Land | March 2026 - Browse Articles

25 pages, 6887 KB

Open AccessArticle

Building-Scale Accessibility Assessment of Sports Facilities: A Spatial Equity Perspective

by Chen Xu and Yimin Sun

Land 2026, 15(3), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030522 - 23 Mar 2026

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Equitable access to sports facilities is essential for promoting residents’ well-being, yet existing studies mostly rely on large spatial analytical units, limiting the ability to identify intra-unit disparities in accessibility and equity. This study develops a building-scale framework for assessing sports facility accessibility [...] Read more.

Equitable access to sports facilities is essential for promoting residents’ well-being, yet existing studies mostly rely on large spatial analytical units, limiting the ability to identify intra-unit disparities in accessibility and equity. This study develops a building-scale framework for assessing sports facility accessibility from a spatial equity perspective, incorporating building volume-weighted population distribution and quantification of multi-type facility service capacity for precise demand and supply estimation. Taking the Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, as the study area, the study assesses the accessibility of residential buildings using the Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (G2SFCA) method and evaluates spatial equity using the Lorenz curve and local Moran’s I. Results indicate a moderate level of equity in overall facility provision (Gini coefficient = 0.288), alongside substantial inter-type disparities, with Gini coefficients ranging from 0.330 to 0.800. Accessibility clusters exhibit pronounced scale variability, ranging from a few buildings to hundreds of buildings, with small clusters embedded within larger clusters of opposite accessibility. These fine-grained patterns are largely obscured in conventional aggregated-unit analyses, underscoring the necessity of building-scale assessment. Results provide a basis for precise allocation of both facility quantity and facility types, supporting efficient decision-making for urban planning and management. Full article

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21 pages, 3536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting River Eutrophication by Integrating Interpretable Machine Learning and the PLUS Model in the Chaohu Lake Basin, China

by Qiang Zhu, Jie Wang, Yuhuan Cui, Shijiang Yan and Zonghong Zheng

Land 2026, 15(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030521 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Investigating the influence of landscape evolution on river eutrophication is critical for optimizing spatial patterns to improve water quality. Machine learning (ML) models can capture the complex relationship between landscape metrics and water quality, but their black-box property restricts the interpretability of the [...] Read more.

Investigating the influence of landscape evolution on river eutrophication is critical for optimizing spatial patterns to improve water quality. Machine learning (ML) models can capture the complex relationship between landscape metrics and water quality, but their black-box property restricts the interpretability of the underlying mechanisms and makes it difficult to forecast future trends in water quality. To address this, we developed a novel framework that, for the first time, couples an interpretable ML model with the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model for eutrophication index (EI) prediction. This approach elucidates the response of river eutrophication to landscape dynamics and forecasts future river EI trends. The random forest regression (RFR) model outperformed other algorithms in quantifying these relationships (R² = 0.934 for training, 0.711 for testing). SHAP analysis revealed that landscape metrics contributed 81.78% to the river EI, far exceeding climate factors (18.22%). Consequently, landscape evolution emerged as the dominant explanatory factor. Scenario simulations indicated that while the ecological protection (EP) scenario effectively mitigates river eutrophication, the urban development (UD) scenario significantly exacerbates it. Specifically, under the UD scenario, the average EI in urban sub-watersheds is projected to reach 60.78 by 2040, approaching heavy eutrophic levels. Our findings inform spatial optimization strategies for river eutrophication management and facilitate the design of targeted, localized water ecological protection policies in subtropical monsoonal basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Innovations – Data and Machine Learning)

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24 pages, 1347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Trophic Condition of a Reservoir: A Combined Analysis of Watershed, Inter-Lake Connections and Internal Nutrient Loads

by Bachisio Mario Padedda, Paola Buscarinu, Tomasa Virdis, Cecilia Teodora Satta, Salvatore Gonario Pasquale Virdis and Silvia Pulina

Land 2026, 15(3), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030520 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 548

Abstract

Eutrophication is a pervasive issue in Mediterranean reservoirs, where external nutrient inputs and internal sediment releases interact to impair water quality and ecological stability. This study assessed the trophic condition of the artificial lake Cuga in Sardinia (Italy), mainly used for irrigation and [...] Read more.

Eutrophication is a pervasive issue in Mediterranean reservoirs, where external nutrient inputs and internal sediment releases interact to impair water quality and ecological stability. This study assessed the trophic condition of the artificial lake Cuga in Sardinia (Italy), mainly used for irrigation and providing potable water, by integrating watershed nutrient load estimates, inter-lake transfers, and internal phosphorus release. Field campaigns between July 2022 and May 2023 provided bi-monthly measurements of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, complemented by GIS-based land cover analysis and export coefficient modeling to quantify spatial nutrient sources. Additional phosphorus inputs from water transfers with a nearby reservoir were calculated, while internal sediment release was estimated using a calibrated mass balance model. Results revealed high nutrient concentrations, with mean total phosphorus of 128 mg P m⁻³, chlorophyll a averaging 9.9 mg m⁻³, and Secchi depth below 1 m, classifying the reservoir as eutrophic to hypertrophic under OECD and Carlson indices. Spatial loads were dominated by agricultural areas, while inter-lake transfers and internal sediment release contributed substantially to the overall phosphorus budget. The predictive Vollenweider model closely matched the observed conditions, confirming the robustness of the combined approach. Maintaining good ecological status in Mediterranean reservoirs is essential for safeguarding human well-being, as eutrophication degrades drinking-water quality, increases treatment costs, and can promote toxin-producing algal blooms with direct implications for public health. These findings highlight the need for integrated management strategies addressing both external and internal nutrient sources to mitigate eutrophication in Mediterranean reservoirs, which affects the ecosystem functioning and the related human needs and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Planning to Integrate Ecosystem Resilience and Human Well-Being)

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26 pages, 28555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Route Sharing Ratio in Nature-Integrated Community: Cross-Boundary Features and Design Implications

by Tingying Lu, Chenghao Xu and Zhenyu Li

Land 2026, 15(3), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030519 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 557

Abstract

Amid rapid urbanization in China, widespread gated residential districts have created physical and visual isolation from surrounding nature, undermining environmental benefits and daily accessibility. The emergence of a twenty-first-century “sharing” paradigm reshapes how buildings and landscapes are used and experienced, opening new opportunities [...] Read more.

Amid rapid urbanization in China, widespread gated residential districts have created physical and visual isolation from surrounding nature, undermining environmental benefits and daily accessibility. The emergence of a twenty-first-century “sharing” paradigm reshapes how buildings and landscapes are used and experienced, opening new opportunities for diversified sharing between communities and natural systems. Yet, despite mature research on city-scale landscape sharing, micro-scale tools to balance sharing versus exclusive route allocation—and to operationalize cross-system sharing-route design—remain limited. This study examines nature-integrated community design through the Landscape Route Sharing Ratio (LRSR), a metric derived from the Length and Density of Sharing Landscape Route (L_s/D_s), the Length and Density of Non-shared Landscape Route (L_ns/D_ns). It analyzes eight cases using a mixed-methods approach (field surveys, spatial mapping, planning-document review and quantitative measurement), and identifies five core cross-system features through typological analysis: extension to surrounding landscapes (ENL), cross-boundary landscape axes (CBLA), multi-scale hierarchy (MSH), multi-elevation systems (MES), and non-motorized priority (NMP). This study demonstrates that higher LRSR values significantly enhance landscape integration and pedestrian experiences. By establishing actionable target ranges (0.50–0.70), the research provides a practical decision-support tool for nature-integrated community design, advancing the methodological understanding of how shared routes foster ecological and social vitality in contemporary urban environments. The framework effectively bridges the gap between quantification with design guidance for nature-integrated communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Peri-Urban Environment: Searching for Sustainable Planning, Design and Management Solutions)

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28 pages, 7419 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of Urban Living Street Space Quality from a Public Health Perspective: A Case Study of Changsha Central Urban Area

by Gong Chen, Mengmiao Zhang, Jiamin Li, Ye Qu and Shaoyao He

Land 2026, 15(3), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030518 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 596

Abstract

Urban living streets are core venues for promoting public health; however, existing studies often lack a multidimensional quantitative evaluation system that integrates physical, psychological, and social health dimensions. To address this gap, this study constructs a space quality evaluation model comprising 15 indicators [...] Read more.

Urban living streets are core venues for promoting public health; however, existing studies often lack a multidimensional quantitative evaluation system that integrates physical, psychological, and social health dimensions. To address this gap, this study constructs a space quality evaluation model comprising 15 indicators across three health dimensions, integrating multi-source data (including Street View Imagery, POI data, and field measurements). Taking six typical living streets in the central urban area of Changsha as a case study, we applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process to determine indicator weights and evaluate space quality. The results reveal significant spatial heterogeneity: (1) The comprehensive quality scores vary markedly, with Cai’e South Road ranking highest (66.62) and Zengjiawan Lane lowest (28.37); (2) key factor analysis indicates that seven indicators—including Street Width, Motorization Level, and POI Functional Diversity—are significantly associated with space quality, among which Sidewalk Width and Relative Sidewalk Width are identified as critical determinants; (3) addressing identified deficits in slow-traffic spaces and service amenities, this study proposes health-oriented micro-renewal strategies. This study provides a transferable analytical framework and practical decision support for the assessment and improvement of urban living street space quality. Full article

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12 pages, 199 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Ageing, Gender, and Territorial Inequalities: Environmental and Socio-Spatial Challenges in Contemporary Societies

by Roberta Pace and Giuseppe Venere

Land 2026, 15(3), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030517 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 508

Abstract

This second volume of this Special Issue of Land, entitled ‘Ageing, Gender and Environment: Problems and Challenges from Different Disciplines’, continues the intellectual trajectory launched with the first compendium of 16 articles, which covered the years 2021–2022 and helped consolidate an emerging field [...] Read more.

This second volume of this Special Issue of Land, entitled ‘Ageing, Gender and Environment: Problems and Challenges from Different Disciplines’, continues the intellectual trajectory launched with the first compendium of 16 articles, which covered the years 2021–2022 and helped consolidate an emerging field at the intersection of land, ageing, gender, and environmental challenges [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Ageing, Gender and Environment: Problems and Challenges from Different Disciplines II)

31 pages, 5858 KB

Open AccessArticle

GIS-Driven Regional Assessment for Sustainable Data Center Siting in the United Kingdom

by Shanza Neda Hussain, Mohamed Al-Mandhari, Syed Muhammad Faiq Ali, Asim Zaib and Aritra Ghosh

Land 2026, 15(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030516 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1060

Abstract

This study presents a GIS-driven multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework for regional suitability screening of data center (DC) development in the United Kingdom. The methodology integrates spatial exclusion of constrained zones, raster standardization of climate and infrastructure indicators, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting, [...] Read more.

This study presents a GIS-driven multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework for regional suitability screening of data center (DC) development in the United Kingdom. The methodology integrates spatial exclusion of constrained zones, raster standardization of climate and infrastructure indicators, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting, and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) to generate a national suitability surface at 1 km resolution. Climate indicators (temperature, air frost days, humidity, and solar radiation) and infrastructure and environmental constraint indicators (grid access, transport proximity, environmental protections, and population distribution) were standardized and combined within a GIS-based decision framework. Hard constraints such as protected areas and flood zones were applied through binary exclusion, while climatic and infrastructure factors were evaluated using weighted suitability scoring. Five candidate regions were identified from the suitability analysis: the Scottish Highlands, Northeast England, Southwest England (Cornwall), Northwest England, and Eastern England. These regions were further evaluated against key requirements including power infrastructure accessibility, workforce and connectivity availability, and exposure to environmental and hydro-climate constraints. The final comparison identified Lincolnshire as the most suitable region due to strong grid accessibility, favorable composite climate suitability, adequate population proximity, and limited overlap with protected areas. The proposed framework demonstrates how climate-driven cooling suitability can be integrated with infrastructure accessibility and environmental constraints within a unified spatial decision model for national-scale digital infrastructure planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Next Era of Renewable Energy Deployment: Land-Use Planning, Policy, and Modelling Innovations)

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15 pages, 1265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biocultural Value of Semi-Natural and Human-Conditioned Habitats in Slovakia

by Csaba Kulcsár and Jana Špulerová

Land 2026, 15(3), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030515 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Biocultural landscapes emerge from long-term interactions between human societies and ecological systems, yet integrated assessments of biological and cultural values remain limited, particularly within conservation policy frameworks such as Natura 2000. This study evaluates the biocultural value of 24 semi-natural and human-conditioned habitat [...] Read more.

Biocultural landscapes emerge from long-term interactions between human societies and ecological systems, yet integrated assessments of biological and cultural values remain limited, particularly within conservation policy frameworks such as Natura 2000. This study evaluates the biocultural value of 24 semi-natural and human-conditioned habitat types characteristic of the Slovak landscape, with the aim of identifying patterns related to biological value, cultural significance, and dependence on human management. An expert-based questionnaire survey was used to score each habitat for biological and cultural value, and management dependence, and these indicators were combined into an overall biocultural value. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, visualisation techniques, and hierarchical clustering to explore relationships among habitat types. The results reveal a clear gradient structured primarily by land-use intensity and management regime rather than by ecological classification alone. Semi-natural grasslands and wetlands maintained through long-term, low-intensity management—many of which correspond to Natura 2000 habitat types—exhibit the highest biocultural values. Traditionally managed agricultural habitats form transitional groups, while intensively managed systems show consistently lower biocultural values. The findings indicate that human influence is not inherently incompatible with high biological value; instead, management intensity and continuity are key determinants. These results highlight the importance of integrating biocultural perspectives into conservation planning and Natura 2000 management to support both biological value and cultural landscape values. Full article

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24 pages, 17537 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Transformer-Based Language-Model Framework for Assessing Urban Expansion

by Fang Wan, Zhan Zhang, Ru Wang, Daoyu Shu, Beile Ning, Jianya Gong and Xi Li

Land 2026, 15(3), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030514 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Urban expansion is a key driver of land-use change and environmental pressure in rapidly urbanizing regions. Existing assessments of urban expansion often rely on predefined indicator systems and fixed weighting schemes, which limits their adaptability to evolving research priorities and regional contexts. This [...] Read more.

Urban expansion is a key driver of land-use change and environmental pressure in rapidly urbanizing regions. Existing assessments of urban expansion often rely on predefined indicator systems and fixed weighting schemes, which limits their adaptability to evolving research priorities and regional contexts. This study develops an adaptive framework for urban expansion assessment by integrating a transformer-based language model with multi-source spatial data. A BERT-based semantic extraction process is used to identify relevant indicators and derive their relative weights from the scientific literature, enabling the construction of a literature-driven Urban Expansion Index (UEI). The framework is applied to the Central Plains Mega-city Region (CPMR), China, to examine spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of urban expansion between 2010 and 2020. Results show that UEI is primarily driven by land-use expansion indicators, while socioeconomic, infrastructure, and environmental indicators jointly reflect the multidimensional nature of expansion processes. Spatial patterns reveal a persistent concentration of high expansion intensity in core cities, alongside heterogeneous environmental responses and gradual outward growth. Changes in UEI display weaker spatial coherence than static levels, indicating differentiated local expansion dynamics. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis further identifies shifting clusters of urban expansion intensity, suggesting a reorganization of expansion centers within the agglomeration over time. By linking transformer-based indicator extraction with spatial analysis, this study advances urban expansion assessment beyond outcome-oriented mapping toward a more adaptive and knowledge-informed approach. The proposed framework is transferable to other mega-city regions and provides a useful tool for supporting territorial spatial planning and sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Modelling Human–Environment Interactions in Urban–Rural Areas)

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2 pages, 158 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Luo et al. A Novel Dual Comprehensive Study of the Economic and Environmental Effectiveness of Urban Stormwater Management Strategies: A Case Study of Xi’an, China. Land 2026, 15, 75

by Pingping Luo, Yaqiong Hou, Yachao Niu, Maochuan Hu, Bin He, Luki Subehi and Fatima Fida

Land 2026, 15(3), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030513 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Missing Funding [...] Full article

43 pages, 28604 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Method Framework for Assessing Global Research Capacity and Spatial Disparities: Insights from Urban Ecosystem Security

by Zhen Liu, Xiaodan Li, Qi Yang, Shuai Mao, Xiaosai Li and Zhiping Liu

Land 2026, 15(3), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030512 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 622

Abstract

Robust and transferable approaches for evaluating research capacity—whose measurable expression is reflected in research output—are essential for evidence-based science policy and strategic research management. This study develops an integrated framework to assess global scholarly capacity and regional disparities by combining semantic-similarity-based literature filtering, [...] Read more.

Robust and transferable approaches for evaluating research capacity—whose measurable expression is reflected in research output—are essential for evidence-based science policy and strategic research management. This study develops an integrated framework to assess global scholarly capacity and regional disparities by combining semantic-similarity-based literature filtering, bibliometric mapping, dynamic performance assessment, and spatial analytical techniques into a coherent and replicable model. A Sentence-BERT model ensures thematic precision and dataset consistency, while CiteSpace 6.1.R3 is used tomap publication trajectories, thematic evolution, and influential contributors. A dynamically weighted TOPSIS model incorporates temporal variation to quantify national research capacity, and spatial analyses—including gravity center analysis, Theil index decomposition, spatial autocorrelation, gray relational analysis, and the Geographical Detector Model—identify disparity patterns and their explanatory associations. Applied to urban ecosystem security research (2001–2023), an emerging interdisciplinary field within sustainability science, the framework shows that China and the United States dominate research output, whereas European journals exert strong academic influence. The field has advanced through three stages, with increasing emphasis on ecosystem services and sustainable development. GDP, environmental pressure, and urbanization rate show the strongest explanatory associations with research capacity, and interactive effects—especially those involving GDP—exceed single-factor explanatory strength. Ecological baseline conditions such as NDVI and climate exhibit only limited associations, functioning mainly as contextual factors. Policy implications highlight four priorities: strengthening interdisciplinary and cross-regional collaboration in developing regions; promoting equity-oriented research agendas in developed regions; establishing unified definitions and validated evaluation frameworks; and advancing dynamic, systems-based approaches to ecosystem security analysis. By shifting attention from ecological status assessment to the dynamics of scientific knowledge production and research capacity, this study advances methodological foundations for research evaluation and enriches analytical approaches in urban ecosystem security, offering a generalizable framework for identifying capacity differences and supporting evidence-informed policy design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Dynamics in the Urbanization Process: Climate Change, Economic Transitions, and Demographic Shifts)

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23 pages, 36440 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dasymetric Mapping for People-Centered Wildfire Risk Assessment Case Study: Northern Portugal

by Barbara Pavani-Biju, José G. Borges, Susete Marques and Ana C. Teodoro

Land 2026, 15(3), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030511 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 645

Abstract

With the increasing number of wildfire events, people living close to the wildland–urban interface (WUI) are more likely to be exposed to these events. To mitigate the hazards related to wildfires, it is of great importance to identify areas where human settlements are [...] Read more.

With the increasing number of wildfire events, people living close to the wildland–urban interface (WUI) are more likely to be exposed to these events. To mitigate the hazards related to wildfires, it is of great importance to identify areas where human settlements are at a greater risk. Remote sensing-based techniques for mapping and quantifying the inhabitants possibly affected by these events are crucial to reduce the loss of life as well as reduce the negative impact that wildfires pose to the people living in WUIs, the surrounding areas, and the environment. Fine-scale mapping is a suitable auxiliary tool to indicate areas at greater risk. Hence, the dasymetric method was applied to generate a high-resolution map of the study area’s population, using products generated from Sentinel-2 imagery, a census, and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. The findings of the proposed methodology show that around 59% of the population in the study area currently lives inside the WUI, while in 2025, most of the people affected by wildfires—77%—lived outside the WUI. This is expected, since wildfires vary in space and time, and they are seen as spatial–temporal processes. In addition, the results demonstrated that women are slightly more exposed to wildfires than other population groups. These results showed that the proposed methodology could not only help identify high-risk areas but also the number of people living in these areas due to the high-resolution dasymetric methodology. The proposed methodology described in this work shows that fine-scale mapping could enrich forest management in order to protect the populations susceptible to the negative impacts of wildfires, consequently protecting the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)

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16 pages, 3814 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Urban Expansion Mapping Methods in Diriyah Using GHSL, NDBI, and Unsupervised Classification

by Muhannad Mohammed Alfehaid

Land 2026, 15(3), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030510 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 527

Abstract

Accurate urban expansion mapping in dryland environments is essential for sustainable planning, infrastructure management, and heritage-sensitive development, yet it remains methodologically challenging because built-up surfaces often exhibit strong spectral similarity to bright bare soils. This study comparatively evaluates three widely used urban mapping [...] Read more.

Accurate urban expansion mapping in dryland environments is essential for sustainable planning, infrastructure management, and heritage-sensitive development, yet it remains methodologically challenging because built-up surfaces often exhibit strong spectral similarity to bright bare soils. This study comparatively evaluates three widely used urban mapping approaches in Diriyah, Saudi Arabia, a rapidly transforming heritage district of high relevance to Saudi Vision 2030: the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL), the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and unsupervised k-means classification. Built-up extent was mapped for 2015, 2020, and 2025, and method performance was assessed using 150 stratified reference points interpreted from high-resolution imagery. The results reveal substantial quantitative differences among methods. GHSL produced the most conservative estimates of urban extent (2.80, 4.94, and 5.31 km²), while NDBI and unsupervised classification generated much larger and less realistic built-up areas due to spectral confusion with bright bare soil. Accuracy assessment confirmed the superiority of GHSL, which achieved the highest overall accuracy (0.88) and Kappa coefficient (0.83), compared with NDBI (0.53; 0.41) and unsupervised classification (0.61; 0.50). To support integrative interpretation, the study also developed a Hybrid Built-up Detection Model (HBDM), which combines the three outputs into a continuous urban intensity layer that helps distinguish persistent urban cores from uncertain transition zones. The findings demonstrate that conservative global built-up products provide a more reliable baseline than index-based or unsupervised methods in bright-soil dryland settings. More broadly, the study offers practical methodological guidance for urban monitoring and sustainable land management in desert cities undergoing rapid transformation under large-scale development agendas such as Saudi Vision 2030. Full article

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16 pages, 6886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Territorial Governance for Sustainable Tourism in the Alpine Mountains: A Stakeholder-Based Organizational Model from Northeast Italy

by Ivana Bassi, Vanessa Deotto and Luca Iseppi

Land 2026, 15(3), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030509 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Mountain regions across Europe face demographic decline and institutional fragmentation that hinder sustainable tourism development. This study analyzes the territorial governance system of the Val Canale and Canal del Ferro valleys (Italian Alps) with the aim of designing a stakeholder-based Organizational Model (OM) [...] Read more.

Mountain regions across Europe face demographic decline and institutional fragmentation that hinder sustainable tourism development. This study analyzes the territorial governance system of the Val Canale and Canal del Ferro valleys (Italian Alps) with the aim of designing a stakeholder-based Organizational Model (OM) to strengthen sustainable tourism coordination in a peripheral mountain context. A qualitative single-case study approach integrates Stakeholder Analysis, Actor-Linkage Matrix, Appreciative Inquiry, and spatial contextualization to examine relational, institutional, and territorial dynamics. The findings reveal a territory rich in environmental and cultural assets—characterized by protected areas and extensive trail networks—yet constrained by fragmented inter-municipal cooperation and limited supra-municipal coordination. Governance fragmentation, rather than resource scarcity, emerges as the primary barrier to coherent territorial development. In response, the proposed multi-level Organizational Model introduces a valley-level coordination unit designed to institutionalize collaborative governance, enhance administrative capacity, and align local initiatives with regional strategies. By operationalizing stakeholder theory within a structured territorial framework, the study contributes to place-based governance literature and offers transferable insights for peripheral mountain regions facing similar coordination challenges. Full article

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27 pages, 24112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment and Driving Factors During 1995–2024 in the Dianzhong Five Lakes Region of Yunnan Province, China Using the XGBoost-SHAP and Random Forest Models

by Zhiying Li, Xiaoyan Ding, Shaobang Wang, Haocheng Wang, Yulong Yan, Tong Zhang and Ye Long

Land 2026, 15(3), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030508 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 786

Abstract

The assessment of landscape ecological risk and the exploration of its driving factors is a critical approach to alleviating the conflict between the growing demand of human activities and ecological environment conservation, and the Five Lakes Area in Central Yunnan serves as a [...] Read more.

The assessment of landscape ecological risk and the exploration of its driving factors is a critical approach to alleviating the conflict between the growing demand of human activities and ecological environment conservation, and the Five Lakes Area in Central Yunnan serves as a typical representative of landscape ecological risk issues in plateau lake regions. Therefore, this study, based on the land use transfer change characteristics of the Five Lakes Area in Central Yunnan across four periods (1995–2024), employed the landscape pattern index method to calculate the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the landscape ecological risk index; additionally, 10 driving factors (including natural and socio-economic factors) were selected, and the XGBoost-SHAP model and Random Forest model were applied to explore the driving factors, with the results showing that: (1) In terms of land use transfer, farmland, forest, and Grass land were transferred among each other, the inflow of Construction land increased, and Grass land had the largest outflow area; (2) regarding landscape ecological risk, the landscape pattern was unstable, the loss degree increased, and the moderate and moderately high-risk areas expanded; and (3) for driving factors, the dominance shifted from natural factors to socio-economic factors; among these, Precipitation, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), Land use intensity, and Night-time light index were significant influencing factors. Based on the above results, a zoning management and control strategy for landscape ecological risk was proposed, aiming to provide a scientific reference for policy formulation to reduce risks and alleviate human–land conflicts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 2479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rooting for Words: An Analysis of Agroforestry Terminology in U.S. Forest Action Plans

by Kianie B. David and Lord Ameyaw

Land 2026, 15(3), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030507 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 503

Abstract

Forest Action Plans (FAPs) are strategic documents guiding forest management across the United States (U.S.), yet agroforestry terminology is used inconsistently within these plans. This study analyzed 50 state FAPs to assess how agroforestry practices are communicated. Using a predetermined list of 29 [...] Read more.

Forest Action Plans (FAPs) are strategic documents guiding forest management across the United States (U.S.), yet agroforestry terminology is used inconsistently within these plans. This study analyzed 50 state FAPs to assess how agroforestry practices are communicated. Using a predetermined list of 29 terms, including the five main agroforestry practices in the U.S. (alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, silvopasture, and windbreaks), a descriptive content analysis was conducted, examining the frequency of agroforestry terms and their associated terms across all states. Results revealed wide variation in FAP document page length and regional differences in terminology usage. FAPs ranged from about 15–681 pages and the Midwestern (Great Plains) states demonstrated the highest frequency of agroforestry term mentions. Among the five main agroforestry practices, riparian forest buffers were mentioned most frequently (437 times across 44 states), while alley cropping and forest farming appeared in only two states. Notably, some states with established agroforestry traditions and practices showed minimal explicit agroforestry term usage in their FAPs. These findings highlight the need for clearer guidance within FAPs to improve the consistency and visibility of agroforestry terminology in the U.S. This analysis establishes a benchmark for understanding how agroforestry is communicated in FAPs and offers guidance for future research and FAP writing cycles beyond the current 2025–2026 updates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Land Management: Innovations and Challenges)

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21 pages, 597 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visitor Typologies for Micro-Zoning in Forest Recreation Sites

by Eran Ketter, Yaara Spiegel and Noga Collins-Kreiner

Land 2026, 15(3), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030506 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Forest recreation sites provide accessible settings for everyday leisure while accommodating multiple, and often competing, uses, making zoning both a central planning challenge and solution. This study advances micro-zoning as a novel, site-scale extension of established recreation zoning concepts, examining how zoning principles [...] Read more.

Forest recreation sites provide accessible settings for everyday leisure while accommodating multiple, and often competing, uses, making zoning both a central planning challenge and solution. This study advances micro-zoning as a novel, site-scale extension of established recreation zoning concepts, examining how zoning principles can be operationalized within intensively used forest recreation areas. Data were collected from 302 visitors using a structured questionnaire on visit patterns, valued forest attributes, disturbances, and socio-demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics and tests of association were used to identify needs, disturbances, and recurring combinations of use. The results show that these forests function as everyday recreation spaces for diverse group visits, with high importance placed on peacefulness, shade, cleanliness, natural scenery, and basic infrastructure, alongside frequent reports of disturbance from music, crowding, and litter. Building on these patterns, the study develops a micro-zoning framework that delineates three interpretive planning micro-areas: Drive-in Forest Recreation, representing high-intensity, infrastructure-oriented social use; Low-Intensity Recreation, a moderate-use, low-noise nature-oriented area prioritizing separation from disturbance; and Active Recreation Use, comprising movement-focused routes for walking, running, and cycling. The study illustrates how visitor survey data can guide evidence-based micro-zoning and adapt zoning frameworks to the fine spatial grain of intensively used forest recreation sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism Spatial Planning Across Rural–Urban Landscapes: Integrating Economic Growth, Heritage Conservation, and Ecosystem Services)

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29 pages, 2996 KB

Open AccessArticle

Opportunities and Barriers to Integrating Urban Grasslands into Green Infrastructure: A Socio-Institutional Assessment of Latvian Cities

by Daiga Skujane, Natalija Nitavska, Madara Markova, Anete Lagzdina and Alise Cavare

Land 2026, 15(3), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030505 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 454

Abstract

Natural grasslands are among the most endangered habitats in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe due to the agricultural intensification, land abandonment and afforestation, urban expansion, and the loss of traditional low-intensity management, on which their biodiversity depends. One way to increase the number [...] Read more.

Natural grasslands are among the most endangered habitats in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe due to the agricultural intensification, land abandonment and afforestation, urban expansion, and the loss of traditional low-intensity management, on which their biodiversity depends. One way to increase the number of natural grasslands is by integrating them into urban green infrastructure as a nature-based solution to enhance ecological resilience and urban livability: diverse grassland systems support pollinators, improve soil structure and stormwater infiltration, mitigate urban heat and provide restorative, experience-rich public spaces. The aim of the study is to explore opportunities and barriers to integrating different types of grasslands into the green infrastructure of Latvian cities, with a primary focus on public perceptions and institutional aspects of urban grassland implementation and management. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining resident surveys, interviews with municipal experts—territorial development specialists, planners and maintenance managers—and comparative policy analysis. Results show that although residents acknowledge the ecological benefits of urban grasslands, they prefer them in peripheral or underused areas rather than in city centres and residential zones, as these areas are often aesthetically perceived as “untidy” or neglected, conflicting with cultural norms that favour short, intensively mown lawns and raising concerns about insects. Acceptance increases through communication and participatory practices. Municipal approaches range from structured maintenance guidelines, including delayed mowing, biomass removal, and invasive species control, to flexible experimentation. The study contributes scientifically grounded insights into governance, perception, and management interfaces critical for mainstreaming socially accepted urban grasslands. Full article

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35 pages, 5037 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement and Spatiotemporal Evolution of Urban Low-Carbon Coordinated Development Under the 3E1S Framework: Evidence from Chinese Cities

by Xianliang Wang and Shian Zeng

Land 2026, 15(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030504 - 20 Mar 2026

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Abstract

In the context of the “dual carbon” goals, this study examines the spatiotemporal patterns and evolution of urban low-carbon coordinated development (LCCD). Based on the integrated Economy–Energy–Environment–Society (3E1S) framework, this study constructs a multidimensional evaluation index system for urban LCCD and applies a [...] Read more.

In the context of the “dual carbon” goals, this study examines the spatiotemporal patterns and evolution of urban low-carbon coordinated development (LCCD). Based on the integrated Economy–Energy–Environment–Society (3E1S) framework, this study constructs a multidimensional evaluation index system for urban LCCD and applies a composite system coordination degree model to quantitatively assess and analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of LCCD across 271 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2005 to 2020. The results indicate that (1) from a temporal perspective, the level of urban LCCD in China exhibits an overall upward trend during the study period, with relatively rapid growth from 2005 to 2015, a subsequent slowdown after 2015, and a stage-wise decline observed in 2020, reflecting a transition from rapid improvement to gradual adjustment; (2) from a spatial perspective, urban LCCD demonstrates a certain degree of spatial autocorrelation and an overall spatial structure characterized by a southwest–northeast-oriented axis, with spatial agglomeration features gradually strengthening over time; (3) from a system structure perspective, the coordinated evolution of the 3E1S subsystems shows clear differentiation, with the energy and economic subsystems following an inverted U-shaped trajectory, the environmental subsystem exhibiting a fluctuating upward trend, and the social subsystem maintaining continuous improvement, highlighting the inherent imbalance in the multidimensional process of subsystem coordination. From a multisystem coordination perspective, this study systematically identifies the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics and subsystem coupling relationships of urban low-carbon coordinated development, providing empirical evidence for a deeper understanding of multidimensional low-carbon coordination processes in cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Urban Climate Improvement and Spatial Pattern Optimization Under a Multi-Objective Orientation)

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30 pages, 62357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Landscape Pattern in Huangshan City Based on Moving Window Method and Geodetector

by Enyuan Yu, Qian Wang, Honggang Zheng, Yifei Pan, Yuxi Liu, Qizhi Cao, Yufeng Gao and Xingfeng Zhao

Land 2026, 15(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030503 - 20 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The spatiotemporal evolution of landscape patterns represents the most direct manifestation of land use change and remains a pivotal focus within landscape ecology research. Taking Huangshan City—a typical mountainous tourism city—as the study area, this research systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and [...] Read more.

The spatiotemporal evolution of landscape patterns represents the most direct manifestation of land use change and remains a pivotal focus within landscape ecology research. Taking Huangshan City—a typical mountainous tourism city—as the study area, this research systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of landscape patterns over the past three decades. Based on land use data from 1992, 2002, 2012, and 2022, the study employs an integrated methodological framework including land use transition matrices, landscape pattern indices, moving window analysis, and the geographical detector (Geodetector) model, supported by ArcGIS and FRAGSTATS platforms. The results indicate that (1) during the study period, the landscape structure in Huangshan City exhibited a general trend characterized by “a stable foundation of forest land, continuous contraction of cropland, and significant expansion of construction land.” (2) From 1992 to 2012, cropland served as the primary source of transfer, mainly being converted into forest land; conversely, between 2012 and 2022, the reciprocal transformation between cropland and forest land became the dominant transition process. (3) At the landscape level, overall diversity enhanced and spatial distribution tended toward uniformity, whereas landscape fragmentation persisted in localized areas. (4) The driving force analysis revealed that “distance to the urban center” was the primary driving factor shaping landscape pattern changes, with its explanatory power continuously increasing. Furthermore, significant synergistic enhancement effects were observed between natural and socio-economic factors. These findings provide a scientific basis for ecological protection, restoration, and sustainable development strategies in Huangshan City within the context of rapid urbanization and tourism development. Full article

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31 pages, 7476 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of Black Sea Coastal Cities: An Urban Planning Perspective

by Merve Sipahi, Serkan Sipahi, Elife Büyüköztürk and Ahmet Emre Dinçer

Land 2026, 15(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030502 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 611

Abstract

Coastal cities are complex spatial systems shaped by intertwined economic, environmental, demographic, and governance pressures. This study develops a multidimensional comparative framework to analyze coastal cities in the Black Sea basin across five dimensions: physical–morphological structure, demographic scale, economic–functional profile, transportation and accessibility, [...] Read more.

Coastal cities are complex spatial systems shaped by intertwined economic, environmental, demographic, and governance pressures. This study develops a multidimensional comparative framework to analyze coastal cities in the Black Sea basin across five dimensions: physical–morphological structure, demographic scale, economic–functional profile, transportation and accessibility, and urban quality–governance. To address cross-country data heterogeneity, an ordinal (0–1–2) indicator system is employed and analyzed through multiple multivariate techniques, including Gower dissimilarity, NMDS, Ward hierarchical clustering, MCA, Spearman rank correlation, network analysis, and rank-transformed PCA. Findings indicate that Black Sea coastal cities do not form a single homogeneous typology but cluster around distinct structural patterns. A major axis of differentiation separates port–industrial production-oriented cities from tourism–service-oriented cities, while a considerable group of multifunctional and transitional cities exhibits moderate values across several dimensions. Results show that city typologies are shaped less by national planning regimes than by structural dynamics such as port scale, economic specialization, accessibility, and spatial pressure. By integrating non-metric and metric approaches, the study proposes a context-sensitive and multi-criteria comparative methodology. The findings highlight the need for multi-scalar and multidimensional planning perspectives to better understand structural differentiation in coastal urban systems within semi-enclosed marine regions such as the Black Sea. Full article

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22 pages, 5900 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Vitality and Spatial Efficiency of Public Spaces in Commercial Complexes: A Multi-Source Data-Driven Analysis in Guangzhou, China

by Xiaojuan Liu, Lipeng Ge and Jun Huang

Land 2026, 15(3), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030501 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 554

Abstract

The accurate measurement and optimization of spatial vitality inside commercial complexes has become crucial for sophisticated urban governance as urban growth moves from rapid expansion to quality-oriented stock augmentation. This research creates a multifaceted assessment methodology that incorporates systemic connectedness (transportation synergy), spatial [...] Read more.

The accurate measurement and optimization of spatial vitality inside commercial complexes has become crucial for sophisticated urban governance as urban growth moves from rapid expansion to quality-oriented stock augmentation. This research creates a multifaceted assessment methodology that incorporates systemic connectedness (transportation synergy), spatial performance (public activity and social efficacy), and spatial supply (human–land linkages and arrangement). We used a stratified purposive sample of 20 business complexes spread across eight districts in Guangzhou, a typical high-density megacity. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of spatial vitality, we measured important indicators including the Polycentricity Index (α) and the Spatial Performance Index (β) using a mixed-methods approach that included K-means clustering, multinomial logit regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Four important insights are shown by our findings. 1. The paradox of density and efficiency: The notion that high-density development inevitably ensures lively public space is called into question by the lack of a significant linear correlation between the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and spatial performance (r = 0.32, p > 0.05), despite a core–periphery gradient in development intensity. 2. Structural Supply Demand Mismatch: Although overall spatial performance is strong (β = 0.81 ± 0.07), there is a notable shortfall in cultural and artistic venues, where young adults’ demand (0.27) is 145% greater than supply (0.11). 3. Polycentric Networking vs. Transport Polarization: While spatial structures show a networked polycentric pattern (mean α = 6.40), transportation synergy is affected by core–periphery polarization, which results in “vitality islands” in the periphery. 4. Dual-Path Driving Mechanisms: According to SEM results, cultural spaces have a considerable indirect impact (39.7% mediation) by boosting brand uniqueness and “cultural capital,” while composite plaza spaces have a strong direct effect on commercial performance (γ = 0.682). Based on these findings, we suggest distinct optimization strategies: aging projects need climate-responsive design interventions; growing areas should create family-oriented consumption ecosystems; and core districts should give priority to cultural “IP” integration. For the planning and revitalization of commercial land use in high-density global environments, this study offers a solid analytical framework and practical insights. Full article

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29 pages, 13398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Responses of Riparian Vegetation and Wetland Functions to Stage 0 Restoration of Whychus Creek, Oregon

by Vladimir Krivtsov, Karen Allen, Tom Goss, Lauren Mork and Colin R. Thorne

Land 2026, 15(3), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030500 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 728

Abstract

Floodplain disconnection caused by channel incision and/or levee construction has led to widespread loss of riparian habitats and ecosystem functions globally. Restoring full stream–floodplain connectivity is increasingly promoted, yet evidence of ecological outcomes remains limited. This study evaluates the initial performance of two [...] Read more.

Floodplain disconnection caused by channel incision and/or levee construction has led to widespread loss of riparian habitats and ecosystem functions globally. Restoring full stream–floodplain connectivity is increasingly promoted, yet evidence of ecological outcomes remains limited. This study evaluates the initial performance of two Stage 0 restoration projects on Whychus Creek, Oregon, which reconnected incised channels to their historical floodplains in 2012 and 2016. We combined pre- and post-restoration vegetation surveys along fixed transects with hydrogeomorphic-based riparian and wetland function assessments and applied quantitative analyses, including Kruskal–Wallis tests, Jaccard correlations, Sorensen similarity indices, and factor analysis, to compare changes in plant assemblages and ecosystem functions across restored, transitional, and unrestored reaches. Our research results indicate that two years post-restoration, the active riparian area expanded 2.5-fold, species richness and structural diversity increased significantly, and riparian and wetland functions such as water storage, sediment retention, and habitat support for fish and amphibians improved markedly. Numbers of anadromous salmonids also increased markedly. This is important as salmon recovery is a regional stream restoration goal. Comparisons with a reach restored six years earlier suggest a positive trajectory toward mature, resilient ecosystems. These findings demonstrate that Stage 0 restoration can rapidly reestablish complex habitat mosaics and enhance ecosystem services critical for biodiversity, water quality, and flood resilience. Practically, this evidence supports process-based restoration strategies that prioritize full floodplain reconnection as a cost-effective approach to reversing long-term ecological degradation. Continued monitoring is essential to guide adaptive management and strengthen the evidence base for the wide-scale implementation of valley-floor wide stream restoration. Full article

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19 pages, 2542 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Responses of Vegetation and Soil Properties to Rock Desertification Gradients in Qingzhen, China

by Yufeng Lu, Yi Wang, Yanjun Chen, Ni Song, Qiuming Wang, Meng Liu and Xiao Guan

Land 2026, 15(3), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030499 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Karst rock desertification is an extreme form of land degradation that poses a serious threat to regional ecological security and sustainable development in Southwest China. Understanding the response patterns of plant communities and soil properties along desertification gradients is critical for developing effective [...] Read more.

Karst rock desertification is an extreme form of land degradation that poses a serious threat to regional ecological security and sustainable development in Southwest China. Understanding the response patterns of plant communities and soil properties along desertification gradients is critical for developing effective ecological restoration strategies. This study focused on Qingzhen City, Guizhou Province, a representative karst desertification region. Using remote sensing to classify rock desertification intensity, together with systematic vegetation surveys and soil sampling, we investigated variation patterns in ecological parameters along the degradation gradient. The results revealed three key patterns. First, rock desertification was widespread across Qingzhen and exhibited pronounced spatial differentiation. Second, as desertification intensified, vegetation community structure became progressively simplified, transitioning from forests to shrublands. Biomass and vegetation cover declined from 77.25 kg/m² and 83% to 0.62 kg/m² and 15%, respectively. Notably, species diversity exhibited a bell-shaped relationship with desertification intensity, peaking at the potential desertification stage before declining under increasing environmental stress. Third, soil physicochemical properties showed complex nonlinear responses along the desertification gradient. Soil bulk density decreased, and pH increased with increasing desertification intensity, while volumetric water content fluctuated across stages. Soil total carbon and total nitrogen exhibited temporary enrichment during the light-to-moderate desertification stages, likely due to shifts in litter quality. Overall, these findings demonstrate that both plant communities and soil properties respond nonlinearly to rock desertification gradients. Together, the results enhance the understanding of the ecological processes underlying karst rock desertification and support the development of targeted regional restoration strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)

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36 pages, 8451 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Southwest China’s Ecological Security Barrier Zone: Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Multi-Scenario Analysis

by Minghong Peng, Hu Li, Ye Yang, Dingdi Jize, Ji Luo, Mei Zhang, Haijun Wang, Tianhui Xie, Maobin Ding, Xinlong Li, Hu Li and Yuanjie Deng

Land 2026, 15(3), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030498 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Land use/cover change (LUCC) strongly regulates ecosystem carbon storage and provides a critical entry point for carbon-oriented territorial spatial governance. However, balancing carbon sequestration, food security, urban expansion, and ecological protection remains challenging in Southwest China’s Ecological Security Barrier Zone (ESBZ). In this [...] Read more.

Land use/cover change (LUCC) strongly regulates ecosystem carbon storage and provides a critical entry point for carbon-oriented territorial spatial governance. However, balancing carbon sequestration, food security, urban expansion, and ecological protection remains challenging in Southwest China’s Ecological Security Barrier Zone (ESBZ). In this study, we coupled the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) carbon module to reconstruct LUCC and carbon-storage dynamics during 1999–2024 and to project land-use patterns and carbon storage in 2049 under four scenarios: Natural Development (NDS), Urban Development (UDS), Cultivated land Protection (CPS), and Ecological Protection (EPS). Unlike most existing PLUS–InVEST studies focused on cities, watersheds, or single provinces, this study targets a national ecological security barrier and integrates land-use evolution, carbon-storage responses, scenario trade-offs, and zoning-oriented governance into one analytical framework. It therefore provides spatially explicit evidence not only for carbon-oriented land management but also for interprovincial ecological compensation and coordinated ecological security governance in ecologically fragile regions. The 2024 land system was dominated by forest land (56.40%), cultivated land (25.47%), and grassland (16.09%). From 1999 to 2024, forest land expanded by 1.966 × 10⁴ km², whereas cultivated land and grassland decreased by 9.738 × 10³ km² and 1.874 × 10⁴ km², respectively; 92.65% of construction-land expansion originated from cultivated land conversion. Correspondingly, total carbon storage followed a “fluctuation–decline–recovery” trajectory, decreasing from 3.833 × 10¹⁰ t in 1999 to 3.820 × 10¹⁰ t in 2014, before rebounding to 3.831 × 10¹⁰ t in 2024. Pronounced provincial heterogeneity was observed: Sichuan and Yunnan jointly contributed about 76% of regional carbon storage, while Chongqing and Guizhou remained relatively low. By 2049, EPS produced the highest carbon storage (3.854 × 10¹⁰ t), whereas CPS, UDS, and NDS all led to lower values than in 2024. These contrasts indicate that the four scenarios do not represent a simple ranking of “better” or “worse”, but rather different trade-offs among carbon sinks, cultivated land protection, urban development, and regional equity. Overall, the results support province-differentiated, zoning-based land governance and highlight the need to coordinate ecological protection, cultivated-land conservation, urban growth control, and interprovincial ecological compensation to enhance carbon sequestration and safeguard ecological security in the ESBZ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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36 pages, 3399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Blue-Green Spaces and Everyday Well-Being in a High-Density Megacity: Evidence from Delhi

by Priyanka Jha, Pawan Kumar Yadav, Md Saharik Joy, Smriti Shreya, Motrih Al-Mutiry, Ajit Narayan Jha, Taruna Bansal and Hussein Almohamad

Land 2026, 15(3), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030497 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 715

Abstract

Urban blue-green spaces (UBGS) are crucial nature-based solutions for enhancing urban resilience and improving public health. This study examined the experiential relationships linking BGS use to human well-being among users of five urban parks in Delhi, India. Using an integrated experience-centered framework, we [...] Read more.

Urban blue-green spaces (UBGS) are crucial nature-based solutions for enhancing urban resilience and improving public health. This study examined the experiential relationships linking BGS use to human well-being among users of five urban parks in Delhi, India. Using an integrated experience-centered framework, we collected in-situ survey data (n = 411) to profile usage patterns, assess environmental quality, and quantify restorative outcomes grounded in Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and Stress Reduction Theory (SRT). Advanced analytical techniques, including ordinal logistic regression and interpretable machine learning (SHAP), were used to identify the key factors associated with user satisfaction. The results revealed that for these respondents, BGS appeared to function as an essential neighbourhood, with over 40% visiting three or more times per week. Although visual attractiveness was rated positively, deficits in noise buffering and amenities indicated a gap between aesthetic and functional qualities. Restorative benefits, including emotional calmness, mood refreshment, and fatigue recovery, were consistently reported among respondents. Analyses showed that embodied experiences, particularly post-visit relaxation and physical comfort, were more strongly associated with user satisfaction. SHAP interpretation highlighted seating adequacy, routine use, and thermal comfort as prominent contributors, suggesting somatic relief may be particularly salient. This study provides exploratory evidence from a Global South megacity and context-sensitive insights into how restorative processes operate under high-density urban conditions. The findings show that routine accessibility, basic amenities, and thermal comfort are central to the everyday functioning of blue-green spaces as urban infrastructure, underscoring the need for experience-responsive and equity-oriented urban greening policies in high-density cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies for Building Urban Resilience in a Changing Climate)

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28 pages, 1282 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Legal Regulation of Minimum Farmland Rent in the Slovak Republic: Market Effects and the Role of Soil Quality

by Jarmila Lazíková, Martin Prčík and Ľubica Rumanovská

Land 2026, 15(3), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030496 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 622

Abstract

Agricultural land covers nearly half of the Slovak Republic and shows significant spatial variation in soil quality. Persistent undocumented ownership has resulted in most land being cultivated by tenants, making lease relations central to farmland governance and increasing the role of legal regulation. [...] Read more.

Agricultural land covers nearly half of the Slovak Republic and shows significant spatial variation in soil quality. Persistent undocumented ownership has resulted in most land being cultivated by tenants, making lease relations central to farmland governance and increasing the role of legal regulation. In this context, the aim of this research is to assess the economic adequacy of the statutory minimum rent mechanism by analyzing its alignment with market-based rents and examining whether soil quality, on which the minimum rent is based, also significantly influences market rent levels. The analysis draws on data on customary rents published annually by the relevant ministry and administrative land price data established by law. Inductive statistical analysis and regression modeling using the correlation coefficient were applied. Results suggest that the statutory minimum rent does not consistently align with prevailing market rents despite recent legislative amendments and that its formal link to soil quality does not appear to be directly proportional. Consequently, setting minimum rents solely based on soil quality may not fully reflect prevailing market conditions and could potentially raise questions regarding its compatibility with property protection standards as interpreted in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The findings invite further reflection on the current regulatory approach to farmland rent, including the possibility of better aligning legal standards with market conditions or reassessing the functional role of the statutory minimum within the existing framework. The results indicate that the Slovak farmland rental market demonstrates characteristics consistent with a relatively autonomous market mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic Perspectives on Land Use and Valuation)

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21 pages, 4837 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Transformation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics by Wetland-Derived Microbial Communities: Implications for Coastal Sediment Systems

by Jing Dong, Guo Li, Jiao Ran, Zhe Li, Shanyuan Xue, Dan Zhou, Weizhen Zhang and Zheng Zheng

Land 2026, 15(3), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030495 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 609

Abstract

Microplastics are persistent contaminants in coastal wetlands, yet the mechanisms of their microbial transformation remain poorly understood. This study examined the interactions between a wetland sediment-derived microbial consortium and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers over a 60-day incubation. After 60 days, the consortium caused [...] Read more.

Microplastics are persistent contaminants in coastal wetlands, yet the mechanisms of their microbial transformation remain poorly understood. This study examined the interactions between a wetland sediment-derived microbial consortium and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers over a 60-day incubation. After 60 days, the consortium caused a PET weight loss of 13.7 ± 0.9%, whereas the abiotic control showed a less than 2% loss. The water contact angle decreased from 77.5 ± 1.2° to 75.8 ± 0.4°, suggesting enhanced surface hydrophilicity. Multi-scale surface analyses (SEM, WCA, and FTIR) confirmed progressive microbial colonization, increased surface roughness, and enhanced hydrophilicity through microbially mediated modification. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing unveiled a distinct community succession; PET exerted selective pressure that reduced alpha-diversity while enriching specific functional taxa such as Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. Moreover, isolation and co-culture assays confirmed the importance of synergistic microbial interactions in PET transformation, with co-culture of four representative isolates causing 9.2 ± 0.1% PET weight loss, compared with only 1.7–3.2% in monocultures. These findings underscore the intrinsic natural attenuation potential of wetland ecosystems and provide a critical scientific basis for developing nature-based management strategies. By identifying key functional taxa and PET-associated transformation pathways, this work supports the establishment of early-warning mechanisms to safeguard the ecological integrity and soil health of coastal World Natural Heritage sites like the Tiaozini Wetland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate-Resilient Soil–Water Systems)

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33 pages, 9819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Vernacular Architecture into Contemporary Urban Regeneration: Heritage, Identity and Modernization in Saudi Cities

by Mohammed Mashary Alnaim and Mashary Abdullah Alnaim

Land 2026, 15(3), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030494 - 18 Mar 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

This study examines how traditional Saudi vernacular architecture can be strategically integrated into contemporary urban development as a culturally grounded and sustainability-oriented design approach, rather than as a symbolic or esthetic reference. While heritage-led urban projects are increasingly promoted within Saudi Arabia’s Vision [...] Read more.

This study examines how traditional Saudi vernacular architecture can be strategically integrated into contemporary urban development as a culturally grounded and sustainability-oriented design approach, rather than as a symbolic or esthetic reference. While heritage-led urban projects are increasingly promoted within Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 agenda, the existing scholarship has insufficiently addressed how vernacular architectural principles operate as socio-cultural systems within modern urban frameworks. Drawing on theories of vernacular architecture, adaptive reuse, and culturally responsive urbanism, this study conceptualizes “integration” as the functional, spatial, and social re-embedding of traditional architectural logic within contemporary planning processes. Using a convergent mixed-methods design, the study integrates comparative case study analysis with primary data from expert interviews and structured survey questionnaires administered to residents and visitors. Secondary demographic and policy documentation were analyzed to contextualize the case studies and support triangulation of findings. The findings demonstrate that projects that meaningfully integrate vernacular principles, such as climate-responsive construction, spatial hierarchy, and material authenticity, contribute to strengthened cultural identity, enhanced environmental performance, and increased public acceptance of urban transformation. The study further reveals that modernization does not inherently conflict with heritage preservation when guided by context-specific policy frameworks and community engagement mechanisms. By explicitly linking vernacular architecture to sustainability, socio-cultural continuity, and urban governance, this research offers an original contribution to heritage and urban studies. It provides evidence-based insights for policymakers, planners, and designers seeking to balance rapid urban growth with the preservation of cultural identity in Saudi cities and comparable contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Urban Regeneration: Adaptive Strategies for Future Metropolis)

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24 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

How the Reform of Rural Homesteads and Rural Revitalization Coupling Empowers the Rural Collective Economy

by Lulu Yang, Yankai Gai, Yi Wang and An Zhang

Land 2026, 15(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030493 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 533

Abstract

Rural homestead reform and rural revitalization policies support and influence each other, forming a coupled relationship. Based on the research data of 120 villages in four provinces of China in the pilot area of rural homestead reform, this paper empirically analyzes the effect [...] Read more.

Rural homestead reform and rural revitalization policies support and influence each other, forming a coupled relationship. Based on the research data of 120 villages in four provinces of China in the pilot area of rural homestead reform, this paper empirically analyzes the effect and mechanism of the coupling and coordination of rural homestead reform and rural revitalization on the development of the rural collective economy by applying the coupling coordination model and the multiple chain intermediary effect model. The results show that the coupling and coordination of rural homestead reform and rural revitalization can significantly improve the level of rural collective economic development, in which the improvement of infrastructure and the optimization of industrial structure play an intermediary role. The intermediary effect of the optimization of industrial structure is higher than the intermediary effect of the improvement of infrastructure. In addition, the coupling and coordination of rural homestead reform and rural revitalization can also enhance the development level of the rural collective economy through the chain intermediary effect of improving rural infrastructure and then optimizing rural industrial structure. From the heterogeneity analysis, the mediation effect of infrastructure improvement and industrial structure optimization is stronger in the western region than in the central region. However, the central region can promote the development of the rural collective economy through the chain mediation effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues)

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