Cereal and Cereal-Derived Products: Processing, Functional Properties and Applications in Foods

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Grain".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 November 2026 | Viewed by 1762

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
Interests: AI applications in nondestructive food evaluation; sustainable food processing; ancient grain valorization; food processing waste valorization; extrusion processing; non-thermal processing of foods; food microstructural characterization
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Guest Editor
School of Agri-Food Technology & Manufacturing, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
Interests: seed food value-addition; starch and protein extraction, modification and applications; alternative proteins processing; food biochemistry; food preservation technologies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cereals have always played a crucial role in the human diet. They are a major source of essential macromolecules and micronutrients in our food. From ancient times to now, they have been used in traditional settings and modern food manufacturing plants to produce a variety of nutritious, palatable, and unique food items. Common cereals, such as corn (maize), rice, wheat, and barley, are basic ingredients in the production of baking, pastry, alcoholic, and non-alcoholic beverages. Lesser-used cereals and pseudo-cereals, such as sorghum, millets, oats, amaranth, rye, quinoa, and buckwheat, have their place in traditional and modern food manufacturing. Some of their constituents are extracted as secondary ingredients with specific functionalities that are used as binders, emulsifiers, thickeners, protective coatings/films, antioxidants, prebiotics, viscoelastic property enhancers, and foaming agents, among others. Furthermore, cereals are a rich source of calories in various forms, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

This Special Issue, titled “Cereal and Cereal-Derived Products: Processing, Functional Properties and Applications in Foods,” explores our current understanding of cereals as functional food ingredients, their properties that are yet to be elucidated, modern conversion and modification processes, and their unique role in food processing. It also highlights their modern applications as ingredients in making nutritious foods, for example, in the development of alternative protein foods and a new understanding of their functionality. This Special Issue will consider any paper that addresses current gaps and novel ideas and technologies related to the value addition of ancient grains, improvement of grain functional properties, grains as ingredients in alternative protein products, novel grain processing methods, and more, for all grass-based seeds used in human food applications.

Dr. Akinbode A. Adedeji
Dr. Samson Oyeyinka
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • ancient grains valorization
  • grain functional properties modifications
  • grains in alternative protein innovation
  • sustainable grain processing
  • grains as functional foods
  • characterization of grain macromolecules

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2034 KB  
Article
Proso Millet Cultivar Effects on Rheology of Dough and Quality Characteristics of Gluten-Free Breads
by Manjot Singh and Akinbode A. Adedeji
Foods 2026, 15(10), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15101711 - 13 May 2026
Viewed by 200
Abstract
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is being increasingly used in gluten-free baking; however, the influence of cultivar-dependent functionality on gluten-free dough remains insufficiently characterized. This study systematically evaluated the impact of nine proso millet cultivars (Cope, Dawn, Sunrise, Earlybird, Huntsman, Minco, Panhandle, [...] Read more.
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is being increasingly used in gluten-free baking; however, the influence of cultivar-dependent functionality on gluten-free dough remains insufficiently characterized. This study systematically evaluated the impact of nine proso millet cultivars (Cope, Dawn, Sunrise, Earlybird, Huntsman, Minco, Panhandle, Plateau, and Rise) on dough rheology, bread quality, and texture stability in a gluten-free formulation. Dough viscoelasticity was characterized using small-amplitude oscillatory shear (G′, G″, tan δ) and creep–recovery (Jend, Jnr, Jr/J, strain recovery, and t90). Breads were then evaluated for specific volume, crust and crumb color, and texture profile analysis (TPA) over 0, 2, and 5 days of storage. All doughs exhibited weak gel behavior (tan δ = 0.30–0.36) with G′ consistently exceeding G″. The waxy, low-amylose cultivar Plateau produced the stiffest dough (highest G′ and G″) and the lowest loaf specific volume (1.97 mL/g), whereas Rise and Earlybird yielded the greatest expansion (2.43–2.40 mL/g). Storage induced typical staling (increased firmness, decreased springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience) with cultivar-dependent retention of elastic attributes linked to rheological parameters. Overall, cultivar starch structure impacts dough viscoelasticity, loaf expansion, and texture evolution, highlighting cultivar selection as a practical route to improve gluten-free bread quality and shelf-life consistency. Full article
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17 pages, 688 KB  
Article
Reformulating Cookies with Colored Whole Wheat Flours and Xylitol: Implications for Technological Quality, Phenolic Content, and Glycemic Response
by Fazilet Mıdık, Kubra Ozkan, Lale Karataylioglu, Cagla Ozer, Vladimir P. Shamanin, Inna V. Pototskaya, Alexey I. Morgounov, Osman Sagdic and Hamit Koksel
Foods 2026, 15(7), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15071244 - 5 Apr 2026
Viewed by 649
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of incorporating colored wheat flours (red, blue, purple, and black) and replacing sucrose with xylitol on the technological, functional, and nutritional properties of cookies. Cookies were produced using 50:50 blends of colored whole wheat flours and refined cookie [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of incorporating colored wheat flours (red, blue, purple, and black) and replacing sucrose with xylitol on the technological, functional, and nutritional properties of cookies. Cookies were produced using 50:50 blends of colored whole wheat flours and refined cookie flour, and their physical, color, textural, phenolic, antioxidant, and in vitro glycemic index (GI) properties were evaluated. It has been determined that the addition of colored wheat flours significantly alters the textural properties. The incorporation of colored wheat flours significantly decreased width and increased thickness compared with the control cookies. The spread ratio of sucrose-containing cookies was higher (5.07 to 5.82) compared to xylitol-containing ones (4.91 to 5.41). Substitution of sucrose with xylitol generally reduced dough hardness. The colored wheat flour cookies had lower lightness values (52.31 to 63.18) compared to control samples (68.38 and 69.07 for sucrose and xylitol), while xylitol-based formulations produced slightly lighter cookies due to their lower browning potential. The cookies containing colored whole wheat flours exhibited higher hardness and brittleness than control cookies, likely due to their higher dietary fiber content, whereas xylitol resulted in softer cookies than sucrose. Cookies prepared with colored wheats showed significantly higher total phenolic content (367.41 and 424.87 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity than the control samples (312.42 and 306.28 mg GAE/100 g for sucrose and xylitol), with purple wheat cookies exhibiting the highest values (424.69 and 424.87 mg GAE/100 g for sucrose and xylitol). Furthermore, colored wheat cookies demonstrated lower estimated GI values compared with control cookies (73.74 and 67.12), particularly those produced with blue wheat (66.68 and 60.94). Overall, the results indicate that colored wheat flours combined with alternative sweeteners such as xylitol can be used to develop cookies with improved antioxidant properties and moderated glycemic response while maintaining acceptable technological quality. Full article
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19 pages, 3412 KB  
Article
Physicochemical and Multiscale Structural Characterization of Sorghum Cultivars and Their Associations with Anti-Digestion Properties
by Yuan Zhang, Jingjie Lin, Peiyan Li, Danyang Li, Guoyuan Xiong and Kun Yu
Foods 2026, 15(7), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15071127 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 474
Abstract
Sorghum is recognized as a potential functional ingredient with high resistance to digestion. Therefore, this study investigates the anti-digestive properties of eight different types of sorghum cultivars with distinct compositional differences. The results confirmed that the whole sorghum flours exhibit stronger anti-digestive properties [...] Read more.
Sorghum is recognized as a potential functional ingredient with high resistance to digestion. Therefore, this study investigates the anti-digestive properties of eight different types of sorghum cultivars with distinct compositional differences. The results confirmed that the whole sorghum flours exhibit stronger anti-digestive properties compared to its isolated starch, indicating that non-starch components play a role in inhibiting starch digestion. However, there was no significant correlation between the differences in individual components among sorghum varieties and their resistance to digestion. Analysis of sorghum starch structure demonstrated that relative crystallinity and double-helix degree in the long-range ordered architecture show a significant positive correlation with resistant starch (RS). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed that the relatively thick and dense layered structure of sorghum starch is associated with a lower degree of enzymatic hydrolysis. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed that higher weight-average molecular weight is associated with a higher RS content to a certain extent, while a higher PDI is unfavorable for the formation of digestion-RS structures due to its association with a reduction in the onset gelatinization temperature. Cultivars AH-3, AH-5, and AH-2 with higher molecular weight, narrower molecular weight distribution and denser nanoscale lamellar structures exhibit superior digestion resistance. This research provides a reference for the screening of low-glycemic-index sorghum varieties and their application in functional foods. Full article
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