Toxics

24 pages, 6232 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

by Alexandra Berbentea, Mihaela Ciopec, Narcis Duteanu, Adina Negrea, Petru Negrea, Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş, Bogdan Pascu, Paula Svera (m. Ianasi), Cătălin Ianăşi, Daniel Marius Duda Seiman, Delia Muntean and Estera Boeriu

Toxics 2024, 12(6), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060405 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

The need to develop advanced wastewater treatment techniques and their use has become a priority, the main goal being the efficient removal of pollutants, especially those of organic origin. This study presents the photo-degradation of a pharmaceutical wastewater containing Kabi cytarabine, using ultraviolet [...] Read more.

The need to develop advanced wastewater treatment techniques and their use has become a priority, the main goal being the efficient removal of pollutants, especially those of organic origin. This study presents the photo-degradation of a pharmaceutical wastewater containing Kabi cytarabine, using ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and a synthesized catalyst, a composite based on bismuth and iron oxides (BFO). The size of the bandgap was determined by UV spectroscopy, having a value of 2.27 eV. The specific surface was determined using the BET method, having a value of 0.7 m² g⁻¹. The material studied for the photo-degradation of cytarabine presents a remarkable photo-degradation efficiency of 97.9% for an initial concentration 0f 10 mg/L cytarabine Kabi when 0.15 g of material was used, during 120 min of interaction with UV radiation at 3 cm from the irradiation source. The material withstands five photo-degradation cycles with good results. At the same time, through this study, it was possible to establish that pyrimidine derivatives could be able to combat infections caused by Escherichia coli and Candida parapsilosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Techniques and Methods for Toxic Agent Analysis and Removal)

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20 pages, 12157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Global Trends and Hotspots in Research on the Health Risks of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis

by Zhiyuan Du, Yuanyuan Ruan, Jiabin Chen, Jian Fang, Shuo Xiao, Yewen Shi and Weiwei Zheng

Toxics 2024, 12(6), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060391 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

Background: Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are compounds with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications and are mainly used as flame retardants and plasticizers. The global consumption of OPFRs has risen rapidly in recent decades, and they have been widely detected in [...] Read more.

Background: Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are compounds with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications and are mainly used as flame retardants and plasticizers. The global consumption of OPFRs has risen rapidly in recent decades, and they have been widely detected in environmental media. Unfortunately, OPFRs have been associated with many adverse health outcomes. The issue of the health risks of OPFRs is attracting increasing attention. Therefore, there is a need to review the current state of research and trends in this field to help researchers and policymakers quickly understand the field, identify new research directions, and allocate appropriate resources for further development of the OPFR health risk research field. Methods: This study statistically analyzed 1162 relevant publications included in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2003–2023. The internal and external features of the literature, such as publication trends, countries, authors, journals, and keywords, were quantitatively analyzed and visually presented to identify the research hotspots, compositions, and paradigms of the field and to horizontally and vertically analyze the development trends and structural evolution of the field. Results: The development of the field can be divided into three stages, and the field entered a period of rapid development in 2016. China (649 papers) is the most prolific country, followed by the United States (188 papers). The authors STAPLETON HM and WANG Y have the highest combined impact. International collaboration between countries and researchers still needs to be strengthened. Science of The Total Environment is the most frequently published journal (162 papers), and Environmental Science and Technology is the most frequently cited journal (5285 citations). Endocrine disruption, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity are the health effects of greatest interest. Conclusions: Future research is expected to be multidisciplinary, and research hotspots may involve a comprehensive assessment of OPFR exposure in the population, exploration of the mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting effects and in vivo metabolic processes, and examination of the health effects of OPFR metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Mode of Action, Toxicity Testing, and Health Risks of Environmental Pollutants)

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15 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cadmium Exposure: Mechanisms and Pathways of Toxicity and Implications for Human Health

by Fei Qu and Weiwei Zheng

Toxics 2024, 12(6), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060388 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9796

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd), a prevalent environmental contaminant, exerts widespread toxic effects on human health through various biochemical and molecular mechanisms. This review encapsulates the primary pathways through which Cd inflicts damage, including oxidative stress induction, disruption of Ca²⁺ signaling, interference with cellular signaling [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd), a prevalent environmental contaminant, exerts widespread toxic effects on human health through various biochemical and molecular mechanisms. This review encapsulates the primary pathways through which Cd inflicts damage, including oxidative stress induction, disruption of Ca²⁺ signaling, interference with cellular signaling pathways, and epigenetic modifications. By detailing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of Cd, alongside its interactions with cellular components such as mitochondria and DNA, this paper highlights the extensive damage caused by Cd²⁺ at the cellular and tissue levels. The role of Cd in inducing oxidative stress—a pivotal mechanism behind its toxicity—is discussed with emphasis on how it disrupts the balance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to cellular damage and apoptosis. Additionally, the review covers Cd’s impact on signaling pathways like Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and Tumor Protein 53 (p53) pathways, illustrating how its interference with these pathways contributes to pathological conditions and carcinogenesis. The epigenetic effects of Cd, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are also explored to explain its long-term impact on gene expression and disease manifestation. This comprehensive analysis not only elucidates the mechanisms of Cd toxicity but also underscores the critical need for enhanced strategies to mitigate its public health implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Mode of Action, Toxicity Testing, and Health Risks of Environmental Pollutants)

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12 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Machine Learning to Predict Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Its Validation on Failed Drug Candidates in Development

by Fahad Mostafa, Victoria Howle and Minjun Chen

Toxics 2024, 12(6), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060385 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2205

Abstract

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory bodies. Despite extensive toxicological research aimed at mitigating DILI risk, the effectiveness of these techniques in predicting DILI in humans remains limited. Consequently, researchers have explored novel approaches and [...] Read more.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory bodies. Despite extensive toxicological research aimed at mitigating DILI risk, the effectiveness of these techniques in predicting DILI in humans remains limited. Consequently, researchers have explored novel approaches and procedures to enhance the accuracy of DILI risk prediction for drug candidates under development. In this study, we leveraged a large human dataset to develop machine learning models for assessing DILI risk. The performance of these prediction models was rigorously evaluated using a 10-fold cross-validation approach and an external test set. Notably, the random forest (RF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) models emerged as the most effective in predicting DILI. During cross-validation, RF achieved an average prediction accuracy of 0.631, while MLP achieved the highest Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.245. To validate the models externally, we applied them to a set of drug candidates that had failed in clinical development due to hepatotoxicity. Both RF and MLP accurately predicted the toxic drug candidates in this external validation. Our findings suggest that in silico machine learning approaches hold promise for identifying DILI liabilities associated with drug candidates during development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Predictive Toxicology)

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18 pages, 6218 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Utilization of Peptidoglycans from Lactic Acid Bacterial Cell Walls for the Mitigation of Acrylamide and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

by Hui Yang, Xue Zhang, Yadong Zhu, Bo Zhang, Junfeng Fan, Hongfei Zhao and Bolin Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(6), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060380 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

Acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which are potentially carcinogenic to humans, are often produced during the hot processing of foods. This study first used a molecular docking model to simulate the binding behavior of four lactic acid bacteria peptidoglycans (PGNs) to AA/HMF, and [...] Read more.

Acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which are potentially carcinogenic to humans, are often produced during the hot processing of foods. This study first used a molecular docking model to simulate the binding behavior of four lactic acid bacteria peptidoglycans (PGNs) to AA/HMF, and the binding rate of LAB-based PGNs to AA/HMF was evaluated in vitro. In silico results show that interaction energy is the driving force responsible for the adsorption of LAB-derived PGNs to AA/HMF. In vitro results showed that the PGN of B. lactis B1-04 bound the most AA (28.7%) and HMF (48.0%), followed by L. acidophilus NCFM, B. breve CICC 6079, and L. plantarum CICC 22135. Moreover, an AA/HMF-bound layer on the cell surface of B. lactis B1-04 was observed via AFM and SEM due to adsorption. XPS analysis indicated the removal rate of AA/HMF by selected strains was positively correlated with the proportion of C-O, C=O, and N-H groups of PGNs. The atoms O1, O2, O3, O4, N1, N2, N3, H1, and H2 are involved in the adsorption of LAB-based PGNs to AA/HMF. Thus, the PGNs derived from these four Lactobacillus strains can be regarded as natural adsorbents for the binding of AA/HMF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

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17 pages, 7667 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Protective Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Active Peptide GLP4 on Lung Injury Induced by Cadmium Poisoning in Mice

by Shirong Zhu, Xiaoling Wang and Gaoqiang Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(6), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060378 - 22 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

Ganoderma triterpenes and spore powder have shown promising results in mitigating cadmium-induced renal and hepatic injuries. Ganoderma lucidum active peptide GLP4 is a natural protein with dual antioxidant activities derived from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. However, its efficacy in alleviating cadmium-induced [...] Read more.

Ganoderma triterpenes and spore powder have shown promising results in mitigating cadmium-induced renal and hepatic injuries. Ganoderma lucidum active peptide GLP4 is a natural protein with dual antioxidant activities derived from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. However, its efficacy in alleviating cadmium-induced lung injury remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of GLP4 against cadmium-induced lung injury in mice. Mice were exposed to cadmium chloride via nebulization to induce lung injury. The protective effect of GLP4 was assessed by measuring the total cell count in BALF, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of NLRP3 in lung tissues a through histopathological examination of lung tissue changes. The results showed that GLP4 significantly mitigated histopathological damage in lung tissues, decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and reduced the expression of NLRP3, which was elevated in cadmium-exposed mice. In vitro studies further revealed that GLP4 inhibited the cadmium-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Notably, acute cadmium exposure by the respiratory tract did not affect the liver and kidneys of the mice. The findings suggest that GLP4 reduces cadmium-induced lung injury in mice by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which provides a theoretical foundation for using Ganoderma lucidum as a preventive and therapeutic agent against cadmium poisoning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 8550 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of 17β-Estradiol Pollution on Microbial Communities and Methane Emissions in Aerobic Water Bodies

by Zihao Gao, Yu Zheng, Zhendong Li and Aidong Ruan

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050373 - 19 May 2024

Viewed by 1421

Abstract

17β-Estradiol (E2) is a widely present trace pollutant in aquatic environments. However, its impact on microbial communities in aerobic lake waters, which are crucial for methane (CH₄) production, remains unclear. This study conducted an E2 contamination experiment by constructing laboratory-simulated aerobic [...] Read more.

17β-Estradiol (E2) is a widely present trace pollutant in aquatic environments. However, its impact on microbial communities in aerobic lake waters, which are crucial for methane (CH₄) production, remains unclear. This study conducted an E2 contamination experiment by constructing laboratory-simulated aerobic microecosystems. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, the effects of E2 on bacterial and archaeal communities were systematically examined. Combined with gas chromatography, the patterns and mechanisms of E2’s impact on CH₄ emissions in aerobic aquatic systems were uncovered for the first time. Generally, E2 contamination increased the randomness of bacterial and archaeal community assemblies and weakened microbial interactions. Furthermore, changes occurred in the composition and ecological functions of bacterial and archaeal communities under E2 pollution. Specifically, two days after exposure to E2, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the low-concentration (L) and high-concentration (H) groups decreased by 6.99% and 4.01%, respectively, compared to the control group (C). Conversely, the relative abundance of Planctomycetota was 1.81% and 1.60% higher in the L and H groups, respectively. E2 contamination led to an increase in the relative abundance of the methanogenesis functional group and a decrease in that of the methanotrophy functional group. These changes led to an increase in CH₄ emissions. This study comprehensively investigated the ecotoxicological effects of E2 pollution on microbial communities in aerobic water bodies and filled the knowledge gap regarding aerobic methane production under E2 contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Accumulation, and Impacts of Environmental Pollutants in Aquatic Systems)

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17 pages, 4489 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Segmentation of Renal Thyroid Follicle Colloid in Common Carp: Insights into Perfluorooctanoic Acid-Induced Morphometric Alterations

by Maurizio Manera and Luisa Giari

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050369 - 17 May 2024

Viewed by 1622

Abstract

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a globally prevalent contaminant of concern recognised for its persistence and detrimental effects on both wildlife and humans. While PFOA has been established as a disruptor of thyroid function, limited data exist regarding its impact on thyroid morphology. The [...] Read more.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a globally prevalent contaminant of concern recognised for its persistence and detrimental effects on both wildlife and humans. While PFOA has been established as a disruptor of thyroid function, limited data exist regarding its impact on thyroid morphology. The kidney of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) harbours numerous thyroid follicles, rendering it a valuable biomarker organ for investigating PFOA-induced thyroid alterations. Renal tissue slides, stained with the Alcian blue/PAS method, were examined from carp in three experimental groups: unexposed, exposed to 200 ng L⁻¹, and exposed to 2 mg L⁻¹ of PFOA over 56 days. Thyroid follicle colloids were segmented, and related morphometric parameters, including perimeter, area, and shape descriptors, were obtained. Statistical analyses revealed significant reductions in thyroid follicle colloid perimeter and area in the 200 ng L⁻¹ PFOA group compared to the unexposed and 2 mg L⁻¹ PFOA groups. Additionally, the fish exposed to PFOA exhibited a significantly higher follicle count compared to the unexposed fish. These findings collectively suggest that PFOA induces thyroid folliculogenesis, emphasising its impact on thyroid morphology even at an environmentally relevant concentration (200 ng L⁻¹). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) on Aquatic Animals: Immunotoxicity, Endocrine Disruption, and Beyond)

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14 pages, 12382 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Triphenyl Phosphate (TPhP) Impact Development in Zebrafish

by Benjamin Schmandt, Mfon Diduff, Gabrielle Smart and Larissa M. Williams

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050368 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2939

Abstract

A common flame-retardant and plasticizer, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an aryl phosphate ester found in many aquatic environments at nM concentrations. Yet, most studies interrogating its toxicity have used µM concentrations. In this study, we used the model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio [...] Read more.

A common flame-retardant and plasticizer, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an aryl phosphate ester found in many aquatic environments at nM concentrations. Yet, most studies interrogating its toxicity have used µM concentrations. In this study, we used the model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio) to uncover the developmental impact of nM exposures to TPhP at the phenotypic and molecular levels. At concentrations of 1.5–15 nM (0.5 µg/L–5 µg/L), chronically dosed 5dpf larvae were shorter in length and had pericardial edema phenotypes that had been previously reported for exposures in the µM range. Cardiotoxicity was observed but did not present as cardiac looping defects as previously reported for µM concentrations. The RXR pathway does not seem to be involved at nM concentrations, but the tbx5a transcription factor cascade including natriuretic peptides (nppa and nppb) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (bmp4) were dysregulated and could be contributing to the cardiac phenotypes. We also demonstrate that TPhP is a weak pro-oxidant, as it increases the oxidative stress response within hours of exposure. Overall, our data indicate that TPhP can affect animal development at environmentally relevant concentrations and its mode of action involves multiple pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutants Toxicity Mechanism and Safety Testing: Zebrafish as a Model Organism)

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11 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Food Plants and Environmental Contamination: An Update

by Nicoletta Guerrieri, Stefania Mazzini and Gigliola Borgonovo

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050365 - 15 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3088

Abstract

Food plants are the basis of human nutrition, but, in contaminated places, they can uptake contaminants. Environmental contamination and climate change can modify food quality; generally, they have a negative impact on and imply risks to human health. Heavy metals, like lead, arsenic, [...] Read more.

Food plants are the basis of human nutrition, but, in contaminated places, they can uptake contaminants. Environmental contamination and climate change can modify food quality; generally, they have a negative impact on and imply risks to human health. Heavy metals, like lead, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium, can be present at various environmental levels (soil, water, and atmosphere), and they are widely distributed in the world. Food plants can carry out heavy metal bioaccumulation, a defense pathway for plants, which is different for every plant species. Accumulation is frequent in the roots and the leaves, and heavy metals can be present in fruits and seeds; As and Cd are always present. In addition, other contaminants can bioaccumulate in food plants, including emerging contaminants, like persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pesticides, and microplastics. In food plants, these are present in the roots but also in the leaves and fruits, depending on their chemical structure. The literature published in recent years was examined to understand the distribution of contaminants among food plants. In the literature, old agronomical practices and new integrated technology to clean the water, control the soil, and monitor the crops have been proposed to mitigate contamination and produce high food quality and high food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution and Food Safety)

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13 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Inhalation of Microplastics—A Toxicological Complexity

by Myriam Borgatta and Florian Breider

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050358 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3312

Abstract

Humans are chronically exposed to airborne microplastics (MPs) by inhalation. Various types of polymer particles have been detected in lung samples, which could pose a threat to human health. Inhalation toxicological studies are crucial for assessing the effects of airborne MPs and for [...] Read more.

Humans are chronically exposed to airborne microplastics (MPs) by inhalation. Various types of polymer particles have been detected in lung samples, which could pose a threat to human health. Inhalation toxicological studies are crucial for assessing the effects of airborne MPs and for exposure-reduction measures. This communication paper addresses important health concerns related to MPs, taking into consideration three levels of complexity, i.e., the particles themselves, the additives present in the plastics, and the exogenous substances adsorbed onto them. This approach aims to obtain a comprehensive toxicological profile of deposited MPs in the lungs, encompassing local and systemic effects. The physicochemical characteristics of MPs may play a pivotal role in lung toxicity. Although evidence suggests toxic effects of MPs in animal and cell models, no established causal link with pulmonary or systemic diseases in humans has been established. The transfer of MPs and associated chemicals from the lungs into the bloodstream and/or pulmonary circulation remains to be confirmed in humans. Understanding the toxicity of MPs requires a multidisciplinary investigation using a One Health approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical Agents and Health Challenges)

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22 pages, 4680 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exposure to a PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS Mixture during Gestation and Lactation Alters the Liver Proteome in Offspring of CD-1 Mice

by Emily Kaye, Emily Marques, Juliana Agudelo Areiza, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi and Angela Slitt

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050348 - 9 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2547

Abstract

Perfluroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent man-made chemicals considered to be emerging pollutants, with Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and Perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) being linked to hepatotoxicity and steatosis. PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS can undergo placental and lactational transfer, which results in PFOA, [...] Read more.

Perfluroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent man-made chemicals considered to be emerging pollutants, with Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and Perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) being linked to hepatotoxicity and steatosis. PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS can undergo placental and lactational transfer, which results in PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS distribution to the neonatal liver. Moreover, in pregnant dams, exposure to a PFAS mixture, in combination with a high fat diet, increased hepatic steatosis in offspring at postnatal day 21, but the mechanisms have not been elucidated. It was hypothesized that gestational/lactational PFAS exposure would alter the pup liver proteome and biochemical/signaling pathways. Timed-pregnant CD-1 dams were fed a standard chow or 60% kcal high-fat diet. From GD1 until PND20, dams were dosed via oral gavage with vehicle (0.5% Tween 20), individual doses of PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS at 1 mg/kg, or a mixture (1 mg/kg each, totaling 3 mg/kg). Livers were collected from PND21 offspring and SWATH-MS proteomics was performed. IPA analysis revealed PFAS exposure modified disease and biological function pathways involved in liver damage, xenobiotics, and lipid regulation in the PND21 liver. These pathways included lipid and fatty acid transport, storage, oxidation, and synthesis, as well as xenobiotic metabolism and transport, and liver damage and inflammation. This indicates the pup liver proteome is altered via maternal exposure and predisposes the pup to metabolic dysfunctions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

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13 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association between Prenatal Dietary Toxicants and Infant Neurodevelopment: The Role of Fish

by Xiruo Kou, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Josefa Canals, Monica Bulló and Victoria Arija

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050338 - 6 May 2024

Viewed by 1889

Abstract

More research is needed to understand how the maternal consumption of fish and fish-borne toxicants impacts infant neurodevelopment. The present analysis was conducted over 460 mother–infant pairs within the ECLIPSES study. Dietary intake of metals and persistent organic pollutants from fish (including white [...] Read more.

More research is needed to understand how the maternal consumption of fish and fish-borne toxicants impacts infant neurodevelopment. The present analysis was conducted over 460 mother–infant pairs within the ECLIPSES study. Dietary intake of metals and persistent organic pollutants from fish (including white fish, blue fish, and seafood) was estimated in pregnant women. The infants underwent cognitive, language, and motor function assessments using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III at the 40-day postpartum. Associations between dietary toxicants and outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. Estimated prenatal exposure to fish-borne toxicants, such as arsenic, inorganic arsenic, methylmercury, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-DL-PCBs, was associated with poorer language functions in infants, whereas no significant associations were found with motor or cognitive functions. Maternal fish consumption exceeding the Spanish recommendation of no more than 71 g per day was linked to these adverse effects on language abilities without affecting motor or cognitive development. This highlights the importance of vigilant monitoring of environmental toxicants and the provision of dietary guidance for pregnant women, with potential implications for public health and child development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology Research of Foodborne Contaminants)

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13 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial Variation in Mercury Accumulation in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in Southeastern U.S.A.

by Mackenzie L. Griffin, Colleen E. Bryan, Tara M. Cox, Brian C. Balmer, Russell D. Day, Laura Garcia Barcia, Antoinette M. Gorgone, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Jenny A. Litz, Robin M. Perrtree, Teri K. Rowles, Lori H. Schwacke, Randall S. Wells and Eric Zolman

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050327 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 3462

Abstract

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) inhabit bays, sounds, and estuaries (BSEs) throughout the southeast region of the U.S.A. and are sentinel species for human and ecosystem-level health. Dolphins are vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of contaminants through the coastal food chain because they are [...] Read more.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) inhabit bays, sounds, and estuaries (BSEs) throughout the southeast region of the U.S.A. and are sentinel species for human and ecosystem-level health. Dolphins are vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of contaminants through the coastal food chain because they are high-level predators. Currently, there is limited information on the spatial dynamics of mercury accumulation in these dolphins. Total mercury (THg) was measured in dolphin skin from multiple populations across the U.S. Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts, and the influence of geographic origin, sex, and age class was investigated. Mercury varied significantly among sampling sites and was greatest in dolphins in St. Joseph Bay, Florida Everglades, and Choctawhatchee Bay (14,193 ng/g ± 2196 ng/g, 10,916 ng/g ± 1532 ng/g, and 7333 ng/g ± 1405 ng/g wet mass (wm), respectively) and lowest in dolphins in Charleston and Skidaway River Estuary (509 ng/g ± 32.1 ng/g and 530 ng/g ± 58.4 ng/g wm, respectively). Spatial mercury patterns were consistent regardless of sex or age class. Bottlenose dolphin mercury exposure can effectively represent regional trends and reflect large-scale atmospheric mercury input and local biogeochemical processes. As a sentinel species, the bottlenose dolphin data presented here can direct future studies to evaluate mercury exposure to human residents in St. Joseph Bay, Choctawhatchee Bay, and Florida Coastal Everglades, as well as additional sites with similar geographical, oceanographic, or anthropogenic parameters. These data may also inform state and federal authorities that establish fish consumption advisories to determine if residents in these locales are at heightened risk for mercury toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Ecosystems)

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18 pages, 3898 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification and Visualization of Polystyrene Microplastics/Nanoplastics in Flavored Yogurt by Raman Imaging

by Xin Ling, Jun Cheng, Weirong Yao, He Qian, Dazhi Ding, Zhilong Yu, Yunfei Xie and Fangwei Yang

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050330 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed [...] Read more.

The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed Raman imaging for visualization and identification of polystyrene particles synthesized in polymerization reactions, ranging from 400 to 2600 nm. We successfully developed a quantitative model of particle size and concentration for polystyrene, exhibiting excellent fit (R² of 0.9946). We established procedures for spiked flavored yogurt using synthesized polystyrene, providing fresh insights into microplastic extraction efficiency. Recovery rates calculated from models validated the method’s feasibility. In practical applications, the assessment of the size, type, shape, and quantity of microplastics in unspiked flavored yogurt was conducted. The most common polymers found were polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene, with the smallest polystyrene sizes ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Additionally, we conducted exposure assessments of microplastics in branded flavored yogurt. This study established a foundation for developing a universal method to quantify microplastics in food, covering synthesis of standards, method development, validation, and application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Risk Assessment of Undesirable Chemical Residues in Food)

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13 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort

by Alejandra Cantoral, Larissa Betanzos-Robledo, Sonia Collado-López, Betzabeth A. García-Martínez, Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, Rosa M. Mariscal-Moreno, Araceli Díaz-Ruiz, Camilo Ríos and Martha María Téllez-Rojo

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050318 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

Globally, there is growing concern over the presence of lead (Pb) in foods because it is a heavy metal with several toxic effects on human health. However, monitoring studies have not been conducted in Mexico. In this study, we estimated the concentrations of [...] Read more.

Globally, there is growing concern over the presence of lead (Pb) in foods because it is a heavy metal with several toxic effects on human health. However, monitoring studies have not been conducted in Mexico. In this study, we estimated the concentrations of Pb in the most consumed foods and identified those that exceeded the maximum limits (MLs) for Pb in foods established by the International Standards. Based on the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, 103 foods and beverages were selected and purchased in Mexico City retail stores and markets. Samples were analyzed twice using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Values above the limit of quantification (0.0025 mg/kg) were considered to be detected. The percentage of detected values was 18%. The highest concentration was found in infant rice cereal (1.005 mg/kg), whole wheat bread (0.447 mg/kg), pre-cooked rice (0.276 mg/kg), black pepper (0.239 mg/kg), and turmeric (0.176 mg/kg). Among the foods with detected Pb, the levels in infant rice cereal, whole wheat bread, pre-cooked rice, and soy infant formula exceeded the MLs. The food groups with the highest percentages of exceeded MLs were baby foods (18%) and cereals (11%). Monitoring the concentration of contaminants in foods is essential for implementing food safety policies and protecting consumer health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

22 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Potential Effects of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Microplastics: An Overview of Air Contamination

by Priscilla Boccia, Simona Mondellini, Simona Mauro, Miriam Zanellato, Marco Parolini and Elena Sturchio

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050320 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3157

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are now ubiquitous environmental contaminants that lead to unavoidable human exposure; they have received increasing attention in recent years and have become an emerging area of research. The greatest concern is the negative impacts of MPs on marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) are now ubiquitous environmental contaminants that lead to unavoidable human exposure; they have received increasing attention in recent years and have become an emerging area of research. The greatest concern is the negative impacts of MPs on marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as human health, to the extent that the World Health Organization (WHO) calls for increased research and standardized methods to assess exposure to MPs. Many countries and international organizations are implementing or proposing legislation in this regard. This review aims to summarize the current state of legislation, indoor and outdoor contamination, and potential human health risk due to exposure to airborne MPs, considering that occupational exposure to MPs is also becoming a growing area of concern. Even though research regarding MPs has continuously increased in the last twenty years, the effects of MPs on human health have been scarcely investigated, and toxicity studies are still limited and not directly comparable, due to the lack of standardized studies in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastic Pollution and Impact on Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems)

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16 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Perinatal Tetrahydrocannabinol Compromises Maternal Care and Increases Litter Attrition in the Long–Evans Rat

by Emma Carlson, Eric Teboul, Charlene Canale, Harper Coleman, Christina Angeliu, Karissa Garbarini and Vincent P. Markowski

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050311 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 3045

Abstract

The marijuana legalization trend in the U.S. will likely lead to increased use by younger adults during gestation and postpartum. The current study examined the hypothesis that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) would disrupt voluntary maternal care behaviors and negatively impact offspring development. Rat dams were [...] Read more.

The marijuana legalization trend in the U.S. will likely lead to increased use by younger adults during gestation and postpartum. The current study examined the hypothesis that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) would disrupt voluntary maternal care behaviors and negatively impact offspring development. Rat dams were gavaged with 0, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg THC from the 1st day of gestation through the 21st postnatal day. Somatic growth and developmental milestones were measured in the offspring, and maternal pup retrieval tests were conducted on postnatal days 1, 3, and 5. THC did not affect body growth but produced transient delays in the righting reflex and eye opening in offspring. However, there was significant pup mortality due to impaired maternal care. Dams in all THC groups took significantly longer to retrieve their pups to the nest and often failed to retrieve any pups. Serum levels of THC and metabolites measured at this time were comparable to those in breastfeeding women who are chronic users. Benchmark doses associated with a 10% reduction of pup retrieval or increased pup mortality were 0.383 (BMDL 0.228) and 0.794 (BMDL 0.442) mg/kg THC, respectively. The current findings indicate that maternal care is an important and heretofore overlooked index of THC behavioral toxicity and should be included in future assessments of THC’s health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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17 pages, 5234 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Binding Modes between Three Perfluorosulfonates and GPER Based on Computational Simulation and Multiple Spectral Methods

by Wenhui Liang, Yanting Chen, Yuchen Wei, Zeyu Song, Cancan Li, Yanhong Zheng and Zhongsheng Yi

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050315 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1859

Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) belong to a significant category of global environmental pollutants. Investigating the toxicological effects of PFCs within biological systems is of critical significance in various disciplines such as life sciences, environmental science, chemistry, and ecotoxicology. In this study, under simulated human [...] Read more.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) belong to a significant category of global environmental pollutants. Investigating the toxicological effects of PFCs within biological systems is of critical significance in various disciplines such as life sciences, environmental science, chemistry, and ecotoxicology. In this study, under simulated human physiological conditions (pH = 7.4), a combination of multiple spectroscopic techniques and computational simulations was employed to investigate the impact of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) on the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Additionally, the research focused on exploring the binding modes and toxicological mechanisms between PFCs and GPER at the molecular level. All three perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) can induce quenching of GPER fluorescence through static quenching and non-radiative energy transfer. Steady-state fluorescence calculations at different temperatures revealed apparent binding constants in the order of 10⁶, confirming a strong binding affinity between the three PFSAs and GPER. Molecular docking studies indicated that the binding sites of PFSAs are located within the largest hydrophobic cavity in the head region of GPER, where they can engage in hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid residues within the cavity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence, and molecular dynamics simulations collectively indicate that proteins become more stable upon binding with small molecules. There is an overall increase in hydrophobicity, and alterations in the secondary structure of the protein are observed. This study deepens the comprehension of the effects of PFCs on the endocrine system, aiding in evaluating their potential impact on human health. It provides a basis for policy-making and environmental management while also offering insights for developing new pollution monitoring methods and drug therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Toxicology for Environmental Criteria/Benchmarks of Emerging Contaminants)

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18 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Sex-Specific Chronic Exposure to Dietary Arsenic in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

by Mahesh Rachamalla, Arash Salahinejad, Vladimir Kodzhahinchev and Som Niyogi

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040302 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

The present study investigated the reproductive and developmental effects of sex-specific chronic exposure to dietary arsenic in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to environmentally realistic doses of arsenic via diet [0 (control; no added arsenic), 30 (low), 60 (medium), [...] Read more.

The present study investigated the reproductive and developmental effects of sex-specific chronic exposure to dietary arsenic in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to environmentally realistic doses of arsenic via diet [0 (control; no added arsenic), 30 (low), 60 (medium), and 100 (high) μg/g dry weight, as arsenite] for 90 days. Following exposure, arsenic-exposed females from each dietary treatment were mated with control males, and similarly, arsenic-exposed males from each dietary treatment were mated with control females. In females, arsenic exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in reproductive performance (fecundity, fertilization success, and hatching success). Moreover, a dose-dependent increase in developmental toxicity (larval deformities and larval mortality) was observed with maternal exposure to arsenic. In contrast, in males, arsenic exposure also induced similar reproductive and developmental toxicity; however, the adverse effects were mainly evident only in the medium and high dietary arsenic treatment groups. We also examined the sex-specific effects of dietary arsenic exposure on the expression of genes that regulate the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal–liver (HPG-L) axis in fish. The gene expression results indicated the downregulation of HPG-L axis genes in females irrespective of the arsenic treatment dose; however, the reduced expression of HPG-L axis genes in males was recorded only in the medium and high arsenic treatment groups. These observations suggest that chronic arsenic exposure in either females or males causes reproductive and developmental toxicity in zebrafish. However, these toxic effects are markedly higher in females than in males. Our results also suggest that arsenic can act as an endocrine disruptor and mediate reproductive and developmental toxicity by disrupting the HPG-L axis in zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Toxicology)

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17 pages, 1668 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lipid Dysregulation Induced by Gasoline and Diesel Exhaust Exposure and the Interaction with Age

by Yutong Gao, Xinzhuo Zhang, Xinting Li, Jinsheng Zhang, Zongyan Lv, Dongping Guo, Hongjun Mao and Ting Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040303 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 2199

Abstract

Limited knowledge exists regarding gasoline and diesel exhaust effects on lipid metabolism. This study collected gasoline and diesel exhaust under actual driving conditions and conducted inhalation exposure on male young and middle-aged C57BL/6J mice for 4 h/day for 5 days to simulate commuting [...] Read more.

Limited knowledge exists regarding gasoline and diesel exhaust effects on lipid metabolism. This study collected gasoline and diesel exhaust under actual driving conditions and conducted inhalation exposure on male young and middle-aged C57BL/6J mice for 4 h/day for 5 days to simulate commuting exposure intensity. Additionally, PM_2.5 from actual roadways, representing gasoline and diesel vehicles, was generated for exposure to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and normal liver cells (LO2) for 24, 48, and 72 h to further investigate exhaust particle toxicity. Results showed that diesel exhaust reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in young mice, indicating disrupted lipid metabolism. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels increased by 53.7% and 21.7%, respectively, suggesting potential liver injury. Diesel exhaust exposure decreased superoxide dismutase and increased glutathione peroxidase levels. Cell viability decreased, and reactive oxygen species levels increased in HUVECs and LO2 following exposure to exhaust particles, with dose- and time-dependent effects. Diesel exhaust particles exhibited more severe inhibition of cell proliferation and oxidative damage compared to gasoline exhaust particles. These findings provide novel evidence of the risk of disrupted lipid metabolism due to gasoline and diesel exhaust, emphasizing the toxicity of diesel exhaust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Human Health Assessment of Air Pollutants)

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14 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fishery Products Using GC–MS/MS in South Korea

by Myungheon Kim, Mihyun Cho, Seo-Hong Kim, Yoonmi Lee, Mi-Ra Jo, Yong-Sun Moon and Moo-Hyeog Im

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040299 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3023

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the risk of pesticide contamination in aquaculture and its impact on fishery products. We conducted an assessment of 300 samples collected from nine regions in South Korea, including various types of seafood, such as freshwater [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the risk of pesticide contamination in aquaculture and its impact on fishery products. We conducted an assessment of 300 samples collected from nine regions in South Korea, including various types of seafood, such as freshwater fish, marine fish, crustaceans, and shellfish. Pesticide residues in seafood were analyzed using GC–MS/MS after sample preparation using a modified QuEChERS method, revealing the presence of eight pesticides (4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, boscalid, isoprothiolane, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, thifluzamide, and trifluralin) across seven fish species (carp, far eastern catfish, crucian carp, eel, Chinese muddy loach, mirror carp, and sea bass). Following the grouping of DDE with DDT, a risk assessment of fishery products was conducted. After the estimated daily intake (EDI) of fish was calculated and compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), the health risk index (HI, %ADI) of the detected pesticides was evaluated and found to be 1.07% or lower. The results suggest that the consumption of domestically farmed fish products in South Korea poses minimal health risks associated with pesticide residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Risk Assessment of Undesirable Chemical Residues in Food)

14 pages, 3474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Oleanolic Acid Acetate Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Inhibition of Apoptosis and Necroptosis In Vitro and In Vivo

by Bori Lee, Yeon-Yong Kim, Seungwon Jeong, Seung Woong Lee, Seung-Jae Lee, Mun-Chual Rho, Sang-Hyun Kim and Soyoung Lee

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040301 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer drug for treating solid tumors, but it is associated with severe side effects, including nephrotoxicity. Various studies have suggested that the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin could be overcome; nonetheless, an effective adjuvant drug has not yet been established. [...] Read more.

Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer drug for treating solid tumors, but it is associated with severe side effects, including nephrotoxicity. Various studies have suggested that the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin could be overcome; nonetheless, an effective adjuvant drug has not yet been established. Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA), a triterpenoid isolated from Vigna angularis, is commonly used to treat inflammatory and allergic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of OAA against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and necroptosis using TCMK-1 cells and a mouse model. In cisplatin-treated TCMK-1 cells, OAA treatment significantly reduced Bax and cleaved-caspase3 expression, whereas it increased Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, in a cisplatin-induced kidney injury mouse model, OAA treatment alleviated weight loss in the body and major organs and also relieved cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity symptoms. RNA sequencing analysis of kidney tissues identified lipocalin-2 as the most upregulated gene by cisplatin. Additionally, necroptosis-related genes such as receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) were identified. In an in vitro study, the phosphorylation of RIPKs and MLKL was reduced by OAA pretreatment in both cisplatin-treated cells and cells boosted via co-treatment with z-VAD-FMK. In conclusion, OAA could protect the kidney from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and may serve as an anti-cancer adjuvant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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14 pages, 3892 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decreased Ubiquitination and Acetylation of Histones 3 and 4 Are Associated with Obesity-Induced Disorders of Spermatogenesis in Mice

by Mahamadou Fofana, Zhenyang Li, Han Li, Wenqi Li, Lu Wu, Lu Lu and Qizhan Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040296 - 17 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2513

Abstract

Background: Obesity, a chronic metabolic disorder, is related to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and reproductive disorders. The relationship between obesity and male infertility is now well recognized, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We aimed to observe the effect of obesity on spermatogenesis [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity, a chronic metabolic disorder, is related to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and reproductive disorders. The relationship between obesity and male infertility is now well recognized, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We aimed to observe the effect of obesity on spermatogenesis and to investigate the role of histone ubiquitination and acetylation modifications in obesity-induced spermatogenesis disorders. Methods: Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was fed with a general maintenance diet (12% fat), while a high-fat diet (HFD) group was fed with 40% fat for 10 weeks; then, they were mated with normal females. The fertility of male mice was calculated, testicular and sperm morphology were observed, and the expression levels of key genes and the levels of histone acetylation and ubiquitination modification during spermatogenesis were detected. Results: The number of sperm was decreased, as well as the sperm motility, while the number of sperm with malformations was increased. In the testes, the mRNA and protein expression levels of gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25), chromosome region maintenance-1 protein (CRM1), high-mobility group B2 (HMGB2), phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2), and testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) were decreased. Furthermore, obesity led to a decrease in ubiquitinated H2A (ubH2A) and reduced levels of histone H3 acetylation K18 (H3AcK18) and histone H4 acetylation K5, K8, K12, and K16 (H4tetraAck), which disrupted protamine 1 (Prm1) deposition in testis tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that low levels of histone ubiquitination and acetylation are linked with obesity-induced disorders during spermatogenesis, contributing to a better understanding of obesity-induced damage to male reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

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23 pages, 3242 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Concordance between In Vitro and In Vivo Relative Toxic Potencies of Diesel Exhaust Particles from Different Biodiesel Blends

by Subramanian Karthikeyan, Dalibor Breznan, Errol M. Thomson, Erica Blais, Renaud Vincent and Premkumari Kumarathasan

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040290 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2014

Abstract

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) contribute to air pollution exposure-related adverse health impacts. Here, we examined in vitro, and in vivo toxicities of DEPs from a Caterpillar C11 heavy-duty diesel engine emissions using ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) and biodiesel blends (20% v/v) [...] Read more.

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) contribute to air pollution exposure-related adverse health impacts. Here, we examined in vitro, and in vivo toxicities of DEPs from a Caterpillar C11 heavy-duty diesel engine emissions using ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) and biodiesel blends (20% v/v) of canola (B20C), soy (B20S), or tallow–waste fry oil (B20T) in ULSD. The in vitro effects of DEPs (DEP_ULSD, DEP_B20C, DEP_B20S, and DEP_B20T) in exposed mouse monocyte/macrophage cells (J774A.1) were examined by analyzing the cellular cytotoxicity endpoints (CTB, LDH, and ATP) and secreted proteins. The in vivo effects were assessed in BALB/c mice (n = 6/group) exposed to DEPs (250 µg), carbon black (CB), or saline via intratracheal instillation 24 h post-exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, cytokines, lung/heart mRNA, and plasma markers were examined. In vitro cytotoxic potencies (e.g., ATP) and secreted TNF-α were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with in vivo inflammatory potency (BALF cytokines, lung/heart mRNA, and plasma markers). Overall, DEP_ULSD and DEP_B20C appeared to be more potent compared to DEP_B20S and DEP_B20T. These findings suggested that biodiesel blend-derived DEP potencies can be influenced by biodiesel sources, and inflammatory process- was one of the potential underlying toxicity mechanisms. These observations were consistent across in vitro and in vivo exposures, and this work adds value to the health risk analysis of cleaner fuel alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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15 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exposure to Molybdate Results in Metabolic Disorder: An Integrated Study of the Urine Elementome and Serum Metabolome in Mice

by Kun Zhou, Miaomiao Tang, Wei Zhang, Yanling Chen, Yusheng Guan, Rui Huang, Jiawei Duan, Zibo Liu, Xiaoming Ji, Yingtong Jiang, Yanhui Hu, Xiaoling Zhang, Jingjing Zhou and Minjian Chen

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040288 - 14 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2291

Abstract

The increasing use of molybdate has raised concerns about its potential toxicity in humans. However, the potential toxicity of molybdate under the current level of human exposure remains largely unknown. Endogenous metabolic alterations that are caused in humans by environmental exposure to pollutants [...] Read more.

The increasing use of molybdate has raised concerns about its potential toxicity in humans. However, the potential toxicity of molybdate under the current level of human exposure remains largely unknown. Endogenous metabolic alterations that are caused in humans by environmental exposure to pollutants are associated with the occurrence and progression of many diseases. This study exposed eight-week-old male C57 mice to sodium molybdate at doses relevant to humans (0.01 and 1 mg/kg/day) for eight weeks. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) were utilized to assess changes in urine element levels and serum metabolites in mice, respectively. A total of 838 subjects from the NHANES 2017–2018 population database were also included in our study to verify the associations between molybdenum and cadmium found in mice. Analysis of the metabolome in mice revealed that four metabolites in blood serum exhibited significant changes, including 5-aminolevulinic acid, glycolic acid, l-acetylcarnitine, and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octanoate. Analysis of the elementome revealed a significant increase in urine levels of cadmium after molybdate exposure in mice. Notably, molybdenum also showed a positive correlation with cadmium in humans from the NHANES database. Further analysis identified a positive correlation between cadmium and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octanoate in mice. In conclusion, these findings suggest that molybdate exposure disrupted amino acid and lipid metabolism, which may be partially mediated by molybdate-altered cadmium levels. The integration of elementome and metabolome data provides sensitive information on molybdate-induced metabolic disorders and associated toxicities at levels relevant to human exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Environmental Chemicals Exposomics and Metabolomics)

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15 pages, 6184 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Thyroid Hormone Receptor Agonistic and Antagonistic Activity of Newly Synthesized Dihydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: An In Vitro and In Silico Coactivator Recruitment Study

by Mengtao Zhang, Jianghong Shi, Bing Li, Hui Ge, Huanyu Tao, Jiawei Zhang, Xiaoyan Li and Zongwei Cai

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040281 - 11 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1701

Abstract

Dihydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (DiOH-PBDEs) could be the metabolites of PBDEs of some organisms or the natural products of certain marine bacteria and algae. OH-PBDEs may demonstrate binding affinity to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and can disrupt the functioning of the systems modulated [...] Read more.

Dihydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (DiOH-PBDEs) could be the metabolites of PBDEs of some organisms or the natural products of certain marine bacteria and algae. OH-PBDEs may demonstrate binding affinity to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and can disrupt the functioning of the systems modulated by TRs. However, the thyroid hormone disruption mechanism of diOH-PBDEs remains elusive due to the absence of diOH-PBDEs standards. This investigation explores the potential disruptive effects of OH/diOH-PBDEs on thyroid hormones via competitive binding and coactivator recruitment with TRα and TRβ. At levels of 5000 nM and 25,000 nM, 6-OH-BDE-47 demonstrated significant recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator (SRC), whereas none of the diOH-PBDEs exhibited SRC recruitment within the range of 0.32–25,000 nM. AutoDock CrankPep (ADCP) simulations suggest that the conformation of SRC and TR–ligand complexes, particularly their interaction with Helix 12, rather than binding affinity, plays a pivotal role in ligand agonistic activity. 6,6′-diOH-BDE-47 displayed antagonistic activity towards both TRα and TRβ, while the antagonism of 3,5-diOH-BDE-100 for TRα and TRβ was concentration-dependent. 3,5-diOH-BDE-17 and 3,5-diOH-BDE-51 exhibited no discernible agonistic or antagonistic activities. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the binding energy of 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) surpassed that of OH/diOH-PBDEs. 3,5-diOH-BDE-100 exhibited the highest binding energy, whereas 6,6′-diOH-BDE-47 displayed the lowest. These findings suggest that the structural determinants influencing the agonistic and antagonistic activities of halogen phenols may be more intricate than previously proposed, involving factors beyond high-brominated PBDEs or hydroxyl group and bromine substitutions. It is likely that the agonistic or antagonistic propensities of OH/diOH-PBDEs are instigated by protein conformational changes rather than considerations of binding energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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16 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Biosorption Capacity of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the Removal of Toluidine Blue from Seawater

by David Fernández, Julio Abalde and Enrique Torres

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040277 - 9 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1740

Abstract

A wide variety of dyes, such as toluidine blue (TB), are used daily for a multitude of purposes. After use, many of these compounds end up in aqueous effluents, reaching natural environments, including marine environments. The removal of these pollutants from marine environments [...] Read more.

A wide variety of dyes, such as toluidine blue (TB), are used daily for a multitude of purposes. After use, many of these compounds end up in aqueous effluents, reaching natural environments, including marine environments. The removal of these pollutants from marine environments must be considered a priority problem. The search for natural techniques, such as biosorption, is a preferred option to eliminate pollution from natural environments. However, biosorption studies in seawater are scarce. For this reason, the living biomass of the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was studied to determine its ability to remove TB from seawater. The kinetics of the biosorption process, the isotherms, and the effect of light and pH were determined. This biomass showed a maximum TB removal capacity of 45 ± 2 mg g⁻¹ in the presence of light. Light had a positive effect on the TB removal capacity of this living biomass. The best fitting kinetics was the pseudo-second order kinetics. The efficiency of the removal process increased with increasing pH. This removal was more effective at alkaline pH values. The results demonstrated the efficacy of P. tricornutum living biomass for the efficient removal of toluidine blue dye from seawater both in the presence and absence of light. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

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14 pages, 3604 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fe-CGS Effectively Inhibits the Dynamic Migration and Transformation of Cadmium and Arsenic in Soil

by Hongliang Yin, Changzhi Zhou, Junhuan Wang, Mengxue Yin, Zhihao Wu, Ningning Song, Xin Song, Yuxian Shangguan, Zaijin Sun, Quanli Zong and Hong Hou

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040273 - 6 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1899

Abstract

The iron-modified coal gasification slag (Fe-CGS) material has excellent performance in purifying heavy-metal-contaminated water due to its good surface properties and adsorption capacities. However, it is unclear whether it can provide long-term simultaneous stabilization of Cd and As in composite-contaminated soils in extreme [...] Read more.

The iron-modified coal gasification slag (Fe-CGS) material has excellent performance in purifying heavy-metal-contaminated water due to its good surface properties and adsorption capacities. However, it is unclear whether it can provide long-term simultaneous stabilization of Cd and As in composite-contaminated soils in extreme environments. This study investigated the long-term stabilization of Cd and As in acidic (JLG) and alkaline (QD) soils by simulating prolonged heavy rainfall with the addition of Fe-CGS. Multiple extraction methods were used to analyze the immobilization mechanisms of Cd and As in soil and their effects on bioavailability. The results indicate that the stabilization efficiency was related to the dosage of Fe-CGS. The concentrations of Cd and As in the JLG soil leachate were reduced by 77.6% (2.0 wt%) and 87.8% (1.0 wt%), respectively. Additionally, the availability of Cd and As decreased by 46.7% (2.0 wt%) and 53.0% (1.0 wt%), respectively. In the QD soil leachate, the concentration of Cd did not significantly change, while the concentration of As decreased by 92.3% (2.0 wt%). Furthermore, the availability of Cd and As decreased by 22.1% (2.0 wt%) and 40.2% (1.0 wt%), respectively. Continuous extraction revealed that Fe-CGS facilitated the conversion of unstable, acid-soluble Cd into oxidizable Cd and acid-soluble Cd. Additionally, it promoted the transformation of both non-specifically and specifically adsorbed As into amorphous iron oxide-bound and residual As. Fe-CGS effectively improved the soil pH, reduced the bioavailability of Cd and As, and blocked the migration of Cd and As under extreme rainfall leaching conditions. It also promoted the transformation of Cd and As into more stable forms, exhibiting satisfactory long-term stabilization performance for Cd and As. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

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25 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Developmental Toxicity of Fine Particulate Matter: Multifaceted Exploration from Epidemiological and Laboratory Perspectives

by Ruifeng Yan, Danni Ma, Yutong Liu, Rui Wang, Lifan Fan, Qiqi Yan, Chen Chen, Wenhao Wang, Zhihua Ren, Tingting Ku, Xia Ning and Nan Sang

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040274 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

Particulate matter of size ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) is a critical environmental threat that considerably contributes to the global disease burden. However, accompanied by the rapid research progress in this field, the existing research on developmental toxicity is still constrained by [...] Read more.

Particulate matter of size ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) is a critical environmental threat that considerably contributes to the global disease burden. However, accompanied by the rapid research progress in this field, the existing research on developmental toxicity is still constrained by limited data sources, varying quality, and insufficient in-depth mechanistic analysis. This review includes the currently available epidemiological and laboratory evidence and comprehensively characterizes the adverse effects of PM_2.5 on developing individuals in different regions and various pollution sources. In addition, this review explores the effect of PM_2.5 exposure to individuals of different ethnicities, genders, and socioeconomic levels on adverse birth outcomes and cardiopulmonary and neurological development. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms involved in the adverse health effects of PM_2.5 primarily encompass transcriptional and translational regulation, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and epigenetic modulation. The primary findings and novel perspectives regarding the association between public health and PM_2.5 were examined, highlighting the need for future studies to explore its sources, composition, and sex-specific effects. Additionally, further research is required to delve deeper into the more intricate underlying mechanisms to effectively prevent or mitigate the harmful effects of air pollution on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Human Health Assessment of Air Pollutants)

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121 pages, 4013 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Comet Assay as a Tool in Human Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals—A Systematic Scoping Review

by Carina Ladeira, Peter Møller, Lisa Giovannelli, Goran Gajski, Anja Haveric, Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu, Amaya Azqueta, Marko Gerić, Helga Stopper, José Cabêda, Fernanda S. Tonin and Andrew Collins

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040270 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4258

Abstract

Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in [...] Read more.

Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in environmental and occupational exposure contexts. To evidence the role of the comet assay in human biomonitoring, we have analysed original research studies of environmental or occupational exposure that used the comet assay in their assessments, following the PRISMA-ScR method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews). Groups of chemicals were designated according to a broad classification, and the results obtained from over 300 original studies (n = 123 on air pollutants, n = 14 on anaesthetics, n = 18 on antineoplastic drugs, n = 57 on heavy metals, n = 59 on pesticides, and n = 49 on solvents) showed overall higher values of DNA strand breaks in the exposed subjects in comparison with the unexposed. In summary, our systematic scoping review strengthens the relevance of the use of the comet assay in assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical Agents and Health Challenges)

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17 pages, 1616 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comparison of In Vitro Points of Departure with Human Blood Levels for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

by Richard S. Judson, Doris Smith, Michael DeVito, John F. Wambaugh, Barbara A. Wetmore, Katie Paul Friedman, Grace Patlewicz, Russell S. Thomas, Risa R. Sayre, Jennifer H. Olker, Sigmund Degitz, Stephanie Padilla, Joshua A. Harrill, Timothy Shafer and Kelly E. Carstens

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040271 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2790

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used, and their fluorinated state contributes to unique uses and stability but also long half-lives in the environment and humans. PFAS have been shown to be toxic, leading to immunosuppression, cancer, and other adverse health outcomes. [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used, and their fluorinated state contributes to unique uses and stability but also long half-lives in the environment and humans. PFAS have been shown to be toxic, leading to immunosuppression, cancer, and other adverse health outcomes. Only a small fraction of the PFAS in commerce have been evaluated for toxicity using in vivo tests, which leads to a need to prioritize which compounds to examine further. Here, we demonstrate a prioritization approach that combines human biomonitoring data (blood concentrations) with bioactivity data (concentrations at which bioactivity is observed in vitro) for 31 PFAS. The in vitro data are taken from a battery of cell-based assays, mostly run on human cells. The result is a Bioactive Concentration to Blood Concentration Ratio (BCBCR), similar to a margin of exposure (MoE). Chemicals with low BCBCR values could then be prioritized for further risk assessment. Using this method, two of the PFAS, PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic Acid) and PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid), have BCBCR values < 1 for some populations. An additional 9 PFAS have BCBCR values < 100 for some populations. This study shows a promising approach to screening level risk assessments of compounds such as PFAS that are long-lived in humans and other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)

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15 pages, 2345 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Crop Contamination and Human Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances around a Fluorochemical Industrial Park in China

by Kairan Xu, Jian Huang, Yufeng Zhang, Xilong Wu, Dan Cai, Guocheng Hu, Yu Li, Zhuobiao Ni, Qingqi Lin, Shizhong Wang and Rongliang Qiu

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040269 - 4 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3080

Abstract

Due to their significant environmental impact, there has been a gradual restriction of the production and utilization of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), leading to continuous development and adoption of novel alternatives. To effectively identify the potential environmental risks from crop consumption, [...] Read more.

Due to their significant environmental impact, there has been a gradual restriction of the production and utilization of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), leading to continuous development and adoption of novel alternatives. To effectively identify the potential environmental risks from crop consumption, the levels of 25 PFAS, including fourteen perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), two precursor substances and nine novel alternatives, in agricultural soils and edible parts of various crops around a fluoride industrial park (FIP) in Changshu city, China, were measured. The concentration of ΣPFAS in the edible parts of all crops ranged from 11.64 to 299.5 ng/g, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) being the dominant compound, accounting for an average of 71% of ΣPFAS. The precursor substance, N-methylperfluoro-octanesulfonamidoacetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), was detected in all crop samples. Different types of crops showed distinguishing accumulation profiles for the PFAS. Solanaceae and leafy vegetables showed higher levels of PFAS contamination, with the highest ΣPFAS concentrations reaching 190.91 and 175.29 ng/g, respectively. The highest ΣAlternative was detected in leafy vegetables at 15.21 ng/g. The levels of human exposure to PFAS through crop consumption for various aged groups were also evaluated. The maximum exposure to PFOA for urban toddlers reached 109.8% of the standard value set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In addition, short-chained PFAAs and novel alternatives may pose potential risks to human health via crop consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Environmental Behaviors of Persistent Contaminants: Fate, Distribution, Risk, and Challenges)

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13 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Toxicity in Larval Estuarine Organisms

by Katy W. Chung, Peter B. Key, Philip Tanabe and Marie E. DeLorenzo

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040267 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent contaminant that has been found globally within the environment. Key data gaps exist in the toxicity of PFOS to marine organisms, especially estuarine species that are crucial to the food web: fish, shrimp, and mollusks. This study [...] Read more.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent contaminant that has been found globally within the environment. Key data gaps exist in the toxicity of PFOS to marine organisms, especially estuarine species that are crucial to the food web: fish, shrimp, and mollusks. This study developed toxicity thresholds for larval estuarine species, including grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), mysids (Americamysis bahia), and Eastern mud snails (Tritia obsoleta). Multiple abiotic stressors (salinity and temperature) were included as variables in testing the toxicity of PFOS. Acute 96 h toxicity testing under standard test conditions of 25 °C and 20 ppt seawater yielded LC₅₀ values of 0.919 mg/L for C. variegatus, 1.375 mg/L for A. bahia, 1.559 mg/L for T. obsoleta, and 2.011 mg/L for P. pugio. The effects of increased temperature (32 °C) and decreased salinity (10 ppt) varied with test species. PFOS toxicity for the sheepshead minnows increased with temperature but was not altered by decreased salinity. For grass shrimp and mud snails, PFOS toxicity was greater under lower salinity. The combination of higher temperature and lower salinity was observed to lower the toxicity thresholds for all species. These data demonstrate that expanding toxicity testing to include a wider range of parameters will improve the environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants, especially for species inhabiting dynamic estuarine ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

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22 pages, 1472 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hormesis, the Individual and Combined Phytotoxicity of the Components of Glyphosate-Based Formulations on Algal Growth and Photosynthetic Activity

by Szandra Klátyik, Eszter Takács, Attila Barócsi, Sándor Lenk, László Kocsányi, Béla Darvas and András Székács

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040257 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

The occurrence of the market-leading glyphosate active ingredient in surface waters is a globally observed phenomenon. Although co-formulants in pesticide formulations were considered inactive components from the aspects of the required main biological effect of the pesticide, several studies have proven the high [...] Read more.

The occurrence of the market-leading glyphosate active ingredient in surface waters is a globally observed phenomenon. Although co-formulants in pesticide formulations were considered inactive components from the aspects of the required main biological effect of the pesticide, several studies have proven the high individual toxicity of formulating agents, as well as the enhanced combined toxicity of the active ingredients and other components. Since the majority of active ingredients are present in the form of chemical mixtures in our environment, the possible combined toxicity between active ingredients and co-formulants is particularly important. To assess the individual and combined phytotoxicity of the components, glyphosate was tested in the form of pure active ingredient (glyphosate isopropylammonium salt) and herbicide formulations (Roundup Classic and Medallon Premium) formulated with a mixture of polyethoxylated tallow amines (POEA) or alkyl polyglucosides (APG), respectively. The order of acute toxicity was as follows for Roundup Classic: glyphosate < herbicide formulation < POEA. However, the following order was demonstrated for Medallon Premium: herbicide formulation < glyphosate < APG. Increased photosynthetic activity was detected after the exposure to the formulation (1.5–5.8 mg glyphosate/L and 0.5–2.2 mg POEA/L) and its components individually (glyphosate: 13–27.2 mg/L, POEA: 0.6–4.8 mg/L), which indicates hormetic effects. However, decreased photosynthetic activity was detected at higher concentrations of POEA (19.2 mg/L) and Roundup Classic (11.6–50.6 mg glyphosate/L). Differences were demonstrated in the sensitivity of the selected algae species and, in addition to the individual and combined toxicity of the components presented in the glyphosate-based herbicides. Both of the observed inhibitory and stimulating effects can adversely affect the aquatic ecosystems and water quality of surface waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Agrochemicals: Environmental Fate, Ecotoxicology, Risk Assessment, and Remediation)

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19 pages, 3057 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Battle of the Bites: The Effect of Sewage Effluent Exposure on Mosquitofish Biocontrol of Mosquitoes in Residential Louisiana

by Emily A. Kane, Shubham V. K. Yadav, Adeline Fogle, Nigel A. D’Souza, Nicholas DeLisi and Kevin A. Caillouët

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040259 - 30 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2069

Abstract

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, are eponymous larval mosquito predators. Their ability to colonize and survive in habitats that are uninhabitable by other potential predators allows them to naturally manage larval mosquito populations in most ground pools they are present in. However, effluent from [...] Read more.

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, are eponymous larval mosquito predators. Their ability to colonize and survive in habitats that are uninhabitable by other potential predators allows them to naturally manage larval mosquito populations in most ground pools they are present in. However, effluent from residential onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) appears to limit the presence of fish predators. This is especially problematic in Louisiana, where regulations allow the discharge of OWTS effluent into open drainage conveyances. To determine the effect of effluent on the capacity of mosquitofish for biocontrol in contaminated areas, we assessed the body condition metrics of populations from two effluent-exposed sites and two sites not exposed to effluent, determined the lethal effect of effluent-contaminated drainage water on fish, and measured the prey consumption rates in the presence of effluent. Female fish collected from effluent-impacted sites had a reduced somatic body condition and most females examined displayed masculinized anal fins resembling the male gonopodium structure. This trait was not seen in fish collected from the control sites and has not yet been documented in association with OWTSs or in the state of Louisiana. Fish from the control sites survived at effluent-contaminated water levels < 70%, and the prey clearance rates increased with dilution. Onsite wastewater treatment system effluent has significant effects on both the short- and long-term persistence of mosquitofish, their body composition, reproductive health, and larval mosquito consumption. These effects likely release mosquito larvae from suppression and may increase the threat of mosquito-transmitted pathogens in effluent-contaminated locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risks to Aquatic Animal Health Conditions in Environmental Extremes: Research and Management)

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33 pages, 4906 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review of Explosive Contamination and Bioremediation: Insights from Microbial and Bio-Omic Approaches

by Daniel Corredor, Jessica Duchicela, Francisco J. Flores, Maribel Maya and Edgar Guerron

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040249 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Soil pollution by TNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX(hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), resulting from the use of explosives, poses significant challenges, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity and alteration of microbial communities. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate this damage. This [...] Read more.

Soil pollution by TNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX(hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), resulting from the use of explosives, poses significant challenges, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity and alteration of microbial communities. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate this damage. This review focuses on Microbial and Bio-omics perspectives within the realm of soil pollution caused by explosive compounds. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, reviewing 79 articles meeting bibliometric criteria from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, relevant patents were scrutinized to establish a comprehensive research database. The synthesis of these findings serves as a critical resource, enhancing our understanding of challenges such as toxicity, soil alterations, and microbial stress, as well as exploring bio-omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in the context of environmental remediation. The review underscores the importance of exploring various remediation approaches, including mycorrhiza remediation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation. Moreover, an examination of patented technologies reveals refined and efficient processes that integrate microorganisms and environmental engineering. Notably, China and the United States are pioneers in this field, based on previous successful bioremediation endeavors. This review underscores research’s vital role in soil pollution via innovative, sustainable bioremediation for explosives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Enhanced Treatments of Hazardous Pollutants in Soil and Water: Biodegradation, Transformation, and Remediation)

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15 pages, 3168 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Species-Specific Unbound Fraction Differences in Highly Bound PFAS: A Comparative Study across Human, Rat, and Mouse Plasma and Albumin

by Sangwoo Ryu, Woodrow Burchett, Sam Zhang, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi, Juliana Agudelo Areiza, Emily Kaye, Fabian Christoph Fischer and Angela L. Slitt

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040253 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2718

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of fluorinated compounds which have yet to undergo comprehensive investigation regarding potential adverse health effects and bioaccumulative properties. With long half-lives and accumulative properties, PFAS have been linked to several toxic effects in both [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of fluorinated compounds which have yet to undergo comprehensive investigation regarding potential adverse health effects and bioaccumulative properties. With long half-lives and accumulative properties, PFAS have been linked to several toxic effects in both non-clinical species such as rat and mouse as well as human. Although biological impacts and specific protein binding of PFAS have been examined, there is no study focusing on the species-specific fraction unbound (f_u) in plasma and related toxicokinetics. Herein, a presaturation equilibrium dialysis method was used to measure and validate the binding of 14 individual PFAS with carbon chains containing 4 to 12 perfluorinated carbon atoms and several functional head-groups to albumin and plasma of mouse (C57BL/6 and CD-1), rat, and human. Equivalence testing between each species-matrix combination showed positive correlation between rat and human when comparing f_u in plasma and binding to albumin. Similar trends in binding were also observed for mouse plasma and albumin. Relatively high Spearman correlations for all combinations indicate high concordance of PFAS binding regardless of matrix. Physiochemical properties of PFAS such as molecular weight, chain length, and lipophilicity were found to have important roles in plasma protein binding of PFAS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

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23 pages, 1271 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Toxicological Effects of Naturally Occurring Endocrine Disruptors on Various Human Health Targets: A Rapid Review

by Sara Virtuoso, Carla Raggi, Antonella Maugliani, Francesca Baldi, Donatella Gentili and Laura Narciso

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040256 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3106

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system of living organisms. They can be natural (N-EDCs) or synthetic compounds (S-EDCs). N-EDCs can belong to different groups, such as phytoestrogens (PEs), including flavonoids, or mycotoxins originating from plants or [...] Read more.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system of living organisms. They can be natural (N-EDCs) or synthetic compounds (S-EDCs). N-EDCs can belong to different groups, such as phytoestrogens (PEs), including flavonoids, or mycotoxins originating from plants or fungi, and cyanotoxins, derived from bacteria. Humans encounter these substances in their daily lives. The aim of this rapid review (RR) is to provide a fine mapping of N-EDCs and their toxicological effects on human health in terms of various medical conditions or adverse consequences. This work is based on an extensive literature search and follows a rigorous step-by-step approach (search strategy, analysis strategy and data extraction), to select eligible papers published between 2019 and 2023 in the PubMed database, and to define a set of aspects characterizing N-EDCs and the different human target systems. Of the N-EDCs identified in this RR, flavonoids are the most representative class. Male and female reproductive systems were the targets most affected by N-EDCs, followed by the endocrine, nervous, bone and cardiovascular systems. In addition, the perinatal, pubertal and pregnancy periods were found to be particularly susceptible to natural endocrine disruptors. Considering their current daily use, more toxicological research on N-EDCs is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicological Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Human Health)

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20 pages, 3336 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Integrated Approach of Bioassays and Non-Target Screening for the Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Activities in Tap Water and Identification of Novel Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

by Siyuan Liu and Jing Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040247 - 28 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2580

Abstract

The safety of drinking water is a significant environmental issue of great concern for human health since numerous contaminants are often detected in drinking water and its sources. Boiling is a common household method used to produce relatively high-quality drinking water in some [...] Read more.

The safety of drinking water is a significant environmental issue of great concern for human health since numerous contaminants are often detected in drinking water and its sources. Boiling is a common household method used to produce relatively high-quality drinking water in some countries and regions. In this study, with the aid of an integrated approach of in vitro bioassays and non-target analysis based on high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography, alterations in endocrine-disrupting activities in tap water samples without and with boiling were revealed, as well as the potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contributing to these alterations were identified. The organic extracts of tap water had no significant (ant)agonistic activities against an estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at enrichment concentrations of ≤10 times, posing no immediate or acute health risk to humans. However, the presence of agonistic activities against PR and MR and antagonistic activities against ER, PR, GR, and MR in OEs of tap water at relatively higher enrichment concentrations still raise potential health concerns. Boiling effectively reduced antagonistic activities against these steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) but increased estrogenic and glucocorticoid activities in drinking water. Four novel potential EDCs, including one UV filter (phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid, PBSA) and three natural metabolites of organisms (beta-hydroxymyristic acid, 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, and isorosmanol) were identified in drinking water samples, each of which showed (ant)agonistic activities against different SHRs. Given the widespread use of UV filters in sunscreens to prevent skin cancer, the health risks posed by PBSA as an identified novel EDC are of concern. Although boiling has been thought to reduce the health risk of drinking water contamination, our findings suggest that boiling may have a more complex effect on the endocrine-disrupting activities of drinking water and, therefore, a more comprehensive assessment is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals)

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40 pages, 10551 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Light and Shadows Scenario

by Silvana Alfei and Omar Ginoble Pandoli

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040245 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis at 200–1000 °C in the limited presence of O₂ from different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks. BC has demonstrated great potential, mainly in environmental applications, due to its high sorption ability and persistent [...] Read more.

Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis at 200–1000 °C in the limited presence of O₂ from different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks. BC has demonstrated great potential, mainly in environmental applications, due to its high sorption ability and persistent free radicals (PFRs) content. These characteristics enable BC to carry out the direct and PFRs-mediated removal/degradation of environmental organic and inorganic contaminants. The types of PFRs that are possibly present in BC depend mainly on the pyrolysis temperature and the kind of pristine biomass. Since they can also cause ecological and human damage, a systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of BC-derived PFRs is urgent. PFRs generally consist of a mixture of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals and of oxygenated carbon-centered radicals, depending on the pyrolytic conditions. Here, to promote the more productive and beneficial use of BC and the related PFRs and to stimulate further studies to make them environmentally safer and less hazardous to humans, we have first reviewed the most common methods used to produce BC, its main environmental applications, and the primary mechanisms by which BC remove xenobiotics, as well as the reported mechanisms for PFR formation in BC. Secondly, we have discussed the environmental migration and transformation of PFRs; we have reported the main PFR-mediated application of BC to degrade inorganic and organic pollutants, the potential correlated environmental risks, and the possible strategies to limit them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Remediation Processes toward Heavy Metal-Contaminated Environment)

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16 pages, 2400 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Airport Sources and Their Effects on Ozone Production

by Mubai Chen, Shiping Li, Long Yun, Yongjiang Xu, Daiwei Chen, Chuxiong Lin, Zhicheng Qiu, Yinong You, Ming Liu, Zhenrong Luo, Liyun Zhang, Chunlei Cheng and Mei Li

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040243 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1678

Abstract

In recent years, commercial air transport has increased considerably. However, the compositions and source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from aircraft are still not clear. In this study, the characteristics of VOCs (including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs)) emitted from airport sources were [...] Read more.

In recent years, commercial air transport has increased considerably. However, the compositions and source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from aircraft are still not clear. In this study, the characteristics of VOCs (including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs)) emitted from airport sources were measured at Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport. The results showed that the compositions and proportions of VOC species showed significant differences as the aircraft operating state changed. OVOCs were the dominant species and accounted for 63.17%, 58.44%, and 51.60% of the total VOC mass concentration during the taxiing, approach, and take-off stages. Propionaldehyde and acetone were the main OVOCs, and dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane were the main halohydrocarbons. Propane had the highest proportion among all alkanes, while toluene and benzene were the predominant aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared with the source profiles of VOCs from construction machinery, the proportions of halogenated hydrocarbons and alkanes emitted from aircraft were significantly higher, as were those of propionaldehyde and acetone. OVOCs were still the dominant VOC species in aircraft emissions, and their calculated ozone formation potential (OFP) was much higher than that of other VOC species at all stages of aircraft operations. Acetone, propionaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ethylene were the greatest contributors to ozone production. This study comprehensively measured the distribution characteristics of VOCs, and its results will aid in the construction of a source profile inventory of VOCs emitted from aircraft sources in real atmospheric environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Aerosols: Source Apportionment, Characterizations, and Detection)

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25 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of a Proportional Response Addition Approach to Mixture Risk Assessment and Predictive Toxicology Using Data on Four Trihalomethanes from the U.S. EPA’s Multiple-Purpose Design Study

by Linda K. Teuschler, Richard C. Hertzberg, Anthony McDonald, Yusupha Mahtarr Sey and Jane Ellen Simmons

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040240 - 25 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

In this study, proportional response addition (Prop-RA), a model for predicting response from chemical mixture exposure, is demonstrated and evaluated by statistically analyzing data on all possible binary combinations of the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). These THMs were the subject of a multipurpose [...] Read more.

In this study, proportional response addition (Prop-RA), a model for predicting response from chemical mixture exposure, is demonstrated and evaluated by statistically analyzing data on all possible binary combinations of the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). These THMs were the subject of a multipurpose toxicology study specifically designed to evaluate Prop-RA. The experimental design used a set of doses common to all components and mixtures, providing hepatotoxicity data on the four single THMs and the binary combinations. In Prop-RA, the contribution of each component to mixture toxicity is proportional to its fraction in the mixture based on its response at the total mixture dose. The primary analysis consisted of 160 evaluations. Statistically significant departures from the Prop-RA prediction were found for seven evaluations, with three predications that were greater than and four that were less than the predicted response; interaction magnitudes (n-fold difference in response vs. prediction) ranged from 1.3 to 1.4 for the former and 2.6 to 3.8 for the latter. These predictions support the idea that Prop-RA works best with chemicals where the effective dose ranges overlap. Prop-RA does not assume the similarity of toxic action or independence, but it can be applied to a mixture of components that affect the same organ/system, with perhaps unknown toxic modes of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Mixtures Evaluation and Management)

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13 pages, 4336 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Measuring Respirable Crystalline Silica (Quartz) from Powdery Materials through Sedimentation and X-ray Diffractometry

by Tapani Tuomi and Jussi Lyyränen

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040241 - 25 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

When possible, choosing materials with a low quartz content is the most effective and cost-efficient way to prevent the respirable quartz exposure of workers and other end users of powdery products. Therefore, methods are needed to analyze low amounts of quartz from powdery [...] Read more.

When possible, choosing materials with a low quartz content is the most effective and cost-efficient way to prevent the respirable quartz exposure of workers and other end users of powdery products. Therefore, methods are needed to analyze low amounts of quartz from powdery products, such as sand, gravel, plaster, cement, and concrete. To this end, we present a method to analyze respirable dust and quartz from powdered materials, such as construction products. The method includes separation of the respirable dust fraction by liquid sedimentation, followed by gravimetric analysis and determination of the crystalline silica content by X-ray diffractometry. While also aiding in the development of less harmful products, analysis of the quartz concentration of powdery products is statutory in Eu countries, excluding natural products not chemically modified. According to EU Regulation No. 1272/2008, products must be classified if they contain harmful substances in concentrations above 0.1 wt.%, and clauses pertaining to cancerous properties and harmfulness to lungs should be included. Also, mineral producers in the EU recommend that products containing respirable quartz should be labelled based on their quartz concentration, provided the concentration exceeds 1 wt.%. The present method meets these needs. The analysis can be performed in parallel from 50 to 1000 mg (dry weight) of powdery materials. The quantitative limit of determination was 10 µg per sample, corresponding to 0.01 wt.%, and the linear range 0.02–10 wt.% (10–5000 µg quartz per sample, Pearson correlation coefficient 0.99). The accuracy of the method was 82% and the repeatability 11%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Exposure to Chemicals, Aerosols and Toxic Materials)

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14 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

White Stork Pellets: Non-Invasive Solution to Monitor Anthropogenic Particle Pollution

by Dora Bjedov, Alma Mikuška, Vlatka Gvozdić, Petar Glavaš, Dora Gradečak and Mirta Sudarić Bogojević

Toxics 2024, 12(4), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040236 - 23 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

The present study applied a non-invasive method to analyse anthropogenic particles and prey items in white stork (Ciconia ciconia) pellets. Pellets (n = 20) were obtained from white stork nests during the 2020 breeding season from two sites in Croatia. [...] Read more.

The present study applied a non-invasive method to analyse anthropogenic particles and prey items in white stork (Ciconia ciconia) pellets. Pellets (n = 20) were obtained from white stork nests during the 2020 breeding season from two sites in Croatia. In total, 7869 anthropogenic particles were isolated. The majority of particles were fragments, while previous studies on other birds often reported fibres. An ATR–FTIR polymer analysis detected glass and construction and building materials, as well as several compounds associated with plastic masses. Polymer investigation revealed the presence of dotriacontane and octacosane, which are by-products of polyethylene (PE) degradation and transformation. Additionally, the detection of vinylidene chloride (VDC) highlights the historical contribution of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) to plastic pollution. Significant variation in particle quantity and size between the sampling sites was detected, with larger particles found at sites associated with the metal mechanical engineering industry and agriculture. Prey assessment revealed chitin remains of large insects such as Orthoptera and Coleoptera. This research confirms the potential of pellet analysis as a valuable tool for assessing the presence of anthropogenic particles in the environment. However, further research is needed to fully understand the extent of particle ingestion, particle sources and potential impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposure to Microplastics: Effects on Animals and Human Health)

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17 pages, 21149 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identifying the Local Influencing Factors of Arsenic Concentration in Suburban Soil: A Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Approach

by Yuanli Zhu, Bo Liu, Gui Jin, Zihao Wu and Dongyan Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(3), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030229 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

Exploring the local influencing factors and sources of soil arsenic (As) is crucial for reducing As pollution, protecting soil ecology, and ensuring human health. Based on geographically weighted regression (GWR), multiscale GWR (MGWR) considers the different influence ranges of explanatory variables and thus [...] Read more.

Exploring the local influencing factors and sources of soil arsenic (As) is crucial for reducing As pollution, protecting soil ecology, and ensuring human health. Based on geographically weighted regression (GWR), multiscale GWR (MGWR) considers the different influence ranges of explanatory variables and thus adopts an adaptative bandwidth. It is an effective model in many fields but has not been used in exploring local influencing factors and sources of As. Therefore, using 200 samples collected from the northeastern black soil zone of China, this study examined the effectiveness of MGWR, revealed the spatial non-stationary relationship between As and environmental variables, and determined the local impact factors and pollution sources of As. The results showed that 49% of the samples had arsenic content exceeding the background value, and these samples were mainly distributed in the central and southern parts of the region. MGWR outperformed GWR with the adaptative bandwidth, with a lower Moran’s I of residuals and a higher R² (0.559). The MGWR model revealed the spatially heterogeneous relationship between As and explanatory variables. Specifically, the road density and total nitrogen, clay, and silt contents were the primary or secondary influencing factors at most points. The distance from an industrial enterprise was the secondary influencing factor at only a few points. The main pollution sources of As were thus inferred as traffic and fertilizer, and industrial emissions were also included in the southern region. These findings highlight the importance of considering adaptative bandwidths for independent variables and demonstrate the effectiveness of MGWR in exploring local sources of soil pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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16 pages, 3066 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Mercury Levels and Neurological Symptoms: An Overview

by Jamila Alessandra Perini, Jessica Vilarinho Cardoso, Alana de Oliveira Knesse, Felipe Oliveira Pessoa-Silva, Ana Claudia Santiago de Vasconcellos, Daniel Escorsim Machado and Paulo Cesar Basta

Toxics 2024, 12(3), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030226 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global public health concern because of its adverse effects on the environment and health. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Hg levels and outcomes. The aim of this review was to describe the research and discuss the [...] Read more.

Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global public health concern because of its adverse effects on the environment and health. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Hg levels and outcomes. The aim of this review was to describe the research and discuss the evidence on the genetic susceptibility of Hg-exposed individuals to the development of neurocognitive disorders. A systematic review was performed to identify the genes/SNPs associated with Hg toxicokinetics and that, therefore, affect neurological function in exposed populations. Observational and experimental studies were identified by screening three databases. Thirteen articles were included (quality score 82–100%) and 8124 individuals were evaluated. Hg exposure was mainly fish consumption (77%) and, in 31% of the studies, the Hg levels exceeded the reference limits. Genetic susceptibility to higher Hg levels and neurotoxicity risk in Hg poisoning were associated with eight (ALAD rs1800435, CYP3A4 rs2740574, CYP3A5 rs776746, CYP3A7 rs2257401, GSTP1 rs1695, MT1A rs8052394, MT1M rs2270836, and MT4 rs11643815) and three (MT1A rs8052394, MT1M rs2270837, and MT2A rs10636) SNPs, respectively, and rs8052394 was associated with both outcomes. The MT1A rs8052394 SNP may be used as a susceptibility biomarker to identify individuals at greater risk for higher Hg levels and the development of neurocognitive disorders in metal-exposed populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity Induced by Chemicals)

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16 pages, 4255 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Short-Term Effects of Primary and Secondary Particulate Matter on Ceramide Metabolism, Pro-Inflammatory Response, and Blood Coagulation

by Bin Zhang, Hongbing Xu, Xinghou He, Tong Wang, Mengyao Li, Xuyang Shan, Yutong Zhu, Changjie Liu, Qian Zhao, Xiaoming Song, Yele Sun, Lemin Zheng and Wei Huang

Toxics 2024, 12(3), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030225 - 19 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2074

Abstract

Evidence of the precise biological pathway responsible for acute cardiovascular events triggered by particulate matter (PM) exposure from anthropogenic emissions is sparse. We investigated the associations of biomarkers relevant to the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis (ceramide metabolism, pro-inflammatory response, and blood coagulation) with primary [...] Read more.

Evidence of the precise biological pathway responsible for acute cardiovascular events triggered by particulate matter (PM) exposure from anthropogenic emissions is sparse. We investigated the associations of biomarkers relevant to the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis (ceramide metabolism, pro-inflammatory response, and blood coagulation) with primary and secondary components in particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). A total of 152 healthy participants were followed with four repeated clinical visits between September 2019 and January 2020 in Beijing. Exposure to ambient inorganic aerosols (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride), as well as organic aerosols (OA) in PM_2.5, was measured by a real-time aerosol chemical speciation monitor, and sources of OA were performed by positive matrix factorization. We found significant increases of 101.9–397.9% in ceramide indicators associated with interquartile-range increases in inorganic aerosols and OA prior to 72 h of exposure. Higher levels of organic and inorganic aerosols in PM_2.5 were associated with increases of 3.1–6.0% in normal T cells regulated upon activation and expressed and secreted relevant to the pro-inflammatory response; increases of 276.9–541.5% were observed in D-dimers relevant to coagulation. Detrimental effects were further observed following OA exposure from fossil fuel combustion. Mediation analyses indicated that ceramide metabolism could mediate the associations of PM_2.5 components with pro-inflammatory responses. Our findings expand upon the current understanding of potential pathophysiological pathways of cardiovascular events posed by ambient particulates and highlight the importance of reducing primary and secondary PM from anthropogenic combustions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Airborne Particulate Matter on Biomarkers and Biological Pathways)

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13 pages, 5519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association between Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and the Prevalence of Sleep Problems in US Adults

by Jianyun Sun, Chunyan Gui, Ya Xiao, Runxue Ma, Ce Liu, Li He, Hao Zhao and Bin Luo

Toxics 2024, 12(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030222 - 18 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2207

Abstract

Background: While mounting evidence suggests a connection between environmental contaminants and sleep problems, it remains uncertain whether exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) specifically is associated with such problems. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey program’s five survey cycles [...] Read more.

Background: While mounting evidence suggests a connection between environmental contaminants and sleep problems, it remains uncertain whether exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) specifically is associated with such problems. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey program’s five survey cycles (2005–2006, 2011–2018) were used to conduct cross-sectional research. Data on short sleep duration (SSD) and self-reported trouble sleeping were collected from questionnaire data. Data on urine VOCs were gathered from laboratory data. The association between urinary VOCs and sleep problems was examined using weighted generalized linear models and the restricted cubic spline (RCS), weighted quantile sum (WQS), and quantile-based g-calculation (QGC) methods. Results: In all, a total of 4131 general adult individuals were included in this study. The prevalence of SSD and self-reported trouble sleeping was 34.11% and 25.03%, respectively. 3,4-MHA, AAMA, AMCC, SBMA, and MA were risk factors for SSD after adjusting several covariates, with the largest effect being AMCC (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.02). Risk factors for sleep issues included AAMA, AMCC, CEMA, CYMA, DGBMA, 2HPMA, 3HPMA, MA, and PGA, with AMCC having the highest impact with an OR of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.22). Both the WQS model and the QGC model showed that the co-exposure to VOCs was positively associated with SSD and self-reported trouble sleeping, with AMCC being the most influential VOC. Conclusions: According to our research, high levels of single or mixed urine VOCs are linked to a higher prevalence of SSD and self-reported trouble sleeping in the general adult population of the United States. Further prospective and experimental studies are needed in the future to validate these potential relationships and explore the underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollution and Its Interaction with Meteorological Factors and Unhealthy Lifestyles)

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27 pages, 4983 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Indications of Endocrine Disruptor Effects of JP-5 Jet Fuel Using a Rat-Model Reproductive Study and an In Vitro Human Hormone Receptor Assay

by William R. Howard, Joyce G. Rohan, Kimberly S. B. Yeager, Chester P. Gut, Kathleen A. Frondorf, Shawn M. McInturf, Nathan M. Gargas and Karen L. Mumy

Toxics 2024, 12(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030220 - 16 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1934

Abstract

Recent events concerning jet fuel contamination of drinking water have shown that we need a better understanding of the effects of ingested jet fuel. To this end, a reproductive study with ingested jet fuel in rats was undertaken with relatively high concentrations of [...] Read more.

Recent events concerning jet fuel contamination of drinking water have shown that we need a better understanding of the effects of ingested jet fuel. To this end, a reproductive study with ingested jet fuel in rats was undertaken with relatively high concentrations of Jet Propellant (JP)-5 along with a human estrogen receptor activation in vitro assay using JP-5, JP-8, and an alternative jet fuel derived from the camelina plant referred to as HydroRenewable Jet (HRJ) fuel, to help evaluate potential effects of ingested jet fuel. The results of the in vivo study provide evidence that JP-5 can act as an endocrine disruptor, with specific observations including altered hormone levels with JP-5 exposure (significantly lower estradiol levels in male rats and significantly increased Dehydroepiandrosterone levels in females), and a decreased male/female offspring ratio. The in vitro hormone receptor activation assay indicated that JP-5 and JP-8 are capable of upregulating human estrogen receptor (ER) activity, while HRJ was not active in the ER assay. The jet fuels were not able to activate androgen or glucocorticoid receptors in further in vitro assays. These results infer potential endocrine disruption associated with JP-5, with activation of the estrogen receptor as one potential mechanism of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Toxicological Impact of Jet and Rocket Fuel on Human Health)

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