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Magnetochemistry

Magnetochemistry is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all areas of magnetism and magnetic materials published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear) / CiteScore - Q2 (Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.5 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.6 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2312-7481

Latest Articles

17 pages, 6479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Color and Mueller Matrix Analysis in a Ferrocell

by Alberto Tufaile and Adriana Pedrosa Biscaia Tufaile

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(10), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11100086 - 29 Sep 2025

This study investigates the magneto-optical properties of a ferrofluid using an accessible Ferrocell device. Our findings demonstrate that the ferrofluid’s behavior is critically dependent on its concentration. At high concentrations, the medium is optically dense, with inter-particle scattering and absorption dominating, which prevents [...] Read more.

This study investigates the magneto-optical properties of a ferrofluid using an accessible Ferrocell device. Our findings demonstrate that the ferrofluid’s behavior is critically dependent on its concentration. At high concentrations, the medium is optically dense, with inter-particle scattering and absorption dominating, which prevents the formation of clear light patterns. However, with intermediate dilution, the system enters a “pattern formation zone” where the magnetic field effectively aligns the nanoparticles, creating complex, visible light patterns like horocycles. The appearance of these patterns provides evidence of field-induced ordering and structural coloration. The colors observed are not due to pigments, but result from the interaction of light with the periodic structures formed by the aligned nanoparticles. Our analysis, supported by the Mueller matrix framework, confirms that the ferrofluid acts as a retarder. The birefringence induced by the magnetic field varies across the film, leading to a chromatic dispersion that selectively suppresses certain wavelengths. This process explains how a specific color, such as blue, can be blocked at one location while others pass through, creating structural colors observed in the patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferrofluids: Electromagnetic Properties and Applications)

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20 pages, 6572 KB

Open AccessArticle

pH and Magnetic-Responsive Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Sodium Alginate Composites for Gallic Acid Delivery

by Kun Fang, Pei Li, Hanbing Wang, Xiangrui Huang and Yihan Li

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(10), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11100085 - 28 Sep 2025

Gallic acid (GA) exhibits a broad range of biological activities; however, its clinical application is significantly limited by poor stability, rapid degradation, and low bioavailability. Consequently, developing responsive delivery platforms to enhance GA stability and targeted release has become an important research focus. [...] Read more.

Gallic acid (GA) exhibits a broad range of biological activities; however, its clinical application is significantly limited by poor stability, rapid degradation, and low bioavailability. Consequently, developing responsive delivery platforms to enhance GA stability and targeted release has become an important research focus. Herein, GA was encapsulated within novel composite hydrogel beads (CMC-SA-Fe₃O₄@GA) prepared via crosslinking carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and sodium alginate (SA) with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) to facilitate efficient drug delivery. The formulation was characterized and evaluated in terms of drug-loading capacity, controlled-release properties, antioxidant activity, antibacterial performance, and biocompatibility. The results indicated that the GA loading efficiency reached 31.07 ± 1.23%. Application of an external magnetic field accelerated GA release, with the observed release kinetics fitting the Ritger–Peppas model. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity, evaluated by DPPH assays, demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity of the CMC-SA-Fe₃O₄@GA composite beads. Antibacterial tests confirmed sustained inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro, cellular assays indicated favorable biocompatibility with normal hepatic cells (HL-7702) and effective inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Overall, the novel pH- and magnetic field-responsive CMC-SA-Fe₃O₄@GA hydrogel system developed in this work offers considerable potential for controlled delivery of phenolic compounds, demonstrating promising applicability in biomedical and food-related fields. Full article

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17 pages, 4644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Magnetohydrodynamic Instability and a New Suppression Method in Liquid Metal Batteries

by Jia-Jun Song, Xiao-Zhong Zuo, En-Qi Zhu, Qi-Guang Li, Bao-Zhi Chen and Ben-Wen Li

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(10), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11100084 - 25 Sep 2025

As a strong candidate for energy storage applications, Liquid Metal Batteries (LMBs) have the advantages of higher current density, longer cycle life, and simpler manufacturing of large-scale storage systems. Owing to the all-liquid construction, various kinds of Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities (MHDIs) are present in [...] Read more.

As a strong candidate for energy storage applications, Liquid Metal Batteries (LMBs) have the advantages of higher current density, longer cycle life, and simpler manufacturing of large-scale storage systems. Owing to the all-liquid construction, various kinds of Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities (MHDIs) are present in LMBs. In this paper, an in-depth study of the evolution process of MHDIs within LMBs has been conducted. By analyzing the characteristic velocity, the growth rate of instabilities γ has been defined so that the critical Hartmann number at which the instability occurs can be ascertained. A new critical parameter, mixed Reynolds number Re_mix, has been introduced to determine the duration of stable battery operation across varying charging/discharging currents, including those that may surpass the prescribed safe limits. Finally, a method for mitigating magnetohydrodynamic instability in LMBs through the configuration of busbar current is proposed, which can be seamlessly integrated with parallel battery packs. A comparative analysis of LMBs operation with/without bus current configuration reveals that when bus current is appropriately configured, the magnetic field strength within the battery undergoes a notable reduction of 40%, leading to a significant suppression of instability. The conclusions offer theoretical underpinnings for the application of LMBs in large-scale grid-level energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Magnetic Field)

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21 pages, 6518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Topological Rainbow Trapping in One-Dimensional Magnetoelastic Phononic Crystal Slabs

by Wen Xiao, Fuhao Sui, Jiujiu Chen, Hongbo Huang and Tao Luo

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(10), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11100083 - 25 Sep 2025

We design a one-dimensional magnetoelastic phononic crystal slab composed of the smart magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D and pure tungsten. Band inversion and topological phase transitions are achieved by modifying the geometric parameters of the non-magnetic medium within the unit cell. The emergence of topological [...] Read more.

We design a one-dimensional magnetoelastic phononic crystal slab composed of the smart magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D and pure tungsten. Band inversion and topological phase transitions are achieved by modifying the geometric parameters of the non-magnetic medium within the unit cell. The emergence of topological interface states within overlapping bandgaps, exhibiting distinct topological properties, along with their robustness against interfacial structural defects, is confirmed. The coupling effects between adjacent topological interface states in a sandwich-like supercell configuration are investigated, and their tunability under external magnetic fields is demonstrated. A Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) phononic crystal slab system under gradient magnetic fields is proposed. Critically, and in stark contrast to previous static or structurally graded designs, we achieve reconfigurable rainbow trapping of topological interface states solely by reprogramming the gradient magnetic field, leaving the physical structure entirely unchanged. This highly localized, compact, and broadband-tunable topological rainbow trapping system design holds significant promise for applications in elastic energy harvesting, wave filtering, and multi-frequency signal processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Dimensional Magnetic Materials)

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25 pages, 4694 KB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic-Responsive Material-Mediated Magnetic Stimulation for Tissue Engineering

by Jiayu Gu, Lijuan Gui, Dixin Yan, Xunrong Xia, Zhuoli Xie and Le Xue

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(10), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11100082 - 23 Sep 2025

Tissue repair is a significant challenge in biomedical research. Traditional treatments face limitations such as donor shortage, high costs, and immune rejection. Recently, magnetic-responsive materials, particularly magnetic nanoparticles have been introduced into tissue engineering due to their ability to respond to external magnetic [...] Read more.

Tissue repair is a significant challenge in biomedical research. Traditional treatments face limitations such as donor shortage, high costs, and immune rejection. Recently, magnetic-responsive materials, particularly magnetic nanoparticles have been introduced into tissue engineering due to their ability to respond to external magnetic fields, generating electrical, thermal, and mechanical effects. These effects enable precise regulation of cellular behavior and promote tissue regeneration. Compared to traditional physical stimulation, magnetic-responsive material-mediated stimulation offers advantages such as non-invasiveness, deep tissue penetration, and high spatiotemporal precision. This review summarizes the classification, fabrication, magnetic effects and applications of magnetic-responsive materials, focusing on their mechanisms and therapeutic effects in neural and bone tissue engineering, and discusses future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applications of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials)

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4 pages, 1311 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Magnetic Nanospecies: Synthesis, Properties, Physical and Biomedical Applications

by Alexey Chubarov

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090081 - 22 Sep 2025

Magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites continue to garner considerable interest due to their versatility in biomedical applications, ranging from diagnostics and therapy to catalysis and sensing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanospecies: Synthesis, Properties, Physical and Biomedical Applications)

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16 pages, 6028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parahydrogen-Based Hyperpolarization for the Masses at Millitesla Fields

by Garrett L. Wibbels, Clementinah Oladun, Tanner Y. O’Hara, Isaiah Adelabu, Joshua E. Robinson, Firoz Ahmed, Zachary T. Bender, Anna Samoilenko, Joseph Gyesi, Larisa M. Kovtunova, Oleg G. Salnikov, Igor V. Koptyug, Boyd M. Goodson, W. Michael Snow, Eduard Y. Chekmenev and Roman V. Shchepin

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090080 - 22 Sep 2025

Cited by 1

Hyperpolarization (HP) techniques, such as Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization (PHIP), Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE), and dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (d-DNP), significantly enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for chemical analysis and metabolic imaging. However, the high cost of equipment, ranging [...] Read more.

Hyperpolarization (HP) techniques, such as Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization (PHIP), Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE), and dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (d-DNP), significantly enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for chemical analysis and metabolic imaging. However, the high cost of equipment, ranging from tens of thousands to millions of dollars, limits accessibility of hyperpolarization for the broad scientific community. In this work, we aim to mitigate some of the challenges by developing a cost-effective solution for parahydrogen (pH₂)-based PHIP and SABRE HP methods. A custom coil-winding machine was designed to fabricate solenoid magnet coils, which were then evaluated for their magnetic field profiles, demonstrating a high degree of magnetic field homogeneity. A model ¹H SABRE experiment successfully implemented the constructed solenoid, achieving efficient hyperpolarization. Additionally, the solenoid magnet can be utilized for in situ detection of hyperpolarization when integrated with a low-field NMR spectrometer, reducing the total setup cost to a few thousand dollars. These findings suggest that our approach makes HP technology more affordable and accessible, potentially broadening its applications in chemical and biomedical research, as well as educational settings involving undergraduate student researchers. This work provides a practical pathway to lower the financial barriers associated with pH₂ HP setups. Full article

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15 pages, 2106 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Analysis of the Components of Rotigotine Prolonged-Release Microspheres for Injection Using Solvent-Suppressed ¹H NMR

by Xiaoli Zhou, Zengxin Li, Xue Ni, Wanhui Liu and Lihui Yin

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090079 - 4 Sep 2025

We developed a solvent-suppressed ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the quantitative analysis of the components of rotigotine prolonged-release microspheres prepared for injection. Dimethyl terephthalate was used as an internal standard and dimethylsulfoxide -d₆ as the solvent. The analysis [...] Read more.

We developed a solvent-suppressed ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the quantitative analysis of the components of rotigotine prolonged-release microspheres prepared for injection. Dimethyl terephthalate was used as an internal standard and dimethylsulfoxide -d₆ as the solvent. The analysis was performed using a Bruker Avance III HD 600 MHz NMR spectrometer, employing the noesygppr1d pulse sequence at a controlled temperature of 25 °C. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were acquired with a relaxation delay time (D1) of 40 s to simultaneously determine the content of rotigotine and the excipients mannitol and stearic acid in the rotigotine prolonged-release microspheres. Using the proposed approach, we successfully quantified the active pharmaceutical ingredient rotigotine and excipients in the prolonged-release microspheres. This method demonstrated excellent linearity, high precision, and strong repeatability. The solvent-suppressed ¹H NMR method developed in this study allows for the simultaneous quantification of rotigotine and the key excipients mannitol and stearic acid in the prolonged-release microspheres. This approach is accurate, simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Full article

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12 pages, 3515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Properties and Coercivity Mechanism of Nanocrystalline Rare-Earth-Free Co₇₄Zr₁₆Mo₄Si₃B₃ Alloys

by Aida Miranda and Israel Betancourt

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090078 - 2 Sep 2025

The microstructure and magnetic properties of rare-earth-free, melt-spun Co₇₄Zr₁₆Mo₄Si₃B₃ alloys were investigated to enhance their hard magnetic response and elucidate their coercivity mechanism. The alloys exhibit a polycrystalline microstructure composed of randomly oriented, equiaxed [...] Read more.

The microstructure and magnetic properties of rare-earth-free, melt-spun Co₇₄Zr₁₆Mo₄Si₃B₃ alloys were investigated to enhance their hard magnetic response and elucidate their coercivity mechanism. The alloys exhibit a polycrystalline microstructure composed of randomly oriented, equiaxed grains, predominantly comprising the rhombohedral hard magnetic Co₁₁Zr₂ phase (92.4 wt.%). These materials display a favorable combination of magnetic properties, with coercive fields up to 581 kA/m, maximum magnetization reaching 0.30 T, and Curie temperatures as high as 751 K. An interpretation of the results, based on microstructural features, intrinsic magnetic parameters, and micromagnetic simulations, indicates that the coercivity mechanism of these melt-spun alloys can be attributed to the nucleation of reverse magnetic domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Magnetic Materials)

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26 pages, 10898 KB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Nanomagnets with Photomagnetic Properties: Design Strategies and Recent Advances

by Xiaoshuang Gou, Xinyu Sun, Peng Cheng and Wei Shi

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090077 - 31 Aug 2025

The magnetic properties of molecular nanomagnets can be finely modulated by light, which provides great potential in optical switches, smart sensors, and data storage devices. Light-induced spin transition, structure changes, and radical formation could tune the static and dynamic magnetic properties of molecular [...] Read more.

The magnetic properties of molecular nanomagnets can be finely modulated by light, which provides great potential in optical switches, smart sensors, and data storage devices. Light-induced spin transition, structure changes, and radical formation could tune the static and dynamic magnetic properties of molecular nanomagnets with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Herein, we summarize the design strategies of photoresponsive molecular nanomagnets and review the recent advances in transition metal/lanthanide molecular nanomagnets with photomagnetic properties. The photoresponsive mechanism based on spin transition, photocyclization, and photogenerated radicals is discussed in detail, providing insights into the photomagnetic properties of molecular nanomagnets for advanced photoresponsive materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Magnetism: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Dai-Zheng Liao on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday)

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5 pages, 172 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Functional Magnetic Nanomaterials for Water Pollution Control

by Wei Ding and Huaili Zheng

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090076 - 27 Aug 2025

The application of magnetism in water treatment processes has enhanced efficiency across various stages, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration, representing a field with significant potential [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Magnetic Materials in Water Treatment)

12 pages, 2631 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dy₂ Complex Constructed by TCNQ^·− Radical Anions with Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior

by Xirong Wang, Shijia Qin, Xiulan Li, Wenjing Zuo, Qinglun Wang, Licun Li, Yue Ma, Jinkui Tang and Bin Zhao

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090075 - 26 Aug 2025

A centrosymmetric dinuclear complex, [Dy₂(H₂dapp)₂(μ-OH)₂(H₂O)₂]·4TCNQ·2CH₃OH, was synthesized using the TCNQ^·− radical anion (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane) and pentadentate nitrogen-containing Schiff base ligand (H₂dapp = 2,6-diacetylpyridine)-bis(2-pyridylhydrazone). [...] Read more.

A centrosymmetric dinuclear complex, [Dy₂(H₂dapp)₂(μ-OH)₂(H₂O)₂]·4TCNQ·2CH₃OH, was synthesized using the TCNQ^·− radical anion (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane) and pentadentate nitrogen-containing Schiff base ligand (H₂dapp = 2,6-diacetylpyridine)-bis(2-pyridylhydrazone). In the Dy₂ dimer, the two Dy^III ions adopt eight-coordinated geometries intermediate between D_4d and D_2d symmetries, linked by two OH⁻ groups, with ferromagnetic Dy-Dy interactions. The TCNQ^·− radical anions are uncoordinated, and they pack tightly into antiparamagnetic dimers to balance the system charge. Under zero field, weak magnetic relaxation was observed, with an approximate Δ_eff = 2.82 K and τ₀ = 6.88 × 10⁻⁶ s. This might be attributed to the short intermolecular Dy···Dy distance of 7.97 Å, which could enhance intermolecular dipolar interactions and quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Magnetism: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Dai-Zheng Liao on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday)

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13 pages, 1365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Microstructural Changes on the Magnetization Dynamics Mechanisms in Ferrofluids Subjected to Alternating Magnetic Fields

by Cristian E. Botez and Zachary Musslewhite

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090074 - 24 Aug 2025

We investigated the effects of chemical and physical changes on the interplay between the Néel and Brown superspin relaxation mechanisms in ferrofluids containing 18 nm-diameter Co_0.2Fe_2.8O₄ magnetic nanoparticles. We attempted to tune the ferrofluid’s magnetization dynamics via three [...] Read more.

We investigated the effects of chemical and physical changes on the interplay between the Néel and Brown superspin relaxation mechanisms in ferrofluids containing 18 nm-diameter Co_0.2Fe_2.8O₄ magnetic nanoparticles. We attempted to tune the ferrofluid’s magnetization dynamics via three methods: (i) changing the carrier fluid from Isopar M to kerosene (ii) doubling the Co-doping level from x = 0.2 to x = 0.4, and (iii) diluting the Co_0.2Fe_2.8O₄/Isopar M nanomagnetic fluid from δ = 1 mg/mL to δ = 0.1 mg/mL. We used temperature-resolved ac-susceptibility measurements at different frequencies, χ″ vs. T|_f, to gain insight into the thermally driven superspin dynamics of the nanoparticles within the ferrofluid. Our data demonstrates that both increasing x and using a different carrier fluid quantitatively alter the temperature dependence of the Néel and Brown relaxation frequency (f_N vs. T and f_B vs. T) by changing the nanoparticles’ magnetic moments and the fluid’s viscosity. Yet, the two mechanisms remain decoupled, as indicated by the presence of two magnetic events (peaks in the χ″ vs. T|_f datasets) one corresponding to the Néel and the other to Brown relaxation. On the other hand, diluting the ferrofluid leads to a qualitative change in the collective superspin dynamics behavior. Indeed, there is just one χ″-peak in the data from the δ = 0.1 mg/mL nanofluid, and its f vs. T dependence is well-described by a model that includes coupled contributions from both the Néel and Brown relaxation:

f (T) = p \cdot \frac{T}{γ_{0}} \cdot e x p [- \frac{E^{'}}{k_{B} (T - T_{0}^{'})}] +

(1 − p)

f_{0} e x p [- \frac{E_{B}}{k_{B} (T - T_{0})}]

. This is a remarkable behavior that demonstrates the ability to control a ferrofluids magnetization dynamics through simple chemical and physical changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferrofluids: Electromagnetic Properties and Applications)

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13 pages, 4868 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dinuclear Dysprosium(III) Single Molecule Magnet of Benzo[h]quinolin-10-ol

by Limin Zhou, Hongling Lv, Yuning Liang, Dongcheng Liu, Zaiheng Yao, Shuchang Luo and Zilu Chen

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090073 - 24 Aug 2025

To develop single molecule magnets, a dinuclear complex [Dy₂(HOBQ)₄Cl₆] (1) was prepared from the reaction of DyCl₃ with benzo[h]quinolin-10-ol (HOBQ). Each Dy(III) ion shows a compressed octahedral geometry and the two Dy(III) [...] Read more.

To develop single molecule magnets, a dinuclear complex [Dy₂(HOBQ)₄Cl₆] (1) was prepared from the reaction of DyCl₃ with benzo[h]quinolin-10-ol (HOBQ). Each Dy(III) ion shows a compressed octahedral geometry and the two Dy(III) ions in 1 are bridged by two Cl⁻ ligands to construct a dinuclear structure with the four HOBQ ligands on the axial positions and six Cl⁻ ligands in the equatorial plane. Magnetic measurements showed that complex 1 is a field-induced single molecule magnet having an obvious magnetic hysteresis loop with an energy barrier of 71(2) K. These experimental results are corroborated by the ab initio complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations which also interpret the magneto-structural correlation. It is a typical example to achieve Dy(III) SMM through regulating coordination geometry, i.e., lengthening equatorial coordination bonds and shortening axial ones to form a compressed octahedral geometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Magnetism: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Dai-Zheng Liao on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday)

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18 pages, 5350 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mössbauer Research and Magnetic Properties of Dispersed Microspheres from High-Calcium Fly Ash

by Elena V. Fomenko, Yuriy V. Knyazev, Galina V. Akimochkina, Sergey V. Semenov, Vladimir V. Yumashev, Leonid A. Solovyov, Natalia N. Anshits, Oleg A. Bayukov and Alexander G. Anshits

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090072 - 23 Aug 2025

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA), produced from the lignite combustion, has emerged as a global concern due to its fine particle size and adverse environmental impacts. This study presents the characteristics of dispersed microspheres from HCFA obtained using modern techniques, such as XRD, SEM-EDS, [...] Read more.

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA), produced from the lignite combustion, has emerged as a global concern due to its fine particle size and adverse environmental impacts. This study presents the characteristics of dispersed microspheres from HCFA obtained using modern techniques, such as XRD, SEM-EDS, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, DSC-TG, particle size analysis, and magnetic measurements. It is found that an increase in microsphere size is likely due to the growth of the silicate glass-like phase, while the magnetic crystalline phase content remains stable. According to the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, there are two substituted Ca-based ferrites—CaFe₂O₄ and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ with a quite different magnetic behavior. Besides, the magnetic ordering temperature of the brownmillerite (Ca₂Fe₂O₅) phase increases with the average diameter of the microspheres. FORC analysis reveals enhanced magnetic interactions as microsphere size increases, indicating an elevation in the concentration of magnetic microparticles, primarily on the microsphere surface, as supported by electron microscopy data. The discovered the magnetic crystallographic phases distribution on the microsphere’s surface claims the accessibility for further enrichment of the magnetically active particles and the possible application of fly ashes as a cheap source for magnetic materials synthesis. Full article

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26 pages, 4255 KB

Open AccessReview

Application Progress of Magnetic Chitosan in Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment

by Xiaotian Wang, Yan Zhuang, Kinjal J. Shah and Yongjun Sun

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090071 - 22 Aug 2025

Wastewater containing heavy metals can come from a variety of sources and is extremely toxic and hard to break down. Conventional treatment methods can easily result in secondary pollution and are expensive. The research on magnetic chitosan composites, a new adsorbent in the [...] Read more.

Wastewater containing heavy metals can come from a variety of sources and is extremely toxic and hard to break down. Conventional treatment methods can easily result in secondary pollution and are expensive. The research on magnetic chitosan composites, a new adsorbent in the treatment of heavy metal wastewater, is methodically reviewed in this paper. It offers a theoretical foundation for the creation of more environmentally friendly and effective wastewater treatment technology by examining its preparation and modification technology, adsorption mechanism, and application performance. This paper provides a summary of the technology used to prepare and modify magnetic chitosan composites. Both the cross-linking and co-precipitation methods are thoroughly examined. A summary of the fundamental process of heavy metal ion adsorption is provided, along with information on the chemical and physical impacts. Of these, chemical adsorption has been shown to work well with the majority of heavy metal adsorption systems. According to application research, magnetic chitosan exhibits good adaptability in real-world industrial wastewater treatment and has outstanding adsorption performance for various heavy metal ion types and multi-metal coexistence systems (including synergistic/competitive effects). Lastly, the optimization of the material preparation and modification process, the mechanism influencing the various coexisting ion types, and the improvement of regeneration ability should be the main areas of future development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applications of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials)

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16 pages, 1626 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect and Single-Molecule Magnet Behavior in a Series of Sulfur-Containing Ligand-Based Ln₉ Clusters (Ln = Gd, Tb, and Dy)

by Ya-Wei Geng, Tong Guo, Xiao-Qin Wang and Tian Han

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(9), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11090070 - 22 Aug 2025

As an important branch of lanthanide-based complexes, clusters show unique properties in magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and single-molecule magnets (SMMs) using O/N ligands, while research on heavy p-block elements (e.g., S atom) with larger atomic radii and more diffuse p valence orbitals as coordinating [...] Read more.

As an important branch of lanthanide-based complexes, clusters show unique properties in magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and single-molecule magnets (SMMs) using O/N ligands, while research on heavy p-block elements (e.g., S atom) with larger atomic radii and more diffuse p valence orbitals as coordinating atoms remains relatively scarce. Herein, using the sulfur-containing ligand of 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide (HL), we successfully synthesized a series of hourglass-like Ln₉ clusters [Ln₉(L)₁₇(μ₃-OH)₉(μ₄-OH)]·nH₂O (1: Ln = Gd, n = 3; 2: Ln = Tb, n = 3; 3: Ln = Dy, n = 1). Magnetic data analysis reveals that cluster 1 shows a significant MCE, with the entropy change (−ΔS_m) reaching a maximum of 34.41 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 2 K under ΔH = 7 T. Cluster 3, meanwhile, exhibits distinct frequency- and temperature-dependent behavior, indicating its SMM characteristics. Interestingly, despite possessing the highest molar mass among reported Gd₉ clusters with MCE, 1 exhibits a competitive −ΔS_m value, highlighting the critical role of sulfur-containing ligand on the structure and even exchange interactions. This work offers new insights into synthesizing high-performance MCE materials and understanding magneto-structural relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Magnetism: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Dai-Zheng Liao on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday)

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13 pages, 1570 KB

Open AccessArticle

Refrigeration in Adiabatically Confined Anisotropic Transition Metal Complexes Induced by Sudden Magnetic Field Quenching

by Andrew Palii, Valeria Belonovich and Boris Tsukerblat

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(8), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11080069 - 15 Aug 2025

The article is devoted to the theoretical development of the mechanisms of molecular refrigeration, the area combining molecular magnetism and material science with promise for low-temperature physics and quantum computing, where conventional principles of refrigeration become inefficient. Given this general trend, we propose [...] Read more.

The article is devoted to the theoretical development of the mechanisms of molecular refrigeration, the area combining molecular magnetism and material science with promise for low-temperature physics and quantum computing, where conventional principles of refrigeration become inefficient. Given this general trend, we propose the concept of the magnetothermal effect in magnetically anisotropic complexes of 3d metal ions, caused by fast magnetic field quenching. Within this concept, the most topical case of an axially magnetically anisotropic system isolated from the environment by adiabatic envelope is analyzed. We evaluate the temperature change as a function of the initial temperature and magnetic field and also its dependence on the sign and the magnitude of the axial zero-field splitting parameter and the Debye temperature. Correlations are revealed between the sign of the magnetic anisotropy (dictated by the sign of the axial zero field splitting parameter) and the sign of the thermal effect (heating versus cooling) caused by field quenching. The temperature change is shown to be negative (cooling) in the case of complexes exhibiting easy-axis-type magnetic anisotropy, while for the case of easy-plane-type anisotropy, it proves to be positive (heating). The thermal effects are shown to have an efficient control by varying the initially applied field. These findings allow us to propose complexes exhibiting easy-axis-type magnetic anisotropy as candidates for achieving a low-temperature refrigeration effect caused by fast field quenching and also to employ the established magnetothermal correlations to the analysis of magnetic anisotropy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stimuli-Responsive Magnetic Molecular Materials—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2189 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Lanthanide Complexes with Rhodamine Benzoyl Hydrazone Ligands

by Lin Miao, Dong-Mei Zhu, Cai-Ming Liu, Yi-Quan Zhang and Hui-Zhong Kou

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(8), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11080068 - 7 Aug 2025

Given the outstanding magnetic characteristics of lanthanide ions, the development of mononuclear or multinuclear lanthanide complexes becomes imperative. Previous research showed that a series of mononuclear Dy(III) complexes of rhodamine benzoyl hydrazone Schiff base ligands exhibit remarkable single-molecule magnetic properties and fluorescence. In [...] Read more.

Given the outstanding magnetic characteristics of lanthanide ions, the development of mononuclear or multinuclear lanthanide complexes becomes imperative. Previous research showed that a series of mononuclear Dy(III) complexes of rhodamine benzoyl hydrazone Schiff base ligands exhibit remarkable single-molecule magnetic properties and fluorescence. In this study, we used analogous ligands to synthesize lanthanide complexes [Dy(HL¹-o)(NO₃)₂(CH₃OH)₂]NO₃·CH₃OH (complex 1·MeOH) and tetranuclear complexes [Ln₄(L¹-c)₂(L²)₂(μ₃-OH)₂(NO₃)₂(CH₃OH)₄](NO₃)₂·2CH₃CN·5CH₃OH·2H₂O (Ln = Dy, complex 2; Ln = Gd, complex 3). Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that 1·2H₂O is a single-molecule magnet, 2 shows slow magnetic relaxation and 3 is a magnetic cooling material with the magnetic entropy change of 9.81 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 2 K and 5 T. The theoretical calculations on 1·MeOH indicate that it shows good magnetic anisotropy with the calculated energy barrier of 194.6 cm⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Magnetism: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Dai-Zheng Liao on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday)

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10 pages, 2101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Ferromagnetic Response of B2-Type Al₄₅Mn_41.8X_13.2 (X = Fe, Co, Ni) Alloys

by Esmat Dastanpour, Haireguli Aihemaiti, Shuo Huang, Valter Ström, Lajos Károly Varga and Levente Vitos

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(8), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11080067 - 6 Aug 2025

To our knowledge, no magnetic B2 phase in the Al–Mn system of near-equiatomic compositions has been reported so far. Here, we investigate the structural and magnetic characteristics of Al₄₅Mn_41.8X_13.2 (X = Fe, Co or Ni) alloys. We demonstrate [...] Read more.

To our knowledge, no magnetic B2 phase in the Al–Mn system of near-equiatomic compositions has been reported so far. Here, we investigate the structural and magnetic characteristics of Al₄₅Mn_41.8X_13.2 (X = Fe, Co or Ni) alloys. We demonstrate that adding 13.2 atomic percent magnetic 3d metal to AlMn stabilizes a ferromagnetic B2 structure, where Al and X occupy different sublattices. We employ density functional theory calculations and experimental characterizations to underscore the role of the late 3d metals for the phase stability of the quasi-ordered ternary systems. We show that these alloys possess large local magnetic moments primarily due to Mn atoms partitioned to the Al-free sublattice. The revealed magneto-chemical effect opens alternative routes for tailoring the magnetic properties of B2 intermetallic compounds for various magnetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Materials with Tunable Magnetic Properties)

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