Journal of Functional Biomaterials

16 pages, 14250 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sequential Release of Panax Notoginseng Saponins and Osteopractic Total Flavone from Poly (_L-Lactic Acid) Scaffold for Treating Glucocorticoid-Associated Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

by Guiyu Feng, Pingxin Zhang, Jian Huang, Yao Yu, Fenghe Yang, Xueqian Zhao, Wei Wang, Dongyang Li, Song Sun, Xufeng Niu, Limin Chai and Jinyu Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010031 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

Glucocorticoids inhibit angiogenesis in the femoral head, which fails to nourish the bone tissue and leads to osteonecrosis. Restoring angiogenesis is not only essential for vessel formation, but also crucial for osteogenesis. Poly (_L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is commonly used in the [...] Read more.

Glucocorticoids inhibit angiogenesis in the femoral head, which fails to nourish the bone tissue and leads to osteonecrosis. Restoring angiogenesis is not only essential for vessel formation, but also crucial for osteogenesis. Poly (_L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is commonly used in the bone tissue engineering field. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) and osteopractic total flavone (OTF) promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively. We designed a sequentially releasing PLLA scaffold including PLLA loaded with OTF (inner layer) and PLLA loaded with PNS (outer layer). We assessed the osteogenic effect of angiogenesis in this scaffold by comparing it with the one-layered scaffold (PLLA embedded with OTF and PNS) in vivo. Results from the micro-CT showed that the data of bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume (BV), and percent bone volume (BV/TV) in the PO-PP group were significantly higher than those in the POP group (p < 0.01). Histological analyses show that the PO-PP scaffold exhibits better angiogenic and osteogenic effects compared with the one-layered scaffold. These might result from the different structures between them, where the sequential release of a bi-layer scaffold achieves the osteogenic effect of vascularization by initially releasing PNS in the outer layer. We further explored the possible mechanism by an immunohistochemistry analysis and an immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that the protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1(CD31) in the PO-PP scaffold were significantly higher than those in the POP scaffold (p < 0.01); the protein expressions of osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the PO-PP scaffold were significantly higher than those in the POP scaffold (p < 0.05). Upregulating the expressions of angiogenic and osteogenic proteins might be the possible mechanism. Full article

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29 pages, 2378 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Updated Perspectives on Direct Vascular Cellular Reprogramming and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts

by Saneth Gavishka Sellahewa, Jojo Yijiao Li and Qingzhong Xiao

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010021 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a globally prevalent disease with far-reaching medical and socio-economic consequences. Although improvements in treatment pathways and revascularisation therapies have slowed disease progression, contemporary management fails to modulate the underlying atherosclerotic process and sustainably replace damaged arterial tissue. Direct cellular reprogramming [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease is a globally prevalent disease with far-reaching medical and socio-economic consequences. Although improvements in treatment pathways and revascularisation therapies have slowed disease progression, contemporary management fails to modulate the underlying atherosclerotic process and sustainably replace damaged arterial tissue. Direct cellular reprogramming is a rapidly evolving and innovative tissue regenerative approach that holds promise to restore functional vasculature and restore blood perfusion. The approach utilises cell plasticity to directly convert somatic cells to another cell fate without a pluripotent stage. In this narrative literature review, we comprehensively analyse and compare direct reprogramming protocols to generate endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular progenitors. Specifically, we carefully examine the reprogramming factors, their molecular mechanisms, conversion efficacies and therapeutic benefits for each induced vascular cell. Attention is given to the application of these novel approaches with tissue engineered vascular grafts as a therapeutic and disease-modelling platform for cardiovascular diseases. We conclude with a discussion on the ethics of direct reprogramming, its current challenges, and future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Study and Analysis for Cardiovascular/Skeletal Materials and Devices)

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27 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Strategies of Macrophages to Maintain Bone Homeostasis and Promote Bone Repair: A Narrative Review

by Yingkun Hu, Jinghuan Huang, Chunying Chen, Yi Wang, Zhuowen Hao, Tianhong Chen, Junwu Wang and Jingfeng Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010018 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5959

Abstract

Bone homeostasis (a healthy bone mass) is regulated by maintaining a delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation. The regulation of physiological bone remodeling by a complex system that involves multiple cells in the skeleton is closely related to bone homeostasis. Loss [...] Read more.

Bone homeostasis (a healthy bone mass) is regulated by maintaining a delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation. The regulation of physiological bone remodeling by a complex system that involves multiple cells in the skeleton is closely related to bone homeostasis. Loss of bone mass or repair of bone is always accompanied by changes in bone homeostasis. However, due to the complexity of bone homeostasis, we are currently unable to identify all the mechanisms that affect bone homeostasis. To date, bone macrophages have been considered a third cellular component in addition to osteogenic spectrum cells and osteoclasts. As confirmed by co-culture models or in vivo experiments, polarized or unpolarized macrophages interact with multiple components within the bone to ensure bone homeostasis. Different macrophage phenotypes are prone to resorption and formation of bone differently. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate bone homeostasis and concludes that macrophages can control bone homeostasis from osteoclasts, mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the blood/vasculature system. The elaboration of these mechanisms in this narrative review facilitates the development of macrophage-based strategies for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and bone defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Applications in Bone and Wound Repair)

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23 pages, 5590 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antibacterial Electrodeposited Copper-Doped Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Dental Implants

by Camille Pierre, Ghislaine Bertrand, Iltaf Pavy, Olivier Benhamou, Christian Rey, Christine Roques and Christèle Combes

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010020 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3351

Abstract

Dental implants provide a good solution for the replacement of tooth roots. However, the full restoration of tooth functions relies on the bone-healing period before positioning the abutment and the crown on the implant, with the associated risk of post-operative infection. This study [...] Read more.

Dental implants provide a good solution for the replacement of tooth roots. However, the full restoration of tooth functions relies on the bone-healing period before positioning the abutment and the crown on the implant, with the associated risk of post-operative infection. This study aimed at developing a homogeneous and adherent thin calcium phosphate antibacterial coating on titanium dental implants by electrodeposition to favor both implant osseointegration and to limit peri-implantitis. By combining global (XRD, FTIR-ATR, elemental titration) and local (SEM, Raman spectroscopy on the coating surface and thickness) characterization techniques, we determined the effect of electrodeposition time on the characteristics and phases content of the coating and the associated mechanism of its formation. The 1-min-electrodeposited CaP coating (thickness: 2 ± 1 μm) was mainly composed of nano-needles of octacalcium phosphate. We demonstrated its mechanical stability after screwing and unscrewing the dental implant in an artificial jawbone. Then, we showed that we can reach a high copper incorporation rate (up to a 27% Cu/(Cu+Ca) molar ratio) in this CaP coating by using an ionic exchange post-treatment with copper nitrate solution at different concentrations. The biological properties (antibiofilm activity and cytotoxicity) were tested in vitro using a model of mixed bacteria biofilm mimicking peri-implantitis and the EN 10993-5 standard (direct contact), respectively. An efficient copper-doping dose was determined, providing an antibiofilm property to the coating without cytotoxic side effects. By combining the electrodeposition and copper ionic exchange processes, we can develop an antibiofilm calcium phosphate coating on dental implants with a tunable thickness and phases content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Biomimetic Calcium Phosphates 2.0)

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13 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Cationic Polymers on Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells

by Conor McCartin, Juliette Blumberger, Candice Dussouillez, Patricia Fernandez de Larrinoa, Monique Dontenwill, Christel Herold-Mende, Philippe Lavalle, Béatrice Heurtault, Stéphane Bellemin-Laponnaz, Sylvie Fournel and Antoine Kichler

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010017 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3196

Abstract

Cationic polymers such as polyethylenimine (PEI) have found a pervasive place in laboratories across the world as gene delivery agents. However, their applications are not limited to this role, having found a place as delivery agents for drugs, in complexes known as polymer-drug [...] Read more.

Cationic polymers such as polyethylenimine (PEI) have found a pervasive place in laboratories across the world as gene delivery agents. However, their applications are not limited to this role, having found a place as delivery agents for drugs, in complexes known as polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs). Yet a potentially underexplored domain of research is in their inherent potential as anti-cancer therapeutic agents, which has been indicated by several studies. Even more interesting is the recent observation that certain polycations may present a significantly greater toxicity towards the clinically important cancer stem cell (CSC) niche than towards more differentiated bulk tumour cells. These cells, which possess the stem-like characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation, are highly implicated in cancer drug resistance, tumour recurrence and poor clinical prognosis. The search for compounds which may target and eliminate these cells is thus of great research interest. As such, the observation in our previous study on a PEI-based PDC which showed a considerably higher toxicity of PEI towards glioblastoma CSCs (GSCs) than on more differentiated glioma (U87) cells led us to investigate other cationic polymers for a similar effect. The evaluation of the toxicity of a range of different types of polycations, and an investigation into the potential source of GSC’s sensitivity to such compounds is thus described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

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15 pages, 1981 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Skin Vaccination with Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Using a Polyphosphazene-Based Microneedle Patch Protects Mice against Lethal Challenge

by Andrey Romanyuk, Ruixue Wang, Alexander Marin, Benjamin M. Janus, Eric I. Felner, Dengning Xia, Yenny Goez-Gazi, Kendra J. Alfson, Abdul S. Yunus, Eric A. Toth, Gilad Ofek, Ricardo Carrion, Jr., Mark R. Prausnitz, Thomas R. Fuerst and Alexander K. Andrianov

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010016 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4148

Abstract

Ebolavirus (EBOV) infection in humans is a severe and often fatal disease, which demands effective interventional strategies for its prevention and treatment. The available vaccines, which are authorized under exceptional circumstances, use viral vector platforms and have serious disadvantages, such as difficulties in [...] Read more.

Ebolavirus (EBOV) infection in humans is a severe and often fatal disease, which demands effective interventional strategies for its prevention and treatment. The available vaccines, which are authorized under exceptional circumstances, use viral vector platforms and have serious disadvantages, such as difficulties in adapting to new virus variants, reliance on cold chain supply networks, and administration by hypodermic injection. Microneedle (MN) patches, which are made of an array of micron-scale, solid needles that painlessly penetrate into the upper layers of the skin and dissolve to deliver vaccines intradermally, simplify vaccination and can thereby increase vaccine access, especially in resource-constrained or emergency settings. The present study describes a novel MN technology, which combines EBOV glycoprotein (GP) antigen with a polyphosphazene-based immunoadjuvant and vaccine delivery system (poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene], PCPP). The protein-stabilizing effect of PCPP in the microfabrication process enabled preparation of a dissolvable EBOV GP MN patch vaccine with superior antigenicity compared to a non-polyphosphazene polymer-based analog. Intradermal immunization of mice with polyphosphazene-based MN patches induced strong, long-lasting antibody responses against EBOV GP, which was comparable to intramuscular injection. Moreover, mice vaccinated with the MN patches were completely protected against a lethal challenge using mouse-adapted EBOV and had no histologic lesions associated with ebolavirus disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Polymers for the Delivery of Vaccines and Therapeutics)

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21 pages, 5096 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Degradation and Photoactivated Antibacterial Activity of a Hemin-CaP Microsphere-Loaded Coating on Pure Magnesium

by Lixin Long, Yang Song, Xiaoyi Tian, Lanyue Cui, Chengbao Liu, Shuoqi Li, Yu Wang and Rongchang Zeng

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010015 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3147

Abstract

Photoactivated sterilization has received more attention in dealing with implant-associated infections due to its advantages of rapid and effective bacteriostasis and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Herein, a micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/polymethyltrimethoxysilane (PMTMS)@hemin-induced calcium-bearing phosphate microsphere (Hemin-CaP) coating was prepared on pure magnesium (Mg) via MAO [...] Read more.

Photoactivated sterilization has received more attention in dealing with implant-associated infections due to its advantages of rapid and effective bacteriostasis and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Herein, a micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/polymethyltrimethoxysilane (PMTMS)@hemin-induced calcium-bearing phosphate microsphere (Hemin-CaP) coating was prepared on pure magnesium (Mg) via MAO processing and dipping treatments. The morphology and composition of the coating were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. Corrosion behavior was evaluated through electrochemical and hydrogen evolution tests. The release of Fe³⁺ ions at different immersion times was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Antibacterial performance and cytotoxicity were assessed using the spread plate method, MTT assay and live/dead staining experiment. The results showed that the corrosion current density of the MAO/PMTMS@(Hemin-CaP) coating (4.41 × 10⁻⁸ A·cm⁻²) was decreased by two orders of magnitude compared to that of pure Mg (3.12 × 10⁻⁶ A·cm⁻²). Photoactivated antibacterial efficiencies of the Hemin-CaP microspheres and MAO/PMTMS@(Hemin-CaP) coating reached about 99% and 92%, respectively, which we attributed to the photothermal and photodynamic properties of hemin with a porphyrin ring. Moreover, based on the release of Fe³⁺ ions, the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts’ viability reached up to 125% after a 72 h culture, indicating a positive effect of the coating in promoting cell growth. Thus, this novel composite coating holds a promising application as bone implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)

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27 pages, 4268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polyethyleneimine-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Theranostics

by Chong Zhao and Benqing Zhou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010012 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6982

Abstract

With the development of nanotechnology, various types of polymer-based drug delivery systems have been designed for biomedical applications. Polymer-based drug delivery systems with desirable biocompatibility can be efficiently delivered to tumor sites with passive or targeted effects and combined with other therapeutic and [...] Read more.

With the development of nanotechnology, various types of polymer-based drug delivery systems have been designed for biomedical applications. Polymer-based drug delivery systems with desirable biocompatibility can be efficiently delivered to tumor sites with passive or targeted effects and combined with other therapeutic and imaging agents for cancer theranostics. As an effective vehicle for drug and gene delivery, polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been extensively studied due to its rich surface amines and excellent water solubility. In this work, we summarize the surface modifications of PEI to enhance biocompatibility and functionalization. Additionally, the synthesis of PEI-based nanoparticles is discussed. We further review the applications of PEI-based drug delivery systems in cancer treatment, cancer imaging, and cancer theranostics. Finally, we thoroughly consider the outlook and challenges relating to PEI-based drug delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels for Biointerface Application)

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14 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of 3D Printing Acrylic Material with Bioactive Components

by Zbigniew Raszewski, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Julita Kulbacka and Marcin Mikulewicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010013 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3576

Abstract

The aim of this study was to create a 3D printing material with bioactive properties that potentially could be used for a transparent removable orthodontic appliance. Materials and methods. To acrylic monomers, four bioactive glasses at 10% concentration were added, which release Ca, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to create a 3D printing material with bioactive properties that potentially could be used for a transparent removable orthodontic appliance. Materials and methods. To acrylic monomers, four bioactive glasses at 10% concentration were added, which release Ca, P, Si and F ions. The materials were printed on a 3D printer and tested for flexural strength (24 h and 30 days), sorption and solubility (7 days), ion release to artificial saliva pH = 4 and 7 (42 days) and cytotoxicity in the human fibroblast model. The released ions were determined by plasma spectrometry (Ca, P and Si ions) and ion-selective electrode (F measurement)s. Results: The material obtained released Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions for a period of 42 days when using glass Biomin C at pH 4. The flexural strength depended on the direction in which the sample was printed relative to the 3D printer platform. Vertically printed samples had a resistance greater than 20%. The 10% Biomin C samples post-cured for 30 min with light had a survival rate of the cells after 72 h of 85%.Conclusions. Material for 3D printing with bioactive glass in its composition, which releases ions, can be used in the production of orthodontic aligners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Orthodontics)

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15 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polydopamine-Coated Alginate Microgels: Process Optimization and In Vitro Validation

by Iriczalli Cruz-Maya, Simona Zuppolini, Mauro Zarrelli, Elisabetta Mazzotta, Anna Borriello, Cosimino Malitesta and Vincenzo Guarino

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010002 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3002

Abstract

In the last decade, alginate-based microgels have gained relevant interest as three-dimensional analogues of extracellular matrix, being able to support cell growth and functions. In this study, core-shell microgels were fabricated by self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) molecules under mild oxidation and in situ [...] Read more.

In the last decade, alginate-based microgels have gained relevant interest as three-dimensional analogues of extracellular matrix, being able to support cell growth and functions. In this study, core-shell microgels were fabricated by self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) molecules under mild oxidation and in situ precipitation of polydopamine (PDA) onto alginate microbeads, processed by electro fluid dynamic atomization. Morphological (optical, SEM) and chemical analyses (ATR-FTIR, XPS) confirmed the presence of PDA macromolecules, distributed onto the microgel surface. Nanoindentation tests also indicated that the PDA coating can influence the biomechanical properties of the microgel surfaces—i.e., σmaxALG = 0.45 mN vs. σmaxALG@PDA = 0.30 mN—thus improving the interface with hMSCs as confirmed by in vitro tests; in particular, protein adsorption and viability tests show a significant increase in adhesion and cell proliferation, strictly related to the presence of PDA. Hence, we concluded that PDA coating contributes to the formation of a friendly interface able to efficiently support cells’ activities. In this perspective, core-shell microgels may be suggested as a novel symmetric 3D model to study in vitro cell interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Functional Biomaterials in Italy)

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16 pages, 3802 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Degradable Pure Magnesium Used as a Barrier Film for Oral Bone Regeneration

by Xianfeng Shan, Yu Xu, Sharafadeen Kunle Kolawole, Ling Wen, Zhenwei Qi, Weiwei Xu and Junxiu Chen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040298 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

The barrier membrane plays an extremely critical role in guided bone regeneration (GBR), which determines the success or failure of GBR technology. In order to obtain barrier membranes with high mechanical strength and degradability, some researchers have focused on degradable magnesium alloys. However, [...] Read more.

The barrier membrane plays an extremely critical role in guided bone regeneration (GBR), which determines the success or failure of GBR technology. In order to obtain barrier membranes with high mechanical strength and degradability, some researchers have focused on degradable magnesium alloys. However, the degradation rate of pure Mg-based materials in body fluids is rather fast, thus posing an urgent problem to be solved in oral clinics. In this study, a novel micro-arc oxidation (MAO) surface-treated pure Mg membrane was prepared. Electrochemical tests, immersion experiments and in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate its potential use as a barrier membrane. The experimental results showed that the corrosion resistance of a pure Mg membrane treated by MAO is better than that of the uncoated pure Mg. The results of cell experiments showed no obvious cytotoxicity, which suggests the enhanced differentiation of osteoblasts. At the same time, the MAO-Mg membrane showed better biological activity than the pure Ti membrane in the early stage of implantation, exhibiting relatively good bone regeneration ability. Consequently, the MAO membrane has been proven to possess good application prospects for guided bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Corrosion Behavior and Biocompatibility of Hot-Extruded Mg–Zn–Ga–(Y) Biodegradable Alloys

by Viacheslav Bazhenov, Anna Li, Artem Iliasov, Vasily Bautin, Sofia Plegunova, Andrey Koltygin, Alexander Komissarov, Maxim Abakumov, Nikolay Redko and Kwang Seon Shin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040294 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2491

Abstract

Fixation screws and other temporary magnesium alloy fixation devices are used in orthopedic practice because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility and acceptable biodegradation rates. The substitution of dissolving implant by tissues during the healing process is one of the main requirements for biodegradable implants. [...] Read more.

Fixation screws and other temporary magnesium alloy fixation devices are used in orthopedic practice because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility and acceptable biodegradation rates. The substitution of dissolving implant by tissues during the healing process is one of the main requirements for biodegradable implants. Previously, clinical tests showed the effectiveness of Ga ions on bone tissue regeneration. This work is the first systematic study on the corrosion rate and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ga–(Y) alloys prepared by hot extrusion, where Ga is an additional major alloying element, efficient as a bone-resorption inhibitor. Most investigated alloys have a low corrosion rate in Hanks’ solution close to ~0.2 mm/year. No cytotoxic effects of Mg–2Zn–2Ga (wt.%) alloy on MG63 cells were observed. Thus, considering the high corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility, the Mg–2Zn–2Ga alloy is possible for applications in osteosynthesis implants with improved bone tissue regeneration ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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12 pages, 1962 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Differential Foreign Body Reactions between Branched and Linear Glucomannan Scaffolds

by Yuwei Li, Yu Liu, Senio Campos de Souza, Tzuwei Chao, Lei Dong, Guoxing Sun, Chunming Wang and Yiming Niu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040293 - 11 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2078

Abstract

The extent and patterns of foreign body reaction (FBR) influence the function and feasibility of biomaterials. Polysaccharides, as an important biomaterial category, have received increasing attention in diverse biomaterials design and biomedical applications due to their excellent polymeric and biocompatible characteristics. Their biological [...] Read more.

The extent and patterns of foreign body reaction (FBR) influence the function and feasibility of biomaterials. Polysaccharides, as an important biomaterial category, have received increasing attention in diverse biomaterials design and biomedical applications due to their excellent polymeric and biocompatible characteristics. Their biological effects are usually associated with their monosaccharide composition or functional groups, yet the contribution of their glycan structure is still unknown. Herein, two glucomannans, similar in composition and molecular weight with differences in glycan structure, linear-chain (Konjac glucomannan, KGM), and branched-chain (Bletilla striata polysaccharide, BSP), were adopted to explore the host–biomaterials interaction. After acetyl modification, these polysaccharides were fabricated into electrospun scaffolds to reduce the impacts derived from the physical properties and surface morphology. According to a systematic study of their biological effects on immune cells and host response in a subcutaneous implantation model in vivo, it was revealed that acetyl KGM (acKGM) scaffolds caused a stronger FBR than acetyl BSP materials. Additionally, acKGM could stimulate macrophages to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting the influence of sugar chain arrangement on FBR and providing clues for the fine regulation of immune response and novel biomaterials design. Full article

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22 pages, 15639 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surface Modification of Additively Fabricated Titanium-Based Implants by Means of Bioactive Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings for Bone Replacement

by Anna I. Kozelskaya, Sven Rutkowski, Johannes Frueh, Aleksey S. Gogolev, Sergei G. Chistyakov, Sergey V. Gnedenkov, Sergey L. Sinebryukhov, Andreas Frueh, Vladimir S. Egorkin, Evgeny L. Choynzonov, Mikhail Buldakov, Denis E. Kulbakin, Evgeny N. Bolbasov, Anton P. Gryaznov, Ksenia N. Verzunova, Margarita D. Apostolova and Sergei I. Tverdokhlebov

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040285 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3729

Abstract

In this work, the micro-arc oxidation method is used to fabricate surface-modified complex-structured titanium implant coatings to improve biocompatibility. Depending on the utilized electrolyte solution and micro-arc oxidation process parameters, three different types of coatings (one of them—oxide, another two—calcium phosphates) were obtained, [...] Read more.

In this work, the micro-arc oxidation method is used to fabricate surface-modified complex-structured titanium implant coatings to improve biocompatibility. Depending on the utilized electrolyte solution and micro-arc oxidation process parameters, three different types of coatings (one of them—oxide, another two—calcium phosphates) were obtained, differing in their coating thickness, crystallite phase composition and, thus, with a significantly different biocompatibility. An analytical approach based on X-ray computed tomography utilizing software-aided coating recognition is employed in this work to reveal their structural uniformity. Electrochemical studies prove that the coatings exhibit varying levels of corrosion protection. In vitro and in vivo experiments of the three different micro-arc oxidation coatings prove high biocompatibility towards adult stem cells (investigation of cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation), as well as in vivo biocompatibility (including histological analysis). These results demonstrate superior biological properties compared to unmodified titanium surfaces. The ratio of calcium and phosphorus in coatings, as well as their phase composition, have a great influence on the biological response of the coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Drug Release and Tissue Engineering)

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13 pages, 2786 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biomechanical Testing of Two-Unit Bridges and a Comparison of Replacement Retention Depending on a Cementation Medium, Replacement Position, and Gap Size

by Alena Findrik Balogová, Viktória Rajťúková, Ľuboš Chromý, Andrej Somoš, Gabriela Ižaríková and Radovan Hudák

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040286 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1681

Abstract

Dental replacements are placed between the abutment teeth. The exceptions are two-unit bridges, as they are supported by a single tooth prepared only on one side of the missing tooth. The presented study deals with an analysis of a pressure force action on [...] Read more.

Dental replacements are placed between the abutment teeth. The exceptions are two-unit bridges, as they are supported by a single tooth prepared only on one side of the missing tooth. The presented study deals with an analysis of a pressure force action on two-unit bridges placed in the frontal part (20 samples), where the pressure action is lower, and in the distal part (20 samples), where the pressure action is higher. A CAD program by 3Shape was used for digital designing with two different gap settings, 10 μm (20 samples) and 30 μm (20 samples). Two-unit bridges were attached to the prepared tooth using two types of dental cement (20/20 samples), which were selected for their physical and bioactive properties. All two-unit bridges (a total of 80 samples) were fabricated from CoCr alloys on Mlab cusing R by applying the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. Mechanical testing was performed using the Inspekt5 table blue. The obtained data were used to verify the hypotheses—a difference between both types of cement (A ≠ B), a difference between the frontal and distal two-unit bridges (F ≠ D) and a difference between the gap sizes (10 ≠ 30). To confirm the given theories, data were statistically evaluated using the F-test and subsequent t-tests. The resulting p-value was compared with the level of significance (α = 0.05). A statistical evaluation revealed a significant difference between the compared groups; however, no explicit correlation between the individual groups of specimens was identified. Full article

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15 pages, 3339 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polycaprolactone Electrospun Nanofiber Membrane with Sustained Chlorohexidine Release Capability against Oral Pathogens

by Zi-Jian Chen, Jia-Cheng Lv, Zhi-Guo Wang, Fei-Yu Wang, Ren-Huan Huang, Zi-Li Zheng, Jia-Zhuang Xu and Jing Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040280 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2573

Abstract

Multiple-pathogen periodontal disease necessitates a local release and concentration of antibacterial medication to control inflammation in a particular location of the mouth cavity. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively load and deliver medicine/antibiotics to treat numerous complex bacterial infections. This study developed chlorhexidine [...] Read more.

Multiple-pathogen periodontal disease necessitates a local release and concentration of antibacterial medication to control inflammation in a particular location of the mouth cavity. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively load and deliver medicine/antibiotics to treat numerous complex bacterial infections. This study developed chlorhexidine (CHX)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membranes with controlled release properties as periodontal dressings to prevent or treat oral disorders. Electrostatic spinning was adopted to endow the nanofiber membranes with a high porosity, hydrophilicity, and CHX loading capability. The release of CHX occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The CHX/PCL nanofiber membranes exhibited good biocompatibility with human periodontal ligament stem cells, with cell viability over 85% in each group via CCK-8 assay and LIVE/DEAD staining; moreover, the good attachment of the membrane was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy imaging. Through the agar diffusion assay, the nanofiber membranes with only 0.075 wt% CHX exhibited high antibacterial activity against three typical oral infection-causing bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Prevotella intermedia. The results indicated that the CHX/PCL nanofiber holds great potential as a periodontal dressing for the prevention and treatment periodontal disorders associated with bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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47 pages, 3376 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Review of Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Effects

by Andreea Mariana Negrescu, Manuela S. Killian, Swathi N. V. Raghu, Patrik Schmuki, Anca Mazare and Anisoara Cimpean

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040274 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 16850

Abstract

In the last few years, the progress made in the field of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to develop and synthesize nanosized materials with unique physicochemical characteristics, suitable for various biomedical applications. Amongst these nanomaterials, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained increasing interest due [...] Read more.

In the last few years, the progress made in the field of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to develop and synthesize nanosized materials with unique physicochemical characteristics, suitable for various biomedical applications. Amongst these nanomaterials, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained increasing interest due to their excellent properties, which to a great extent differ from their bulk counterpart. However, despite such positive advantages, a substantial body of literature reports on their cytotoxic effects, which are directly correlated to the nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties, therefore, better control over the synthetic parameters will not only lead to favorable surface characteristics but may also increase biocompatibility and consequently lower cytotoxicity. Taking into consideration the enormous biomedical potential of MONPs, the present review will discuss the most recent developments in this field referring mainly to synthesis methods, physical and chemical characterization and biological effects, including the pro-regenerative and antitumor potentials as well as antibacterial activity. Moreover, the last section of the review will tackle the pressing issue of the toxic effects of MONPs on various tissues/organs and cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women in Science: Functional Biomaterials)

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25 pages, 5435 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adsorption and Release Properties of Drug Delivery System Naproxen-SBA-15: Effect of Surface Polarity, Sodium/Acid Drug Form and pH

by Ľuboš Zauška, Eva Beňová, Martina Urbanová, Jiří Brus, Vladimír Zeleňák, Virginie Hornebecq and Miroslav Almáši

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040275 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2997

Abstract

Mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via sol-gel synthesis and functionalized with different types of organosilanes containing various organic functional groups: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (SBA-15-NH₂), (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane (SBA-15-SH), triethoxymethylsilane (SBA-15-CH₃), triethoxyphenylsilane (SBA-15-Ph), and (3-isocynatopropyl)triethoxysilane (SBA-15-NCO). The prepared materials were investigated as drug delivery [...] Read more.

Mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via sol-gel synthesis and functionalized with different types of organosilanes containing various organic functional groups: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (SBA-15-NH₂), (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane (SBA-15-SH), triethoxymethylsilane (SBA-15-CH₃), triethoxyphenylsilane (SBA-15-Ph), and (3-isocynatopropyl)triethoxysilane (SBA-15-NCO). The prepared materials were investigated as drug delivery systems for naproxen. As model drugs, naproxen acid (HNAP) and its sodium salt (NaNAP) were used. Mentioned medicaments belong to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The prepared materials were characterized by different analytical methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis (N₂), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), ¹H, ¹³C and ²³Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C and ²³Na ss-NMR). The abovementioned analytical techniques confirmed the successful grafting of functional groups to the SBA-15 surface and the adsorption of drugs after the impregnation process. The BET area values decreased from 927 m² g⁻¹ for SBA-15 to 408 m² g⁻¹ for SBA-15-NCO. After drug encapsulation, a more significant decrease in surface area was observed due to the filling of pores with drug molecules, while the most significant decrease was observed for the SBA-15-NH₂ material (115 m² g⁻¹ for NaNAP and 101 m² g⁻¹ for HNAP). By combining TG and nitrogen adsorption results, the occurrence of functional groups and the affinity of drugs to the carriers’ surface were calculated. The dominant factor was the volume of functional groups and intermolecular interactions. The highest drug affinity values were observed for phenyl and amine-modified materials (SBA-15-Ph = 1.379 μmol m⁻² mmol⁻¹ for NaNAP, 1.761 μmol m⁻² mmol⁻¹ for HNAP and SBA-15-NH₂ = 1.343 μmol m⁻² mmol⁻¹ for NaNAP, 1.302 μmol m⁻² mmol⁻¹ for HNAP) due to the formation of hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions, respectively. Drug release properties and kinetic studies were performed at t = 37 °C (normal human body temperature) in different media with pH = 2 as simulated human gastric fluid and pH = 7.4, which simulated a physiological environment. Determination of drug release quantity was performed with UV-VIS spectroscopy. The surface polarity, pH and naproxen form influenced the total released amount of drug. In general, naproxen sodium salt has a higher solubility than its acid form, thus significantly affecting drug release from surface-modified SBA-15 materials. Different pH conditions involved surface protonation and formation/disruption of intermolecular interactions, influencing both the release rate and the total released amount of naproxen. Different kinetic models, zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Hixson–Crowell models, were used to fit the drug release data. According to the obtained experimental results, the drug release rates and mechanisms were determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Mixed-Charge Nanomaterials)

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17 pages, 3976 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Healing Patterns of Non-Collagenated Bovine and Collagenated Porcine Xenografts Used for Sinus Floor Elevation: A Histological Study in Rabbits

by Yuhei Miyauchi, Takayuki Izutani, Yuki Teranishi, Takahisa Iida, Yasushi Nakajima, Samuel Porfirio Xavier and Shunsuke Baba

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040276 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1944

Abstract

Objective: To compare healing of collagenated and non-collagenated xenografts used for maxillary sinus floor elevation. Materials and Methods: Two different xenografts were used: deproteinized bovine bone (DBBM group) and collagenated corticocancellous porcine bone (collagenated group). Healing was studied after 2, 4, and 8 [...] Read more.

Objective: To compare healing of collagenated and non-collagenated xenografts used for maxillary sinus floor elevation. Materials and Methods: Two different xenografts were used: deproteinized bovine bone (DBBM group) and collagenated corticocancellous porcine bone (collagenated group). Healing was studied after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The loss of dimensions of the elevated area and the percentages of new bone, xenograft remnants, osteoclastic zones, vessels, inflammatory infiltrates, and soft tissues were analyzed. Three regions were evaluated: close to the bone walls (bone wall region), subjacent the sinus mucosa (submucosa region), and the center of the elevated area (middle region). The primary variables were the percentage of new bone and xenograft remnants. Results: Between 2 and 8 weeks, the elevated areas showed a reduction of 16.3% and 52.2% in the DBBM and collagenated groups, respectively (p < 0.01 between the two areas after 8 weeks). After 8 weeks, the highest content of new bone was observed in the bone wall region, which was higher in the collagenated group than in the DBBM group (41.6% and 28.6%, respectively; p < 0.01). A similar quantity of new bone was found between the two groups in other regions. A higher percentage of vessels in all regions evaluated (p < 0.01) and soft tissue in the sub-mucosa region (p < 0.05) was found in the collagenated group than in the DBBM group. Conclusions: The present study showed that both xenografts allowed new bone formation. In comparison with the non-collagenated xenograft, the collagenated xenograft underwent higher resorption, resulting in greater shrinkage of the elevated space after sinus lifting and a higher content of new bone in the regions close to the bone walls. Clinical relevance: In this study, the region adjacent to the bone wall showed the highest new bone content. This region resembles the base of the sinus, closest to the sinus floor and walls, and is the most important region from a clinical point of view because it is where the implant will be installed. Residues of the biomaterial remained after 8 weeks of healing. Other reports have shown that these biomaterial residues may interfere with the integration of implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

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15 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of an Injectable Biphasic Calcium Sulfate/Hydroxyapatite Cement for the Augmentation of Fenestrated Pedicle Screws in Osteoporotic Vertebrae: A Biomechanical Cadaver Study

by Xinggui Tian, Deepak B. Raina, Corina Vater, David Kilian, Tilman Ahlfeld, Ivan Platzek, Ute Nimtschke, Magnus Tägil, Lars Lidgren, Alexander Thomas, Uwe Platz, Klaus-Dieter Schaser, Alexander C. Disch and Stefan Zwingenberger

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040269 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3136

Abstract

Cement augmentation of pedicle screws is one of the most promising approaches to enhance the anchoring of screws in the osteoporotic spine. To date, there is no ideal cement for pedicle screw augmentation. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an [...] Read more.

Cement augmentation of pedicle screws is one of the most promising approaches to enhance the anchoring of screws in the osteoporotic spine. To date, there is no ideal cement for pedicle screw augmentation. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an injectable, bioactive, and degradable calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite (CaS/HA) cement could increase the maximum pull-out force of pedicle screws in osteoporotic vertebrae. Herein, 17 osteoporotic thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were obtained from a single fresh-frozen human cadaver and instrumented with fenestrated pedicle screws. The right screw in each vertebra was augmented with CaS/HA cement and the un-augmented left side served as a paired control. The cement distribution, interdigitation ability, and cement leakage were evaluated using radiographs. Furthermore, pull-out testing was used to evaluate the immediate mechanical effect of CaS/HA augmentation on the pedicle screws. The CaS/HA cement presented good distribution and interdigitation ability without leakage into the spinal canal. Augmentation significantly enhanced the maximum pull-out force of the pedicle screw in which the augmented side was 39.0% higher than the pedicle-screw-alone side. Therefore, the novel biodegradable biphasic CaS/HA cement could be a promising material for pedicle screw augmentation in the osteoporotic spine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)

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22 pages, 12629 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

TiO₂/HA and Titanate/HA Double-Layer Coatings on Ti6Al4V Surface and Their Influence on In Vitro Cell Growth and Osteogenic Potential

by Michalina Ehlert, Aleksandra Radtke, Natalia Forbot, Tomasz Jędrzejewski, Katarzyna Roszek, Patrycja Golińska, Grzegorz Trykowski and Piotr Piszczek

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040271 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2705

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) layers are appropriate biomaterials for use in the modification of the surface of implants produced inter alia from a Ti6Al4V alloy. The issue that must be solved is to provide implants with appropriate biointegration properties, enabling the permanent link between them [...] Read more.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) layers are appropriate biomaterials for use in the modification of the surface of implants produced inter alia from a Ti6Al4V alloy. The issue that must be solved is to provide implants with appropriate biointegration properties, enabling the permanent link between them and bone tissues, which is not so easy with the HA layer. Our proposition is the use of the intermediate layer ((IL) = TiO₂, and titanate layers) to successfully link the HA coating to a metal substrate (Ti6Al4V). The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of Ti6Al4V/IL/HA systems were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). We evaluated the apatite-forming ability on the surface of the layer in simulated body fluid. We investigated the effects of the obtained systems on the viability and growth of human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, mouse L929 fibroblasts, and adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro, as well as on their osteogenic properties. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that both investigated systems reflect the physiological environment of bone tissue and create a biocompatible surface supporting cell growth. However, the nanoporous TiO₂ intermediate layer with osteogenesis-supportive activity seems most promising for the practical application of Ti6Al4V/TiO₂/HA as a system of bone tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)

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23 pages, 3177 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Performance of PEO/Polymer Coatings on the Biodegradability, Antibacterial Effect and Biocompatibility of Mg-Based Materials

by Arash Fattah-alhosseini, Razieh Chaharmahali, Armin Rajabi, Kazem Babaei and Mosab Kaseem

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040267 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3890

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) alloys have recently attracted attention in biomedicine as biodegradable materials with non-toxic degradable products. Such compounds have become a frontier in the study of biodegradable materials because of their remarkable biomechanical compatibility and superior biocompatibility. The use of Mg-based implants reduces [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg) alloys have recently attracted attention in biomedicine as biodegradable materials with non-toxic degradable products. Such compounds have become a frontier in the study of biodegradable materials because of their remarkable biomechanical compatibility and superior biocompatibility. The use of Mg-based implants reduces the negative consequences of permanent biological implants by eliminating the necessity for biomaterial surgery following the healing process. However, the quick deterioration, formation of considerable gas of hydrogen volumes and a rise in the body environment pH are obstacles in the application of Mg as an implant material. Hence, compelling advances for erosion resistance and biocompatibility of magnesium and its alloys are noteworthy. Surface modification may be a practical approach because it improves the erosion resistance compared with extensive preparation of a treated surface for progressed bone recovery and cell attachment. Coating produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) seems a compelling method in order to enhance magnesium and the properties of its alloys. PEO-formed coatings cannot provide long-term protection in the physiological environment due to their porous nature. Thus, a polymer coating is applied on the porous PEO-formed coating, which is steadily applied on the surface. Polymer coatings improve the biocompatibility properties of Mg and its alloys and increase corrosion resistance. In this article, the most recent advancements in PEO/polymer composite coatings are reviewed, and the biocompatibility of such coatings is examined. Full article

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14 pages, 3511 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Formulation and Process Optimization of Rauvolfia serpentina Nanosuspension by HPMC and In Vitro Evaluation of ACE Inhibitory Potential

by Syeeda Iram Touqeer, Nazish Jahan, Naseem Abbas and Ahsan Ali

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040268 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3709

Abstract

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) overactivation is one of the primary causes of hypertension, which leads to cardiovascular disorders all over the world. In the scientific world, nanosuspension is a novel area of study that could offer an alternative treatment for active pharmaceuticals that [...] Read more.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) overactivation is one of the primary causes of hypertension, which leads to cardiovascular disorders all over the world. In the scientific world, nanosuspension is a novel area of study that could offer an alternative treatment for active pharmaceuticals that are not well soluble in water. Since active compounds’ bioavailability is reduced by their poor solubility, there are eventually fewer applications. Drug solubility, dissolving rate, and bioavailability are improved by nanosuspension, which shrinks medication particle size into the nanoscale range and boosts the surface area to volume ratio of the drug. There is a need to prepare Rauvolfia serpentina’s nanosuspension in order to get around some of the major challenges that it faces because of its poor solubility and wide range of biological activities. Using the antisolvent precipitation approach, a nanosuspension of Rauvolfia serpentina was created with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Rouvolfia serpentina nanosuspensions were prepared using a design of expert (DOE) approach, which allowed for the evaluation of key process parameters. To get an optimal sample, the effects of stabilizer concentration and anti-solvent volume on particle size, zeta potential, and PdI using CCD-RSM were investigated. Using the substrate Hippuryl-histidyl-leucine, the in vitro ACE inhibitory potential was assessed. On human erythrocytes, the safety of nanosuspension was evaluated in vitro. The ideal value of independent variables was discovered to be 0.25% w/v in order to achieve the desired response. Using scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of optimized nanosuspension was discovered to be rod-shaped (SEM). Compared to nanoformulation, crude extract had higher ACE inhibitory potential (83.11%). Human erythrocytes were found to be unaffected by nano-sized particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 2471 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Positive Effects of UV-Photofunctionalization of Titanium Oxide Surfaces on the Survival and Differentiation of Osteogenic Precursor Cells—An In Vitro Study

by Marco Roy, Alessandro Corti, Barbara Dorocka-Bobkowska and Alfonso Pompella

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040265 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

Introduction: The UVC-irradiation (“UV-photofunctionalization”) of titanium dental implants has proved to be capable of removing carbon contamination and restoring the ability of titanium surfaces to attract cells involved in the process of osteointegration, thus significantly enhancing the biocompatibility of implants and favoring the [...] Read more.

Introduction: The UVC-irradiation (“UV-photofunctionalization”) of titanium dental implants has proved to be capable of removing carbon contamination and restoring the ability of titanium surfaces to attract cells involved in the process of osteointegration, thus significantly enhancing the biocompatibility of implants and favoring the post-operative healing process. To what extent the effect of UVC irradiation is dependent on the type or the topography of titanium used, is still not sufficiently established. Objective: The present study was aimed at analyzing the effects of UV-photofunctionalization on the TiO₂ topography, as well as on the gene expression patterns and the biological activity of osteogenic cells, i.e., osteogenic precursors cultured in vitro in the presence of different titanium specimens. Methodology: The analysis of the surface roughness was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on machined surface grade 2, and sand-blasted/acid-etched surface grades 2 and 4 titanium specimens. The expression of the genes related with the process of healing and osteogenesis was studied in the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic murine cells, as well as in MSC murine stem cells, before and after exposure to differently treated TiO₂ surfaces. Results: The AFM determinations showed that the surface topographies of titanium after the sand-blasting and acid-etching procedures, look very similar, independently of the grade of titanium. The UVC-irradiation of the TiO₂ surface was found to induce an increase in the cell survival, attachment and proliferation, which was positively correlated with an increased expression of the osteogenesis-related genes Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Conclusion: Overall, our findings expand and further support the current view that UV-photofunctionalization can indeed restore biocompatibility and osteointegration of TiO₂ implants, and suggest that this at least in part occurs through a stimulation of the osteogenic differentiation of the precursor cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine)

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17 pages, 3896 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biodegradable Mg-Sc-Sr Alloy Improves Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis to Accelerate Bone Defect Restoration

by Nadia Aboutalebianaraki, Craig J. Neal, Sudipta Seal and Mehdi Razavi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040261 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2776

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are considered to be biodegradable metallic biomaterials for potential orthopedic implants. While the osteogenic properties of Mg alloys have been widely studied, few reports focused on developing a bifunctional Mg implant with osteogenic and angiogenic properties. Herein, a [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are considered to be biodegradable metallic biomaterials for potential orthopedic implants. While the osteogenic properties of Mg alloys have been widely studied, few reports focused on developing a bifunctional Mg implant with osteogenic and angiogenic properties. Herein, a Mg-Sc-Sr alloy was developed, and this alloy’s angiogenesis and osteogenesis effects were evaluated in vitro for the first time. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and metallography images were used to evaluate the microstructure of the developed Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. Human umbilical vein/vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to evaluate the angiogenic character of the prepared Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. A mix of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) and HUVEC cell cultures were used to assess the osteogenesis-stimulating effect of Mg-Sc-Sr alloy through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Von Kossa staining. Higher ALP activity and the number of calcified nodules (27% increase) were obtained for the Mg-Sc-Sr-treated groups compared to Mg-treated groups. In addition, higher VEGF expression (45.5% increase), tube length (80.8% increase), and number of meshes (37.9% increase) were observed. The Mg-Sc-Sr alloy showed significantly higher angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation than pure Mg and the control group, suggesting such a composition as a promising candidate in bone implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 5924 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical Properties of Ti-Nb-Cu Alloys for Dental Machining Applications

by Masatoshi Takahashi, Kotaro Sato, Genichi Togawa and Yukyo Takada

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040263 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2423

Abstract

Titanium has excellent biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance and is extensively used in dental implants and denture bases. However, pure titanium lacks the strength for use in dental prostheses that require relatively high strength. We developed 15 different types of Ti-Nb-Cu alloys and [...] Read more.

Titanium has excellent biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance and is extensively used in dental implants and denture bases. However, pure titanium lacks the strength for use in dental prostheses that require relatively high strength. We developed 15 different types of Ti-Nb-Cu alloys and investigated their alloy phases and mechanical properties, including tensile and yield strength, elongation after fracture, and Vickers hardness. The alloy phases of Ti-8%Nb-2%Cu and Ti-13%Nb-2%Cu were α + β, while those of Ti-5%Nb-5%Cu and Ti-10%Nb-5%Cu were α + Ti₂Cu. The tensile strength and hardness of these alloys were significantly higher than those of titanium; however, their elongation was less. In particular, the yield strength of these alloys was more than twice that of titanium. These differences in mechanical properties are attributable to solid–solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. Other compositions with an alloy phase of α + β + Ti₂Cu or β + Ti₂Cu had high hardness but not high strength. These results suggest that the Ti-8%Nb-2%Cu, Ti-5%Nb-5%Cu, Ti-13%Nb-2%Cu, and Ti-10%Nb-5%Cu alloys can be applied to dental prostheses, which are subject to very high forces from accessories such as long-span bridges, clasps, implant-retained superstructures, and narrow-diameter implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)

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21 pages, 10732 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Cooling and Annealing Conditions on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Superelastic Behavior of a Rotary Forged Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) Bar Stock for Spinal Implants

by Konstantin Lukashevich, Vadim Sheremetyev, Alexander Komissarov, Vladimir Cheverikin, Vladimir Andreev, Sergey Prokoshkin and Vladimir Brailovski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040259 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

In this work, the microstructure, phase state, texture, superelastic and mechanical properties of a Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) shape memory alloy subjected to a combined thermomechanical treatment, including hot rotary forging with either air cooling or water quenching and post-deformation annealing are studied. It [...] Read more.

In this work, the microstructure, phase state, texture, superelastic and mechanical properties of a Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) shape memory alloy subjected to a combined thermomechanical treatment, including hot rotary forging with either air cooling or water quenching and post-deformation annealing are studied. It was revealed that the main structural component of the deformed and annealed alloy is BCC β-phase. With an increase in the forging temperature from 600 to 700 °C, the average grain size increases from 5.4 to 17.8 µm for the air-cooled specimens and from 3.4 to 14.7 µm for the water-quenched specimens. Annealing at 525 °C after forging at 700 °C with water quenching leads to the formation of a mixed statically and dynamically polygonized substructure of β-phase. In this state, the alloy demonstrates the best combination of functional properties in this study: a Young’s modulus of ~33 GPa, an ultimate tensile strength of ~600 MPa and a superelastic recovery strain of ~3.4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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29 pages, 17471 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multifunctional Medical Grade Resin with Enhanced Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties: The Effect of Copper Nano-Inclusions in Vat Polymerization (VPP) Additive Manufacturing

by Nectarios Vidakis, Markos Petousis, Vassilis M. Papadakis and Nikolaos Mountakis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040258 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2831

Abstract

Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing process commonly used in medical applications. This work aims, for the first time in the literature, to extend and enhance the performance of a commercial medical-grade resin for the VPP process, with the development of nanocomposites, [...] Read more.

Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing process commonly used in medical applications. This work aims, for the first time in the literature, to extend and enhance the performance of a commercial medical-grade resin for the VPP process, with the development of nanocomposites, using Copper (Cu) nanoparticles as the additive at two different concentrations. The addition of the Cu nanoparticles was expected to enhance the mechanical properties of the resin and to enable biocidal properties on the nanocomposites since Cu is known for its antibacterial performance. The effect of the Cu concentration was investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared with high-shear stirring. Specimens were 3D printed following international standards for mechanical testing. Their thermal and spectroscopic response was also investigated. The morphological characteristics were examined. The antibacterial performance was evaluated with an agar well diffusion screening process. The experimental results were analyzed with statistical modeling tools with two control parameters (three levels each) and eleven response parameters. Cu enhanced the mechanical properties in all cases studied. 0.5 wt.% Cu nanocomposite showed the highest improvement (approximately 11% in tensile and 10% in flexural strength). The antibacterial performance was sufficient against S. aureus and marginal against E. coli. Full article

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27 pages, 1435 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

by Ekaterina O. Mikhailova

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040260 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5662

Abstract

The diverse biological properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) make them ideal for use in the development of new tools in therapy, diagnostics, and other biomedical purposes. “Green” PtNPs synthesis is of great interest as it is eco-friendly, less energy-consuming and minimizes the amount [...] Read more.

The diverse biological properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) make them ideal for use in the development of new tools in therapy, diagnostics, and other biomedical purposes. “Green” PtNPs synthesis is of great interest as it is eco-friendly, less energy-consuming and minimizes the amount of toxic by-products. This review is devoted to the biosynthesis properties of platinum nanoparticles based on living organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants) use. The participation of various biological compounds in PtNPs synthesis is highlighted. The biological activities of “green” platinum nanoparticles (antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, etc.), the proposed mechanisms of influence on target cells and the potential for their further biomedical application are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications)

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20 pages, 2564 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of In Vitro Approaches to Assess the Antibacterial Effects of Nanomaterials

by Abdulkader Masri, David M. Brown, David G. E. Smith, Vicki Stone and Helinor J. Johnston

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040255 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4650

Abstract

The antibacterial properties of nanomaterials (NMs) can be exploited in a range of consumer products (e.g., wound dressings, food packaging, textiles, medicines). There is also interest in the exploitation of NMs as treatments for infectious diseases to help combat antibiotic resistance. Whilst the [...] Read more.

The antibacterial properties of nanomaterials (NMs) can be exploited in a range of consumer products (e.g., wound dressings, food packaging, textiles, medicines). There is also interest in the exploitation of NMs as treatments for infectious diseases to help combat antibiotic resistance. Whilst the antibacterial activity of NMs has been assessed in vitro and in vivo in numerous studies, the methodology used is very varied. Indeed, while numerous approaches are available to assess the antibacterial effect of NMs in vitro, they have not yet been systematically assessed for their suitability and sensitivity for testing NMs. It is therefore timely to consider what assays should be prioritised to screen the antibacterial properties of NMs. The majority of existing in vitro studies have focused on investigating the antibacterial effects exhibited by silver (Ag) NMs and have employed a limited range of assays. We therefore compared the antibacterial effects of copper oxide (CuO) NMs to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis at various concentrations (12.5–200 µg/mL) using a battery of tests (well and disc diffusion, plate counts—time-kill method, optical density measurement—OD, Alamar Blue and live/dead viability assays, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction). CuO NMs were most toxic to B. subtilis and E. coli, while P. aeruginosa was the least sensitive strain. All assays employed detected the antibacterial activity of CuO NMs; however, they varied in their sensitivity, time, cost, technical difficulty and requirement for specialized equipment. In the future, we suggest that a combination of approaches is used to provide a robust assessment of the antibacterial activity of NMs. In particular, we recommend that the time-kill and OD assays are prioritised due to their greater sensitivity. We also suggest that standard operating protocols are developed so that the antibacterial activity of NMs can be assessed using a harmonised approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial, Antifungal Properties and Toxicity from Metallic Nanomaterials)

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10 pages, 2926 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sinus Mucosal Damage Triggered by Synthetic or Xenogeneic Bone Substitutes: A Histological Analysis in Rabbits

by Yuki Omori, Daniele Botticelli, Stefano Migani, Vitor Ferreira Balan, Eduardo Pires Godoy and Samuel Porfirio Xavier

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040257 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

Background: It has been shown in rabbit models that the sinus mucosa in contact with graft particles might experience a progressive thinning and perforations. The phenomenon depends on the graft used. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the damaging [...] Read more.

Background: It has been shown in rabbit models that the sinus mucosa in contact with graft particles might experience a progressive thinning and perforations. The phenomenon depends on the graft used. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the damaging effects of a synthetic of a xenogeneic graft. Methods: Forty New Zealand rabbits received a bilateral sinus elevation. Both sinuses of twenty rabbits were grafted with a biphasic 60% hydroxyapatite and 40% β-tricalcium phosphate while the other twenty received a deproteinized bovine bone mineral graft. Thinned sites (<40 µm) and perforations on the mucosa in contact with graft particles were evaluated after 2 and 10 weeks (ten animals each period). The width of the pseudostratified epithelium was also measured as control. Results: After 2 weeks of healing, 61 thinned sites were detected in the Synthetic group and 49 in the Xenogeneic group. After 10 weeks, the number of thinned mucosae increased to 79 sites in the Synthetic group (p = 0.222 between periods), and to 114 sites in the Xenogeneic group (p = 0.030 between groups; p = 0.001 between periods). Perforations were few in the 2-week period, two in two sinuses out of 20 in the Synthetic group, and four in two sinuses out of 20 in the Xenogeneic group (p = 0.721). In the 10-week period, the perforations increased to eight in the Synthetic group, distributed in six sinuses out of 20, and to sixteen in the Xenogeneic group, distributed in 11 sinuses out of 20 (p = 0.082). The pseudostratified epithelium presented a reduced width at the thinned sites. Conclusions: The contact with synthetic or xenogeneic grafts will induce thinning and possible perforations of the sinus mucosa. This effect will increase over time, and it is stronger at the xenogeneic than the synthetic graft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

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22 pages, 6627 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Strontium Carbonate and Strontium-Substituted Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles Form Protective Deposits on Dentin Surface and Enhance Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Mineralization

by Tatiane Cristina Dotta, Larwsk Hayann, Leonardo de Padua Andrade Almeida, Lucas Fabrício B. Nogueira, Mayara M. Arnez, Raisa Castelo, Ana Flávia B. Cassiano, Gisele Faria, Milena Martelli-Tosi, Massimo Bottini, Pietro Ciancaglini, Alma B. C. E. B. Catirse and Ana Paula Ramos

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040250 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3670

Abstract

Strontium acetate is applied for dental hypersensitivity treatment; however, the use of strontium carbonates for this purpose has not been described. The use of Sr-carbonate nanoparticles takes advantage of both the benefits of strontium on dentin mineralization and the abrasive properties of carbonates. [...] Read more.

Strontium acetate is applied for dental hypersensitivity treatment; however, the use of strontium carbonates for this purpose has not been described. The use of Sr-carbonate nanoparticles takes advantage of both the benefits of strontium on dentin mineralization and the abrasive properties of carbonates. Here in, we aimed to synthesize strontium carbonate and strontium-substituted calcium carbonate nanoparticles and test them as potential compounds in active dentifrices for treating dental hypersensitivity. For this, SrCO₃, Sr_0.5Ca_0.5CO₃, and CaCO₃ nanoparticles were precipitated using Na₂CO₃, SrCl₂, and/or CaCl₂ as precursors. Their morphology and crystallinity were evaluated by electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The nanoparticles were added to a poly (vinyl alcohol) gel and used to brush dentin surfaces isolated from human third molars. Dentin chemical composition before and after brushing was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy. Dentin tubule morphology, obliteration, and resistance of the coatings to acid attack were investigated by SEM and EDS. The cytotoxicity and ability of the particles to trigger the mineralization of hDPSCs in vitro were studied. Dentin brushed with the nanoparticles was coated by a mineral layer that was also able to penetrate the tubules, while CaCO₃ remained as individual particles on the surface. FTIR bands related to carbonate groups were intensified after brushing with either SrCO₃ or Sr_0.5Ca_0.5CO₃. The shift of the phosphate-related FTIR band to a lower wavenumber indicated that strontium replaced calcium on the dentin structure after treatment. The coating promoted by SrCO₃ or Sr_0.5Ca_0.5CO₃ resisted the acid attack, while calcium and phosphorus were removed from the top of the dentin surface. The nanoparticles were not toxic to hDPSCs and elicited mineralization of the cells, as revealed by increased mineral nodule formation and enhanced expression of COL1, ALP, and RUNX2. Adding Sr_0.5Ca_0.5CO₃ as an active ingredient in dentifrices formulations may be commercially advantageous since this compound combines the well-known abrasive properties of calcium carbonate with the mineralization ability of strontium, while the final cost remains between the cost of CaCO₃ and SrCO₃. The novel Sr_0.5Ca_0.5CO₃ nanoparticles might emerge as an alternative for the treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

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41 pages, 10287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review on Biocompatibility and Prospect Biomedical Applications of Novel Functional Metallic Glasses

by Michał Biały, Mariusz Hasiak and Amadeusz Łaszcz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040245 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4688

Abstract

The continuous development of novel materials for biomedical applications is resulting in an increasingly better prognosis for patients. The application of more advanced materials relates to fewer complications and a desirable higher percentage of successful treatments. New, innovative materials being considered for biomedical [...] Read more.

The continuous development of novel materials for biomedical applications is resulting in an increasingly better prognosis for patients. The application of more advanced materials relates to fewer complications and a desirable higher percentage of successful treatments. New, innovative materials being considered for biomedical applications are metallic alloys with an amorphous internal structure called metallic glasses. They are currently in a dynamic phase of development both in terms of formulating new chemical compositions and testing their properties in terms of intended biocompatibility. This review article intends to synthesize the latest research results in the field of biocompatible metallic glasses to create a more coherent picture of these materials. It summarizes and discusses the most recent findings in the areas of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, in vitro cellular studies, antibacterial properties, and in vivo animal studies. Results are collected mainly for the most popular metallic glasses manufactured as thin films, coatings, and in bulk form. Considered materials include alloys based on zirconium and titanium, as well as new promising ones based on magnesium, tantalum, and palladium. From the properties of the examined metallic glasses, possible areas of application and further research directions to fill existing gaps are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 2590 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inhibition of Demineralization of Dentin by Fluoride-Containing Hydrogel Desensitizers: An In Vitro Study

by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Bayarchimeg Altankhishig, Katsushi Okuyama, Hiroko Yamamoto, Katsuaki Naito, Mikako Hayashi, Hidehiko Sano, Sharanbir K. Sidhu and Takashi Saito

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040246 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2802

Abstract

Several desensitizers routinely used clinically for dentin hypersensitivity are expected to inhibit demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sealing materials in inhibiting demineralization and increasing fluorine (F) uptake by acid-treated root surfaces. Five noncarious extracted human teeth were used to [...] Read more.

Several desensitizers routinely used clinically for dentin hypersensitivity are expected to inhibit demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sealing materials in inhibiting demineralization and increasing fluorine (F) uptake by acid-treated root surfaces. Five noncarious extracted human teeth were used to produce specimens. Three different fluoride-containing materials, namely “MS Coat F” (MS), “MS Coat Hys Block Gel” (HS), and CTX2 Varnish (FV), were used herein. Each material was applied to the demineralized root surface. Single sections were obtained from each specimen. All surfaces of each specimen, except the polished surface, were covered with wax and immersed in an automatic pH cycling system for 2 weeks. Fluorine and calcium distributions in the carious lesions of each specimen were evaluated using proton-induced gamma emission (PIGE) and X-ray (PIXE) techniques, respectively. Dentin demineralization was analyzed using transverse microradiography (TMR) before and after pH cycling. µPIXE/PIGE analysis demonstrated that all sample groups showed increased fluoride uptake on the root surface. TMR analysis revealed that both HS and FV showed significantly lower integrated mineral loss values than the control group. All three samples demonstrated a tendency towards increased fluoride uptake from fluoride-containing hypersensitivity desensitizers and a demineralization inhibition effect on root dentin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)

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12 pages, 4468 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Silicon Carbide Coating on Osteoblast Mineralization of Anodized Titanium Surfaces

by Patricia dos Santos Calderon, Fernanda Regina Godoy Rocha, Xinyi Xia, Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo, Ana Luisa de Barros Pascoal, Chan-Wen Chiu, Fan Ren, Steve Ghivizzani and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040247 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2236

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the titanium nanotube diameter and the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) coating on the proliferation and mineralization of pre-osteoblasts on titanium nanostructured surfaces. Anodized titanium sheets with nanotube diameters of 50 and [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the titanium nanotube diameter and the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) coating on the proliferation and mineralization of pre-osteoblasts on titanium nanostructured surfaces. Anodized titanium sheets with nanotube diameters of 50 and 100 nm were used. The following four groups were tested in the study: (1) non-coated 50 nm nanotubes; (2) SiC-coated 50 nm titanium nanotubes; (3) non-coated 100 nm nanotubes and (4) SiC-coated 100 nm nanotubes. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of pre-osteoblasts were evaluated using a CellTiter-BlueCell Viability assay after 1, 2, and 3 days. After 3 days, cells attached to the surface were observed by SEM. Pre-osteoblast mineralization was determined using Alizarin-Red staining solution after 21 days of cultivation. Data were analyzed by a Kruskal–Wallis test at a p-value of 0.05. The results evidenced biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity of both 50 and 100 nm diameter coated and non-coated surfaces after 1, 2 and 3 days. The statistical analysis indicates a statistically significant higher cell growth at 3 days (p < 0.05). SEM images after 3 days demonstrated flattened-shaped cells without any noticeable difference in the phenotypes between different diameters or surface treatments. After 21 days of induced osteogenic differentiation, the statistical analysis indicates significantly higher osteoblast calcification on coated groups of both diameters when compared with non-coated groups (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we can conclude that the titanium nanotube diameter did not play any role on cell viability or mineralization of pre-osteoblasts on SiC-coated or non-coated titanium nanotube sheets. The SiC coating demonstrated biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity and contributed to an increase in osteoblast mineralization on titanium nanostructured surfaces when compared to non-coated groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nanoarchitectonics with Molecular and Materials Science: Functional Materials for Energy, Environment, Bio and Others)

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21 pages, 1610 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Development in Biomaterials—Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass for Applications in Biomedical Field: A Review

by Diana Georgiana Filip, Vasile-Adrian Surdu, Andrei Viorel Paduraru and Ecaterina Andronescu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040248 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 8144

Abstract

Inorganic biomaterials, including different types of metals and ceramics are widely used in various fields due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioresorbable capacity. In recent years, biomaterials have been used in biomedical and biological applications. Calcium phosphate (CaPs) compounds are gaining [...] Read more.

Inorganic biomaterials, including different types of metals and ceramics are widely used in various fields due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioresorbable capacity. In recent years, biomaterials have been used in biomedical and biological applications. Calcium phosphate (CaPs) compounds are gaining importance in the field of biomaterials used as a standalone material or in more complex structures, especially for bone substitutes and drug delivery systems. The use of multiple dopants into the structure of CaPs compounds can significantly improve their in vivo and in vitro activity. Among the general information included in the Introduction section, in the first section of this review paper, the authors provided a background on the development of hydroxyapatite, methods of synthesis, and its applications. The advantages of using different ions and co-ions for substitution into the hydroxyapatite lattice and their influence on physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties of hydroxyapatite are also presented in this section of the review paper. Larry Hench’s 45S5 Bioglass^®, commercially named 45S5, was the first bioactive glass that revealed a chemical bond with bone, highlighting the potential of this biomaterial to be widely used in biomedicine for bone regeneration. The second section of this article is focused on the development and current products based on 45S5 Bioglass^®, covering the historical evolution, importance of the sintering method, hybrid bioglass composites, and applications. To overcome the limitations of the original biomaterials, studies were performed to combine hydroxyapatite and 45S5 Bioglass^® into new composites used for their high bioactivity and improved properties. This particular type of combined hydroxyapatite/bioglass biomaterial is discussed in the last section of this review paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)

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18 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Collagen as a Biomaterial for Skin and Corneal Wound Healing

by Renáta Sklenářová, Naoufal Akla, Meagan Jade Latorre, Jitka Ulrichová and Jana Franková

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040249 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8753

Abstract

The cornea and the skin are two organs that form the outer barrier of the human body. When either is injured (e.g., from surgery, physical trauma, or chemical burns), wound healing is initiated to restore integrity. Many cells are activated during wound healing. [...] Read more.

The cornea and the skin are two organs that form the outer barrier of the human body. When either is injured (e.g., from surgery, physical trauma, or chemical burns), wound healing is initiated to restore integrity. Many cells are activated during wound healing. In particular, fibroblasts that are stimulated often transition into repair fibroblasts or myofibroblasts that synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) components into the wound area. Control of wound ECM deposition is critical, as a disorganized ECM can block restoration of function. One of the most abundant structural proteins in the mammalian ECM is collagen. Collagen type I is the main component in connective tissues. It can be readily obtained and purified, and short analogs have also been developed for tissue engineering applications, including modulating the wound healing response. This review discusses the effect of several current collagen implants on the stimulation of corneal and skin wound healing. These range from collagen sponges and hydrogels to films and membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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20 pages, 8276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Regulating Macrophages through Immunomodulatory Biomaterials Is a Promising Strategy for Promoting Tendon-Bone Healing

by Haihan Gao, Liren Wang, Haocheng Jin, Zhiqi Lin, Ziyun Li, Yuhao Kang, Yangbao Lyu, Wenqian Dong, Yefeng Liu, Dingyi Shi, Jia Jiang and Jinzhong Zhao

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040243 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3338

Abstract

The tendon-to-bone interface is a special structure connecting the tendon and bone and is crucial for mechanical load transfer between dissimilar tissues. After an injury, fibrous scar tissues replace the native tendon-to-bone interface, creating a weak spot that needs to endure extra loading, [...] Read more.

The tendon-to-bone interface is a special structure connecting the tendon and bone and is crucial for mechanical load transfer between dissimilar tissues. After an injury, fibrous scar tissues replace the native tendon-to-bone interface, creating a weak spot that needs to endure extra loading, significantly decreasing the mechanical properties of the motor system. Macrophages play a critical role in tendon-bone healing and can be divided into various phenotypes, according to their inducing stimuli and function. During the early stages of tendon-bone healing, M1 macrophages are predominant, while during the later stages, M2 macrophages replace the M1 macrophages. The two macrophage phenotypes play a significant, yet distinct, role in tendon-bone healing. Growing evidence shows that regulating the macrophage phenotypes is able to promote tendon-bone healing. This review aims to summarize the impact of different macrophages on tendon-bone healing and the current immunomodulatory biomaterials for regulating macrophages, which are used to promote tendon-bone healing. Although macrophages are a promising target for tendon-bone healing, the challenges and limitations of macrophages in tendon-bone healing research are discussed, along with directions for further research. Full article

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10 pages, 2368 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fracture and Fatigue of Dental Implants Fixtures and Abutments with a Novel Internal Connection Design: An In Vitro Pilot Study Comparing Three Different Dental Implant Systems

by Sung-Woon On, Sang-Min Yi, In-Young Park, Soo-Hwan Byun and Byoung-Eun Yang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040239 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3038

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical behaviors of three dental implant fixtures with different abutment connection designs. Three implant systems were studied: the control (BLX implant), test group 1 (TORX++ implant), and test group 2 (IU implant). Three samples [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical behaviors of three dental implant fixtures with different abutment connection designs. Three implant systems were studied: the control (BLX implant), test group 1 (TORX++ implant), and test group 2 (IU implant). Three samples from each group were subjected to static compression to fracture tests to determine the maximum fracture load, and twelve samples were exposed to fatigue tests that measured how many cycles the implants could endure before deformation or fracture. Detailed images of the implant–abutment assemblies were obtained using micro-computed tomography imaging, and fractured or deformed areas were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mean maximum breaking loads of 578.45 ± 42.46 N, 793.26 ± 57.43 N, and 862.30 ± 74.25 N were obtained for the BLX, TORX++, and IU implants, respectively. All samples in the three groups withstood 5 × 10⁶ cycles at 50% of the nominal peak value, and different fracture points were observed. All abutment connection designs showed suitable mechanical properties for intraoral use. Microscopic differences in the fracture patterns may be due to the differences in the fixture design or abutment connection, and mechanical complications could be prevented by lowering the overload reaching the implant or preventing peri-implantitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Dental Materials for Synergy in Mechanical, Aesthetic, and Microbiological Behavior)

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54 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Preparation and Use of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering

by Adam D. McInnes, Michael A. J. Moser and Xiongbiao Chen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040240 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 11702

Abstract

The multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the practise of medicine through the abilities to repair, regenerate, or replace tissues and organs with functional engineered constructs. To this end, tissue engineering combines scaffolding materials with cells [...] Read more.

The multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the practise of medicine through the abilities to repair, regenerate, or replace tissues and organs with functional engineered constructs. To this end, tissue engineering combines scaffolding materials with cells and biologically active molecules into constructs with the appropriate structures and properties for tissue/organ regeneration, where scaffolding materials and biomolecules are the keys to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For this, one emerging way is to decellularize the native ECM into the materials suitable for, directly or in combination with other materials, creating functional constructs. Over the past decade, decellularized ECM (or dECM) has greatly facilitated the advance of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, while being challenged in many ways. This article reviews the recent development of dECM for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, with a focus on the preparation of dECM along with its influence on cell culture, the modification of dECM for use as a scaffolding material, and the novel techniques and emerging trends in processing dECM into functional constructs. We highlight the success of dECM and constructs in the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical applications and further identify the key issues and challenges involved, along with a discussion of future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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14 pages, 2892 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorapatite Coatings over Titanium Implants for Enhanced Osseointegration—An In Vivo Study in the Rabbit

by Eduardo Santiago, Victor Martin, Bruno Colaço, Maria Helena Fernandes, Catarina Santos and Pedro S. Gomes

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040241 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2415

Abstract

This work aims at the development and characterization of fluorapatite coatings, innovatively prepared by the hydrothermal method, aiming for enhanced osseointegration of titanium implants. Fluoride-containing coatings were prepared and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy—attenuated total reflectance, and X-ray [...] Read more.

This work aims at the development and characterization of fluorapatite coatings, innovatively prepared by the hydrothermal method, aiming for enhanced osseointegration of titanium implants. Fluoride-containing coatings were prepared and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy—attenuated total reflectance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The biological response was characterized by microtomographic evaluation and histomorphometric analysis upon orthotopic implantation in a translational rabbit experimental model. Physic-chemical analysis revealed the inclusion of fluoride in the apatite lattice with fluorapatite formation, associated with the presence of citrate species. The in vivo biological assessment of coated implants revealed an enhanced bone formation process—with increased bone-to-implant contact and bone volume. The attained enhancement of the osteogenic process may be attributable to the conjoined modulatory activity of selected fluoride and citrate levels within the produced coatings. In this regard, the production of fluorapatite coatings with citrate, through the hydrothermal method, entails a promising approach for enhanced osseointegration in implant dentistry and orthopedic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

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15 pages, 2898 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morphology of Biomaterials Affect O-Glycosylation of HUVECs

by Xingyou Hu, Jiaoyue Sheng, Guoping Guan, Tongzhong Ju, David F. Smith and Lu Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040235 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Biomaterials have been widely used as substitutes for diseased tissue in surgery and have gained great success and attention. At present, the biocompatibility of biomaterials such as PET woven fabrics is often evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. However, the current experimental [...] Read more.

Biomaterials have been widely used as substitutes for diseased tissue in surgery and have gained great success and attention. At present, the biocompatibility of biomaterials such as PET woven fabrics is often evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. However, the current experimental methods cannot reveal the relationship between material surfaces and cell adhesion, and few research works have focused on the mechanisms of how the surface morphology of biomaterials affects cell adhesion and proliferation. Thus, it is meaningful to find out how the altered surfaces could affect cell adhesion and growth. In this study, we employed Ar low-temperature plasma treatment technology to create nano-grooves on the warp yarn of PET woven fabrics and seeded human umbellar vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on these fabrics. We then assessed the O-glycan and N-glycan profiles of the cells grown on different structures of the polyester woven fabrics. The result showed that the surface morphology of polyester woven fabrics could affect the O-glycan profile but not the N-glycan profile of cultured HUVEC. Taken together, the study describes the effects of the surface morphology of biomaterial on the biosynthesis of cellular glycans and may provide new insights into the design and manufacture of biomaterials used as blood vessels based on the expression profiles of O-glycans on cultured cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Fibers and Materials for Tissue Repair, Replacement, and Regeneration)

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27 pages, 3718 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation, Motion and Protein Patterns on Hyaluronic Acid and Polydimethylsiloxane Depend on Surface Stiffness

by Annabelle Vigué, Dominique Vautier, Amad Kaytoue, Bernard Senger, Youri Arntz, Vincent Ball, Amine Ben Mlouka, Varvara Gribova, Samar Hajjar-Garreau, Julie Hardouin, Thierry Jouenne, Philippe Lavalle and Lydie Ploux

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040237 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3049

Abstract

The surface stiffness of the microenvironment is a mechanical signal regulating biofilm growth without the risks associated with the use of bioactive agents. However, the mechanisms determining the expansion or prevention of biofilm growth on soft and stiff substrates are largely unknown. To [...] Read more.

The surface stiffness of the microenvironment is a mechanical signal regulating biofilm growth without the risks associated with the use of bioactive agents. However, the mechanisms determining the expansion or prevention of biofilm growth on soft and stiff substrates are largely unknown. To answer this question, we used PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane, 9–574 kPa) and HA (hyaluronic acid gels, 44 Pa–2 kPa) differing in their hydration. We showed that the softest HA inhibited Escherichia coli biofilm growth, while the stiffest PDMS activated it. The bacterial mechanical environment significantly regulated the MscS mechanosensitive channel in higher abundance on the least colonized HA-44Pa, while Type-1 pili (FimA) showed regulation in higher abundance on the most colonized PDMS-9kPa. Type-1 pili regulated the free motion (the capacity of bacteria to move far from their initial position) necessary for biofilm growth independent of the substrate surface stiffness. In contrast, the total length travelled by the bacteria (diffusion coefficient) varied positively with the surface stiffness but not with the biofilm growth. The softest, hydrated HA, the least colonized surface, revealed the least diffusive and the least free-moving bacteria. Finally, this shows that customizing the surface elasticity and hydration, together, is an efficient means of affecting the bacteria’s mobility and attachment to the surface and thus designing biomedical surfaces to prevent biofilm growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)

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18 pages, 4501 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Mineralization of Various 3D-Printed PCL Composites

by Artem Egorov, Bianca Riedel, Johannes Vinke, Hagen Schmal, Ralf Thomann, Yi Thomann and Michael Seidenstuecker

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040238 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2301

Abstract

In this project, different calcification methods for collagen and collagen coatings were compared in terms of their applicability for 3D printing and production of collagen-coated scaffolds. For this purpose, scaffolds were printed from polycaprolactone PCL using the EnvisionTec 3D Bioplotter and then coated [...] Read more.

In this project, different calcification methods for collagen and collagen coatings were compared in terms of their applicability for 3D printing and production of collagen-coated scaffolds. For this purpose, scaffolds were printed from polycaprolactone PCL using the EnvisionTec 3D Bioplotter and then coated with collagen. Four different coating methods were then applied: hydroxyapatite (HA) powder directly in the collagen coating, incubation in 10× SBF, coating with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and coating with poly-L-aspartic acid. The results were compared by ESEM, µCT, TEM, and EDX. HA directly in the collagen solution resulted in a pH change and thus an increase in viscosity, leading to clumping on the scaffolds. As a function of incubation time in 10× SBF as well as in ALP, HA layer thickness increased, while no coating on the collagen layer was apparently observed with poly-L-aspartic acid. Only ultrathin sections and TEM with SuperEDX detected nano crystalline HA in the collagen layer. Exclusively the incubation in poly-L-aspartic acid led to HA crystals within the collagen coating compared to all other methods where the HA layers formed in different forms only at the collagen layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)

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19 pages, 51046 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

TEGDMA-Functionalized Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Resin-Based Composites Prevent Secondary Caries in an In Vitro Biofilm Model

by Andrei Cristian Ionescu, Sebastian Hahnel, Marina D. S. Chiari, Andreas König, Paolo Delvecchio, Roberto Ruggiero Braga, Vanessa Zambelli and Eugenio Brambilla

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040232 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

This study evaluated the efficacy of experimental TEGDMA-functionalized dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (T-DCPD) filler-based resin-based composites (RBC) in preventing caries lesions around the restoration margins (secondary caries, SC). Standardized Class-II cavities were made in sound molars with the cervical margin in dentin. Cavities were [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the efficacy of experimental TEGDMA-functionalized dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (T-DCPD) filler-based resin-based composites (RBC) in preventing caries lesions around the restoration margins (secondary caries, SC). Standardized Class-II cavities were made in sound molars with the cervical margin in dentin. Cavities were filled with a commercial resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) or experimental RBCs containing a bisGMA-TEGDMA resin blend and one of the following inorganic fractions: 60 wt.% Ba glass (RBC-0); 40 wt.% Ba glass and 20 wt.% T-DCPD (RBC-20); or 20 wt.% Ba glass and 40 wt.% T-DCPD (RBC-40). An open-system bioreactor produced Streptococcus mutans biofilm-driven SC. Specimens were scanned using micro-CT to evaluate demineralization depths. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterized the specimen surfaces, and antimicrobial activity, buffering effect, and ion uptake by the biofilms were also evaluated. ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were applied at p < 0.05. RBC-0 and RBC-20 showed SC development in dentin, while RBC-40 and RMGIC significantly reduced the lesion depth at the restoration margin (p < 0.0001). Initial enamel demineralization could be observed only around the RBC-0 and RBC-20 restorations. Direct antibiofilm activity can explain SC reduction by RMGIC, whereas a buffering effect on the acidogenicity of biofilm can explain the behavior of RBC-40. Experimental RBC with CaP-releasing functionalized T-DCPD filler could prevent SC with the same efficacy as F-releasing materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 2121 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Antimicrobial Performance of Textiles Coated with ZnO and TiO₂ Nanoparticles in a Tropical Climate

by Varvara O. Veselova, Vladimir A. Plyuta, Andrei N. Kostrov, Darya N. Vtyurina, Vladimir O. Abramov, Anna V. Abramova, Yury I. Voitov, Darya A. Padiy, Vo Thi Hoai Thu, Le Thi Hue, Dinh Thi Thu Trang, Alexander E. Baranchikov, Inessa A. Khmel, Victor A. Nadtochenko and Vladimir K. Ivanov

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040233 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3388

Abstract

This paper reports the results of the large-scale field testing of composite materials with antibacterial properties in a tropical climate. The composite materials, based on a cotton fabric with a coating of metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ and/or ZnO), were produced using high-power [...] Read more.

This paper reports the results of the large-scale field testing of composite materials with antibacterial properties in a tropical climate. The composite materials, based on a cotton fabric with a coating of metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ and/or ZnO), were produced using high-power ultrasonic treatment. The antibacterial properties of the materials were studied in laboratory tests on solid and liquid nutrient media using bacteria of different taxonomic groups (Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas chlororaphis). On solid media, the coatings were able to achieve a >50% decrease in the number of bacteria. The field tests were carried out in a tropical climate, at the Climate test station “Hoa Lac” (Hanoi city, Vietnam). The composite materials demonstrated long-term antibacterial activity in the tropical climate: the number of microorganisms remained within the range of 1–3% in comparison with the control sample for the duration of the experiment (3 months). Ten of the microorganisms that most frequently occurred on the surface of the coated textiles were identified. The bacteria were harmless, while the fungi were pathogenic and contributed to fabric deterioration. Tensile strength deterioration was also studied, with the fabrics coated with metal oxides demonstrating a better preservation of their mechanical characteristics over time, (there was a 42% tensile strength decrease for the reference non-coated sample and a 21% decrease for the sample with a ZnO + CTAB coating). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)

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19 pages, 4391 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

3D-Braided Poly-ε-Caprolactone-Based Scaffolds for Ligament Tissue Engineering

by Caroline Emonts, David Wienen, Benedict Bauer, Akram Idrissi and Thomas Gries

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040230 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2684

Abstract

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured intra-articular ligament of the knee. Due to its limited intrinsical healing potential and vascularization, injuries of the ACL do not heal satisfactorily, and surgical intervention is usually required. The limitations of existing reconstructive [...] Read more.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured intra-articular ligament of the knee. Due to its limited intrinsical healing potential and vascularization, injuries of the ACL do not heal satisfactorily, and surgical intervention is usually required. The limitations of existing reconstructive grafts and autologous transplants have prompted interest in tissue-engineered solutions. A tissue engineering scaffold for ACL reconstruction must be able to mimic the mechanical properties of the native ligament, provide sufficient porosity to promote cell growth of the neoligament tissue, and be biodegradable. This study investigates long-term biodegradable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)-based scaffolds for ACL replacement using the 3D hexagonal braiding technique. The scaffolds were characterized mechanically as well as morphologically. All scaffolds, regardless of their braid geometry, achieved the maximum tensile load of the native ACL. The diameter of all scaffolds was lower than that of the native ligament, making the scaffolds implantable with established surgical methods. The 3D hexagonal braiding technique offers a high degree of geometrical freedom and, thus, the possibility to develop novel scaffold architectures. Based on the findings of this study, the 3D-braided PCL-based scaffolds studied were found to be a promising construct for tissue engineering of the anterior cruciate ligament. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Biomaterials-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)

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16 pages, 4620 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shape Fidelity Evaluation of Alginate-Based Hydrogels through Extrusion-Based Bioprinting

by Mikail Temirel, Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh and Savas Tasoglu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040225 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4359

Abstract

Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is a promising technique for fabricating multi-layered, complex biostructures, as it enables multi-material dispersion of bioinks with a straightforward procedure (particularly for users with limited additive manufacturing skills). Nonetheless, this method faces challenges in retaining the shape fidelity of the [...] Read more.

Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is a promising technique for fabricating multi-layered, complex biostructures, as it enables multi-material dispersion of bioinks with a straightforward procedure (particularly for users with limited additive manufacturing skills). Nonetheless, this method faces challenges in retaining the shape fidelity of the 3D-bioprinted structure, i.e., the collapse of filament (bioink) due to gravity and/or spreading of the bioink owing to the low viscosity, ultimately complicating the fabrication of multi-layered designs that can maintain the desired pore structure. While low viscosity is required to ensure a continuous flow of material (without clogging), a bioink should be viscous enough to retain its shape post-printing, highlighting the importance of bioink properties optimization. Here, two quantitative analyses are performed to evaluate shape fidelity. First, the filament collapse deformation is evaluated by printing different concentrations of alginate and its crosslinker (calcium chloride) by a co-axial nozzle over a platform to observe the overhanging deformation over time at two different ambient temperatures. In addition, a mathematical model is developed to estimate Young’s modulus and filament collapse over time. Second, the printability of alginate is improved by optimizing gelatin concentrations and analyzing the pore size area. In addition, the biocompatibility of proposed bioinks is evaluated with a cell viability test. The proposed bioink (3% w/v gelatin in 4% alginate) yielded a 98% normalized pore number (high shape fidelity) while maintaining >90% cell viability five days after being bioprinted. Integration of quantitative analysis/simulations and 3D printing facilitate the determination of the optimum composition and concentration of different elements of a bioink to prevent filament collapse or bioink spreading (post-printing), ultimately resulting in high shape fidelity (i.e., retaining the shape) and printing quality. Full article

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32 pages, 1874 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

State-of-the-Art on the Sulfate Radical-Advanced Oxidation Coupled with Nanomaterials: Biological and Environmental Applications

by Sijia Li, Manlin Qi, Qijing Yang, Fangyu Shi, Chengyu Liu, Juanrui Du, Yue Sun, Chunyan Li and Biao Dong

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040227 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3173

Abstract

Sulfate radicals (SO₄⁻·) play important biological roles in biomedical and environmental engineering, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and disinfection. Compared with other common free radicals, it has the advantages of a longer half-life and higher oxidation potential, which could bring unexpected [...] Read more.

Sulfate radicals (SO₄⁻·) play important biological roles in biomedical and environmental engineering, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and disinfection. Compared with other common free radicals, it has the advantages of a longer half-life and higher oxidation potential, which could bring unexpected effects. These properties have prompted researchers to make great contributions to biology and environmental engineering by exploiting their properties. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) are the main raw materials for SO₄⁻· formation. Due to the remarkable progress in nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials have been explored that can efficiently activate PMS/PDS, which have been used to generate SO₄⁻· for biological applications. Based on the superior properties and application potential of SO₄⁻·, it is of great significance to review its chemical mechanism, biological effect, and application field. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the latest design of nanomaterials that can effectually activate PMS/PDS to create SO₄⁻·, including metal-based nanomaterials, metal-free nanomaterials, and nanocomposites. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the activation of PMS/PDS using these nanomaterials and the application of SO₄⁻· in the fields of environmental remediation and biomedicine, liberating the application potential of SO₄⁻·. Finally, this review provides the existing problems and prospects of nanomaterials being used to generate SO₄⁻· in the future, providing new ideas and possibilities for the development of biomedicine and environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)

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12 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect on Cellular Vitality In Vitro of Novel APRF-Chlorhexidine Treated Membranes

by Tasho Gavrailov, Ivan Chenchev, Maria Gevezova, Milena Draganova and Victoria Sarafian

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040226 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been used for some time in clinical practice as a local antiseptic agent with excellent efficacy. The combination of CHX with APRF (Advanced-platelet rich fibrin) membrane has the potential to stimulate tissue regeneration and to provide a bactericidal effect. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been used for some time in clinical practice as a local antiseptic agent with excellent efficacy. The combination of CHX with APRF (Advanced-platelet rich fibrin) membrane has the potential to stimulate tissue regeneration and to provide a bactericidal effect. We hypothesize that this may reduce the rate of infections development and protect cell viability. Aim: The aim of this study was two-fold—to create a stable APRF membrane treated with different concentrations of CHX (0.01% and 0.02%) and to monitor its effect on the viability of PDL cells in vitro. This benefits the introduction of a new protocol for APRF membrane production -CHX-PRF and enriches the available evidence on the effect of this antiseptic agent on PDL (Periodontal ligament) cells. Materials and methods: APRF membranes were prepared by the addition of two concentrations (0.01% and 0.02%) of CHX. Membranes without the antiseptic were also prepared and used as control samples. PDL cells were cultivated on the membranes for 72 h. Cell number and vitality were examined by fluorescent cell viability assays. Results: Our results demonstrated that a concentration of 0.01% CHX allowed the production of a stable APRF membrane. This concentration slightly reduced the viability of PDL cells to 96.7%, but significantly decreased the average number of cells attached to the membrane—149 ± 16.5 cells/field compared to controls −336 ± 26.9 cells/field. APRF-CHX 0.02% membranes were unstable, indicating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of CHX. Conclusions: The introduced novel protocol leads to the production of a new type of APRF membrane—CHX-PRF. The incorporation of an antiseptic into the APRF membrane can improve its bactericidal activity and might serve as an important step for the prevention of postoperative infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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