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Axioms, Volume 14, Issue 11

November 2025 - 81 articles

Cover Story: The Dirac equation is extended to provide mass to an otherwise massless charge embedded in its rest frame within a fluctuating vacuum four-potential. We discuss the gauge-invariant conditions that this potential must satisfy, yielding a mass proportional to the charge magnitude times its mean Lorentz scalar. This result is valid for both spacelike and timelike four-vectors. The model is then applied to estimate the millicharge and magnetic moment of a Dirac neutrino. A novel scaling relation between these two quantities is obtained, yielding values in excellent agreement with current experimental bounds. Furthermore, a lower bound of the neutrino mass is predicted, which can be tested in future experiments. View this paper
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Articles (81)

  • Article
  • Open Access
272 Views
17 Pages

18 November 2025

We investigate a combined conservative field, in which classical gravitational and electrostatic sources also exhibit mutual interactions. Hitherto neglected, the coupling between mass and charge may be necessary for constructing a unified conservati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
308 Views
15 Pages

18 November 2025

This work explores the dynamics of quantum Fisher information (QFI) in open quantum systems coupled to squeezed reservoirs, providing a mathematical framework for analyzing parameter estimation precision under decoherence. We analyze QFI in two-qubit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
310 Views
28 Pages

17 November 2025

In this paper, we study the optimal boundary control of solidification governed by the classical two-phase Stefan problem with a sharp moving interface. The main objective is to formulate an optimal control problem for interface motion using boundary...

  • Article
  • Open Access
238 Views
15 Pages

15 November 2025

This paper presents the first theoretical investigation of the effect of a variable equilibrium coefficient on the steady-state transport of a binary electrolyte in a desalination channel cross-section of the electrodialyzer. To address this problem,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
273 Views
12 Pages

14 November 2025

This paper focuses on the research of the existence of cyclic bases for the quotient ring modulo, a zero-dimensional ideal. Based on the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of cyclic bases, it further deduces an equivalent condition...

  • Article
  • Open Access
300 Views
23 Pages

13 November 2025

This study is devoted to the quasi-optimal convergence analysis of a family of adaptive nonconforming elements with high-order terms, which preserve weak continuities. In contrast with the nonconforming P1 element (Crouzeix–Raviart element) the...

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Axioms - ISSN 2075-1680