Energies

28 pages, 16297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Optimal Sparse Sensor Placement to Aggregate a Network of Digital Twins for Nuclear Subsystems

by Niharika Karnik, Congjian Wang, Palash K. Bhowmik, Joshua J. Cogliati, Silvino A. Balderrama Prieto, Changhu Xing, Andrei A. Klishin, Richard Skifton, Musa Moussaoui, Charles P. Folsom, Joe J. Palmer, Piyush Sabharwall, Krithika Manohar and Mohammad G. Abdo

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3355; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133355 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1036

Abstract

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) require continuous monitoring of various systems, structures, and components to ensure safe and efficient operations. The critical safety testing of new fuel compositions and the analysis of the effects of power transients on core temperatures can be achieved through [...] Read more.

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) require continuous monitoring of various systems, structures, and components to ensure safe and efficient operations. The critical safety testing of new fuel compositions and the analysis of the effects of power transients on core temperatures can be achieved through modeling and simulations. They capture the dynamics of the physical phenomenon associated with failure modes and facilitate the creation of digital twins (DTs). Accurate reconstruction of fields of interest (e.g., temperature, pressure, velocity) from sensor measurements is crucial to establish a two-way communication between physical experiments and models. Sensor placement is highly constrained in most nuclear subsystems due to challenging operating conditions and inherent spatial limitations. This study develops optimized data-driven sensor placements for full-field reconstruction within reactor and steam generator subsystems of NPPs. Optimized constrained sensors reconstruct field of interest within a tri-structural isotropic (TRISO) fuel irradiation experiment, a lumped parameter model of a nuclear fuel test rod and a steam generator. The optimization procedure leverages reduced-order models of flow physics to provide a highly accurate full-field reconstruction of responses of interest, noise-induced uncertainty quantification and physically feasible sensor locations. Accurate sensor-based reconstructions establish a foundation for the digital twinning of subsystems, culminating in a comprehensive DT aggregate of an NPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements Enabling Sustainment and Expansion of the Nuclear Industry)

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23 pages, 9382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operation Model Based on Artificial Neural Network and Economic Feasibility Assessment of an EV Fast Charging Hub

by José F. C. Castro, Augusto C. Venerando, Pedro A. C. Rosas, Rafael C. Neto, Leonardo R. Limongi, Fernando L. Xavier, Wesley M. Rhoden, Newmar Spader, Adriano P. Simões, Nicolau K. L. Dantas, Antônio V. M. L. Filho, Luiz C. P. Silva and Pérolla Rodrigues

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133354 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 764

Abstract

The energy transition towards a low-emission matrix has motivated efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. The growth of the electric mobility market has been consistent in recent years. In Brazil, there has been an accelerated growth in [...] Read more.

The energy transition towards a low-emission matrix has motivated efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. The growth of the electric mobility market has been consistent in recent years. In Brazil, there has been an accelerated growth in the sales rate of new electric (and hybrid) vehicles (EVs). Fiscal incentives provided by governments, along with the reduction in vehicle costs, are factors contributing to the exponential growth of the EV fleet—creating a favorable environment for the dissemination of new technologies and enabling the participation of players from sectors such as battery manufacturing and charging stations. Considering the international context, the E-Lounge R&D joint initiative aims to evaluate different strategies to economically enable the electric mobility market, exploring EV charging service sales by energy distribution utility companies in Brazil. This work describes the step-by-step development of an ideal model of a charging hub and discusses its operation based on a real deployment, as well as its associated technical and economic feasibility. Using EV charging data based on the E-Lounge’s operational behavior, an artificial neural network (ANN) is applied to forecast future energy consumption to each EV charging station. This paper also presents an economic analysis of the E-Lounge case study, which can contribute to proposals for electric vehicle charging ecosystems in the context of smart energy systems. Based on the operational results collected, as well as considering equipment usage projections, it is possible to make EV charging enterprises feasible, even when high investments in infrastructure and equipment (charging stations and battery storage systems) are necessary, since the net present value is positive and the payback period is 4 years. This work contributes by presenting real operational data from a charging hub, a projection model aimed at evaluating future operations, and a realistic economic evaluation model based on a case study implemented in São Paulo, Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energizing the Future: Interplay of Technology, Economics, and Policy for Transitioning to Electric Vehicles)

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19 pages, 5769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Investigation of Surfactant-Stabilized CO₂ Foam Flooding in Carbonate Cores in Reservoir Conditions

by Madiyar Koyanbayev, Randy Doyle Hazlett, Lei Wang and Muhammad Rehan Hashmet

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3353; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133353 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 718

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has attracted great attention due to its potential to increase ultimate recovery from mature oil reservoirs. Despite the reported efficiency of CO₂ in enhancing oil recovery, the high mobility of CO [...] Read more.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has attracted great attention due to its potential to increase ultimate recovery from mature oil reservoirs. Despite the reported efficiency of CO₂ in enhancing oil recovery, the high mobility of CO₂ in porous media is one of the major issues faced during CO₂ EOR projects. Foam injection is a proven approach to overcome CO₂ mobility problems such as early gas breakthrough and low sweep efficiency. In this experimental study, we investigated the foam performance of a commercial anionic surfactant, alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), in carbonate core samples for gas mobility control and oil recovery. Bulk foam screening tests demonstrated that varying surfactant concentrations above a threshold value had an insignificant effect on foam volume and half-life. Moreover, foam stability and capacity decreased with increasing temperature, while variations in salinity over the tested range had a negligible influence on foam properties. The pressure drop across a brine-saturated core sample increased with an increasing concentration of surfactant in the injected brine during foam flooding experiments. Co-injection of CO₂ and AOS solution at an optimum concentration and gas fractional flow enhanced oil recovery by 6–10% of the original oil in place (OOIP). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 3rd Volume)

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14 pages, 5170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Impact of Renewable Generation on the Sicilian Power System in Near-Future Scenarios: A Case Study

by Paolo Di Gloria, Salvatore Paradiso, Martina Pede, Vincenzo Maria Ettore Sorrentino, Chiara Vergine, Fabio Massaro, Antony Vasile and Gaetano Zizzo

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3352; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133352 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 726

Abstract

This paper was conceived to investigate some central issues related to the upheaval of current energy scenarios in Sicily. New power connection lines that are about to be built in the Mediterranean area, planned with a view to a constantly increasing renewable generation, [...] Read more.

This paper was conceived to investigate some central issues related to the upheaval of current energy scenarios in Sicily. New power connection lines that are about to be built in the Mediterranean area, planned with a view to a constantly increasing renewable generation, encourage the carrying out of analyses on how the Sicilian electric power system will be able to make itself ready to support large power injections, especially due to new renewables plants that will be established in the region soon. This study, carried out in close collaboration with the Italian TSO Terna S.p.A and the University of Palermo, defines what the impacts of new renewable power plants will be on the Sicilian power transmission grid under intact and non-intact grid conditions. This study consists of steady-state simulations carried out using WinCreso^® software version 7.62.1-3 in two energy scenarios estimated for the years 2024 and 2027, based on real connection requests by producers to Terna, and allows one to go beyond the studies conducted so far on a 2030 basis through the precise identification of network nodes or lines in difficulty. Finally, as well as presenting an interesting case study due to Sicily’s strategic position in the Mediterranean Sea, this article proposes a methodological approach that can easily be adopted in other contexts and by other TSOs to analyze similar situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)

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19 pages, 4418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Feasibility of LNG Business: An Integrated Model and Case Study Analysis

by Jin Zhang, Xiuling Yin, Zhanxiang Lei, Jianjun Wang, Zifei Fan and Shenaoyi Liu

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3351; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133351 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

Liquefied natural gas (LNG), recognized as the fossil fuel with the lowest carbon emission intensity, is a crucial transitional energy source in the global shift towards low-carbon energy. As the natural gas industry undergoes rapid expansion, the complexity of investment business models has [...] Read more.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG), recognized as the fossil fuel with the lowest carbon emission intensity, is a crucial transitional energy source in the global shift towards low-carbon energy. As the natural gas industry undergoes rapid expansion, the complexity of investment business models has increased significantly. Optimizing the combination of various segments within the value chain has become standard practice, making it essential to control risks and enhance economic benefits in these multifaceted scenarios. This paper introduces an integrated economic model encompassing upstream, liquefaction, shipping, regasification, and consumption, suitable for both upstream and downstream integration. The model offers a comprehensive analysis of the primary business models and key factors across each segment of the value chain. By constructing a robust economic evaluation framework, the study aims to provide a holistic approach to understanding the economic feasibility of LNG projects. Two detailed case studies are conducted to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed model, highlighting its capability to guide investment decisions, support risk management, and optimize asset portfolios. The integrated economic model developed in this study serves as a valuable tool for stakeholders in the LNG industry. It not only facilitates informed investment decision-making but also enhances the strategic management of risks and resources. By leveraging this model, investors and managers can better navigate the complexities of the LNG business, ensuring sustainable and economically viable operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

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12 pages, 3659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Recovery Time of Conduction-Cooled Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

by Janusz Kozak

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3350; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133350 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

This paper presents the influence of superconducting tape insulation on the recovery time of superconducting fault current limiters. The analysis is based on the experimental results of short-circuit tests. The reduction in the thermal and dynamic effects of the passage of a fault [...] Read more.

This paper presents the influence of superconducting tape insulation on the recovery time of superconducting fault current limiters. The analysis is based on the experimental results of short-circuit tests. The reduction in the thermal and dynamic effects of the passage of a fault current can be achieved by limiting the short-circuit time and the value of the surge current. An ideal fault current limiter is required to have almost zero impedance at operating currents and significant impedance at fault conditions. A superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) meets these requirements under certain conditions. The recovery time—a very important parameter—shows the ability of the limiter to return to the superconducting state to be ready to limit the subsequent short circuit. The experimental results show that the recovery time can be significantly reduced with the application of thin-film insulation and an appropriate design of the conduction cooling of the HTS tape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Advanced Electromagnetic Devices, Materials and Processes for Environmental Protection and Energy Applications)

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12 pages, 2640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Castor and Corn Biodiesel on Engine Performance and Emissions under Low-Load Conditions

by Keunsang Lee and Haeng Muk Cho

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133349 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 590

Abstract

Growing concerns over resource depletion and air pollution driven by the rising dependence on fossil fuels necessitate the exploration of alternative energy sources. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) derived [...] Read more.

Growing concerns over resource depletion and air pollution driven by the rising dependence on fossil fuels necessitate the exploration of alternative energy sources. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) derived from castor and corn feedstocks under low-load conditions (idle and minimal accessory loads). We compare the impact of these biofuels on engine power, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions relative to conventional diesel, particularly in scenarios mimicking real-world traffic congestion and vehicle stops. The findings suggest that biodiesel offers environmental benefits by reducing harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) during engine idling and low-load operation. However, replacing diesel with biodiesel requires further research to address potential drawbacks like increased NO_x emissions and lower thermal efficiency. While a higher fuel consumption with biodiesel may occur due to its lower calorific value, the overall benefit of reduced contaminant emissions makes it a promising alternative fuel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion of Alternative Fuel Blends)

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25 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation Methodology to Determine Electricity Distribution Tariffs Using an Approach Based on Cost Causation

by Kimmo Lummi, Antti Mutanen and Pertti Järventausta

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3348; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133348 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 802

Abstract

The cost reflectivity of electricity distribution network tariffs has been debated in several countries, and various ways to enhance it have been investigated in recent years. However, the recent academic literature regarding the approach based on cost causation has a clear gap because [...] Read more.

The cost reflectivity of electricity distribution network tariffs has been debated in several countries, and various ways to enhance it have been investigated in recent years. However, the recent academic literature regarding the approach based on cost causation has a clear gap because no case studies show how distribution network tariffs can be determined in practice for large customer groups. This article offers a calculation methodology to determine distribution network tariffs based on cost causation along with a case study where unit prices are determined for the tariff structures still widely used today using the data for two separate network areas being operated by two Finnish distribution system operators (DSOs) in an unbundled electricity market environment. The results of the case study show that the total differences between the target and the realized turnovers in both investigated networks are smaller than 1%, which means almost a full cost recovery. In addition to traditional tariff structures, the proposed calculation methodology can also be modified to design and determine other pricing schemes. The need for systematic calculation processes is growing to improve the cost reflectivity of present tariffs and adapt to the needs of the evolving operating environment, novel tariff structures, and new emerging customer groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

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28 pages, 25580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of a New Cogeneration System with Efficient Utilization of Waste Heat Resources and Energy Conversion Capabilities

by Dahan Sun, Zhongyan Liu, Hao Zhang and Xin Zhang

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3347; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133347 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 637

Abstract

This paper proposes a new type of cogeneration system coupled by Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Absorption Heat Pump (AHP), and Compression Heat Pump (CHP). The new system can meet the needs of different scenarios. Simulations were conducted to analyze the effect of different [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new type of cogeneration system coupled by Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Absorption Heat Pump (AHP), and Compression Heat Pump (CHP). The new system can meet the needs of different scenarios. Simulations were conducted to analyze the effect of different factors on the parameters and performance indexes of the new system and compared with the system of ORC, AHP, CHP. The results showed that the factors of flue gas temperature at evaporator1 outlet and CHP have the greatest effect on the parameters and performance indexes of the Organic Absorption-Compression Coupling Heat Power (OACCHP) system, and the effect of AHP on the parameters and performance indexes of the OACCHP system can be ignored. In the given range of flue gas temperature at evaporator1 outlet, the heat production of total and net work is reduced by 1.17% and 33.33%, respectively. In a given range of CHP evaporation temperature, the heat production of the total is reduced by 5.74%. In the given range of the outlet temperature of the gas cooler, the heat production of the total is increased by 10.58%. In a given working condition, compared with the single ORC system, the single CHP system, and the single AHP system, the thermal efficiency, COP, and energy earning rate of the OACCHP system are increased by up to 755.49%, 59.8%, 5.8%, respectively. Finally, the optimal operating conditions for different scenarios were determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)

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35 pages, 27119 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies on CO₂–Brine–Rock Interaction for CO₂ Sequestration: Laboratory and Simulation Studies

by Muhammad Noman Khan, Shameem Siddiqui and Ganesh C. Thakur

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3346; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133346 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1786

Abstract

The urgent need to find mitigating pathways for limiting world CO₂ emissions to net zero by 2050 has led to intense research on CO₂ sequestration in deep saline reservoirs. This paper reviews key advancements in lab- and simulation-scale research on petrophysical, [...] Read more.

The urgent need to find mitigating pathways for limiting world CO₂ emissions to net zero by 2050 has led to intense research on CO₂ sequestration in deep saline reservoirs. This paper reviews key advancements in lab- and simulation-scale research on petrophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical changes during CO₂–brine–rock interactions performed in the last 25 years. It delves into CO₂ MPD (mineralization, precipitation, and dissolution) and explores alterations in petrophysical properties during core flooding and in static batch reactors. These properties include changes in wettability, CO₂ and brine interfacial tension, diffusion, dispersion, CO₂ storage capacity, and CO₂ leakage in caprock and sedimentary rocks under reservoir conditions. The injection of supercritical CO₂ into deep saline aquifers can lead to unforeseen geochemical and mineralogical changes, possibly jeopardizing the CCS (carbon capture and storage) process. There is a general lack of understanding of the reservoir’s interaction with the CO₂ phase at the pore/grain scale. This research addresses the gap in predicting the long-term changes of the CO₂–brine–rock interaction using various geochemical reactive transport simulators. Péclet and Damköhler numbers can contribute to a better understanding of geochemical interactions and reactive transport processes. Additionally, the dielectric constant requires further investigation, particularly for pre- and post-CO₂–brine–rock interactions. For comprehensive modeling of CO₂ storage over various timescales, the geochemical modeling software called the Geochemist’s Workbench was found to outperform others. Wettability alteration is another crucial aspect affecting CO₂–brine–rock interactions under varying temperature, pressure, and salinity conditions, which is essential for ensuring long-term CO₂ storage security and monitoring. Moreover, dual-energy CT scanning can provide deeper insights into geochemical interactions and their complexities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oil Recovery and Simulation in Reservoir Engineering)

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23 pages, 2999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Network Energy Management-Based Nonlinear Control of a DC Micro-Grid with Integrating Renewable Energies

by Khalil Jouili, Mabrouk Jouili, Alsharef Mohammad, Abdulrahman J. Babqi and Walid Belhadj

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3345; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133345 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 771

Abstract

The broad acceptance of sustainable and renewable energy sources as a means of integrating them into electrical power networks is essential to promote sustainable development. Microgrids using direct currents (DCs) are becoming more and more popular because of their great energy efficiency and [...] Read more.

The broad acceptance of sustainable and renewable energy sources as a means of integrating them into electrical power networks is essential to promote sustainable development. Microgrids using direct currents (DCs) are becoming more and more popular because of their great energy efficiency and straightforward design. In this work, we discuss the control of a PV-based renewable energy system and a battery- and supercapacitor-based energy storage system in a DC microgrid. We describe a hierarchical control approach based on sliding-mode controllers and the Lyapunov stability theory. To balance the load and generation, a fuzzy logic-based energy management system has been created. Using a neural network, maximum power defects for the PV system were determined. The global asymptotic stability of the framework has been verified using Lyapunov stability analysis. In order to simulate the proposed DC microgrid and controllers, MATLAB/SimulinkR (2019a) was utilized. The outcomes show that the system operates effectively with changing production and consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Solar Cell Materials)

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25 pages, 9721 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Comprehensive Review of Alarm Processing in Power Systems: Addressing Overreliance on Fault Analysis and Projecting Future Directions

by Jae-Young Oh, Yong Tae Yoon and Jin-Man Sohn

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3344; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133344 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 831

Abstract

This paper reviews alarm processing methods in electrical power systems, focusing on evolving strategies beyond traditional fault analysis to accommodate modern grid complexities. Historically, alarm processing has predominantly aimed at fault analysis, increasingly merging with technological advances in communication and computing. However, it [...] Read more.

This paper reviews alarm processing methods in electrical power systems, focusing on evolving strategies beyond traditional fault analysis to accommodate modern grid complexities. Historically, alarm processing has predominantly aimed at fault analysis, increasingly merging with technological advances in communication and computing. However, it still needs to fully meet the challenges posed by the dynamic characteristics of modern power systems. This review points out certain inadequacies in current practices, notably their limited adaptation to new grid conditions. The authors propose a novel generation of alarm processing methodologies designed for future grids, emphasizing managing rare events and enhancing operator decision-making through advanced anomaly detection and explainable artificial intelligence. This synthesis presents a prospective direction for future research and applications in alarm processing, advocating for methodologies better suited to supporting system operators amidst technological advancements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)

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19 pages, 12030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Performance of PCM Thermal Storage Systems

by Giampietro Fabbri, Matteo Greppi and Federico Amati

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3343; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133343 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 667

Abstract

In this article, we present some optimised geometries for a thermal storage system previously proposed exploiting Phase-changing materials (PCMs). The optimization has been carried out by using a genetic algorithm. We demonstrate that a simple single-parental, mutation-based, single-objective genetic algorithm can be conveniently [...] Read more.

In this article, we present some optimised geometries for a thermal storage system previously proposed exploiting Phase-changing materials (PCMs). The optimization has been carried out by using a genetic algorithm. We demonstrate that a simple single-parental, mutation-based, single-objective genetic algorithm can be conveniently employed to optimize the geometry of the proposed PCM thermal energy storage system. Optimization I was the one with the least restrictive conditions and, therefore, with the greatest possibility of variation in the channel geometry. While the one with the worst results is Optimization II because of the most restrictive conditions, primarily constant solid/liquid volume. A metal frame increases the surface area by 6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems)

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18 pages, 12761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Effect of Fracture Angle on Neutron Logging Results of Shale Gas Reservoirs

by Xueang Zhang, Zhichao Yang and Xiaoyan Li

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3342; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133342 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 673

Abstract

Fracture structures are important natural gas transport spaces in shale gas reservoirs, and their storage state in shale gas reservoirs seriously affects gas production and extraction efficiency. This work uses numerical modeling techniques to investigate the logging response law of the thermal and [...] Read more.

Fracture structures are important natural gas transport spaces in shale gas reservoirs, and their storage state in shale gas reservoirs seriously affects gas production and extraction efficiency. This work uses numerical modeling techniques to investigate the logging response law of the thermal and epithermal neutrons in the gas-containing fracture environment at various angles, applying neutron logging as a technical method. To increase the precision of the evaluation of the natural gas storage condition in shale gas reservoirs, the angle of the fractures’ neutron logging data is analyzed. It is found that even in an environment with the same porosity of the fractures, there are significant differences in the logging results due to the different angles of the fracture alignment: 1. the neutron counts in the high-angle (70–90°) fracture environment are 2.25 times higher than in the low-angle (0–20°), but the diffusion area of the neutrons is only 10.58% of that in the low-angle (0–20°); 2. in the neutron energy spectrum, neutron counts are spreading to the high-energy region (7–13 MeV) along with the increase in the angle of the fracture, and the feature is especially prominent in the approximately vertical (60–90°) fracture environment, which is an increase of 528.12% in comparison with the counts in the approximately horizontal angle (0–30°) environment. The main reason for these differences is the variation in the volume of the fracture within the source radiation. This volumetric difference results from the variation in fracture angles (even though the fracture porosity is the same). In view of the above phenomenon, this paper proposes the concept of “effective fracture volume”, which can intuitively reflect the degree of influence of fracture angle on neutron logging results. Further, based on the unique characteristics of shale gas reservoirs and neutrons, this paper provides important theoretical support for the modification of the porosity of the field operation, the evaluation of the physical characteristics of the gas endowment space, and the assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)

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3 pages, 147 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Methods for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Utilization

by Michael Bampaou and Kyriakos D. Panopoulos

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3341; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133341 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 939

Abstract

Renewable hydrogen plays a critical role in the current energy transition and can facilitate the decarbonization and defossilization of hard-to-abate sectors, such as the industrial, power and mobility sectors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Utilization)

6 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Fuel Cell-Based and Hybrid Power Generation Systems Modelling

by Orazio Barbera

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3340; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133340 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 877

Abstract

The World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2022 identifies climate change as a paramount threat to humanity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuel Cell-Based and Hybrid Power Generation Systems Modeling)

13 pages, 3424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydropower Enhancing the Future of Variable Renewable Energy Integration: A Regional Analysis of Capacity Availability in Brazil

by Simone Quaresma Brandão, Erik Eduardo Rego, Rafaela Veiga Pillar and Renata Nogueira Francisco de Carvalho

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3339; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133339 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 969

Abstract

As the share of variable renewables in the power system generation mix increases, meeting capacity requirements becomes challenging. In this context, hydropower reservoirs can play a vital role in integrating renewable energy due to their storage potential, contributing to meeting power supply criteria. [...] Read more.

As the share of variable renewables in the power system generation mix increases, meeting capacity requirements becomes challenging. In this context, hydropower reservoirs can play a vital role in integrating renewable energy due to their storage potential, contributing to meeting power supply criteria. However, given that reservoirs serve multiple purposes, various constraints can limit their capacity potential. This article introduces an analytical methodology that is designed to evaluate the maximum available power of hydro plants in critical scenarios. By applying concepts related to hydropower production calculations for the peak power demand and metrics evaluating the compliance with supply criteria, this study distinguishes itself from region-specific investigations. It conducts a generalized analysis of power availability across all regions of Brazil, with a focus on identifying the reasons for the most significant power losses and their specific locations. The results of this analysis demonstrate the feasibility of enhancing the available power of reservoirs, effectively addressing demand fluctuations, and sustainably improving energy security. This is particularly crucial in countries that are heavily reliant on renewables, including hydropower, for a huge portion of their electricity. The findings underscore the feasibility of increasing the penetration of variable renewable generation by optimizing the operation of existing hydropower plants. This optimization not only enhances energy security but also contributes to a more resilient and sustainable future, benefiting policy makers, energy planners, and stakeholders in the field of hydropower with reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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22 pages, 8424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of CFD Simulation to the Design of an Innovative Drying Chamber

by Damian Cebulski and Piotr Cyklis

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3338; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133338 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 902

Abstract

Drying and sanitising equipment has been very common in industrial plants since the pandemic. These are devices that consume significant amounts of energy. The best solution is to use a drying chamber equipped with a heat pump, which allows partial recovery of the [...] Read more.

Drying and sanitising equipment has been very common in industrial plants since the pandemic. These are devices that consume significant amounts of energy. The best solution is to use a drying chamber equipped with a heat pump, which allows partial recovery of the energy. In the design of the drying chamber, the drying time is important, which depends both on the parameters of the heat pump itself, and the geometry and airflow of the drying chamber. The geometry and airflow supply should be arranged to ensure a uniform distribution of velocity throughout the drying area. For this purpose, the use of CFD simulations has been proposed. A model was developed in ANSYS/FLUENT where all model parameters, including the optimal mesh density, turbulence models, etc., were determined. The model was verified on the experimental results of the basic design of the chamber. Then an innovative design was proposed that was modelled and optimised in terms of the distribution of the inlet’s perforation. The final design was made, and, at the same time, the simulation’s results were verified by measuring the velocity of airflow in the new design. Together with the optimisation of the heat pump, this made it possible to reduce the drying time by 50%, with a simultaneous reduction in the energy consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)

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10 pages, 4044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Performance Evaluation Experiment of a Device for Simultaneous Reduction of SO_x and PM

by Kyeong-Ju Kong and Sung-Chul Hwang

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3337; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133337 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 804

Abstract

Mitigating air pollutants such as SO_x and PM emitted from ships is an important task for marine environmental protection and improving air quality. To address this, exhaust gas after-treatment devices have been introduced, but treating pollutants like SO_x and PM individually [...] Read more.

Mitigating air pollutants such as SO_x and PM emitted from ships is an important task for marine environmental protection and improving air quality. To address this, exhaust gas after-treatment devices have been introduced, but treating pollutants like SO_x and PM individually poses challenges due to spatial constraints on ships. Consequently, a Total Gas Cleaning System (TGCS) capable of simultaneously reducing sulfur oxides and particulate matter has been developed. The TGCS combines a cyclone dust collector and a wet scrubber system. The cyclone dust collector is designed to maintain a certain distance from the bottom of the wet scrubber, allowing exhaust gases entering from the bottom to rise as sulfur oxides are adsorbed. Additionally, the exhaust gases descending through the space between the cyclone dust collector and the wet scrubber collide with the scrubbing solution before entering the bottom of the wet scrubber, facilitating the absorption of SO_x. In this study, the efficiency of the developed TGCS was evaluated, and the reduction effects based on design parameters were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of this device on ship engines was analyzed to assess its practical applicability. Experimental results showed that increasing the volume flow rate of the cleaning solution enhanced the PM reduction effect. Particularly, when the height of the Pall ring was 1000 mm and the volume flow rate was 35 L/min, the sulfur oxide reduction effect met the standards for Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA). Based on these findings, suggestions for effectively controlling atmospheric pollutants from ships were made, with the expectation of contributing to the development of systems combining various after-treatment devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO₂, NO_x, and SO₂) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 2133 KiB

Open AccessReview

Smart and Sustainable Energy Consumption: A Bibliometric Review and Visualization

by Zsolt Buri, Csanád Sipos, Edit Szűcs and Domicián Máté

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3336; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133336 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1696

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review and visualization of smart and sustainable energy consumption, delving into the challenges and opportunities of developing renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The study examines research trends and emerging themes about integrating smart solutions and sustainable energy [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review and visualization of smart and sustainable energy consumption, delving into the challenges and opportunities of developing renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The study examines research trends and emerging themes about integrating smart solutions and sustainable energy resource consumption. The analytical methods used involve thoroughly analyzing empirical data, case studies, and review papers to map the research landscape. The results highlight dominant research topics, influential authors, and publication timelines in this field. The review identifies the key challenges in harnessing renewable and non-renewable energy sources, including the need for reliable energy sources, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies. The paper concludes with insights into the most effective practices for promoting smart and energy-efficient methods while emphasizing the complexity of sustainable energy solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Smart and Sustainable Energy Infrastructure: Green Innovations)

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17 pages, 4652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Power System Study on Hydrogen Conversion Pathways for Gas Turbine Power Plants in Vietnam towards Net Zero Target

by Duong Doan Ngoc, Kien Duong Trung and Phap Vu Minh

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133335 - 7 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1380

Abstract

The potential applications of hydrogen in various fields of the energy sector are attracting attention worldwide, including the use of hydrogen for decarbonizing power systems. In Vietnam, hydrogen is considered to gradually replace natural gas in power generation to achieve the country’s net [...] Read more.

The potential applications of hydrogen in various fields of the energy sector are attracting attention worldwide, including the use of hydrogen for decarbonizing power systems. In Vietnam, hydrogen is considered to gradually replace natural gas in power generation to achieve the country’s net zero target by 2050 but there is a lack of research about this new subject. This study focuses on the computational simulation of the evolution of Vietnam’s power system in the period 2030–2050 according to non-conversion and slow, moderate, and accelerated scenarios of natural gas-to-hydrogen conversion at gas turbine power plants. Based on a total power system generation capacity of 150.5 GW in 2030, the modeling results show that the system capacity range of the scenarios is between 568.7 GW and 584.6 GW. In terms of economic performance, the slow conversion scenario has the lowest system cost of USD 1269.0 billion, and the accelerated scenario represents the highest system cost of USD 1283.2 billion. As for CO₂ emissions of the power system, the accelerated scenario has the lowest cumulative CO₂ emissions in the studied period while the non-conversion appears highest, 2933 and 3212 million tons, respectively. Based on the study results, the possible pathway recommendation of natural gas-to-hydrogen conversion for Vietnam’s power system is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)

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25 pages, 13011 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A New Torque Control Approach for Torque Ripple Minimisation in Switched Reluctance Drives

by Ali Abdel-Aziz, Mohamed Elgenedy and Barry Williams

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3334; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133334 - 7 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1151

Abstract

The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has many merits, such as robustness, a simple construction, low cost, and no permanent magnets. However, its deployment in servo applications is restrained due to acoustic noise and torque ripple (TR). This paper presents a new torque control [...] Read more.

The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has many merits, such as robustness, a simple construction, low cost, and no permanent magnets. However, its deployment in servo applications is restrained due to acoustic noise and torque ripple (TR). This paper presents a new torque control approach for TR reduction in switched reluctance drives. The approach is based on the maximum utilisation of the available dc-link voltage, hence extending the zero torque-ripple speed range. The approach is suitable for an SRM with any number of phases and stator/rotor poles. Soft switching control is deployed, which reduces switching losses. At any instant (regardless of the number of phases being conducted simultaneously), only one phase current is controlled. The well-established torque-sharing function concept is adapted and generalised to cater for more than two phases conducting simultaneously. MATLAB/Simulink confirmation simulations are based on the widely studied four-phase 8/6, 4 kW, 1500 rpm SRM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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18 pages, 8893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Intensification Using Lattice Structures in Heat Exchangers

by Anton Pulin, Mikhail Laptev, Nikolay Kortikov, Viktor Barskov, Gleb Roschenko, Kirill Alisov, Ivan Talabira, Bowen Gong, Viktor Rassokhin, Anatoly Popovich and Pavel Novikov

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3333; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133333 - 7 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1021

Abstract

Heat exchangers make it possible to utilize energy efficiently, reducing the cost of energy production or consumption. For example, they can be used to improve the efficiency of gas turbines. Improving the efficiency of a heat exchanger directly affects the efficiency of the [...] Read more.

Heat exchangers make it possible to utilize energy efficiently, reducing the cost of energy production or consumption. For example, they can be used to improve the efficiency of gas turbines. Improving the efficiency of a heat exchanger directly affects the efficiency of the device for which it is used. One of the most effective ways to intensify heat exchange in a heat exchanger without a significant increase in mass-dimensional characteristics and changes in the input parameters of the flows is the introduction of turbulators into the heat exchangers. This article investigates the increase in efficiency of heat exchanger apparatuses by introducing turbulent lattice structures manufactured with the use of additive technologies into their design. The study is carried out by numerical modeling of the heat transfer process for two sections of the heat exchanger: with and without the lattice structure inside. It was found that lattice structures intensify the heat exchange by creating vortex flow structures, as well as by increasing the heat exchange area. Thus, the ratio of convection in thermal conductivity increases to 3.03 times. Also in the article, a comparative analysis of the results obtained with the results of heat transfer intensification using classical flow turbulators is carried out. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the investigated turbulators are more effective than classical ones, however, the pressure losses in the investigated turbulators are much higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Heat Transfer Enhancement)

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19 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Energy Sources and Financial Development Nexus—Perspective of European Union Countries in 2013–2021

by Magdalena Zioło, Iwona Bąk and Anna Spoz

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133332 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1240

Abstract

The focus of this paper is the relationship between sustainable energy sources and financial development. The main research hypothesis assumes a positive link between these areas, with inevitable differences across countries and business sectors. The following research questions were asked: Is the impact [...] Read more.

The focus of this paper is the relationship between sustainable energy sources and financial development. The main research hypothesis assumes a positive link between these areas, with inevitable differences across countries and business sectors. The following research questions were asked: Is the impact of financial development on sustainable energy resources the same in different EU countries advanced in green transition processes? How is transition towards renewable energy sources progressing in different economic sectors? Does financial development influence sectoral transition in particular countries? This study uses the TOPSIS method and 25 variables for EU countries from 2013 to 2021. Key findings reveal that the link between sustainable energy sources and financial development varies across EU countries, country size affects energy autonomy, and the transition also differs by business sector. Surprisingly, higher financial development correlates with less progress in sustainable energy initiatives. The results of our research may be useful for government decision-makers in the process of designing and controlling the country’s transition to sustainable energy. The original contribution of the study is expressed in its the diagnosis of the relationship between financial development and sustainable energy sources, while most studies have focused on the relationship between the energy market and financial development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Sustainable Energy and Economic Development)

11 pages, 3267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rational Design of Electrolyte Additives for Improved Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Anodes: A Study of 1,3,6-Hexanetrinitrile

by Hangning Liu, Lin Wang, Yi Cao, Yingjun Ma, Shan Wang, Jie Wang and Haidong Liu

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3331; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133331 - 7 Jul 2024

Viewed by 989

Abstract

The construction of a thin, uniform, and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of active materials is pivotal for enhancing the overall performance of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). However, conventional electrolytes often fail to achieve the desired SEI characteristics. In this [...] Read more.

The construction of a thin, uniform, and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of active materials is pivotal for enhancing the overall performance of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). However, conventional electrolytes often fail to achieve the desired SEI characteristics. In this work, we introduced 1,3,6-hexanetrinitrile (HTCN) in the baseline electrolyte (BE) of 1.0 M LiPF₆ in Ethylene Carbonate/Dimethyl Carbonate (EC/DMC) (3:7 by volume) with 5 wt.% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), denoted as BE-FH. By systematically investigating the influence of FEC: HTCN weight ratios on the electrochemical performance of graphite anodes, we identified an optimal composition (FEC:HTCN = 5:4 by weight, denoted as BE-FH54) that demonstrated greatly improved initial Coulombic efficiency, rate capability, and cycling stability compared with the baseline electrolyte. Deviations from the optimal FEC:HTCN ratio resulted in the formation of either small cracks or excessively thick SEI layers. The enhanced performance of BE-FH54-based LiB is mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of FEC and HTCN in forming a robust, thin, homogeneous, and ion-conducting SEI. This research highlights the importance of rational electrolyte design in enhancing the electrochemical performance of graphite anodes in LiBs and provides insights into the role of nitrile-based additives in modulating the SEI properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)

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15 pages, 5586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Maximum Heat Transfer Rate of Thin Vapor Chambers with Different Wicks under Multiple Heat Sources and Sinks

by Sung Hyoun Kim, Seo Yeon Kang, Sung Jun Park and Seok Pil Jang

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3330; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133330 - 7 Jul 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

In this paper, we present a new analytical model to investigate the maximum heat transfer rate of a thin vapor chamber (TVC) with multiple heat sources and sinks. The model can specifically consider different heat flux conditions for each heat source. Both capillary [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present a new analytical model to investigate the maximum heat transfer rate of a thin vapor chamber (TVC) with multiple heat sources and sinks. The model can specifically consider different heat flux conditions for each heat source. Both capillary limitations and allowable maximum temperature constraints were employed to determine the maximum heat transfer rate. The liquid and vapor pressure distributions within the TVC were analytically derived using the Brinkman-extended Darcy equation and the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, respectively. Additionally, the theoretical wall temperature distribution was calculated based on the 3D energy equation, considering different heat flux conditions for multiple heat sources with a weighting factor. Our results demonstrate that the heat flux conditions applied to the heat sources significantly impact the internal flow pattern of the TVC. These changes in flow patterns influence the pressure distributions of the liquid and vapor, thereby affecting the maximum heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the effects of wick parameters on the maximum heat transfer rate under various heat flux conditions were examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)

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36 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ground Source Heat Pumps in Buildings Revisited and Prospects

by Paul Christodoulides, Christakis Christou and Georgios A. Florides

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3329; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133329 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1292

Abstract

A large number of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems have been used in residential and commercial buildings throughout the world due to their attractive advantages of high energy and environmental performances. In particular, GSHPs constitute a proven renewable energy technology for space heating [...] Read more.

A large number of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems have been used in residential and commercial buildings throughout the world due to their attractive advantages of high energy and environmental performances. In particular, GSHPs constitute a proven renewable energy technology for space heating and cooling. This paper provides a detailed literature review of the primary aspects of GSHP systems. These include the technological characteristics of HPs and the main types and variations in GSHPs, along with their environmental impact. Other aspects addressed are the integration of GSHPs with other systems, as well as their optimal design and control and energy analysis. The important aspect of the system’s performance is also dealt with through case studies and also the barriers hindering the further adoption of GSHPs in buildings. Two important challenges for the adoption of GSHPs is their cost and environmental efficiency. Studies have shown that GSHPs can reach a >>24% lower environmental impact than air-source HPs, while today’s technology can allow for a payback period for installing a GSHP of <<5 years. Finally, based on the above review, the future challenges and prospects for the successful uptake of GSHPs is discussed. It seems that through the right steps, the wide adoption of GSHPs as an important form of ‘implemented’ renewable energy system can become a reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

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27 pages, 4692 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decarbonization through Active Participation of the Demand Side in Relatively Isolated Power Systems

by Sophie Chlela, Sandrine Selosse and Nadia Maïzi

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133328 - 7 Jul 2024

Viewed by 925

Abstract

In the context of power system decarbonization, the demand-side strategy for increasing the share of renewable energy is studied for two constrained energy systems. This strategy, which is currently widely suggested in policies on the energy transition, would impact consumer behavior. Despite the [...] Read more.

In the context of power system decarbonization, the demand-side strategy for increasing the share of renewable energy is studied for two constrained energy systems. This strategy, which is currently widely suggested in policies on the energy transition, would impact consumer behavior. Despite the importance of studying the latter, the focus here is on decisions regarding the type, location, and timeframe of implementing the related measures. As such, solutions must be assessed in terms of cost and feasibility, technological learning, and by considering geographical and environmental constraints. Based on techno-economic optimization, in this paper we analyze the evolution of the power system and elaborate plausible long-term trajectories in the energy systems of two European islands. The case studies, Procida in Italy and Hinnøya in Norway, are both electrically connected to the mainland by submarine cables and present issues in their power systems, which are here understood as relatively isolated power systems. Renewable energy integration is encouraged by legislative measures in Italy. Although not modeled here, they serve as a backbone for the assumptions of increasing these investments. For Procida, rooftop photovoltaics (PV) coupled with energy storage are integrated in the residential, public, and tertiary sectors. A price-based strategy is also applied reflecting the Italian electricity tariff structure. At a certain price difference between peak and off-peak, the electricity supply mix changes, favoring storage technologies and hence decreasing imports by up to 10% during peak times in the year 2050. In Norway, renewable energy resources are abundant. The analysis for Hinnøya showcases possible cross-sectoral flexibilities through electrification, leading to decarbonization. By fine-tuning electric vehicle charging tactics and leveraging Norway’s electricity pricing model, excess electricity demand peaks can be averted. The conclusions of this double-prospective study provide a comparative analysis that presents the lessons learnt and makes replicability recommendations for other territories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Planning and Operation in RES-Rich Power Systems under Electricity and Carbon Emission Market Environment)

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14 pages, 4451 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Application of Silver Nanoparticles Supported over Mesoporous Carbon Produced from Sustainable Sources as Catalysts for Hydrogen Production

by Erik Biehler, Qui Quach and Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133327 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 835

Abstract

The growing population and increasingly competitive economic climate have increased the demand for alternative fuel sources, with hydrogen being one of the more viable options. Many metal hydrides, including sodium borohydride, are capable of releasing hydrogen stored within chemical bonds when reacted with [...] Read more.

The growing population and increasingly competitive economic climate have increased the demand for alternative fuel sources, with hydrogen being one of the more viable options. Many metal hydrides, including sodium borohydride, are capable of releasing hydrogen stored within chemical bonds when reacted with water, but the rate of generation is slow and therefore necessitates a catalyst. Silver nanoparticles, which were chosen due to their known catalytic activity, were synthesized from sodium citrate and were embedded in mesoporous carbon to form a nano-composite catalyst (Ag-MCM). This composite was characterized via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Catalytic testing showed that the catalytic activity for the Ag-MCM catalyst increased with increasing NaBH₄ concentration, low pH, and high temperatures. The Ag-MCM catalyst resulted in the activation energy at 15.6 kJ mol⁻¹, making it one of the lowest seen activation energies for inorganic catalysts. Lastly, the Ag-MCM catalysts showed stability, producing, on average, 20.0 mL per trial for five consecutive trials. This catalytic ability along with the cheap, carbon-based backbone that is made from readily available corn starch, makes it a promising catalyst for the hydrolysis of NaBH₄. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Element 1 for Sustainable Decarbonization and Net-Zero Economy: Progress in Generation, Storage, Distribution and End-Use Technologies)

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12 pages, 7132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Gas Injection Limits and Development Methods of CH₄/CO₂ Synergistic Displacement in Offshore Fractured Condensate Gas Reservoirs

by Chenxu Yang, Jintao Wu, Haojun Wu, Yong Jiang, Xinfei Song, Ping Guo, Qixuan Zhang and Hao Tian

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133326 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 904

Abstract

Gas injection for enhanced oil and gas reservoir recovery is a crucial method in offshore Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). The B6 buried hill condensate gas reservoir, characterized by high CO₂ content, a deficit in natural energy, developed fractures and low-pressure [...] Read more.

Gas injection for enhanced oil and gas reservoir recovery is a crucial method in offshore Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). The B6 buried hill condensate gas reservoir, characterized by high CO₂ content, a deficit in natural energy, developed fractures and low-pressure differentials between formation and saturation pressures, requires supplementary formation energy to mitigate retrograde condensation near the wellbore area through gas injection. However, due to the connected fractures, the B6 gas reservoir exhibits strong horizontal and vertical heterogeneity, resulting in severe gas channeling and a futile cycle, which affects the gas injection efficiency at various levels of fracture development. Based on these findings, we conducted gas injection experiments and numerical simulations on fractured cores. A characterization method for oil and gas relative permeability considering dissolution was established. Additionally, the gas injection development boundary for this type of condensate gas reservoir was quantified according to the degree of fracture development, and the gas injection mode of the B6 reservoir was optimized. Research indicates that the presence of fractures leads to the formation of a dominant gas channel; the greater the permeability difference, the poorer the gas injection effect. The permeability gradation (fracture permeability divided by matrix permeability) in the gas injection area should be no higher than 15; gas injection in wells A1 and A2 is likely to achieve a better development effect under the existing well pattern. Moreover, early gas injection timing and pulse gas injection prove beneficial in enhancing the recovery rate of condensate oil. The study offers significant guidance for the development of similar gas reservoirs and for reservoirs with weakly connected fractures; advancing the timing of gas injection can mitigate the retrograde condensation phenomenon, whereas initiating gas injection after depletion may reduce the impact of gas channeling for reservoirs with strongly connected fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsurface Energy and Environmental Protection)

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