in growth traits across generations, with Kaimook e-san achieving the highest gains, although these were accompanied by a decline in heat tolerance. The findings highlight the trade-offs between growth and thermal resilience and underscore the importance of multi-trait selection strategies for sustainable poultry breeding in tropical environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding Advances in Poultry Health and Production: 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 1205 KiB  
Article
Feeding a Bitter Mix of Gentian and Grape Seed Extracts with Caffeine Reduces Appetite and Body Fat Deposition and Improves Meat Colour in Pigs
by Maximiliano Müller, Xinle Tan, Fan Liu, Marta Navarro, Louwrens C. Hoffman and Eugeni Roura
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142129 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 287
Abstract
Dietary bitter compounds such as caffeine have the potential to reduce backfat in pigs. However, the use of caffeine as a feed additive has restrictions in many countries. It was hypothesised that grape seed and gentian plant extracts (GG) could replace caffeine in [...] Read more.
Dietary bitter compounds such as caffeine have the potential to reduce backfat in pigs. However, the use of caffeine as a feed additive has restrictions in many countries. It was hypothesised that grape seed and gentian plant extracts (GG) could replace caffeine in feed due to their bitterness and antiadipogenic effects. The effect of caffeine (0.5 g/kg), GG (2 g/kg) alone or in combination with caffeine (BM) at increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2 g/kg) on feed efficiency, carcass, and meat quality was assessed in finishing pigs (Large White × Landrace). Growth performance and carcass traits were evaluated at a pen level (n = 14). Loins (longissimus thoracis) were removed from eight pig/treatment at the abattoir to assess drip loss, lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), hue angle (h°), pH, cook loss, and shear force. A linear increase (p < 0.05) in loin a*, b*, and C* values and a linear decrease (p < 0.05) in ADFI, ADG, backfat, dressing percentage, and HSCW were observed with increasing BM levels. At 1.5 g/kg, BM increased the loins a* (p < 0.05), b* (p < 0.05) and C* values (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Twenty-two proteins related to energy metabolism and myofibril assembly were identified to be upregulated (FDR < 0.05) in BM vs. control loins. In conclusion, GG could be used in combination with low doses of caffeine to modulate appetite and carcass leanness and improve pork colour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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16 pages, 4744 KiB  
Article
Effects of Habitat Differences and Invasive Species Competition on Age and Growth of Triplophysa strauchii
by Ya-Han Meng, Wei-Zhen Gao, Yan Li and Lei Shi
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142128 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
Accurate age determination is fundamental for investigating fish population dynamics and growth patterns. This study used the lapillus to determine age in Triplophysa strauchii populations from an oxbow lake and a stream. Growth patterns were evaluated using three models (the Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, [...] Read more.
Accurate age determination is fundamental for investigating fish population dynamics and growth patterns. This study used the lapillus to determine age in Triplophysa strauchii populations from an oxbow lake and a stream. Growth patterns were evaluated using three models (the Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic models). The oxbow lake population showed faster growth and longer lifespan (6 years in Dacao Lake; 5 years in Liutiao Stream). Conversely, the stream population displayed a trend toward smaller size and younger age. Both populations exhibited higher Fulton’s condition factor in juveniles than in adults. The species exhibited a fast-growth type, with similar fitting results across models. These findings reflect subtle differentiation in life history strategies across habitats, likely related to environmental conditions and competitive pressure from invasive species. These insights into T. strauchii life history underscore the importance of further research to support conservation and sustainable management of this endemic species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic The Importance of Fish Phenotype in Aquaculture, Fisheries and Conservation)
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14 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Development of Machine Learning-Based Sub-Models for Predicting Net Protein Requirements in Lactating Dairy Cows
by Mingyung Lee, Dong Hyeon Kim, Seongwon Seo and Luis O. Tedeschi
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142127 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 211
Abstract
A reliable estimation of protein requirements in lactating dairy cows is necessary for formulating nutritionally adequate diets, improving feed efficiency, and minimizing nitrogen excretion. This study aimed to develop machine learning-based models to predict net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm) and lactation (NPl) [...] Read more.
A reliable estimation of protein requirements in lactating dairy cows is necessary for formulating nutritionally adequate diets, improving feed efficiency, and minimizing nitrogen excretion. This study aimed to develop machine learning-based models to predict net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm) and lactation (NPl) using random forest regression (RFR) and support vector regression (SVR). A total of 1779 observations were assembled from 436 peer-reviewed publications and open-access databases. Predictor variables included farm-ready variables such as milk yield, dry matter intake, days in milk, body weight, and dietary crude protein content. NPm was estimated based on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, 2021) equations, while NPl was derived from milk true protein yield. The model adequacy was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. The RFR model demonstrated higher predictive performance than SVR for both NPm (R2 = 0.82, RMSEP = 22.38 g/d, CCC = 0.89) and NPl (R2 = 0.82, RMSEP = 95.17 g/d, CCC = 0.89), reflecting its capacity to model the rule-based nature of the NASEM equations. These findings suggest that RFR may provide a valuable approach for estimating protein requirements with fewer input variables. Further research should focus on validating these models under field conditions and exploring hybrid modeling frameworks that integrate mechanistic and machine learning approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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