Pathogens

11 pages, 436 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel PCR Panel for Bacterial Detection in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Comparative Study with Culture Results

by Selda Kömeç, Mehmet Akif Durmuş, Ayşe Nur Ceylan and Ramazan Korkusuz

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101017 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections require rapid and accurate diagnosis. While bacterial culture remains the gold standard, multiplex PCR (mPCR) enables faster and more sensitive detection of multiple pathogens. This study evaluates the Bio-Speedy mPCR panel for 18 bacteria in comparison to conventional [...] Read more.

Lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections require rapid and accurate diagnosis. While bacterial culture remains the gold standard, multiplex PCR (mPCR) enables faster and more sensitive detection of multiple pathogens. This study evaluates the Bio-Speedy mPCR panel for 18 bacteria in comparison to conventional culture. A total of 100 LRT samples were analyzed. Complete concordance between the methods was observed in 85% of samples, with mPCR detecting pathogens slightly more frequently (62% vs. 53%). Discrepancies were primarily due to prior antibiotic therapy, low bacterial loads, colonization, or pathogens not included in the PCR panel. The sensitivity and specificity of mPCR were 79.3% and 96.8%, respectively, with negative agreement at 98.9% and positive agreement at 57.0%. Considering culture-negative but clinically relevant PCR-positive results, the sensitivity improved to 98.1% and the positive agreement to 86.7%. mPCR offers early pathogen detection, enabling timely therapy and potentially improving outcomes, particularly in intensive care settings. While culture remains indispensable for viable pathogen identification, combining mPCR with conventional methods provides complementary information, particularly when prior antibiotic use or the presence of fastidious pathogens may compromise culture results. Careful consideration of cost, patient population, and clinical context is recommended for optimal implementation of mPCR panels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2573 KB

Open AccessCase Report

An Unusual Case of Anterior Mediastinal Cystic Echinococcosis Successfully Resolved with Multidisciplinary Approach

by Katarzyna Rodak, Magdalena Mnichowska-Polanowska, Arkadiusz Waloryszak, Konrad Ptaszyński, Janusz Wójcik and Małgorzata Edyta Wojtyś

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101016 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs of the genus Echinococcus, shed in the feces of animal definitive host. In the human duodenum, these eggs release oncospheres, which penetrate the intestinal wall and via the bloodstream [...] Read more.

Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs of the genus Echinococcus, shed in the feces of animal definitive host. In the human duodenum, these eggs release oncospheres, which penetrate the intestinal wall and via the bloodstream reach the liver—the most common site for development of cysts. However, it is important to remember that any other organ can be affected via the bloodstream, due to larvae size. In Europe, the most diagnostically relevant species are Echinococcus granulosus, with a median incidence of 0.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and Echinococcus multilocularis, with 0.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. This article aims to describe an exceptionally unusual location of human cystic echinococcosis in the anterior mediastinum. We describe the role of multidisciplinary diagnostics in establishing the definitive diagnosis. The pathomorphological examination, radiological imaging and serological testing for diagnosing cystic echinococcosis are hereby described. It is particularly important to avoid reporting unspecified Echinococcus (NOS) if possible, as the management and treatment of patients with echinococcosis varies depending on the species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitic Diseases in the Contemporary World)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 747 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Early Detection and Identification of Methylobacterium radiotolerans Bacteremia in an Early T-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient: A Rare Infection and Literature Review

by Jiayu Xiao, Lingli Liu, Xuzhen Qin and Yingchun Xu

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101015 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Methylobacterium radiotolerans (M. radiotolerans) is a fastidious, aerobic, Gram-negative bacillus primarily found in environmental sources such as soil and sewage, with rare clinical isolation. Its identification remains challenging due to poor growth with conventional culture methods. (2) Case presentation: [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Methylobacterium radiotolerans (M. radiotolerans) is a fastidious, aerobic, Gram-negative bacillus primarily found in environmental sources such as soil and sewage, with rare clinical isolation. Its identification remains challenging due to poor growth with conventional culture methods. (2) Case presentation: A 42-year-old male patient with early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) presented with M. radiotolerans bacteremia during hospitalization. The organism was successfully isolated from peripheral blood using the Myco/F Lytic culture vial (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Lincoln, MT, USA). Comparative analysis demonstrated markedly superior growth of M. radiotolerans in Myco/F Lytic culture vials compared with Plus Aerobic/F Lytic and Lytic/10 Anaerobic/F culture vials (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Lincoln, MT, USA). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, performed with the epsilometer test (E-test) and Bauer–Kirby disk diffusion (BK) method, guided the selection of an appropriate therapeutic regimen. The patient’s infection was ultimately controlled following targeted antimicrobial therapy. (3) Conclusions: M. radiotolerans demonstrates a distinct growth preference for the Myco/F Lytic culture medium. This observation highlights the importance of considering alternative culture media in cases of rare or fastidious bacterial infections that cannot be reliably detected using conventional Plus Aerobic/F Lytic or Lytic/10 Anaerobic/F culture vials, which are typically employed for clinical isolation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

11 pages, 833 KB

Open AccessEssay

SHP-1 Promotes the Replication of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by Inhibiting TRAF3-Mediated Type I Interferon Immune Responses

by Jiaqing Hu, Yuxin Kong, Yi Liu, Ning Li and Shijin Jiang

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101014 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alpha coronavirus, is one of the main pathogens causing piglet diarrhea. PEDV can enhance its replication by regulating host protein function. The tyrosine phosphatase src homology 2 domain-containing PTP (SHP-1) acts as a [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alpha coronavirus, is one of the main pathogens causing piglet diarrhea. PEDV can enhance its replication by regulating host protein function. The tyrosine phosphatase src homology 2 domain-containing PTP (SHP-1) acts as a host natural immune protein capable of influencing viral replication, but there are no studies on the regulation of virus replication by pig SHP-1. In this study, we expressed porcine SHP-1 protein and examined its interaction with PEDV as well as its potential role in PEDV infection. The results showed that SHP-1 overexpression in porcine kidney cells (PK15) significantly increased the mRNA level of viral S protein in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, SHP-1 knockdown reduced S gene expression, indicating that SHP-1 promoted PEDV replication. Overexpression of SHP-1 had an inhibitory effect on IFN-β, TNF-α, ISG15, and CXCL10, while this inhibition was reduced as SHP-1 expression decreased. Furthermore, we found that SHP-1 interacted with TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and inhibited its K63-linked ubiquitination, suppressing the expression of IFN-β and ISGs and facilitating PEDV replication. The study provided new insights for the prevention and control of porcine epidemic diarrhea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Ecological Interventions in Zoonotic Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1038 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cytokine Profiling of Exudates from Periapical Lesions and the Efficacy of CXCL10 as a Healing Marker

by Kazuhisa Ouhara, Yuri Taniguchi, Ruoqi Zhai, Katsuhiro Takeda, Ryousuke Fujimori, Naoya Kuwahara, Shoya Ueda, Yitong Hou, Nomi Honoka, Masaru Shimizu, Shoko Kono, Tomoyuki Iwata, Shinji Matsuda and Noriyoshi Mizuno

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101013 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate cytokine profiling in a periapical lesion to provide a rationale for future treatment strategies for periapical lesions. Thirteen samples of exudative fluid were collected from such a lesion directly through the root canal. Cytokine profiling was performed using [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate cytokine profiling in a periapical lesion to provide a rationale for future treatment strategies for periapical lesions. Thirteen samples of exudative fluid were collected from such a lesion directly through the root canal. Cytokine profiling was performed using the Bio-Plex system. CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, IP10) was found to be elevated in apical exudates of patients exhibiting favorable healing. To evaluate the role of CXCL10 in cell migration, a Transwell assay was conducted using bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMCs). Different types of cytokines were detected from the samples of periapical lesion at the initial visit. However, cytokine production varied across patient samples. Release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α showed differential expression. Comparison of cytokine profiles indicated that cytokine production was variable before and after root canal treatment. In vitro, CXCL10 significantly improved BMMC migration in a dose-dependent manner, supporting clinical findings that elevated CXCL10 levels are associated with favorable healing in apical lesions. Although this study was limited by the small sample size and exploratory design, the cytokine profile of periapical lesions may be useful for assessing the condition of periapical lesions and modulating the immune response to bacterial infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Profiling of Wild-Caught Phlebotomus papatasi in Morocco: First Observation of Nematodes in Moroccan Population of Sandflies

by Mohamed Daoudi, Myriam Beaulieu, George Dong, Momar Ndao, Samia Boussaa, Mohamed Hafidi, Ali Boumezzough and Martin Olivier

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101012 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Phlebotomine-borne diseases, transmitted by sand flies, cause significant public health burdens worldwide. In Morocco, Phlebotomus papatasi is a primary vector for Leishmania major and phleboviruses. Despite extensive research in other countries, entomopathogenic parasite investigations in P. papatasi have not been conducted in Morocco [...] Read more.

Phlebotomine-borne diseases, transmitted by sand flies, cause significant public health burdens worldwide. In Morocco, Phlebotomus papatasi is a primary vector for Leishmania major and phleboviruses. Despite extensive research in other countries, entomopathogenic parasite investigations in P. papatasi have not been conducted in Morocco until now. This study performed proteomic analysis of female P. papatasi collected from four Moroccan localities using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our analysis revealed that Phlebotomus papatasi peptides were the most abundant, with 884 peptides identified. Additionally, we detected 732 peptides from nematodes, 86 from Leishmania major, 79 from L. infantum, eight from L. tropica, and two peptides associated with phleboviruses. Microscopic examination of 1752 sand flies confirmed P. sergenti female infected with Tetranematidae, Didilia spp. in Imintanout (Z2). This study provides the first report of nematodes in sand flies in Africa and represents the first application of proteomics to identify pathogens carried by P. papatasi. These findings highlight remarkable proteomic differences among localities and generate critical data for understanding parasite-vector interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Parasitic Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

34 pages, 739 KB

Open AccessReview

Phage to ESKAPE: Personalizing Therapy for MDR Infections—A Comprehensive Clinical Review

by Andrea Marino, Stefano Stracquadanio, Federica Cosentino, Alberto Enrico Maraolo, Agnese Colpani, Andrea De Vito, Nicholas Geremia, Alice Nicolosi, Alessandra Oliva, Bruno Cacopardo and Giuseppe Nunnari

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101011 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

The proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens—Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.—constitutes a critical global health crisis, rendering conventional antibiotics increasingly ineffective. This comprehensive review evaluates the re-emerging potential of [...] Read more.

The proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens—Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.—constitutes a critical global health crisis, rendering conventional antibiotics increasingly ineffective. This comprehensive review evaluates the re-emerging potential of bacteriophage therapy as a personalized treatment for infections caused by these organisms. Phages, being viruses that specifically infect and lyse bacteria, offer significant advantages, including high specificity that spares host microbiota, self-replication at the infection site, and potent activity against biofilms. This paper synthesizes current preclinical and clinical evidence, including compassionate-use cases, for phage therapy against each of the ESKAPE pathogens. While case reports and small studies demonstrate considerable success, particularly in salvage therapy for otherwise untreatable infections, significant challenges remain. These include the narrow host range of phages, the potential for bacterial resistance, unpredictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, and a complex, non-harmonized regulatory landscape. The review highlights that phage–antibiotic synergy and the use of phage cocktails are promising strategies to overcome some of these limitations. Future progress in phage therapy will depend on standardized manufacturing, robust clinical trials to establish dosing and efficacy, and the development of adaptive regulatory pathways. Phage therapy is positioned not as a replacement for antibiotics but as a vital adjunctive tool in the armamentarium against MDR infections, heralding a move towards a more personalized approach to infectious disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Classic and Emerging Pathogens as a Cause of Healthcare-Associated Infections: Current Knowledge and Future Approaches)

13 pages, 3320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Fauna on Green Habitats of Urban Areas in Eastern Croatia

by Stjepan Krčmar, Petra Matak, Lora Krčmar and Kristina Nikolić

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101010 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are vectors of numerous pathogenic microorganisms in humans and animals. In Croatia, very few studies have been conducted on the diversity of hard tick fauna in urban green areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the [...] Read more.

Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are vectors of numerous pathogenic microorganisms in humans and animals. In Croatia, very few studies have been conducted on the diversity of hard tick fauna in urban green areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and seasonal dynamics of hard tick fauna in three eastern Croatian cities. Three species of ticks were recorded in Osijek and Vukovar, while six species were recorded in the area of the city of Vinkovci. In total, six species were collected during this study, and together with an earlier record of Ixodes canisuga, seven species are now known from urban green habitats in this region. The most abundant species was I. ricinus (82.06%), followed by R. sanguineus s.l. (9.03%), H. concinna (6.51%), D. reticulatus (1.26%), I. hexagonus (0.91%), D. marginatus (0.11%), and I. canisuga (0.11%). The detection of R. sanguineus s.l. in Vinkovci and Vukovar represents the first record of this species in eastern Croatia. In Osijek and Vinkovci, I. ricinus was the most abundant species. This tick is the primary vector of Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis, the two most common tick-borne diseases affecting humans in eastern Croatia. In Osijek and Vukovar, peak abundance of ticks was recorded in May, while in Vinkovci in March. Given that the species documented here represent 30.43% of all tick species recorded in Croatia, their presence in urban areas highlights the potential public health risk associated with ticks in these environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Balkans)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2006 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Bioinformatic Modeling to Clinical Observation: Potential Implications of Ribosomal RNA Folding in Blastocystis sp. Isolates from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carriers

by Fernando Martínez-Hernández, Arony Martínez, Cecilia Zampedri, Mirza Romero-Valdovinos, Carlos Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Karina Flores-Martínez, Armando Trejo-Chávez, Guiehdani Villalobos and Pablo Maravilla

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101009 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Here, 18S-rDNA sequences of Blastocystis sp., previously documented from symptomatic (cases) and asymptomatic (controls) carriers, were analyzed to determine their population structure, predict their secondary structure, and examine their interactions with ribosomal proteins (Bud23, RPS5, and RPS18). Phylogenetic and population differentiation analyses were [...] Read more.

Here, 18S-rDNA sequences of Blastocystis sp., previously documented from symptomatic (cases) and asymptomatic (controls) carriers, were analyzed to determine their population structure, predict their secondary structure, and examine their interactions with ribosomal proteins (Bud23, RPS5, and RPS18). Phylogenetic and population differentiation analyses were performed using STRUCTURE software V2.3.4. Moreover, an analysis of the rRNA secondary structure and folding of each sequence was performed, and their probability of interaction with ribosomal proteins was determined. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses sorted the sequences into genetic subtypes ST1, ST2, and ST3, while the population structure showed each cluster as a differentiated subpopulation, suggesting incipient speciation or cryptic species differentiation. Furthermore, the analysis of the secondary structure of rRNA exhibited specific arrangements for each subtype. In addition, the probability of interaction between 18S-rRNA sequences of Blastocystis from cases and controls with RPS5 and RPS18 was significant, matching the biological plausibility of the previously documented finding that control isolates had a lower generation time than isolates obtained from cases. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that ribosomal subtypes ST1–ST3 of Blastocystis represent evolutionarily distinct lineages with the potential to be recognized as future species. Furthermore, they underscore the functional relevance of 18S-rRNA sequences from clinical isolates of Blastocystis. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2144 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metagenomic Profile of Bacterial Communities of Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma asiaticum Ticks in Kazakhstan

by Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova, Nurlan S. Kozhabergenov, Gaukhar O. Shynybekova, Meirim D. Almezhanova, Samat B. Zhaksylyk, Madina R. Abayeva, Olga V. Chervyakova, Takhmina O. Argimbayeva and Mukhit B. Orynbayev

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101008 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ticks are important vectors of pathogens affecting humans and animals, posing a serious threat to health. For the first time, we studied the metagenomic profile of the microbial composition of Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma asiaticum ticks in Kazakhstan. A total of 94 adult [...] Read more.

Ticks are important vectors of pathogens affecting humans and animals, posing a serious threat to health. For the first time, we studied the metagenomic profile of the microbial composition of Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma asiaticum ticks in Kazakhstan. A total of 94 adult H. asiaticum and H. scupense ticks collected from randomly selected cattle in Kazakhstan in 2023 were analyzed. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using the Ion Torrent NGS platform. Taxonomic classification was carried out in the BV-BRC platform with the Kraken2 database. Metagenomic analysis revealed 26 bacterial genera, including both pathogenic and symbiotic taxa. In H. scupense, the dominant groups were Francisella (89.0%), Staphylococcus (76.0%) and Candidatus Midichloria (61.0%), while in H. asiaticum, they were Francisella (99.0% and 95.0%) and Helcococcus (65.0%). In male H. scupense, the proportion of Francisella reached 89%, whereas in females, it varied from 2% to 28%. In H. asiaticum, Helcococcus accounted for 65% in males compared to 11% in females. This is the first report on the metagenomic profile of the microbiota of H. scupense and H. asiaticum in Kazakhstan. The detection of pathogens indicates a risk of their transmission to humans and animals and highlights the need to develop new tick control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in a Changing World)

13 pages, 661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Patients with Newly Diagnosed Cervical Cancer Should Be Screened for Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Anal Dysplasia: Results of Cost and Quality Analysis

by Lukus Berber, Olivia Foy, Jesus Cantu, Jr. and Eli D. Ehrenpreis

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101007 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: HPV infections with high-risk subtypes are a risk factor for developing cervical and anal cancer. Despite HPV vaccination, the incidence of cervical and anal cancer is increasing. There has been substantial research regarding the benefits of screening men who have sex [...] Read more.

Background: HPV infections with high-risk subtypes are a risk factor for developing cervical and anal cancer. Despite HPV vaccination, the incidence of cervical and anal cancer is increasing. There has been substantial research regarding the benefits of screening men who have sex with men (MSM) and those diagnosed with HIV for anal HPV and dysplasia, but little data exists for women diagnosed with cervical cancer. Methods: We constructed a Markov model in Python 3.13 to simulate the outcomes and financial impact of screening women newly diagnosed with cervical cancer for anal HPV and dysplasia. Two matrices were used to represent the screened group and the unscreened group. In the screening group, all women received initial anal HPV screening and high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy. If biopsy results confirmed HSIL, each would receive treatment with electrocautery. The screening group would also undergo annual surveillance and follow-up treatment as necessary. In the unscreened group, women did not receive screening or treatment, and the disease process was allowed to progress naturally. Results: The initial cohort consisted of 5555 women diagnosed with cervical cancer and concurrent anal HPV. The incidence of anal cancer in the screening group was 271 vs. 375 in the unscreened group after three years, 642 vs. 1236 after ten years, and 863 vs. 2039 after twenty years. Moreover, anal cancer deaths were 1236 in the screening group vs. 9041 in the unscreened group after 10 years and 31,118 vs. 51,553 after twenty years. The screened group saved 330.1 million dollars after ten years and 1.33 billion dollars after twenty years when compared to the unscreened group. Over the life of the study, the screened group would also accrue 102,000 discounted QALYs when compared to the unscreened group. Conclusions: Our model strongly suggests that screening women diagnosed with cervical cancer for anal HPV and treating anal dysplasia leads to less anal cancer, less deaths from anal cancer, less economic impact on the healthcare system, and more QALYs for patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 276 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Spotted Fever Rickettsioses in Panama: New Cases and the Gaps That Hinder Its Epidemiological Understanding

by Sergio Bermúdez, Ericka Ferguson Amores, Naty Aguirre, Michelle Hernández, Boris Garrido, Lillian Domínguez, Yamitzel Zaldívar, Claudia González, Jorge Omar Castillo, Alexander Martínez-Caballero, Ambar Moreno, Mabel Martínez-Montero, Ambar Poveda, Domicio Espino, Karina Baker and Franklyn Samudio

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101006 - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Rickettsia rickettsii is the most virulent agent of the genus Rickettsia that causes one of the most relevant vector-borne diseases in the Americas (RRSF). RRSF manifests with many non-specific acute clinical symptoms complicating its diagnosis and can lead to death if not treated [...] Read more.

Rickettsia rickettsii is the most virulent agent of the genus Rickettsia that causes one of the most relevant vector-borne diseases in the Americas (RRSF). RRSF manifests with many non-specific acute clinical symptoms complicating its diagnosis and can lead to death if not treated appropriately. RRSF has been reported in Canada, the United States of America, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina. In addition to R. rickettsii, mild and severe spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) have been reported in the Americas; however, the true prevalence of these diseases is unknown. In Panama, RRSF have been reported in four of 14 provinces during two outbreak periods: five cases including two fatalities were identified in 1950–1951, and 23 cases including 17 fatalities between 2004 and 2025. This paper presents the clinical characterization of a fatal case of RRSF in Coclé province and a severe case of SFGR in a mountainous area of the Gnäbe Buglé Indigenous Comarca (GBIC). Laboratory confirmation was performed by molecular analysis of tissues obtained from necropsies in the case of RRSF and by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in the case of SFGR. Furthermore, this paper identifies existing gaps in the initial clinical suspicion and pertinent to SFGR in Panama, which may be applicable to other countries in the region. In the last 21 years, cases have occurred upon contact with ticks in rural areas (13), urban and suburban locations (7), rural woodlands (2), and forests (1). Provinces with more cases are Panamá (7 of 23, 6 died), Coclé (5 of 23, 5 died), Colón (3 of 23, 1 died), Panamá Oeste (1 of 23, 1 died), and GBIC (7 of 23, 4 died), including a cluster of seven cases in 2019. Therefore, Coclé province is considered one of the endemic areas for RRSF in Panama, while the latest cases from the GBIC since 2019 indicate that mountainous areas are an eco-epidemiological scenario to include in the transmission of these diseases. Although this disease has a low prevalence, patients who present symptoms commonly associated with more common diseases such as dengue, other arboviruses, malaria, and leptospirosis, among others, should be included in the diagnostic suspicion. Without diagnostic suspicion and adequate treatment, the patient can die. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Tick Research)

14 pages, 692 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Argentine, Bolivian, Paraguayan and Cuban Native Cattle Using a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay-BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2

by Guillermo Giovambattista, Aronggaowa Bao, Olivia Marcuzzi, Ariel Loza Vega, Juan Antonio Pereira Rico, Maria Florencia Ortega Masague, Liz Aurora Castro Rojas, Ruben Dario Martinez, Odalys Uffo Reinosa and Yoko Aida

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101005 - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic retrovirus of the genus Deltaretrovirus, causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most prevalent neoplastic disease in cattle and a major source of economic loss. While BLV prevalence has been studied in commercial breeds, data on native Latin [...] Read more.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic retrovirus of the genus Deltaretrovirus, causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most prevalent neoplastic disease in cattle and a major source of economic loss. While BLV prevalence has been studied in commercial breeds, data on native Latin American cattle remain limited. This study assessed BLV infection and proviral load in 244 animals from six native breeds: Argentine Creole (CrAr), Patagonian Argentine Creole (CrArPat), Pampa Chaqueño Creole (CrPaCh), Bolivian Creole from Cochabamba (CrCoch), Saavedreño Creole (CrSaa), and Siboney (Sib), sampled across Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Cuba. BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2 assay detected BLV provirus in 76 animals (31.1%), with a mean load of 9923 copies per 10⁵ cells (range: 1–79,740). Infection rates varied significantly by breed (9.8% in CrAr to 83.8% in CrPaCh) and country (15.6% in Argentina to 83.8% in Paraguay) (p = 9.999 × 10⁻⁵). Among positives, 57.9% exhibited low proviral load (≤1000 copies), and 13.2% showed moderate levels (1001–9999), suggesting potential resistance to EBL progression. This is the first comprehensive report of BLV proviral load in Creole cattle across Latin America, offering novel epidemiological insights and highlighting the importance of native breeds in BLV surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Gen Sequencing Advances Pathogen Research in Health, Agriculture & Environment)

16 pages, 299 KB

Open AccessReview

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infections in Animals: A Comprehensive Review of Species Distribution and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods

by Ewelina Szacawa, Łukasz Radulski, Marcin Weiner, Krzysztof Szulowski and Monika Krajewska-Wędzina

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101004 - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) represents one of the most significant bacterial pathogen groups affecting both animals and humans worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MTBC species distribution across different animal hosts and evaluates current laboratory diagnostic methodologies for pathogen detection [...] Read more.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) represents one of the most significant bacterial pathogen groups affecting both animals and humans worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MTBC species distribution across different animal hosts and evaluates current laboratory diagnostic methodologies for pathogen detection and identification. The complex comprises seven primary species: Mycobacterium bovis, M. caprae, M. tuberculosis, M. microti, M. canettii, M. africanum, and M. pinnipedii, each exhibiting distinct host preferences, geographical distributions, and pathogenic characteristics. Despite sharing >99% genetic homology, these species demonstrate variable biochemical properties, morphological features, and pathogenicity profiles across mammalian species. Current diagnostic approaches encompass both traditional culture-based methods and advanced molecular techniques, including whole genome sequencing. This review emphasises the critical importance of rapid, accurate detection methods for effective tuberculosis surveillance and control programmes in veterinary and public health contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Methods, and Multi-Species Case Analysis)

19 pages, 520 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Microbiological and Molecular Identification of Brucella Abortus in Cattle and Pigs, Slaughtered in Cattle Sheds Located in Northern Sierra of Ecuador

by Maritza Celi-Erazo, Elizabeth Minda-Aluisa, Lisbeth Olmedo-Pinchao, Lenin Ron-Garrido, Tania Ortega-Sierra, Julián López-Balladares, Marlon Carlosama-Yépez, Santiago Gonzalón-Alcarraz, Jacobus H. de Waard, Claude Saegerman, Jorge Ron-Román and Washington Benítez-Ortiz

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101003 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Brucellosis remains an underreported zoonotic disease in Ecuador. Its control program in cattle integrates diagnostic testing, vaccination, and eradication incentives, although participation is largely voluntary. Since 2025, vaccination has become compulsory nationwide. Human surveillance remains largely passive, and strain-level data are very limited. [...] Read more.

Brucellosis remains an underreported zoonotic disease in Ecuador. Its control program in cattle integrates diagnostic testing, vaccination, and eradication incentives, although participation is largely voluntary. Since 2025, vaccination has become compulsory nationwide. Human surveillance remains largely passive, and strain-level data are very limited. This study applied an integrated approach, combining serology (Rose Bengal and SAT-EDTA), microbiological culture, and molecular diagnostics, to assess the presence and diversity of Brucella spp. in cattle and pigs from six slaughterhouses in the northern Andean highlands. A total of 2054 cattle and 1050 pigs from Carchi, Imbabura, and Pichincha were sampled. Among cattle, 133 (6.5%; 95% CI: 5.5–7.6) were seropositive, and viable B. abortus strains were isolated from 17 (12.8%). Genus identification was confirmed by IS711-PCR, while species- and biovar-level differentiation was achieved with AMOS-PCR; additional assays targeting the ery gene and RB51 marker were used to distinguish field from vaccine strains. Biotyping and molecular analysis revealed a predominance of B. abortus biovar 4 (13/17 isolates) over biovar 1, all confirmed as field strains. In pigs, 10 animals (0.95%) tested seropositive, but no isolates were recovered, highlighting limitations of serology in swine. Most livestock, including the positives, originated locally, reinforcing the representativeness of our findings. The successful isolation and molecular characterization of B. abortus demonstrates the value of combining diagnostic strategies beyond serology. These results underscore the utility of active surveillance when supported by traceability systems; this approach may also contribute to guide interventions to reduce infection risk in livestock and humans. Full article

19 pages, 1430 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Inhibition of Cryptosporidium parvum Infection by the Olive Oil Component Oleocanthal

by M. Nguele Ampama, Dominik Hanke, Zahady D. Velásquez, Nadine B. Wäber, Carlos Hermosilla, Anja Taubert and Sybille Mazurek

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101002 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Human cryptosporidiosis caused by the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum represents a neglected and re-emerging poverty-related disease. C. parvum possesses minimalistic metabolic capacities and highly depends on its intestinal epithelial host cell for intracellular replication. Based on previous results showing that glycolysis and [...] Read more.

Human cryptosporidiosis caused by the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum represents a neglected and re-emerging poverty-related disease. C. parvum possesses minimalistic metabolic capacities and highly depends on its intestinal epithelial host cell for intracellular replication. Based on previous results showing that glycolysis and glutaminolysis inhibition diminished C. parvum replication in vitro, we here investigated the impact of the olive oil component oleocanthal on C. parvum infection in HCT-8 cells under physioxia (5% O₂) and hyperoxia (21% O₂). Oleocanthal targets a broad spectrum of regulatory molecules, amongst which mTOR represents a master regulator of glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Using a host cell pre-treatment as well as a pre- and post-infection treatment protocol, 5 µM oleocanthal reduced C. parvum infection rates between 51% and 94%. Host cellular metabolic conversion rates linked oleocanthal-induced inhibition of C. parvum infection with an impairment in glutaminolysis, representing an important metabolic pathway in intestinal cells. The principal involvement of mTOR in C. parvum inhibition was confirmed by another mTOR-inhibitor (PP242, 0.5 µM), which also reduced C. parvum infection by 70–77%. Given that oleocanthal is not a selective mTOR inhibitor, we assume that this compound drives a multi-target-based inhibition of asexual C. parvum replication, amongst which mTOR is addressed. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1105 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Toxoplasmosis in the Era of Targeted Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of Emerging Cases Linked to Biologics and Small Molecules in Autoimmune Diseases, Oncology and Transplantation

by Stephanie M. Cho, Jose G. Montoya and Despina G. Contopoulos-Ioannidis

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101001 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

A systematic review of toxoplasmosis cases in patients receiving targeted immunotherapy with biologics or small molecules was performed. This systematic review searched for case reports, case series and observational studies in PubMed; last search was on 19 July 2025. The review identified 46 [...] Read more.

A systematic review of toxoplasmosis cases in patients receiving targeted immunotherapy with biologics or small molecules was performed. This systematic review searched for case reports, case series and observational studies in PubMed; last search was on 19 July 2025. The review identified 46 toxoplasmosis cases among patients receiving biologics (including CAR T-Cell Therapies) or small molecules for diverse autoimmune, oncologic and transplant conditions. These cases were reported from 18 countries, including the United States and several European countries. Most patients developed severe disease. Fifty percent (23/46) presented with cerebral toxoplasmosis, 33% (15/46) with ocular toxoplasmosis, 7% (3/46) with lymphadenopathy, 4% (2/46) with disseminated disease, 2% (1/46) with both cerebral and ocular disease, 2% (1/46) with pneumonic toxoplasmosis, and 2% (1/46) with severe fetal congenital toxoplasmosis. Among those were also four cases with fatal outcomes due to toxoplasmosis and eight cases with permanent ocular or neurological deficits. In addition, there was a case of fetal congenital toxoplasmosis that occurred despite maternal discontinuation of adalimumab five months before conception, resulting in elective pregnancy termination due to severe fetal cerebral disease. Overall, 44% (20/46) of cases were due to reactivation of chronic latent Toxoplasma infections and 39% (18/46) due to acute primary infections; 17% did not report this information. One case of disseminated acute toxoplasmosis was also identified after eating wild boar sausages, and two cases of severe acute ocular toxoplasmosis after eating undercooked venison meat, and undercooked unspecified type of meat respectively, while on small molecules or biologics. Details on the clinical presentations, management and clinical outcomes of these cases were reported. Recommendations for the management of toxoplasmosis in patients with targeted immunotherapies were also provided. Health care providers should consider toxoplasmosis in patients on biologics or small molecules who present with compatible clinical syndromes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can be lifesaving. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Host: Recent Updates About the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Manifestations and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6403 KB

Open AccessArticle

Membrane Composition Modulates Vp54 Binding: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

by Wenhan Guo, Rui Dong, Ayoyinka O. Okedigba, Jason E. Sanchez, Irina V. Agarkova, Elea-Maria Abisamra, Andrew Jelinsky, Wayne Riekhof, Laila Noor, David D. Dunigan, James L. Van Etten, Daniel G. S. Capelluto, Chuan Xiao and Lin Li

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101000 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

The recruitment of peripheral membrane proteins is tightly regulated by membrane lipid composition and local electrostatic microenvironments. Our experimental observations revealed that Vp54, a viral matrix protein, exhibited preferential binding to lipid bilayers enriched in anionic lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylserine [...] Read more.

The recruitment of peripheral membrane proteins is tightly regulated by membrane lipid composition and local electrostatic microenvironments. Our experimental observations revealed that Vp54, a viral matrix protein, exhibited preferential binding to lipid bilayers enriched in anionic lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylserine (PS), compared to neutral phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes, and this occurred in a curvature-dependent manner. To elucidate the molecular basis of this selective interaction, we performed a series of computational analyses including helical wheel projection, electrostatic potential calculations, electric field lines simulations, and electrostatic force analysis. Our results showed that the membrane-proximal region of Vp54 adopted an amphipathic α-helical structure with a positively charged interface. In membranes containing PG or PS, electrostatic potentials at the interface were significantly more negative, enhancing attraction with Vp54. Field line and force analyses further confirmed that both the presence and spatial clustering of anionic lipids intensify membrane–Vp54 electrostatic interactions. These computational findings align with experimental binding data, jointly demonstrating that membrane lipid composition and organization critically modulate Vp54 recruitment. Together, our findings highlight the importance of electrostatic complementarity and membrane heterogeneity in peripheral protein targeting and provide a framework applicable to broader classes of membrane-binding proteins. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activity of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives Against Candida auris, Candida haemulonii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus gattii Complex

by Maria Eduarda Krummenauer, Matheus da Silva Camargo, Caroline de Bem Gentz, Marcela Silva Lopes, Letícia Feliciani da Luz, Danielle da Silva Trentin, Belisa Ávila Rodrigues, Karine Rigon Zimmer, Saulo Fernandes de Andrade and Marilene Henning Vainstein

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14100999 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Invasive fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance pose significant challenges to public health. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, PH265 and PH276, against Cryptococcus spp., Candida auris, and Candida haemulonii. Using the EUCAST protocol, both [...] Read more.

Invasive fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance pose significant challenges to public health. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, PH265 and PH276, against Cryptococcus spp., Candida auris, and Candida haemulonii. Using the EUCAST protocol, both compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity, with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 8 μg/mL. PH276 exhibited synergistic effects with fluconazole and caspofungin against C. haemulonii (FIC ≤ 0.5). The derivatives inhibited C. neoformans biofilm formation at higher concentrations and modulated polysaccharide capsule formation in Cryptococcus spp. In vivo toxicity assays in Tenebrio molitor, Galleria mellonella, and Caenorhabditis elegans revealed no significant adverse effects, with survival rates comparable to controls. These findings highlight PH265 and PH276 as promising antifungal agents with biofilm-disrupting properties, capsule-modulating effects, and low toxicity, supporting their potential for therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fungal Pathogens and Polymicrobial Infections: Antimicrobial Tolerance, Resistance Mechanisms, and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Pathogens

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI