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Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants
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Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants

A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2023) | Viewed by 10113

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Rong-Chang Zeng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
Interests: magnesium alloy; corrosion; degradation; coating; intermetallic compound; biocompatibility; surface modification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biomedical materials are necessary to ensure the safety and health of people. Corrosion control is a major issue concerning biodegradable implants, such as magnesium, zinc, and iron and their alloys, to maintain proper mechanical properties and biocompatibility during the service period and then be completely biodegradable. This Special Issue aims to highlight some of the unique aspects in and related to corrosion science in biodegradable implants. Researchers and practitioners are invited to present both empirical and theoretical research to improve the development of biomedical materials. The following is an illustrative (but not exhaustive) list of topics of interest to this issue:

  • Composition and structure and mechanical, corrosion property and biocompatibility of novel biodegradable materials.
  • Surface and interface behaviors of biodegradable materials in different physiological environments.
  • Corrosion or degradation mechanisms of biodegradable materials in a physiological environment.
  • Effective methods to control corrosion rate.
  • Functional coatings on degradable metals.
  • Future trends and applications of biodegradable materials in the biomedical field.
  • Challenges and opportunities for the development of biodegradable materials.

Prof. Dr. Rong-Chang Zeng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnesium alloys
  • zinc alloys
  • iron alloys
  • scaffold
  • corrosion
  • surface and interface
  • coating
  • biodegradable implants

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 9025 KiB  
Article
Heparin-Loaded Composite Coatings on Porous Stent from Pure Magnesium for Biomedical Applications
by Yu-Liang Lai, Cheng-Rui Lin, Chao-Chun Yen and Shiow-Kang Yen
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100519 - 16 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1594
Abstract
Challenges associated with drug-releasing stents used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) encompass allergic reactions, prolonged endothelial dysfunction, and delayed stent clotting. Although absorbable stents made from magnesium alloys seem promising, fast in vivo degradation and poor biocompatibility remain major challenges. In this [...] Read more.
Challenges associated with drug-releasing stents used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) encompass allergic reactions, prolonged endothelial dysfunction, and delayed stent clotting. Although absorbable stents made from magnesium alloys seem promising, fast in vivo degradation and poor biocompatibility remain major challenges. In this study, zirconia (ZrO2) layers were used as the foundational coat, while calcium phosphate (CaP) served as the surface layer on unalloyed magnesium specimens. Consequently, the corrosion current density was decreased to 3.86, from 13.3 μA/cm2. Moreover, a heparin-controlled release mechanism was created by co-depositing CaP, gelatin (Gel), and heparin (Hep) on the specimens coated with CaP/ZrO2, thereby boosting magnesium’s blood compatibility and prolonging the heparin-releasing time. Techniques like X-ray diffractometry (XRD), focused ion beam (FIB) system, toluidine blue testing, UV–visible spectrometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and surrogate tests for endothelial cell viability were employed to examine the heparin-infused coatings. The drug content rose to 484.19 ± 19.26 μg/cm2 in multi-layered coatings (CaP-Gel-Hep/CaP-Hep/CaP/ZrO2) from 243.56 ± 55.18 μg/cm2 in a single layer (CaP-Hep), with the controlled release spanning beyond 28 days. Also, cellular viability assessments indicated enhanced biocompatibility of the coated samples relative to those without coatings. This suggests the potential of magnesium samples after coating ZrO2 and CaP with Gel as candidates for porous biodegradable stents or even scaffolds in biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)
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15 pages, 7443 KiB  
Article
Study on Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behavior of Magnesium Alloy Vascular Clip
by Hongxu Zhang, Ming Gao, Xiaoying Tian, Dali Cao and Lili Tan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100501 - 09 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1175
Abstract
The Mg alloy vascular clip has biodegradability and good biocompatibility, which can improve the convenience and safety of clinical application. However, the Mg alloy vascular clip also has some disadvantages, such as an unreasonable structure design and a degradation rate which is too [...] Read more.
The Mg alloy vascular clip has biodegradability and good biocompatibility, which can improve the convenience and safety of clinical application. However, the Mg alloy vascular clip also has some disadvantages, such as an unreasonable structure design and a degradation rate which is too fast. In this study, the process of clamping blood vessels with a biodegradable Mg alloy (Mg-Zn-Nd-Zr and Mg-Zn-Nd) general V-type vascular clip was simulated by finite element simulation software (Abaqus). A new type of vascular clip, the P-type vascular clip, was analyzed and investigated through simulation. The differences between Mg alloy vascular clips of V-type and P-type were analyzed by finite element simulation. In addition, the effects of Zr element on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of P-type vascular clips were also investigated to improve the mechanical stability. The results show that during the V-type vascular clip closure of Mg-Zn-Nd-Zr alloy, this clip has some problems, such as uneven distribution of blood vessel stress, crevices in blood vessels and stress concentration. The improved P-type vascular clip has uniform closure, and there is no gap in the blood vessel, which can effectively avoid stress concentration. The improved P-type vascular clip is well closed and can effectively avoid stress concentration. The corrosion resistance of the Mg-Zn-Nd-Zr alloy P-type clip was better than that of the Mg-Zn-Nd alloy P-type clip (degradation rate of 2.02 mm/y and 2.61 mm/y on the 7th day, respectively). Mg-Zn-Nd-Zr alloy The P-type vascular clip remained closed even on the 7th day, which could meet the requirements of clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)
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21 pages, 8587 KiB  
Article
Influence of Dynamic Strain Sweep on the Degradation Behavior of FeMnSi–Ag Shape Memory Alloys
by Ana-Maria Roman, Ramona Cimpoeșu, Bogdan Pricop, Nicoleta-Monica Lohan, Marius Mihai Cazacu, Leandru-Gheorghe Bujoreanu, Cătălin Panaghie, Georgeta Zegan, Nicanor Cimpoeșu and Alice Mirela Murariu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070377 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202
Abstract
Iron-based SMAs can be used in the medical field for both their shape memory effect (SME) and biodegradability after a specific period, solving complicated chirurgical problems that are partially now addressed with shape-memory polymers or biodegradable polymers. Iron-based materials with (28–32 wt %) [...] Read more.
Iron-based SMAs can be used in the medical field for both their shape memory effect (SME) and biodegradability after a specific period, solving complicated chirurgical problems that are partially now addressed with shape-memory polymers or biodegradable polymers. Iron-based materials with (28–32 wt %) Mn and (4–6 wt %) Si with the addition of 1 and 2 wt % Ag were obtained using levitation induction melting equipment. Addition of silver to the FeMnSi alloy was proposed in order to enhance its antiseptic property. Structural and chemical composition analyses of the newly obtained alloys were performed by X-ray diffraction (confirming the presence of ε phase), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance was evaluated through immersion tests and electrolyte pH solution variation. Dynamic mechanical solicitations were performed with amplitude sweep performed on the FeMnSi–1Ag and FeMnSi–2Ag samples, including five deformation cycles at 40 °C, with a frequency of 1 Hz, 5 Hz and 20 Hz. These experiments were meant to simulate the usual behavior of some metallic implants subjected to repetitive mechanical loading. Atomic force microscopy was used to analyze the surface roughness before and after the dynamic mechanical analysis test followed by the characterization of the surface profile change by varying dynamic mechanical stress. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed in order to analyze the thermal behavior of the material in the range of −50–+200 °C. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) along with Neaspec nano-FTIR experiments were performed to identify and confirm the corrosion compounds (oxides, hydroxides or carbonates) formed on the surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)
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16 pages, 5413 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Combination of Torsional and Tensile Stress on Corrosion Behaviors of Biodegradable WE43 Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid
by Bowen Wang, Wei Gao, Chao Pan, Debao Liu and Xiaohao Sun
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14020071 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1485
Abstract
The real physiological environment of the human body is complicated, with different degrees and forms of loads applied to biomedical implants caused by the daily life of the patients, which will definitely influence the degradation behaviors of Mg-based biodegradable implants. In the present [...] Read more.
The real physiological environment of the human body is complicated, with different degrees and forms of loads applied to biomedical implants caused by the daily life of the patients, which will definitely influence the degradation behaviors of Mg-based biodegradable implants. In the present study, the degradation behaviors of modified WE43 alloys under the combination of torsional and tensile stress were systematically investigated. Slow strain rate tensile tests revealed that the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution could deteriorate the ultimate tensile stress of WE43 alloy from 210.1 MPa to 169.2 MPa. In the meantime, the fracture surface of the specimens tested in the SBF showed an intergranular corrosion morphology in the marginal region, while the central area appeared not to have been affected by the corrosive media. The bio-degradation performances under the combination of torsional and tensile stressed conditions were much more severe than those under unstressed conditions or single tensile stressed situations. The combination of 40 MPa tensile and 40 MPa torsional stress resulted in a degradation rate over 20 mm/y, which was much higher than those under 80 MPa single tensile stress (4.5 mm/y) or 80 MPa single torsional stress (13.1 mm/y). The dynamic formation and destruction mechanism of the protective corrosion products film on the modified WE43 alloy could attribute to the exacerbated degradation performance and the unique corrosion morphology. The dynamic environment and multi-directional loading could severely accelerate the degradation process of modified WE43 alloy. Therefore, the SCC susceptibility derived from a single directional test may be not suitable for practical purposes. Complex external stress was necessary to simulate the in vivo environment for the development of biodegradable Mg-based implants for clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)
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21 pages, 5096 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Degradation and Photoactivated Antibacterial Activity of a Hemin-CaP Microsphere-Loaded Coating on Pure Magnesium
by Lixin Long, Yang Song, Xiaoyi Tian, Lanyue Cui, Chengbao Liu, Shuoqi Li, Yu Wang and Rongchang Zeng
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010015 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
Photoactivated sterilization has received more attention in dealing with implant-associated infections due to its advantages of rapid and effective bacteriostasis and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Herein, a micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/polymethyltrimethoxysilane (PMTMS)@hemin-induced calcium-bearing phosphate microsphere (Hemin-CaP) coating was prepared on pure magnesium (Mg) via MAO [...] Read more.
Photoactivated sterilization has received more attention in dealing with implant-associated infections due to its advantages of rapid and effective bacteriostasis and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Herein, a micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/polymethyltrimethoxysilane (PMTMS)@hemin-induced calcium-bearing phosphate microsphere (Hemin-CaP) coating was prepared on pure magnesium (Mg) via MAO processing and dipping treatments. The morphology and composition of the coating were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. Corrosion behavior was evaluated through electrochemical and hydrogen evolution tests. The release of Fe3+ ions at different immersion times was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Antibacterial performance and cytotoxicity were assessed using the spread plate method, MTT assay and live/dead staining experiment. The results showed that the corrosion current density of the MAO/PMTMS@(Hemin-CaP) coating (4.41 × 10−8 A·cm−2) was decreased by two orders of magnitude compared to that of pure Mg (3.12 × 10−6 A·cm−2). Photoactivated antibacterial efficiencies of the Hemin-CaP microspheres and MAO/PMTMS@(Hemin-CaP) coating reached about 99% and 92%, respectively, which we attributed to the photothermal and photodynamic properties of hemin with a porphyrin ring. Moreover, based on the release of Fe3+ ions, the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts’ viability reached up to 125% after a 72 h culture, indicating a positive effect of the coating in promoting cell growth. Thus, this novel composite coating holds a promising application as bone implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)
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Review

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23 pages, 5152 KiB  
Review
Research on the Current Application Status of Magnesium Metal Stents in Human Luminal Cavities
by Xiang Chen, Yan Xia, Sheng Shen, Chunyan Wang, Rui Zan, Han Yu, Shi Yang, Xiaohong Zheng, Jiankang Yang, Tao Suo, Yaqi Gu and Xiaonong Zhang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090462 - 08 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
The human body comprises various tubular structures that have essential functions in different bodily systems. These structures are responsible for transporting food, liquids, waste, and other substances throughout the body. However, factors such as inflammation, tumors, stones, infections, or the accumulation of substances [...] Read more.
The human body comprises various tubular structures that have essential functions in different bodily systems. These structures are responsible for transporting food, liquids, waste, and other substances throughout the body. However, factors such as inflammation, tumors, stones, infections, or the accumulation of substances can lead to the narrowing or blockage of these tubular structures, which can impair the normal function of the corresponding organs or tissues. To address luminal obstructions, stenting is a commonly used treatment. However, to minimize complications associated with the long-term implantation of permanent stents, there is an increasing demand for biodegradable stents (BDS). Magnesium (Mg) metal is an exceptional choice for creating BDS due to its degradability, good mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. Currently, the Magmaris® coronary stents and UNITY-BTM biliary stent have obtained Conformité Européene (CE) certification. Moreover, there are several other types of stents undergoing research and development as well as clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the required degradation cycle and the specific properties (anti-inflammatory effect, antibacterial effect, etc.) of BDS in different lumen areas based on the biocompatibility and degradability of currently available magnesium-based scaffolds. We also offer potential insights into the future development of BDS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Science in Biodegradable Implants)
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