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Nutrients
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Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders
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Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 73158

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Karolina Szewczyk-Golec

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: biochemistry; cancer; metabolic diseases; obesity; oxidative stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Obesity is one of the most common healthcare problems in developed countries, affecting people of both genders and all age groups. In addition to genetic factors, overweight and obesity are the result of an imbalance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure. Poor-quality diets and easy access to unhealthy food belong to important factors in the obesity epidemic. Importantly, overweight and obesity are major risk factors in the pathogenesis of many associated diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and more. Despite increased efforts to reduce the epidemic of obesity by promoting healthy diets, physical activity, and pharmacological treatment, the problem continues to grow. Undoubtedly, new approaches are essential to develop effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity and comorbidities. Various specialized diet types and dietary supplements are considered to treat obesity and related diseases. In this Special Issue, manuscripts that focus on the topic “Specialized Diet, Obesity, and Associated Metabolic Disorders” are welcome. This includes original in vitro, animal, and human research, cohort studies, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses.

Dr. Karolina Szewczyk-Golec
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • obesity
  • specialized diet
  • metabolic syndrome
  • type II diabetes
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • cardiovascular disease
  • oxysterols
  • dietary supplements

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 206 KiB  
Editorial
Effective Interventions in Obesity: Current Evidence and Concepts
by Karolina Szewczyk-Golec and Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112511 - 29 May 2023
Viewed by 985
Abstract
This Special Issue, entitled “Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders” in the section “Clinical Nutrition” of Nutrients, addresses the metabolic changes that occur in humans as a result of the so-called western lifestyle [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 3142 KiB  
Article
Punicalagin Protects against Diabetic Liver Injury by Upregulating Mitophagy and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
by Yahui Zhang, Xiuying Tan, Yuan Cao, Xin An, Jihua Chen and Lina Yang
Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142782 - 06 Jul 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2522
Abstract
Diabetic liver injury has received increasing attention as a serious complication of type 2 diabetes. Punicalagin (PU), a major component of pomegranate polyphenols, has various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid metabolism regulation. In this study, we observed the protective effect [...] Read more.
Diabetic liver injury has received increasing attention as a serious complication of type 2 diabetes. Punicalagin (PU), a major component of pomegranate polyphenols, has various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid metabolism regulation. In this study, we observed the protective effect of punicalagin on a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic liver injury in mice and revealed the underlying mechanism. The results showed that fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in diabetic liver injury mice were significantly decreased after punicalagin intervention. Simultaneously, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acids (FFA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in the serum and liver were significantly decreased, with reductions in fat lesions and inflammatory cells. Mitophagy is a selective autophagy that maintains a balance between the quality and quantity of intracellular mitochondria. Studies have shown that mitophagy is closely related to the occurrence and development of diabetic liver injury. In our study, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was significantly increased in mice with diabetic liver injury after punicalagin intervention; the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, Bnip3, LC3b, P62, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and catalase (CAT) was significantly increased in the liver; and the activities of MnSOD and CAT in the serum and liver were significantly increased, which is consistent with the results of in vitro experiments. In summary, our study provided evidence that punicalagin could reduce the level of oxidative stress in the liver by upregulating mitophagy and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thus having a certain protective effect against diabetic liver injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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18 pages, 2951 KiB  
Article
Dietary Protein Restriction Improves Metabolic Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in a Randomized, Controlled Trial
by Rafael Ferraz-Bannitz, Rebeca A. Beraldo, A. Augusto Peluso, Morten Dall, Parizad Babaei, Rayana Cardoso Foglietti, Larissa Marfori Martins, Patricia Moreira Gomes, Julio Sergio Marchini, Vivian Marques Miguel Suen, Luiz C. Conti de Freitas, Luiz Carlos Navegantes, Marco Antônio M. Pretti, Mariana Boroni, Jonas T. Treebak, Marcelo A. Mori, Milton Cesar Foss and Maria Cristina Foss-Freitas
Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132670 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 19552
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) reduces adiposity and improves metabolism in patients with one or more symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, it remains elusive whether the benefits of DR in humans are mediated by calorie or nutrient restriction. This study was conducted to determine whether [...] Read more.
Dietary restriction (DR) reduces adiposity and improves metabolism in patients with one or more symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, it remains elusive whether the benefits of DR in humans are mediated by calorie or nutrient restriction. This study was conducted to determine whether isocaloric dietary protein restriction is sufficient to confer the beneficial effects of dietary restriction in patients with metabolic syndrome. We performed a prospective, randomized controlled dietary intervention under constant nutritional and medical supervision. Twenty-one individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned for caloric restriction (CR; n = 11, diet of 5941 ± 686 KJ per day) or isocaloric dietary protein restriction (PR; n = 10, diet of 8409 ± 2360 KJ per day) and followed for 27 days. Like CR, PR promoted weight loss due to a reduction in adiposity, which was associated with reductions in blood glucose, lipid levels, and blood pressure. More strikingly, both CR and PR improved insulin sensitivity by 62.3% and 93.2%, respectively, after treatment. Fecal microbiome diversity was not affected by the interventions. Adipose tissue bulk RNA-Seq data revealed minor changes elicited by the interventions. After PR, terms related to leukocyte proliferation were enriched among the upregulated genes. Protein restriction is sufficient to confer almost the same clinical outcomes as calorie restriction without the need for a reduction in calorie intake. The isocaloric characteristic of the PR intervention makes this approach a more attractive and less drastic dietary strategy in clinical settings and has more significant potential to be used as adjuvant therapy for people with metabolic syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1875 KiB  
Article
Potentially Bio-Accessible Metabolites from an Extract of Cornus mas Fruit after Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro and Gut Microbiota Ex Vivo Treatment
by Agata Olędzka, Katarzyna Cichocka, Konrad Woliński, Matthias F. Melzig and Monika E. Czerwińska
Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2287; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112287 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2031
Abstract
Targeting pancreatic lipase and α-amylase by digestion-derived fractions of ethanolic-aqueous (60%, v/v) extract from Cornus mas fruit (CM) in relation to the control and prevention of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, was the first purpose of the present study. Taking into [...] Read more.
Targeting pancreatic lipase and α-amylase by digestion-derived fractions of ethanolic-aqueous (60%, v/v) extract from Cornus mas fruit (CM) in relation to the control and prevention of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, was the first purpose of the present study. Taking into consideration the significance of bio-accessibility of compounds, we attempted to identify metabolites of CM after gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, as well as their kinetic changes upon gut microbiota treatment. The digestion of extract was simulated with digestive enzymes in vitro and human gut microbiota ex vivo (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h), followed by chromatographic analysis using the UHPLC-DAD-MSn method. The effect of fractions from gastrointestinal digestion in vitro on the activity of pancreatic lipase and α-amylase was studied with fluorescence-based assays. The gastric and intestinal fractions obtained after in vitro digestion of CM inhibited pancreatic lipase and α-amylase. Loganic acid as the main constituent of the extract was digested in the experimental conditions in contrast to cornuside. It was found in most analytes such as salivary, gastric, intestinal, and even colon (fecal slurry, FS) fractions. In all fractions, kaempferol hexoside and reduced forms of kaempferol, such as aromadendrin, and benzoic acid were assigned. The signals of tannins were detected in all fractions. Cornusiin A was tentatively assigned in the gastric fraction. The metabolites originating from kinetic analytes have been classified mainly as phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, and flavonoids. Phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, gallic acid), tannins (digalloylglucose, tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose), and flavonoids (aromadendrin, dihydroquercetin) were detected in the late phases of digestion in fecal slurry suspension. Cornuside was found in FS analyte after 3 h incubation. It was not detected in the samples after 6 and 24 h incubation with FS. In conclusion, cornuside, aromadendrin, and phenolic acids may be potentially bio-accessible compounds of CM. The presence of plants’ secondary metabolites in the intestinal fractions allows us to indicate them as responsible for decreasing glucose and lipid absorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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17 pages, 6038 KiB  
Article
Co-toxicity of Endotoxin and Indoxyl Sulfate, Gut-Derived Bacterial Metabolites, to Vascular Endothelial Cells in Coronary Arterial Disease Accompanied by Gut Dysbiosis
by Marcin Choroszy, Beata Sobieszczańska, Kamil Litwinowicz, Łukasz Łaczmański, Mateusz Chmielarz, Urszula Walczuk, Tomasz Roleder, Jadwiga Radziejewska and Magdalena Wawrzyńska
Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030424 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2288
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis, alongside a high-fat diet and cigarette smoking, is considered one of the factors promoting coronary arterial disease (CAD) development. The present study aimed to research whether gut dysbiosis can increase bacterial metabolites concentration in the blood of CAD patients and what [...] Read more.
Gut dysbiosis, alongside a high-fat diet and cigarette smoking, is considered one of the factors promoting coronary arterial disease (CAD) development. The present study aimed to research whether gut dysbiosis can increase bacterial metabolites concentration in the blood of CAD patients and what impact these metabolites can exert on endothelial cells. The gut microbiomes of 15 age-matched CAD patients and healthy controls were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The in vitro impact of LPS and indoxyl sulfate at concentrations present in patients’ sera on endothelial cells was investigated. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed gut dysbiosis in CAD patients, further confirmed by elevated LPS and indoxyl sulfate levels in patients’ sera. CAD was associated with depletion of Bacteroidetes and Alistipes. LPS and indoxyl sulfate demonstrated co-toxicity to endothelial cells inducing reactive oxygen species, E-selectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production. Moreover, both of these metabolites promoted thrombogenicity of endothelial cells confirmed by monocyte adherence. The co-toxicity of LPS and indoxyl sulfate was associated with harmful effects on endothelial cells, strongly suggesting that gut dysbiosis-associated increased intestinal permeability can initiate or promote endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3525 KiB  
Article
Effect of Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance on Digestive Enzymes and Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine of Young Rats
by Lyudmila V. Gromova, Alexandr S. Polozov, Elizaveta V. Savochkina, Anna S. Alekseeva, Yulia V. Dmitrieva, Oleg V. Kornyushin and Andrey A. Gruzdkov
Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020385 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2062
Abstract
The reactions of intestinal functional parameters to type 2 diabetes at a young age remain unclear. The study aimed to assess changes in the activity of intestinal enzymes, glucose absorption, transporter content (SGLT1, GLUT2) and intestinal structure in young Wistar rats with type [...] Read more.
The reactions of intestinal functional parameters to type 2 diabetes at a young age remain unclear. The study aimed to assess changes in the activity of intestinal enzymes, glucose absorption, transporter content (SGLT1, GLUT2) and intestinal structure in young Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). To induce these conditions in the T2D (n = 4) and IGT (n = 6) rats, we used a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin. Rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (n = 6) or a standard diet (SCD) (n = 6) were used as controls. The results showed that in T2D rats, the ability of the small intestine to absorb glucose was higher in comparison to HFD rats (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by a tendency towards an increase in the number of enterocytes on the villi of the small intestine in the absence of changes in the content of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the brush border membrane of the enterocytes. T2D rats also showed lower maltase and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in the jejunal mucosa compared to the IGT rats (p < 0.05) and lower AP activity in the colon contents compared to the HFD (p < 0.05) and IGT (p < 0.05) rats. Thus, this study provides insights into the adaptation of the functional and structural parameters of the small intestine in the development of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in young representatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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17 pages, 4631 KiB  
Article
Soybean-Derived Peptides Attenuate Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Trans-Intestinal Cholesterol Excretion and Bile Acid Synthesis
by Haksoo Lee, Eunguk Shin, Hyunkoo Kang, HyeSook Youn and BuHyun Youn
Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010095 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3784
Abstract
Increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels cause hyperlipidemia. Despite the availability of statin-based drugs to reduce LDL levels, additional effective treatments for reducing blood lipid concentrations are required. Herein, soybean hydrolysate prepared via peptic and tryptic hydrolysis promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion [...] Read more.
Increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels cause hyperlipidemia. Despite the availability of statin-based drugs to reduce LDL levels, additional effective treatments for reducing blood lipid concentrations are required. Herein, soybean hydrolysate prepared via peptic and tryptic hydrolysis promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by increasing ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5) and ABCG8 expression. The peptide sequence capable of promoting TICE was determined via HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Based on this, pure artificial peptides were synthesized, and the efficacy of the selected peptides was verified using cellular and hyperlipidemic mouse models. Soybean hydrolysates, including two bioactive peptides (ALEPDHRVESEGGL and SLVNNDDRDSYRLQSGDAL), promoted TICE via the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in enterocytes. They downregulated expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and CYP8B1 via expression of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in a liver X receptor α (LXRa)-dependent pathway. Administration of bioactive peptides to hyperlipidemic mouse models by oral gavage reduced cholesterol levels in serum via upregulation of ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression in the proximal intestine and through fecal cholesterol excretion, upregulated FGF 15/19 expression, and suppressed hepatic bile acid synthesis. Oral administration of soybean-derived bioactive peptides elicited hypolipidemic effects by increasing TICE and decreasing hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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16 pages, 1145 KiB  
Article
Association of Macronutrients Composition, Physical Activity and Serum Androgen Concentration in Young Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
by Małgorzata Mizgier, Rafał Watrowski, Justyna Opydo-Szymaczek, Elżbieta Jodłowska-Siewert, Giovanni Lombardi, Witold Kędzia and Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka
Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010073 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4310
Abstract
The roles of dietary macronutrients and physical activity (PA) in patients with PCOS have not been sufficiently reported, especially in adolescent girls. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the associations between serum concentrations of total testosterone (tT), free testosterone (fT), androstenedione (A), [...] Read more.
The roles of dietary macronutrients and physical activity (PA) in patients with PCOS have not been sufficiently reported, especially in adolescent girls. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the associations between serum concentrations of total testosterone (tT), free testosterone (fT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and dietary macronutrients intake as well as different types and levels of PA. The study population consisted of 96 girls of Caucasian ancestry, aged 14–18 years: 61 participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 35 healthy controls. Serum tT, fT, A, DHEA-S, and SHBG were determined in fasting blood. Macronutrient intake and PA levels were assessed by using the three-day food record method and the Beliefs and Eating Habits Questionnaire (KomPAN), respectively. We found several positive correlations between dietary macronutrients such as total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and hormonal parameters across the entire cohort and in healthy girls. A positive correlation between SHBG and total protein consumption as well as an inverse correlation between SHBG and carbohydrate intake could be determined. No correlation between androgens and macronutrients was found in the PCOS group. In contrast, we observed an inverse correlation between androgen concentrations (except of DHEA-S) and “work/school” and/or “leisure time” PA only in PCOS patients. Moreover, the hormone levels differed according to PA intensity. In conclusion, the impact of diet and PA was strikingly different in adolescents with and without PCOS. These findings indicate that disturbed hormonal homeostasis in PCOS, at least in the youngest patients, likely “overtrump” dietary influences, and otherwise, PA offers a therapeutic potential that requires further evaluation of the long-term effects in randomized studies. (ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT04738409.) Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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18 pages, 2379 KiB  
Article
High-Fructose, High-Fat Diet Alters Muscle Composition and Fuel Utilization in a Juvenile Iberian Pig Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
by Heather C. Spooner, Stefani A. Derrick, Magdalena Maj, Rodrigo Manjarín, Gabriella V. Hernandez, Deepali S. Tailor, Parisa S. Bastani, Rob K. Fanter, Marta L. Fiorotto, Douglas G. Burrin, Michael R. La Frano, Angelos K. Sikalidis and Jason M. Blank
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124195 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3271
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic condition affecting millions of people worldwide. A “Western-style diet” has been shown to induce pediatric NAFLD with the potential disruption of skeletal muscle composition and metabolism. To determine the in vivo effect of a [...] Read more.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic condition affecting millions of people worldwide. A “Western-style diet” has been shown to induce pediatric NAFLD with the potential disruption of skeletal muscle composition and metabolism. To determine the in vivo effect of a “Western-style diet” on pediatric skeletal muscle fiber type and fuel utilization, 28 juvenile Iberian pigs were fed either a control diet (CON) or a high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFF), with or without probiotic supplementation, for 10 weeks. The HFF diets increased the total triacylglycerol content of muscle tissue but decreased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the number of type I (slow oxidative) muscle fibers. HFF diets induced autophagy as assessed by LC3I and LC3II, and inflammation, as assessed by IL-1α. No differences in body composition were observed, and there was no change in insulin sensitivity, but HFF diets increased several plasma acylcarnitines and decreased expression of lipid oxidation regulators PGC1α and CPT1, suggesting disruption of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results show that an HFF diet fed to juvenile Iberian pigs produces a less oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype, similar to a detraining effect, and reduces the capacity to use lipid as fuel, even in the absence of insulin resistance and obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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19 pages, 2294 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation in High-Risk Patients with Cardiovascular Disease in Real-World Practice
by Iwona Świątkiewicz, Salvatore Di Somma, Ludovica De Fazio, Valerio Mazzilli and Pam R. Taub
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113883 - 29 Oct 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4242
Abstract
Structured lifestyle interventions through cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are critical to improving the outcome of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiometabolic risk factors. CR programs’ variability in real-world practice may impact CR effects. This study evaluates intensive CR (ICR) and standard CR (SCR) [...] Read more.
Structured lifestyle interventions through cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are critical to improving the outcome of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiometabolic risk factors. CR programs’ variability in real-world practice may impact CR effects. This study evaluates intensive CR (ICR) and standard CR (SCR) programs for improving cardiometabolic, psychosocial, and clinical outcomes in high-risk CVD patients undergoing guideline-based therapies. Both programs provided lifestyle counseling and the same supervised exercise component. ICR additionally included a specialized plant-based diet, stress management, and social support. Changes in body weight (BW), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and exercise capacity (EC) were primary outcomes. A total of 314 patients (101 ICR and 213 SCR, aged 66 ± 13 years, 75% overweight/obese, 90% coronary artery disease, 29% heart failure, 54% non-optimal LDL-C, 43% depressive symptoms) were included. Adherence to ICR was 96% vs. 68% for SCR. Only ICR resulted in a decrease in BW (3.4%), LDL-C (11.3%), other atherogenic lipids, glycated hemoglobin, and systolic blood pressure. Both ICR and SCR increased EC (52.2% and 48.7%, respectively) and improved adiposity indices, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol intake, depression, and quality of life, but more for ICR. Within 12.6 ± 4.8 months post-CR, major adverse cardiac events were less likely in the ICR than SCR group (11% vs. 17%), especially heart failure hospitalizations (2% vs. 8%). A comprehensive ICR enhanced by a plant-based diet and psychosocial management is feasible and effective for improving the outcomes in high-risk CVD patients in real-world practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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14 pages, 2327 KiB  
Article
High Fat, High Sugar Diet and DJOS Bariatric Surgery Influence Plasma Levels of Fetuin-B, Growth Differentiation Factor-15, and Pentraxin 3 in Diet-Induced Obese Sprague–Dawley Rats
by Jakub Poloczek, Monika Tarnawska, Elżbieta Chełmecka, Piotr Łaszczyca, Janusz Gumprecht and Dominika Stygar
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103632 - 17 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in glucose and fatty acid metabolism and acts as an endocrine organ that secretes hepatokines with diverse systemic effects. The study aimed to examine the influence of duodenojejunal omega switch (DJOS) bariatric surgery in combination with different [...] Read more.
The liver plays a central role in glucose and fatty acid metabolism and acts as an endocrine organ that secretes hepatokines with diverse systemic effects. The study aimed to examine the influence of duodenojejunal omega switch (DJOS) bariatric surgery in combination with different diets on glucose administration parameters and hepatokines levels. After 8 weeks on high fat, high sugar diet (HFS) or control diets (CD), Sprague–Dawley rats underwent DJOS or SHAM (control) surgery. For the next 8 weeks after the surgery, half of DJOS and SHAM-operated animals were kept on the same diet as before, and half had a diet change. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed three times: 8 weeks before and 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. Fetuin-B, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plasma levels were analyzed. DJOS surgery had a beneficial effect on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and the area under the curve (AUCOGTT). The OGTT results depended on the time elapsed after the surgery, the type of diet used, the surgery performed, and the interaction between these factors. DJOS bariatric surgery reduced fetuin-B and GDF15 plasma levels. Interaction between the type of surgery performed and diet used influenced the fetuin-B and PTX-3 plasma levels. A dietary regime is essential to achieve therapeutic and clinical goals after bariatric surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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11 pages, 4889 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Effects of a Specially Designed Home Meal Replacement on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Individuals with Obesity: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
by Jae-Woo Lee, Yonghwan Kim, Taisun Hyun, Seunghye Song, Woojung Yang, Ye-Seul Kim, Hyo-Sun You, Young-Chang Chang, Seung-Ho Shin and Hee-Taik Kang
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072171 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4061
Abstract
We aimed to investigate if a home meal replacement (HMR), designed with a low ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio, improves cardiometabolic parameters, including metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese individuals. We conducted a monocentric, controlled, randomized crossover trial. The HMR contains higher protein and fat [...] Read more.
We aimed to investigate if a home meal replacement (HMR), designed with a low ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio, improves cardiometabolic parameters, including metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese individuals. We conducted a monocentric, controlled, randomized crossover trial. The HMR contains higher protein and fat content, lower carbohydrate content, and a lower ω6FA/ω3FA ratio than the regular diet. Sixty-four participants were randomized into two groups and switched to the other group following a 4-week intervention. While subjects in the HMR group were provided three HMRs daily, those in the control group were requested to maintain their regular dietary pattern. We conducted paired t-tests, repeated measures analysis of variance, and McNemar tests before and after the intervention. Body mass index (BMI) and weight were lower in the HMR group after adjusting for age, sex, and total energy intake and significantly changed in the between-group differences. The waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, triglyceride–glucose index, and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were reduced in the HMR group (all p < 0.05). The percentage of subjects with MetS significantly decreased from 39.1% at baseline to 28.1% post-intervention (p = 0.035). Using the HMR for 4 weeks reduced the BMI, weight, and MetS prevalence in individuals with obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04552574). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

15 pages, 1253 KiB  
Review
The Role of Intermittent Energy Restriction Diet on Metabolic Profile and Weight Loss among Obese Adults
by Agata Stanek, Klaudia Brożyna-Tkaczyk, Samaneh Zolghadri, Armand Cholewka and Wojciech Myśliński
Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071509 - 05 Apr 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5839
Abstract
Obesity is a disease defined by an elevated body mass index (BMI), which is the result of excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat. Dietary intervention is fundamental and essential as the first-line treatment for obese patients, and the main rule of every dietary [...] Read more.
Obesity is a disease defined by an elevated body mass index (BMI), which is the result of excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat. Dietary intervention is fundamental and essential as the first-line treatment for obese patients, and the main rule of every dietary modification is calorie restriction and consequent weight loss. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is a special type of diet consisting of intermittent pauses in eating. There are many variations of IER diets such as alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF). In the literature, the IER diet is known as an effective method for bodyweight reduction. Furthermore, IER diets have a beneficial effect on systolic or diastolic pressure, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, IER diets are presented as being as efficient as a continuous energy restriction diet (CER) in losing weight and improving metabolic parameters. Thus, the IER diet could present an alternative option for those who cannot accept a constant food regimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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15 pages, 806 KiB  
Review
Yeast Beta-Glucans Ingestion Does Not Influence Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies
by Marcelo M. Canaan, Juliana C. Reis-Canaan, Márcio G. Zangerônimo, Eric F. Andrade, Thais M. S. V. Gonçalves, Michel C. A. Pereira, Renato R. Lima, Vanessa Pardi, Ramiro M. Murata and Luciano J. Pereira
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124250 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2187
Abstract
Dietary fiber supplementation has been studied as a promising strategy in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to verify whether the consumption of yeast beta-glucan (BG) favors weight loss in obese and non-obese rodents. The [...] Read more.
Dietary fiber supplementation has been studied as a promising strategy in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to verify whether the consumption of yeast beta-glucan (BG) favors weight loss in obese and non-obese rodents. The PICO strategy was employed, investigating rodents (Population), subjected to the oral administration of yeast BG (Intervention) compared to animals receiving placebo (Comparison), evaluating body weight changes (Outcome), and based on preclinical studies (Study design). Two reviewers searched six databases and the grey literature. We followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021267788). The search returned 2467 articles. Thirty articles were selected for full-text evaluation, and seven studies remained based on the eligibility criteria. The effects of BG intake on body weight were analyzed based on obese (n = 4 studies) and non-obese animals (n = 4 studies). Even though most studies on obese rodents (75%) indicated a reduction in body weight (qualitative analysis), the meta-analysis showed this was not significant (mean difference −1.35 g—95% CI −5.14:2.45). No effects were also observed for non-obese animals. We concluded that the ingestion of yeast BG barely affects the body weight of obese and non-obese animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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18 pages, 907 KiB  
Review
The Role of Obesity-Induced Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) Dysfunction in Vascular Homeostasis
by Agata Stanek, Klaudia Brożyna-Tkaczyk and Wojciech Myśliński
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3843; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113843 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4453
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an additional special type of adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels. Under physiological conditions, PVAT plays a significant role in regulation of vascular tone, intravascular thermoregulation, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. PVAT is responsible for releasing adipocytes-derived [...] Read more.
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an additional special type of adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels. Under physiological conditions, PVAT plays a significant role in regulation of vascular tone, intravascular thermoregulation, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. PVAT is responsible for releasing adipocytes-derived relaxing factors (ADRF) and perivascular-derived relaxing factors (PDRF), which have anticontractile properties. Obesity induces increased oxidative stress, an inflammatory state, and hypoxia, which contribute to PVAT dysfunction. The exact mechanism of vascular dysfunction in obesity is still not well clarified; however, there are some pathways such as renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) disorders and PVAT-derived factor dysregulation, which are involved in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction development. Physical activity has a beneficial effect on PVAT function among obese patients by reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory state. Diet, which is the second most beneficial non-invasive strategy in obesity treatment, may have a positive impact on PVAT-derived factors and may restore the balance in their concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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13 pages, 305 KiB  
Review
Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Hormonal and Lipid Profiles in PCOS-Affected Females
by Pallavi Dubey, Sireesha Reddy, Sarah Boyd, Christina Bracamontes, Sheralyn Sanchez, Munmun Chattopadhyay and Alok Dwivedi
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 2938; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092938 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7143
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects several reproductive and endocrine features in females and has a poorly understood etiology. Treatment strategies for PCOS are limited and are based primarily on diet and nutrient supplementation. Recent studies have recommended some nutrients such as vitamins, minerals [...] Read more.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects several reproductive and endocrine features in females and has a poorly understood etiology. Treatment strategies for PCOS are limited and are based primarily on diet and nutrient supplementation. Recent studies have recommended some nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and vitamin-like nutrients for the therapy for PCOS. Therefore, it is claimed that the cause of PCOS could be vitamin or mineral deficiency. This review provides a narrative on the effect of nutritional supplementation on oxidative stress induced in PCOS. Oxidative stress plays a formative role in PCOS pathophysiology. This article reviews oxidative stress, its markers, nutritional supplementation and clinical studies. We also aim to show the effect of nutritional supplementation on genes affecting hormonal and glucose-mediated pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Disorders)
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