Special Issue "Interplay between Viruses and Host Adaptive Immunity"

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021).

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bumsuk Hahm
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
Interests: viral immunity; virus-host interaction; viral pathogenesis; sphingolipid system
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Dr. Young-Jin Seo
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
Interests: anti-viral immunity; Influenza virus; anti-viral CD8+ T cell response

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Upon infection with a virus, antigen-specific adaptive immunity develops to eliminate viruses. While antibody responses help neutralize or block viruses from entering into cells, cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes precisely destroy virus-infected cells to purge viruses from hosts. Further, CD4+ helper T cells play a pivotal role during infections by regulating the differentiation of CD8+ T and B cells. On the other hand, multiple innate immune cells and cytokines cooperate with T/B cells to eradicate viruses. However, pathogenic viruses often develop strategies to evade or repress the adaptive immunity and persist in hosts. Enormous efforts have been made to regulate adaptive immunity to increase the efficacy of vaccines or therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of viral diseases.

In this Special Issue, emphasis will be placed on the recent scientific advancement as to the interaction between host adaptive immunity and viruses, as well as its applications such as vaccine development against viral diseases including COVID-19. This research will improve our understanding of the host immunity to virus infections and help us design new prophylactic or therapeutic interventions to eliminate pathogenic viruses including HIV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. You are cordially invited to contribute unique research or review articles on this theme or related research topics.

Dr. Bumsuk Hahm
Dr. Young-Jin Seo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • COVID-19
  • immune evasion
  • virus persistence
  • adaptive immunity
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • lymphocyte
  • antibody
  • cytokine
  • vaccine
  • cytotoxic T lymphocyte
  • CD8 T cell
  • CD4 T cell

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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Article
The Monoclonal Antibody Recognized the Open Reading Frame Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Viruses 2020, 12(9), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/v12090961 - 29 Aug 2020
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Abstract
The purpose of this study in the context of the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was especially its location and its relation to the capsid protein and the apoptosis protein in PCV2-infected porcine peripheral blood mononuclear [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study in the context of the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was especially its location and its relation to the capsid protein and the apoptosis protein in PCV2-infected porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To detect the ORF3 protein, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated in this study. The mAb 7D3 binds to the ORF3 peptide (residues 35–66) and the native ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs, as shown by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The data show that 3–5% of PBMCs were positive for ORF3 protein or p53 protein. Further, 78–82% of PBMCs were positive for the capsid. This study confirmed the ORF3 protein not only colocalized with the capsid protein but also colocalized with the p53 protein in PBMCs. Immunoassays were conducted in this study to detect the capsid protein, the ORF3 protein, anti-capsid IgG, and anti-ORF3 IgG. The data show the correlation (r = 0.758) of the ORF3 protein and the capsid protein in the blood samples from the PCV2-infected herd. However, each anti-viral protein IgG had a different curve of the profile in the same herd after vaccination. Overall, this study provides a blueprint to explore the ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Viruses and Host Adaptive Immunity)
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Review

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Review
Impact of Microbiota: A Paradigm for Evolving Herd Immunity against Viral Diseases
Viruses 2020, 12(10), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101150 - 10 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1795
Abstract
Herd immunity is the most critical and essential prophylactic intervention that delivers protection against infectious diseases at both the individual and community level. This process of natural vaccination is immensely pertinent to the current context of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory [...] Read more.
Herd immunity is the most critical and essential prophylactic intervention that delivers protection against infectious diseases at both the individual and community level. This process of natural vaccination is immensely pertinent to the current context of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection around the globe. The conventional idea of herd immunity is based on efficient transmission of pathogens and developing natural immunity within a population. This is entirely encouraging while fighting against any disease in pandemic circumstances. A spatial community is occupied by people having variable resistance capacity against a pathogen. Protection efficacy against once very common diseases like smallpox, poliovirus or measles has been possible only because of either natural vaccination through contagious infections or expanded immunization programs among communities. This has led to achieving herd immunity in some cohorts. The microbiome plays an essential role in developing the body’s immune cells for the emerging competent vaccination process, ensuring herd immunity. Frequency of interaction among microbiota, metabolic nutrients and individual immunity preserve the degree of vaccine effectiveness against several pathogens. Microbiome symbiosis regulates pathogen transmissibility and the success of vaccination among different age groups. Imbalance of nutrients perturbs microbiota and abrogates immunity. Thus, a particular population can become vulnerable to the infection. Intestinal dysbiosis leads to environmental enteropathy (EE). As a consequence, the generation of herd immunity can either be delayed or not start in a particular cohort. Moreover, disparities of the protective response of many vaccines in developing countries outside of developed countries are due to inconsistencies of healthy microbiota among the individuals. We suggested that pan-India poliovirus vaccination program, capable of inducing herd immunity among communities for the last 30 years, may also influence the inception of natural course of heterologous immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonetheless, this anamnestic recall is somewhat counterintuitive, as antibody generation against original antigens of SARS-CoV-2 will be subdued due to original antigenic sin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Viruses and Host Adaptive Immunity)
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