Veterinary Sciences

21 pages, 1441 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Characteristics of 924 Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours in Dogs ≤ 3 Years of Age—With a Short Literature Review of Feline, Equine, and Human Proliferative Mast Cell Disorders

by Joshua Schwinn, Katrin Törner, Christoph Beitzinger, Robert Klopfleisch and Heike Aupperle-Lellbach

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050500 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

Datasets from 849 dogs ≤ 3 years of age were analysed retrospectively, considering breed, sex, anatomic sites, multiplicity, tumour diameter, grading, and immunohistochemistry by using IBM^® SPSS Statistics (version 29.0.2.0). Danish–Swedish farm dogs (OR: 8.11, 95% CI 3.33–19.77, p < 0.001) and [...] Read more.

Datasets from 849 dogs ≤ 3 years of age were analysed retrospectively, considering breed, sex, anatomic sites, multiplicity, tumour diameter, grading, and immunohistochemistry by using IBM^® SPSS Statistics (version 29.0.2.0). Danish–Swedish farm dogs (OR: 8.11, 95% CI 3.33–19.77, p < 0.001) and English Setters (OR: 6.68, 95% CI 3.20–13.97, p < 0.001) showed the highest odds ratios (ORs) compared to crossbreeds. German Shepherd Dogs showed lower ORs (OR: 0.05, 95% CI 0.007–0.364, p < 0.01). The most common sites affected in the young dogs were the trunk (39.2%), hind limbs (24.9%), head (10.1%), fore limbs (7.4%), and pinnae (5%). Patnaik grading revealed 330 grade I (35.7%), 580 grade II (62.8%), and 14 grade III MCTs (1.5%). Kiupel “low grade” was found in 903 MCTs (97%), and 21 MCTs were “high grade” (3%). The prevalence of grade I MCTs was higher in Boxers (48.0%, p < 0.05) and Pugs (67.9%, p < 0.01). Pinnal MCTs were mostly grade I (58.3%, p < 0.01). In 6% (n = 51), multilocalised MCTs were found, and Golden Retrievers (12.5%, p = 0.02) and Pugs (21.4%, p = 0.005) were more affected than crossbreeds. Out of 87 dogs, 20 showed a Ki-67 count above the cut-off as well as KIT staining pattern II. The findings warrant heightened vigilance in evaluating cutaneous lesions in young dogs and highlight similarities and differences compared to the general dog population. Analysis of survival data is required to evaluate how the findings translate into a clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Oncology of Companion Animals)

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15 pages, 1055 KB

Open AccessArticle

Proof of Concept of a Dynamic Energy Prescription Protocol Integrating Wearable Activity Data in 19 Adult Dogs: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

by Carina Sacoor, Carolina Domingues, Sara Leitão, Ricardo Cabeças and Felisbina L. Queiroga

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050499 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

Standard predictive equations for maintenance energy requirements often do not account for individual variability in dogs, potentially leading to nutritional inaccuracies. This prospective proofofconcept study evaluated a dynamic energy prescription protocol integrating wearable activity data in adult shelter dogs. Twenty-six dogs were enrolled, [...] Read more.

Standard predictive equations for maintenance energy requirements often do not account for individual variability in dogs, potentially leading to nutritional inaccuracies. This prospective proofofconcept study evaluated a dynamic energy prescription protocol integrating wearable activity data in adult shelter dogs. Twenty-six dogs were enrolled, of which 19 had valid longitudinal data for analysis. The 10-week protocol comprised a fixed energy prescription phase (R1), based on perceived activity level, followed by a dynamic phase (R2), in which energy allowance was recalculated weekly incorporating accelerometer-derived activity data and other individual parameters. During R2, BCS remained unchanged in 12/19 dogs and varied one unit in 7/19. Of these, two dogs with above-ideal baseline BCS decreased, and one dog with below-ideal BCS increased. Body weight (mean ± SD: 24.2 ± 7.0 vs. 23.6 ± 6.7 kg; p < 0.001) and body fat percentage (19.9 ± 5.4 vs. 18.3 ± 4.6%; p = 0.010) decreased, while muscle condition score remained stable. Feeding adherence improved significantly from 8/19 during R1 to 18/19 during R2 (p = 0.004). These findings support the feasibility of integrating activity monitoring into a dynamic energy prescription and its potential to improve alignment between prescribed and consumed energy. Longer-term studies are warranted to confirm these observations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

12 pages, 2605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the Detection of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus (PBFDV) in Air Conditioning Systems: A Model Study from a Veterinary Hospital in Thailand

by Benchapol Lorsunyaluck, Juthanan Charachit, Sasipat Putsetkun and Natapol Pumipuntu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050498 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), a member of the family Circoviridae, is a major pathogen affecting psittacine birds worldwide; however, its potential for airborne dissemination in veterinary environments remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate PBFDV contamination in air [...] Read more.

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), a member of the family Circoviridae, is a major pathogen affecting psittacine birds worldwide; however, its potential for airborne dissemination in veterinary environments remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate PBFDV contamination in air conditioning systems within a veterinary hospital and to compare the distribution and levels of viral load across different functional areas. Environmental swab samples were collected from 17 air conditioning units located in examination rooms, surgical suites, wards, and laboratory areas. Viral nucleic acids were extracted and analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on the Genesig q16 (Version 4) platform. PBFDV DNA was detected in multiple units, with viral loads ranging from <10 to >25,000 PBFDV genome copies per qPCR reaction. The highest levels were observed in an examination room (26,172 copies) and a surgical room (25,730 copies), whereas several locations showed low or negligible contamination (<100 copies). These findings indicate that air conditioning systems may act as a possible environmental contamination pathway and potential sources of viral dissemination within clinical settings. The results underscore the importance of routine environmental monitoring and targeted disinfection strategies. As a preliminary model, this study provides baseline data to support the development of effective biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of airborne transmission of PBFDV in veterinary facilities. Full article

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12 pages, 2543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rabbit Does as a Model for Studying Plasma Metabolomic Adaptations Across Reproductive Stages: Insights from Parturition to Weaning

by Jorge Mateo-López, Alejandro Huertas-Herrera, Mónica Toro-Manríquez, Diego Páez-Rosas, Mette Skoun Hedemann, Lola Llobat and Pablo Jesús Marín-García

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050497 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

Metabolomics is increasingly applied in veterinary molecular biology to investigate physiological adaptations in animals. In this study, rabbit does were used as a model to explore plasma metabolomic changes associated with key reproductive stages, specifically parturition and weaning. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, [...] Read more.

Metabolomics is increasingly applied in veterinary molecular biology to investigate physiological adaptations in animals. In this study, rabbit does were used as a model to explore plasma metabolomic changes associated with key reproductive stages, specifically parturition and weaning. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, 48 plasma samples were analyzed to characterize metabolic differences between these physiological states: parturition (n = 24) and weaning (n = 24). The experiment was conducted between February and November 2019. Distinct metabolomic profiles were observed between stages, with variations detected in metabolites associated with lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cellular metabolic pathways. Distinct changes included higher plasma levels of Betaine and alpha-CEHC at parturition, while weaning was characterized by elevated levels of 4-Pyridoxic acid, Proline betaine, Allysine, modified phospholipids, and other nitrogenous and lipophilic metabolites, reflecting stage-specific metabolic adaptations. These results contribute to the understanding of metabolic regulation during reproduction and lactation in mammals and highlight the usefulness of the rabbit as an experimental model in veterinary molecular and physiological research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Sustainable Breeding of Livestock and Companion Animals)

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21 pages, 2276 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Pleurotus Ostreatus Mushroom-Based Feed Supplementations on Growth Performance and Immune Function in Male Japanese Quails (Coturnix Japonica)

by Gréta Törős, Gabriella Gulyás, Renáta Knop, Csaba Szabó, Gebrehaweria K. Reda, Sawadi F. Ndunguru, Ducza László, Ágoston Botond Gaál, József Prokisch and Levente Czeglédi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050496 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

Growing concern over antibiotic resistance in poultry production has increased interest in natural feed additives such as Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom)-derived products. This study evaluated three freeze-dried oyster mushroom powders: total fresh fruiting body (OMP-TF), cooked solid residue (OMP-CSR), and cooked liquid fraction [...] Read more.

Growing concern over antibiotic resistance in poultry production has increased interest in natural feed additives such as Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom)-derived products. This study evaluated three freeze-dried oyster mushroom powders: total fresh fruiting body (OMP-TF), cooked solid residue (OMP-CSR), and cooked liquid fraction (OMP-CL), as dietary supplements in male Coturnix japonica. A β-glucan positive control and basal diet negative control were included. Birds (1-day-old) were fed experimental diets from 1 to 28 days. An Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was applied 12 h before sampling to induce an immune system activity. Growth performance, immune system activity, spleen relative weight, ileum morphometry, and antioxidant capacity were then evaluated to determine the effects of the experimental diets. Mushroom supplementation significantly modulated body weight during weeks 2–3 and overall weight gain, with OMP-TF maintaining higher body weight at week 4. Relative spleen weight, villus morphometry, cytokine responses (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4), and total antioxidant capacity were not significantly altered compared with LPS controls. Overall, P. ostreatus supplementation modulated growth performance under inflammatory challenge conditions, without significantly affecting the measured immune or intestinal parameters. These findings suggest a potential role of mushroom-derived products as growth-supporting feed additives; however, further studies are needed to clarify their effects on immune function and intestinal health. Full article

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10 pages, 1095 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cystitis in Dogs: An Italian Survey

by Francesca Fidanzio, Isabella Tirelli, Simone Bertini, Alicia Maria Carrillo Heredero, Luigi Intorre, Ilaria Lippi, Veronica Marchetti, Cecilia Quintavalla and Andrea Corsini

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050495 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

Cystitis is a common condition in dogs and an important driver of antimicrobial prescription in small animal practice. Although international guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosis and management, their implementation in clinical settings remains variable. This survey-based study investigated the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches [...] Read more.

Cystitis is a common condition in dogs and an important driver of antimicrobial prescription in small animal practice. Although international guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosis and management, their implementation in clinical settings remains variable. This survey-based study investigated the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to canine cystitis among Italian veterinarians and explored differences between work settings. An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed nationwide between February and March 2024, yielding responses from 359 veterinarians. Of these, 63.2% worked in small clinics, 25.6% in large clinics, and 11.1% in veterinary hospitals. Diagnosis was most commonly based on the combination of symptoms, bloodwork, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound (45.1%) or on symptoms and urinalysis alone (43.7%). Urine culture and sensitivity testing (UCS) was performed in more than 50% of cases by 34.4% of small clinics, 55.4% of large clinics, and 72.5% of veterinary hospitals (p < 0.00001). Financial constraints, delayed results, and difficulty in urine collection were the main barriers. Overall, 56.2% of respondents included antibiotics as first-line therapy. Overall, antibiotic use did not differ among workplace categories, whereas fluoroquinolone prescription differed significantly (p = 0.021), being lower in veterinary hospitals than in small and large clinics. The most common treatment durations were 7 days (43.7%) and 10–14 days (43.2%). Management of subclinical bacteriuria was heterogeneous: probiotics (46.2%) and D-mannose (41.5%) were most frequently recommended, while 19.5% prescribed antibiotics and 19.8% opted for no therapy. These findings indicate variability in clinical practice, underuse of UCS, particularly in smaller clinics, and prescribing practices exceeding guideline recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals)

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20 pages, 1240 KB

Open AccessArticle

Survey on the Working Conditions, Salary, and Job Satisfaction of Employed Veterinarians in Germany

by Katharina Charlotte Jensen, Christian Wunderlich, Lilith Steingräber, Martina Warschau, Maren Ewert and Elisabeth Brandebusemeyer

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050494 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

This online survey aimed to elaborate on the salary, working conditions, and job satisfaction of employed veterinarians in Germany. The focus was on factors influencing salaries, violations of German laws, and comparisons between employees of owner- and corporate-managed practices. Answers of up to [...] Read more.

This online survey aimed to elaborate on the salary, working conditions, and job satisfaction of employed veterinarians in Germany. The focus was on factors influencing salaries, violations of German laws, and comparisons between employees of owner- and corporate-managed practices. Answers of up to 1184 veterinarians were analyzed, representing 6% of employed veterinarians. The hourly salary increased by around 19% compared to a study in 2020, but remained significantly lower than in comparable professions and did not rise as much as the national average over the last five years. A multifactorial linear model showed that working experience, additional qualifications, leadership role for other veterinarians, section (pets, equines, farm animals, or non-curative), and gender significantly influenced the salary. The adjusted gender pay gap was about 7%. Employees of corporations earned significantly more than veterinarians being employed in owner-managed practices, but not when salary was adjusted for overtime. Moreover, employees of corporations had significantly lower job satisfaction. Requirements of the German Working Hours Act were regularly not complied with, as e.g., around 40% of respondents reported not being able to take their legally required break at least once per week. Results indicate that, despite improvements, there is still a need to address working conditions to retain veterinarians in the profession. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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16 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Investigation of Uncharacterised Cardiovascular Structures in Shallow-Diving, Semi-Aquatic Freshwater Turtles (Chelidae: Emydura macquarii)

by Rhiannon Jade Gurkin, Cleide Spronhle-Barrera, Lawrence Noble, Nate Maisel, Jo Gordon, Christopher Lam, Andrea Schaffer-White, Francesco Origgi and Viviana Gonzalez-Astudillo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050493 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Reptiles with diving capabilities have evolved physiological adaptations as well as conformational changes to temporarily sustain life underwater. Despite the importance of both respiratory and cardiovascular systems during diving, most studies have focused on respiratory adaptations. Thus, characterisation of previously undescribed cardiovascular anatomical [...] Read more.

Reptiles with diving capabilities have evolved physiological adaptations as well as conformational changes to temporarily sustain life underwater. Despite the importance of both respiratory and cardiovascular systems during diving, most studies have focused on respiratory adaptations. Thus, characterisation of previously undescribed cardiovascular anatomical variations in diving vertebrates is of broad interest. Thirteen clinically healthy, free-ranging adult female Murray River turtles (Chelidae: Emydura macquarii) were collected for research purposes, euthanised and autopsied. Prominent, valve-like structures, comprised exclusively of smooth muscle myocytes, were identified in medium- and large-calibre muscular arteries of all individuals. Additionally, multiple intramural vascular channels, mimicking post-thrombotic recanalization, were observed within medium-calibre muscular arteries. Further, we confirmed the presence of alpha-smooth-muscle actin-positive cells lining the cardiac atria in E. macquarii. Quantitative morphometric analyses demonstrated that the valve-like structures frequently occupied a substantial proportion of the vascular lumen, in some cases exceeding 90% luminal narrowing. Their consistent presence across multiple individuals and organ systems supports the interpretation that these are physiological vascular structures rather than artefacts. This study examines the potential physiological and evolutionary roles of these vascular structures, providing a basis for further research into cardiovascular adaptations in vertebrates subjected to postural changes and diving-related haemodynamic challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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12 pages, 1602 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stage-Dependent Embryolethality of Diclofenac Sodium: Quantitative Assessment of Dose–Time Interaction and Critical Windows of Susceptibility in the In Ovo Chicken Embryo Model

by Harun Kizilay and Seyma Tetik Rama

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050492 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

(1) Background: Diclofenac sodium is a drug with reported developmental toxicity in several non-mammalian and mammalian models. This study aims to evaluate the stage-dependent embryolethality of diclofenac sodium according to developmental stage using the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo in ovo [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Diclofenac sodium is a drug with reported developmental toxicity in several non-mammalian and mammalian models. This study aims to evaluate the stage-dependent embryolethality of diclofenac sodium according to developmental stage using the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo in ovo model, a system widely used in veterinary and avian developmental toxicology screening. The study focuses specifically on quantitatively determining the “critical sensitivity windows” between the early (day 7) and late (day 14) embryonic stages. (2) Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed to different doses (3.125–50 mg/kg) of diclofenac sodium, and mortality rates were analyzed. (3) Results: The data indicated that diclofenac toxicity is highly dependent on the developmental stage (p = 0.002). While the LD50 value for the early stage (day 7) was calculated as 20.67 mg/kg, (95% CI 6.79–860.87 mg/kg; wide interval reflecting low precision and steep response), embryos at the late stage (day 14) were found to be more resistant, with an LD50 value of 32.16 mg/kg (95% CI 27.77–37.90 mg/kg). The calculated Potency Ratio of 1.55 indicates that 7-day-old embryos are more sensitive to diclofenac. (4) Conclusions: This study provides model-specific preliminary quantitative data on the stage-dependent embryo mortality profile of diclofenac sodium in chicken embryos. The higher mortality observed on day 7 is consistent with a window of susceptibility during early organogenesis that may be associated with immature detoxification pathways (e.g., hepatic CYP450) and active organic anion transport (e.g., Oatp1d1) reported in other developmental models. However, these mechanisms were not directly measured here. These findings contribute to comparative developmental toxicology and the One Health-focused assessment of NSAID exposure in animal species, emphasizing the importance of considering “timing of exposure” in developmental toxicity assessments. Furthermore, no extrapolation to mammalian pregnancy or human clinical guidelines is implied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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17 pages, 1701 KB

Open AccessArticle

Left Atrioventricular Coupling Index in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Association with Disease Severity and Arterial Thromboembolism

by Tuğba Varlik, Didem Algan, Ryou Tanaka and Zeki Yilmaz

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050491 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

HCM is the most prevalent cardiac disease in cats and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Among its complications, FATE represents a major adverse clinical outcome. Conventional echocardiographic indices typically assess atrial or ventricular parameters separately and may not fully capture the [...] Read more.

HCM is the most prevalent cardiac disease in cats and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Among its complications, FATE represents a major adverse clinical outcome. Conventional echocardiographic indices typically assess atrial or ventricular parameters separately and may not fully capture the structural relationship between the LA and LV. The left atrioventricular coupling index (LACI) is a volumetric ratio that combines LA remodeling and LV chamber size at end-diastole into a single structural index. This retrospective, cross-sectional observational study included 91 cats, classified according to ACVIM guidelines into healthy controls (n = 33), asymptomatic HCM (stage B1, n = 14; stage B2, n = 16), symptomatic HCM (stage C, n = 15), and cats with FATE (n = 13). Conventional and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography were performed, and LACI-ED was calculated as the ratio of LA end-diastolic volume to LV end-diastolic volume. LACI-ED increased progressively with disease severity (p < 0.001), showing the highest values in symptomatic HCM and FATE cases. It correlated positively with LA size and volume (p < 0.01) and inversely with LV GLS (p < 0.01). Exploratory ROC analysis for FATE status yielded limited discriminatory performance for LACI-ED > 150% (AUC = 0.575; 95% CI: 0.402–0.736; sensitivity 46.2%; specificity 84.4%). Although LACI-ED > 150% was associated with higher odds of prevalent FATE (OR = 4.65; 95% CI: 1.405–29.215; p = 0.020), this finding should be interpreted with caution. Pairwise comparisons of ROC curve areas between LACI-ED and conventional echocardiographic parameters (LA/Ao ratio, LA diameter, and LV GLS) revealed no statistically significant differences (all p > 0.05). Although LACI-ED > 150% was associated with higher odds of prevalent FATE (OR = 6.8; p < 0.05), this finding should be interpreted with caution. This cross-sectional study evaluates associations with disease stage and thromboembolic status at the time of examination. The findings suggest that LACI-ED reflects disease severity in feline HCM, whereas its utility for thromboembolic risk assessment appears limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Small Animals)

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15 pages, 2954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolating and Validating Fibroblast-like Cells from the Skeletal Muscle of the Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis)

by Nattaphong Akrimajirachoote, Montri Pattarapanawan, Suparat Chaipipat, Yanika Piyasanti, Kornkanok Sritabtim, Juthathip Jurutha, Kannika Siripattarapravat and Piyathip Setthawong

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050490 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

The isolation of fibroblast-like cells from crocodile skeletal muscle provides a valuable platform for studies in comparative physiology, reptilian biology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. In this article, we present an optimized protocol for isolating and characterizing fibroblast-like cells derived from the embryonic [...] Read more.

The isolation of fibroblast-like cells from crocodile skeletal muscle provides a valuable platform for studies in comparative physiology, reptilian biology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. In this article, we present an optimized protocol for isolating and characterizing fibroblast-like cells derived from the embryonic skeletal muscle of the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). The procedure improved cell yields and viability while maintaining phenotypic and genetic stability. Dorsal and tail skeletal muscle tissue was cultured in flasks pre-coated with collagen. The cells attached and began migrating from the explants within one day. Optimal culture conditions were achieved using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 or Minimum Essential Medium Alpha supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2% crocodile serum, and growth-promoting factors, incubated at 28 °C without CO₂. These conditions supported a shorter population doubling time and enhanced cell proliferation. The established cells displayed a spindle-shaped fibroblastic morphology, expressed the fibroblast-specific marker fibronectin, and maintained a stable karyotype through passage 20. The cell line remained stable and proliferative for at least 30 passages under standard culture conditions. Our study established the first standardized fibroblast-like cell line derived from C. siamensis, thus providing a foundation for future studies in reptilian physiology, cytogenetics, and regenerative biotechnology. Full article

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9 pages, 6424 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Systemic Granulomatous Mycobacteriosis in Orbiculate Batfish (Platax orbicularis) Associated with Mycobacterium marinum-like Organism in an Aquarium in South Korea

by Chi Yong Kim, Young-Hyun Goo, Sukhun Oh and Sun-Hee Do

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050489 - 18 May 2026

Abstract

In this report, we describe systemic granulomatous mycobacteriosis in an orbiculate batfish from an aquarium in South Korea. Gross examination of the deceased fish showed multifocal nodular lesions in multiple internal organs including the gills, spleen, and kidney. Histopathological analysis demonstrated severe chronic [...] Read more.

In this report, we describe systemic granulomatous mycobacteriosis in an orbiculate batfish from an aquarium in South Korea. Gross examination of the deceased fish showed multifocal nodular lesions in multiple internal organs including the gills, spleen, and kidney. Histopathological analysis demonstrated severe chronic systemic granulomatous inflammation, and Ziehl–Neelsen staining highlighted abundant intralesional acid-fast bacilli. Molecular analysis based on partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and heat shock protein 65 (hsp65) genes showed that the detected organism was most closely related to Mycobacterium marinum. Because the molecular analysis was performed using partial sequences obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, definitive species-level identification was not possible. This case represents systemic granulomatous mycobacteriosis associated with a Mycobacterium marinum-like organism in orbiculate batfish in an aquarium in South Korea and emphasizes the need for continuous disease surveillance and improved diagnostic awareness of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in ornamental and public aquarium fish. Full article

26 pages, 842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effects of Using Natural Fermented Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics on Fattening Performance, Blood Parameters, and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress

by Sadık Serkan Aydin, Mehmet Avci, Nurcan Kirar, Ahmet Oruç, Mehmet Savrunlu and Aydin Daş

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050488 - 18 May 2026

Abstract

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, physiological functions, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics prepared from meadow grass with molasses (PJFM) and commercial probiotics (TP) on [...] Read more.

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, physiological functions, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics prepared from meadow grass with molasses (PJFM) and commercial probiotics (TP) on fattening performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (initial body weight: 46.72 ± 0.18 g) were used in a 42-day trial. The chicks were divided into six groups of 10 birds each, with four replicates. The study groups were divided into six groups: control (TNC) under normal environmental conditions (TN), PFJM (TNPJFM) and commercial probiotic (TNTP) supplemented in their drinking water, and control (HSC), HSPFJM, and HSTP under heat stress (HS) conditions. Temperature (34.5–36.2 °C) was applied for 42 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were 1.2 × 10¹² cfu/mL in PFJM, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was the predominant species. Probiotics were added to the chicks’ drinking water at 0.5 mL/L. The control groups’ water was free of probiotics. This study revealed a decrease in body weight and body weight gain and a worse feed conversion ratio in the HSC group. The lowest carcass weight under heat stress was in the HSC group, and the highest was in the HSPFJM group. The lowest gizzard and highest bursa Fabricius percentages were in the probiotic-containing groups. Blood glucose and uric acid decreased in the HSPFJM group. In the HSC group, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased, while E. coli, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TAB), enterobacteria, and yeast increased. In the probiotic-supplemented groups, LAB increased, while E. coli, yeast, and enterobacteria decreased. The study results suggest that PJFM supplementation may positively impact intestinal health in chickens exposed to heat stress, supporting growth performance and health parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Fermentation and Animal Health: Nutrition and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 2279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Domestic Ducks’ Proventriculus Infected with Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) Jägerskiöld 1909

by Cuilan Hao, Yujiao Bai, Shenzhen Xia, Cheng Yue, Adili Abudu, Jianyong Hu and Wei Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050487 - 18 May 2026

Abstract

Gastric nematodes can cause severe diarrheal diseases of waterfowl and threaten waterfowl health and productivity. The immune response mechanism of the host against this parasite is unclear. We investigated the transcriptomic changes, immune related pathways and adaptive molecular responses in infected ducks. RNA [...] Read more.

Gastric nematodes can cause severe diarrheal diseases of waterfowl and threaten waterfowl health and productivity. The immune response mechanism of the host against this parasite is unclear. We investigated the transcriptomic changes, immune related pathways and adaptive molecular responses in infected ducks. RNA sequencing of the gastric tissues of infected and control ducks was followed by differential expression using DESeq2, and functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction networks were constructed. There were 1983 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1317 upregulated genes and 666 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG analyses showed considerable enrichment in immune response, extracellular matrix organization, and chemotaxis and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, suggesting systemic immune activation and tissue remodeling. The protein–protein interaction network indicated several hub genes that might be central to host defense. Validation by RT-qPCR showed consistent expression trends for some DEGs. These results systematically outline the transcriptomic landscape of ducks infected with Eustrongylides tubifex, offering new insights into host–parasite interactions and immune modulation. The results enhance our understanding of anti-helminth immunity in waterfowl and may inform strategies for disease control in poultry production. Full article

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24 pages, 13201 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Pathways Underlying Onion-Mediated Regulation of Spleen Immune Function in Liangshan Black Sheep

by Zengwen Huang, Jing Wang, Zhiqiu Huang, Gang Lv, Hehua Wang, Chaoyun Yang, Shengwang Jiang, Guiying Hao and Yi Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050486 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Feed additives play a crucial role in boosting livestock immunity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are often incompletely understood. This study used integrated proteomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the immunomodulatory effects of dietary fermented onion (FO) on the spleen of Liangshan Black [...] Read more.

Feed additives play a crucial role in boosting livestock immunity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are often incompletely understood. This study used integrated proteomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the immunomodulatory effects of dietary fermented onion (FO) on the spleen of Liangshan Black Sheep. Results showed that FO supplementation significantly improved systemic antioxidant capacity and immune function, indicated by a higher spleen index and increased serum concentrations of SOD, MCP-1, and IL-2 (p < 0.05). Multi-omics profiling of spleen tissues identified 169 differentially expressed proteins and 168 differential metabolites. Integrated pathway enrichment revealed calcium signaling and purine metabolism as potential core regulatory hubs for the observed immunomodulation. This molecular remodeling correlated with key molecules including protein F2R and metabolites adenosine and hypoxanthine, which may form a coordinated regulatory network. Overall, our findings suggest potential pathways linking dietary FO supplementation to enhanced splenic immune function in Liangshan Black Sheep, likely via synergistic regulation of specific signaling pathways. This work supports FO as a promising functional feed additive and provides a molecular framework for developing novel immunomodulatory strategies in livestock production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Improve Animal Health and Immunity)

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14 pages, 1300 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Clinical, Pathological, and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida Infections in Extensively Reared Rabbits in Western Romania

by Vlad Iorgoni, Livia Stanga, Paula Nistor, Alexandru Gligor, Janos Degi, Bogdan Florea, Gabriel Orghici, Ionica Iancu, Cosmin Horatiu Maris, Ioan Cristian Dreghiciu and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050485 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Pasteurellosis is a major bacterial disease of domestic rabbits, commonly associated with respiratory disorders, abscesses, reproductive pathology, and systemic infections. This study investigated the occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathological lesions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from rabbits raised in traditional extensive systems [...] Read more.

Pasteurellosis is a major bacterial disease of domestic rabbits, commonly associated with respiratory disorders, abscesses, reproductive pathology, and systemic infections. This study investigated the occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathological lesions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from rabbits raised in traditional extensive systems in western Romania, with identification of Pasteurella multocida performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A total of 308 rabbits from 23 holdings were clinically examined, necropsied when applicable, and subjected to bacteriological analysis. Clinical signs compatible with pasteurellosis were observed in 132 rabbits (42.9%), including respiratory diseases, abscess formation, otitis, and reproductive disorders. Samples collected from affected and deceased rabbits were cultured and analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS, confirming 87 isolates as P. multocida. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the VITEK 2 system revealed high resistance to tetracyclines (63.22%) and beta-lactams (55.17%), while higher susceptibility was observed for enrofloxacin (91.95%), gentamicin (89.66%), ciprofloxacin (86.21%), and florfenicol (80.46%). The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates highlights the need for laboratory-guided antimicrobial therapy and improved biosecurity measures in traditional rabbit holdings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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25 pages, 1794 KB

Open AccessReview

Application of Gene Editing Technology in Poultry

by Ruyu Liao, Rong Ran, Yixin Liu, Xinyi Zhou, Min Tan, Qigui Wang, Haiwei Wang and Xi Lan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050484 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool in molecular biology, enables precise modifications of genomic sequences and gene expression patterns, thereby conferring desired traits to cells or organisms. Since 2014, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly become the most widely used gene editing method in agricultural animals [...] Read more.

Gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool in molecular biology, enables precise modifications of genomic sequences and gene expression patterns, thereby conferring desired traits to cells or organisms. Since 2014, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly become the most widely used gene editing method in agricultural animals due to its high editing efficiency. Subsequently, the development of novel gene editing systems, such as base editors and prime editors, has provided enhanced precision and reduced off-target effects. These advancements have facilitated the transition of gene editing from laboratory research to clinical and agricultural applications. Gene editing has been extensively utilized to enhance production traits, improve disease resistance, facilitate disease detection, and establish disease models. This review outlines the development of gene editing technologies, discusses the advantages and limitations of key gene editing tools, and explores their applications in poultry. Furthermore, it examines the challenges and future prospects of gene editing in animal husbandry, including off-target effects, ethical concerns, and technical complexities. Full article

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17 pages, 1119 KB

Open AccessReview

Evidence and Clinical Applications of Natural Products in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review of Clinoptilolite, Ozone Therapy, Propolis, and Phytotherapy

by Dražen Đuričić, Ivona Žura Žaja, Alicja Kowalczyk, Ksenija Vlahović, Hrvoje Valpotić, Mislav Kovačić, Marko Pećin and Marko Samardžija

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050483 - 16 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free veterinary practices has stimulated interest in natural products such as clinoptilolite, ozone therapy, bee-derived products, and phytotherapy. This systematic review evaluates evidence from 2010 to 2026 regarding their clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. A comprehensive [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free veterinary practices has stimulated interest in natural products such as clinoptilolite, ozone therapy, bee-derived products, and phytotherapy. This systematic review evaluates evidence from 2010 to 2026 regarding their clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, Google Scholar, and regional veterinary journals using predefined keywords related to natural alternatives in veterinary medicine. These studies were critically appraised due to frequent methodological limitations, including lack of randomization and control groups. From 1124 identified records, 842 studies were screened after duplicates were removed, 214 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 96 studies meeting the predefined inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. Clinoptilolite consistently improved gastrointestinal health and detoxification in livestock. Ozone therapy demonstrated broad antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, though standardized protocols are lacking. Bee-derived products, especially propolis exhibited strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, with variable clinical translation. Phytotherapy emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Overall, the available evidence suggests that these natural interventions may serve as promising adjuncts in veterinary practice; however, their current application is constrained by heterogeneity, limited randomized controlled trials, and lack of standardized protocols. Consequently, they should be considered supportive rather than definitive alternatives to conventional therapies. Further well-designed, standardized clinical studies are required to confirm efficacy, optimize application, and support evidence-based integration into modern veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Veterinary Therapy: Evidence, Applications, and Integrative Approaches to Improve Animal Health and Welfare)

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 917 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70, Ki67 and Caspase 3 Are Differentially Expressed in the Canine Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Uterus and Ovaries

by Schäfer-Somi Sabine, Binli Firdevs, Kaya Duygu, Karadag Muhammed Ali, Ay Serhan, Findik Murat and Aslan Selim

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050482 - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) fulfil protective tasks in the whole organism; in pregnant dogs, they are expressed in the ovary, placenta and preimplantation embryo. Our objective was to compare the expression of HSP60 and -70, along with indicators of proliferation and apoptosis, in [...] Read more.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) fulfil protective tasks in the whole organism; in pregnant dogs, they are expressed in the ovary, placenta and preimplantation embryo. Our objective was to compare the expression of HSP60 and -70, along with indicators of proliferation and apoptosis, in the non-pregnant and pregnant uterus/placenta and ovaries. Tissues were obtained after ovariohysterectomy and examined by means of immunohistochemistry. There were differences between pregnant and non-pregnant tissues: the expression level of HSP70 during preimplantation in superficial cells was significantly lower than that in early diestrus, with similar results observed for Ki67. The immunosignal for HSP70 was significantly decreased during the postimplantation stage in almost all cell types, whilst the number of HSP60-positive cells did not change. In pregnant animals, the number of Ki67-positive cells significantly increased until the postimplantation stage. In the placenta and trophoblast, the expression of HSP60 and -70 was strong, while no HSP70 signal was detected in endometrial epithelial cells. The caspase 3 immunosignal in the uterus and placenta was generally weak. In the corpora lutea, HSP60, HSP70 and caspase 3 were mainly detected in theca lutein cells, while no signal for KI67 was seen. In follicles, caspase 3 and KI67 expression was low, except in granulosa cells of tertiary follicles and oocytes. We conclude that the different expression of HSPs in pregnant and non-pregnant animals may point towards different regulatory and/or protective tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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