Brain Sciences

8 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Impact of Revascularization Surgery on Headaches in Association with Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Patients with Moyamoya Angiopathy

by Francy D. Gallego Moyano, Helena C. Janssen, Lashmi Venkatraghavan, David J. Mikulis, Hugo Andrade Barazarte, Ivan Radovanovic, Eef J. Hendriks and Joanna D. Schaafsma

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100967 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Headaches in Moyamoya angiopathy are common but poorly understood. We aimed to investigate if headaches in Moyamoya angiopathy improve after revascularization surgery and whether this is associated with improvement in cerebrovascular reactivity on MRI (CVR-MRI). Methods: We included consecutive adult patients with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Headaches in Moyamoya angiopathy are common but poorly understood. We aimed to investigate if headaches in Moyamoya angiopathy improve after revascularization surgery and whether this is associated with improvement in cerebrovascular reactivity on MRI (CVR-MRI). Methods: We included consecutive adult patients with Moyamoya angiopathy who had chart data on headaches, CVR-MRI, and underwent extracranial–intracranial bypass surgery between January 2010 and September 2022 at a tertiary neurovascular referral center. Clinical and CVR-MR imaging data of all patients were collected through systematic chart review, complemented by standard-of-care headache questionnaires from patients who were operated between 2018 and 2022. We evaluated headache features and explored the association between headaches and CVR before and after revascularization surgery. Results: Fifty-nine patients were included (mean age 47 ± 14 years, 43 females (73%)); among them, 41/59 (69%) reported headaches pre-surgery. Headache improved in 28/41 (68%) patients after revascularization surgery with a reduction in pain severity (median VAS-score from 5/10 to 2.5/10; p = 0.002), analgesic use (from 84% to 40%; p = 0.007), and sick leave (from 60% to 16%; p < 0.001). Improvement in headaches was associated with improvement in CVR (OR 5.3; 95% CI: 1.2–23.5) and sick leave reduction (OR 1.4; 95% CI: 1.6–121.4). Conclusions: Headaches in Moyamoya angiopathy are common and disabling. They may improve in most patients after revascularization surgery and seem to be associated with improvement in CVR, supporting the hypothesis of a potential vascular origin of the headaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Exploration of Cerebrovascular Diseases: From Preclinical Research to Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Lighting Conditions, Phenomenal Contrast, and the Conscious Perception of Near and Far

by Birgitta Dresp-Langley and Adam J. Reeves

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100966 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Recent evidence in systems neuroscience suggests that lighting conditions affect the whole chain of brain processing, from retina to high-level cortical networks, for perceptual and cognitive function. Here, visual adaptation levels to three different environmental lighting conditions, (1) darkness, (2) daylight, and [...] Read more.

Background: Recent evidence in systems neuroscience suggests that lighting conditions affect the whole chain of brain processing, from retina to high-level cortical networks, for perceptual and cognitive function. Here, visual adaptation levels to three different environmental lighting conditions, (1) darkness, (2) daylight, and (3) prolonged exposure to very bright light akin to sunlight, were simulated in lab to investigate the effects of light adaptation levels on classic cases of subjective contrast, assimilation, and contrast-induced relative depth in achromatic, i.e., ON–OFF pathway mediated visual configurations. Methods: After adaptation/exposure to a given lighting condition, configurations were shown in grouped and ungrouped conditions in random order to healthy young humans in computer-controlled two-alternative forced-choice procedures that consisted of deciding, as quickly as possible, which of two background patterns in a given configuration of achromatic contrast appeared lighter, or which of two foreground patterns appeared to stand out in front, as if it were nearer to the observer. Results: We found a statistically significant effect of the adaptation levels on the consciously perceived subjective contrast (F(2,23) = 20.73; p < 0.001) and the relative depth (F(2,23) = 12.67; p < 0.001), a statistically significant interaction between the adaptation levels and the grouping factor (F(2,23) = 4.73; p < 0.05) on subjective contrast, and a statistically significant effect of the grouping factor on the relative depth (F(2,23) = 13.71; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Visual adaption to different lighting conditions significantly alters the conscious perception of contrast and assimilation, classically linked to non-linear functional synergies between ON and OFF processing channels in the visual brain, and modulates the repeatedly demonstrated effectiveness of luminance contrast as a depth cue; the physically brighter pattern regions in the configurations are no longer consistently perceived as nearer to a conscious observer under daylight and extreme bright light adapted (rod-saturated) conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Visual Perception to Consciousness)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 153 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Neuroinflammation

by Junhui Wang, Jing Sun and Hongxing Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100965 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recent research in neuroscience has shown significant advancements in relation to neuroinflammation, especially its role in neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Neuroinflammation)

20 pages, 5193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Visual Word Segmentation Cues in Tibetan Reading

by Danhui Wang, Dingyi Niu, Tianzhi Li and Xiaolei Gao

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100964 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In languages with within-word segmentation cues, the removal or replacement of these cues in a text hinders reading and lexical recognition, and adversely affects saccade target selection during reading. However, the outcome of artificially introducing visual word segmentation cues into a language [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In languages with within-word segmentation cues, the removal or replacement of these cues in a text hinders reading and lexical recognition, and adversely affects saccade target selection during reading. However, the outcome of artificially introducing visual word segmentation cues into a language that lacks them is unknown. Tibetan exemplifies a language that does not provide visual cues for word segmentation, relying solely on visual cues for morpheme segmentation. Moreover, previous studies have not examined word segmentation in the Tibetan language. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of artificially incorporated visual word segmentation cues and basic units of information processing in Tibetan reading. Methods: We used eye-tracking technology and conducted two experiments with Tibetan sentences that artificially incorporated interword spaces and color alternation markings as visual segmentation cues. Conclusions: The results indicated that interword spaces facilitate reading and lexical recognition and aid in saccade target selection during reading. Color alternation markings facilitate reading and vocabulary recognition but do not affect saccade selection. Words are more likely to be the basic units of information processing and exhibit greater psychological reality than morphemes. These findings shed light on the nature and rules of Tibetan reading and provide fundamental data to improve eye movement control models for reading alphabetic writing systems. Furthermore, our results may offer practical guidance and a scientific basis for improving the efficiency of reading, information processing, and word segmentation in Tibetan reading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurolinguistics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Diglossia on Executive Functions and on Reading in Arabic

by Raphiq Ibrahim

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100963 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: In contrast to most other languages, where the spoken and written words are similar, children that have mastered Spoken Arabic (SA) learn to read a new written form of Arabic usually called Literary Arabic (LA). This phenomenon is called “diglossia”. Methods: Based [...] Read more.

Background: In contrast to most other languages, where the spoken and written words are similar, children that have mastered Spoken Arabic (SA) learn to read a new written form of Arabic usually called Literary Arabic (LA). This phenomenon is called “diglossia”. Methods: Based on a series of studies comparing monolingual Arabic speaking and bilingual children, it has been suggested that Arabic speaking individuals develop metacognitive abilities that are considered bilinguals de facto. Some of the cognitive functions that would seem to benefit from fluency in more than one language are metalinguistic and metacognitive awareness. Results: This review article summarizes the results of studies on the relationship between bilingualism, diglossia and executive functions (EFs) which involve metacognitive awareness, selective attention, control of inhibition and cognitive flexibility as well as working memory (phonemic manipulation and metalingual performances). Conclusions: The findings are in line with research results that have shown that bilingualism has a positive effect on the functioning of an individual’s attentional system across the lifespan. The neural basis of diglossia in Arabic, as well as the conclusions and implications drawn from the impact of diglossia on EF and on reading in Arabic, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Language Processing and Cognitive Development)

14 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double-Edged Effects of Social Strategies on the Well-Being of Autistic People: Impact of Self-Perceived Effort and Efficacy

by Ren Funawatari, Motofumi Sumiya, Toshiki Iwabuchi and Atsushi Senju

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100962 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Autistic people employ various social strategies to form and maintain interpersonal relationships in their daily environments. These strategies can help autistic people with social interactions (leading to self-perceived efficacy of using social strategies), but can also lead to cognitive fatigue (self-perceived effort [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Autistic people employ various social strategies to form and maintain interpersonal relationships in their daily environments. These strategies can help autistic people with social interactions (leading to self-perceived efficacy of using social strategies), but can also lead to cognitive fatigue (self-perceived effort of using social strategies). However, previous studies have focused primarily on self-perceived effort, overlooking the self-perceived efficacy of using social strategies, and the balance between self-perceived effort and efficacy. To address this gap, this study examined the impact of autistic people’s use of social strategies on their well-being, focusing on self-perceived effort, self-perceived efficacy, and their interaction effect. Methods: An online survey was conducted among self-reported autistic people in Japan aged 18–65 years, using a modified Compensation Checklist. Data from 104 self-reported autistic participants were analyzed using linear regression. Results: High self-perceived effort in using social strategies was negatively associated with well-being, whereas high self-perceived efficacy was positively associated with well-being. The interaction effect between effort and efficacy was not significant. These results were supported even when loneliness was used as an index of social well-being. Additionally, the number of strategies used by an autistic person was positively associated with well-being. Conclusions: This study highlights the double-edged effect of autistic people using social strategies, and that using a broader repertoire of social strategies may improve the well-being of autistic people. These findings call for a nuanced approach by researchers and clinicians considering both the positive and negative aspects of using social strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Autism Spectrum Conditions from Childhood to Adulthood—Current Situation and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Comorbid Personality Disorder on the Risk of Involuntary Hospitalization in Patients Referred for Urgent Forensic Assessment: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Axel Dossa, Matthieu Hein, Oussama Bikrani, Benjamin Wacquier and Camille Point

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100961 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In Belgium, involuntary psychiatric hospitalization is authorized in the presence of certain criteria governed by the law relating to the protection of the mentally ill. The number of involuntary hospitalizations has been increasing continuously in recent years. Since personality disorders are frequent [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In Belgium, involuntary psychiatric hospitalization is authorized in the presence of certain criteria governed by the law relating to the protection of the mentally ill. The number of involuntary hospitalizations has been increasing continuously in recent years. Since personality disorders are frequent comorbidities in involuntarily hospitalized patients, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential role played by comorbid personality disorders in the decisions about involuntary hospitalization made during urgent forensic assessment. Methods: A total of 565 individuals were retrospectively recruited from the database of urgent forensic assessment carried out in the Psychiatric Emergency Department. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the risk of involuntary hospitalization associated with comorbid personality disorders in patients referred for urgent forensic assessment. Results: 66.7% of urgent forensic assessments resulted in involuntary hospitalization. In addition, comorbid personality disorders (especially borderline personality disorder) were associated with a lower risk of involuntary hospitalization in patients referred for urgent forensic assessment. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated that urgent forensic assessments frequently result in involuntary hospitalizations. Furthermore, this study highlighted that comorbid personality disorders (especially borderline personality disorder) appeared to have a major impact on the decision not to involuntarily hospitalize patients referred for urgent forensic assessment. These elements therefore justify the establishment of adequate clinical reflection to avoid the stigmatization related to these frequent comorbidities in patients at risk of involuntary hospitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

12 pages, 808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilaments Light-Chain Differentiate Patients Affected by Alzheimer’s Disease with Different Rate of Progression (RoP): A Preliminary Study

by Valeria Blandino, Tiziana Colletti, Paolo Ribisi, Domenico Tarantino, Viviana Mosca, Luisa Agnello, Marcello Ciaccio and Tommaso Piccoli

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100960 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia. One major challenge for clinicians is accurately assessing the rate of disease progression (RoP) early in the diagnostic process, which is crucial for patient management and clinical trial [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia. One major challenge for clinicians is accurately assessing the rate of disease progression (RoP) early in the diagnostic process, which is crucial for patient management and clinical trial stratification. This study evaluated the role of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers—Aβ42, t-Tau, pTau, Neurogranin (Ng), and Neurofilament light-chain (NF-L)—in predicting RoP at the time of AD diagnosis. We included 56 AD patients and monitored cognitive impairment using MMSE scores at diagnosis and during six-month follow-up visits. RoP scores were calculated based on these assessments. Our correlation analyses revealed significant associations between RoP and pTau, Aβ42/Ng ratio, and NF-L levels. When patients were stratified by median RoP values into low-to-moderate (L-M: <2) and upper-moderate (U-M: >2) groups, those in the U-M group had notably higher CSF NF-L levels compared to the L-M group. Logistic regression analysis further demonstrated that elevated CSF NF-L levels were predictive of a faster RoP. These findings highlight the potential of CSF NF-L as a prognostic biomarker for rapid disease progression in AD. By identifying patients at risk for accelerated cognitive decline, CSF NF-L could significantly enhance early intervention strategies and improve patient management in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 149 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Tiwari et al. Neuroprotective Effect of α-Mangostin in Ameliorating Propionic Acid-Induced Experimental Model of Autism in Wistar Rats. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 288

by Aarti Tiwari, Rishabh Khera, Saloni Rahi, Sidharth Mehan, Hafiz Antar Makeen, Yahya H. Khormi, Muneeb U Rehman and Andleeb Khan

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100959 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Missing Supplementary Materials: [...] Full article

9 pages, 3583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Awake Craniotomy in Epilepsy Surgery: A Case Series and Proposal for Three Different Scenarios

by Takehiro Uda, Yuta Tanoue, Toshiyuki Kawashima, Vich Yindeedej, Shugo Nishijima, Noritsugu Kunihiro, Ryoko Umaba, Kotaro Ishimoto and Takeo Goto

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100958 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objective: Awake craniotomy (AWC) allows intraoperative evaluation of functions involving the cortical surface and subcortical fibers. In epilepsy surgery, indications for and the role of AWC have not been established because evaluation with intracranial electrodes is considered the gold standard. We report herein [...] Read more.

Objective: Awake craniotomy (AWC) allows intraoperative evaluation of functions involving the cortical surface and subcortical fibers. In epilepsy surgery, indications for and the role of AWC have not been established because evaluation with intracranial electrodes is considered the gold standard. We report herein our case series of patients who underwent AWC in epilepsy surgery and propose the scenarios for and roles of AWC. Methods: Patients who underwent AWC in epilepsy surgery at our institutions between 2014 and 2023 were included. Information about age, sex, etiology, location of epileptogenicity, seizure type, use of intracranial electrode placement, surgical complications, neurological deficits, additional surgery, and seizure outcomes was reviewed. Following a diagnostic and treatment flow for epilepsy surgery, we clarified three different scenarios and roles for AWC. Results: Ten patients underwent AWC. Three patients underwent AWC after non-invasive evaluations. Two patients underwent AWC after intracranial evaluation with stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG). Five patients underwent AWC after intracranial evaluation with subdural grid electrodes (SDG). Among these, two patients were initially evaluated with SEEG and with SDG thereafter. One patient reported slight numbness in the hand, and one patient showed slight cognitive decline. Seizure outcomes according to the Engel outcome scale were class 1A in three patients, IIA in two patients, IIIA in four patients, and IVA in one patient. Conclusions: AWC can be used for purposes of epilepsy surgery in different situations, either immediately after non-invasive studies or as an additional invasive step after invasive monitoring with either SEEG or SDG. The application of AWC should be individualized according to each patient’s specific characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Experience in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subcortical Change and Neurohabilitation Treatment Adherence Effects in Extremely Preterm Children

by Susana A. Castro-Chavira, Claudia C. Gutiérrez-Hernández, Cristina Carrillo-Prado and Thalía Harmony

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100957 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024

Abstract

Extremely preterm birth entails an increased risk for multimorbidity and the prevalence of developmental deficits because this risk is negatively correlated to the number of gestation weeks. This work evaluated subcortical volume changes in children born extremely preterm who received Katona neurohabilitation, as [...] Read more.

Extremely preterm birth entails an increased risk for multimorbidity and the prevalence of developmental deficits because this risk is negatively correlated to the number of gestation weeks. This work evaluated subcortical volume changes in children born extremely preterm who received Katona neurohabilitation, as well as the effects of subcortical volume and treatment adherence on their three-year-old neurodevelopment outcomes. Fifteen extremely preterm-born participants were treated from two months to two years old and followed up until past three years of age. The participants received Katona neurohabilitation, which provides vestibular and proprioceptive stimulation and promotes movement integration through the early, intensive practice of human-specific elementary movements. Subcortical brain volumes from magnetic resonance images were obtained at the beginning and after treatment. Also, treatment adherence to Katona neurohabilitation and neurodevelopment outcomes were measured. The results showed that absolute subcortical volumes increased after treatment; however, when adjusted by intracranial volume, these volumes decreased. Subcortical function inhibition allows cortical control and increased connectivity, which may explain decreased adjusted volume. Regression analyses showed that after-treatment hippocampal volumes had a discrete predictive value. However, treatment adherence showed a clear effect on mental and psychomotor neurodevelopment. Thus, the effectiveness of Katona neurohabilitation is constrained by treatment adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissociable Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Attention on Crowding: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

by Mingliang Gong, Tingyu Liu, Yingbing Chen and Yingying Sun

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100956 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Crowding is a common visual phenomenon that can significantly impair the recognition of objects in peripheral vision. Two recent behavioral studies have revealed that both exogenous and endogenous attention can alleviate crowding, but exogenous attention seems to be more effective. Methods: The [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Crowding is a common visual phenomenon that can significantly impair the recognition of objects in peripheral vision. Two recent behavioral studies have revealed that both exogenous and endogenous attention can alleviate crowding, but exogenous attention seems to be more effective. Methods: The present study employed the event-related potential (ERP) technique to explore the electrophysiological characteristics of the influence of these two types of attention on crowding. In the experiment, participants were required to judge whether the letter “T” was upright or inverted, which may be preceded by an exogenous cue or an endogenous cue indicating the location of the target letter. Results: The behavioral results showed that while exogenous cues reduced crowding in all stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), endogenous attention took effects only in long SOA. The ERP results indicated that both endogenous and exogenous cues significantly alleviated the inhibition of visual crowding on the N1 component. However, the endogenous cue was effective only under long SOA, while the exogenous cue was effective only under short SOA conditions. In addition, invalid exogenous cues induced a larger P3 wave amplitude than valid ones in the short SOA condition, but endogenous attention did not show such a difference. Conclusions: These results indicate that both endogenous and exogenous attention can alleviate the effects of visual crowding, but they differ in effect size and temporal dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive Social and Affective Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Its Associated Factors in Albania: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

by Malvina Hoxha, Simonetta Galgani, Jera Kruja, Ilir Alimehmeti, Viktor Rapo, Frenki Çipi, Domenico Tricarico and Bruno Zappacosta

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100955 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cognitive impairment is an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia, and its detection in the early stages is essential to prevent dementia, an incurable pathology. The aim of this study is to screen and estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment, including [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cognitive impairment is an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia, and its detection in the early stages is essential to prevent dementia, an incurable pathology. The aim of this study is to screen and estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment, including dementia, and its correlated factors in a community-based sample of the Albanian population over 50 years old. Methods: We carried out a door-to-door neuropsychological screening of Albanian residents older than 50 years from November 2023 to June 2024 in 12 Albanian districts. Participants completed the Early Dementia Questionnaire (EDQ) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: The overall estimating prevalence of cognitive impairment and early dementia among the Albanian population over 50 years old was 14.04% using the MMSE, with 2.31% for MMSE ≤18 (serious cognitive impairment), 5.51% for MMSE 19–22 (mild cognitive impairment (MCI)), and 6.22 for MMSE 23–24 (suspected cognitive impairment or dementia),respectively. The prevalence of early dementia using the EDQ was significantly higher (53.99%).The number of male participants with MMSE scores of 23–24 (suspected cognitive impairment or early dementia) was 2.5 times higher with respect to female participants. Smoking and alcohol consumption decreased the MMSE scores. The number of participants with normal cognitive function (MMSE scores 25–30) was lower among participants with hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cerebral ischemia. Conclusions: A diagnostic evaluation, including a clinical examination, neuroimaging, and laboratory studies, is further required for a diagnosis. Despite limitations, the data provided in this study are the only ones reported for a large community-based sample of the older adult Albanian population, which can help health care providers to diagnose cognitive impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Language Lateralization through Gray Matter Volume: Implications for Preoperative Planning in Brain Tumor Surgery

by Daniel Solomons, Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez, Francisco Mery-Muñoz, Leonardo Arraño-Carrasco, Francisco Sahli Costabal and Carolina Mendez-Orellana

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100954 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Functional MRI (fMRI) is widely used to assess language lateralization, but its application in patients with brain tumors can be hindered by cognitive impairments, compensatory neuroplasticity, and artifacts due to patient movement or severe aphasia. Gray matter volume (GMV) analysis via voxel-based [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Functional MRI (fMRI) is widely used to assess language lateralization, but its application in patients with brain tumors can be hindered by cognitive impairments, compensatory neuroplasticity, and artifacts due to patient movement or severe aphasia. Gray matter volume (GMV) analysis via voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in language-related brain regions may offer a stable complementary approach. This study investigates the relationship between GMV and fMRI-derived language lateralization in healthy individuals and patients with left-hemisphere brain tumors, aiming to enhance accuracy in complex cases. Methods: The MRI data from 22 healthy participants and 28 individuals with left-hemisphere brain tumors were analyzed. Structural T1-weighted and functional images were obtained during three language tasks. Language lateralization was assessed based on activation in predefined regions of interest (ROIs), categorized as typical (left) or atypical (right or bilateral). The GMV in these ROIs was measured using VBM. Linear regressions explored GMV-lateralization associations, and logistic regressions predicted the lateralization based on the GMV. Results: In the healthy participants, typical left-hemispheric language dominance correlated with higher GMV in the left pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus. The brain tumor participants with atypical lateralization showed increased GMV in six right-hemisphere ROIs. The GMV in the language ROIs predicted the fMRI language lateralization, with AUCs from 80.1% to 94.2% in the healthy participants and 78.3% to 92.6% in the tumor patients. Conclusions: GMV analysis in language-related ROIs effectively complements fMRI for assessing language dominance, particularly when fMRI is challenging. It correlates with language lateralization in both healthy individuals and brain tumor patients, highlighting its potential in preoperative language mapping. Further research with larger samples is needed to refine its clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neurological Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

From the Bio-Psycho-Social Model to the Development of a Clinical–Forensic Assessment Tool for Chronic Pain in Victims of Violence: A Research Protocol

by Allison Uvelli, Erica Pugliese, Alessandra Masti, Giulia Salvo, Cristina Duranti, Giacomo Gualtieri and Fabio Ferretti

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100953 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Violence against women impacts a minimum of 35% of the global female population, encompassing sexual, physical, and psychological forms. Perpetrators of this violence include partners, family members, or strangers. Its ramifications are substantial, evident in the prevalence of chronic pain reported by between [...] Read more.

Violence against women impacts a minimum of 35% of the global female population, encompassing sexual, physical, and psychological forms. Perpetrators of this violence include partners, family members, or strangers. Its ramifications are substantial, evident in the prevalence of chronic pain reported by between 48% and 84% of women who have experienced abuse, with an odds ratio of 2.08. Notably associated diagnoses include pelvic/vaginal pain, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome/bowel symptoms, abdominal pain, migraine/headache, and back and neck pain. These diagnoses significantly limit a woman’s ability to participate in daily activities, such as exercising or working, leading to genuine disability. Despite substantial evidence, the precise cause and etiology of these conditions remain unclear. Adhering to the bio-psycho-social model, it is conceivable that chronic pain in victims of violence cannot be attributed to a single factor alone, but rather to a combination of all three: biological, psychological, and social factors. Uncovering these factors could have significant clinical and legal implications. On one hand, it would be possible to conduct screenings to avoid developing chronic pain. and guide individuals toward the correct treatment. On the other hand, victims could seek compensation for chronic pain resulting from violence. Considering the limited knowledge about the causes of chronic pain and the absence of tools to identify risk factors or a set of tests for evaluating victims of violence, the goal of the research described in this project protocol is to pinpoint the specific contributing factors for chronic pain due to violence victimization. Additionally, it aims to devise a comprehensive protocol for assessing these factors in forensic science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violence and Affection Behavior in Relationships and Interpersonal Communication)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessReview

Food Addiction

by Haley Krupa, Ashley N. Gearhardt, Anne Lewandowski and Nicole M. Avena

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100952 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this review, we aim to draw a connection between drug addiction and overconsumption of highly palatable food (OHPF) by discussing common behaviors and neurochemical pathways shared by these two states. OHPF can stimulate reward pathways in the brain that parallel those triggered [...] Read more.

In this review, we aim to draw a connection between drug addiction and overconsumption of highly palatable food (OHPF) by discussing common behaviors and neurochemical pathways shared by these two states. OHPF can stimulate reward pathways in the brain that parallel those triggered by drug use, increasing the risk of dependency. Behavioral similarities between food and drug addiction can be addressed by tracking their stages: loss of control when eating (bingeing), withdrawal, craving, sensitization, and cross-sensitization. The brain adapts to addiction by way of the mesolimbic dopamine system, endogenous opioids and receptors, acetylcholine and dopamine balance, and adaptations of serotonin in neuroanatomy. Studies from the current literature are reviewed to determine how various neurological chemicals contribute to the reinforcement of drug addiction and OHPF. Finally, protocols for treating food addiction are discussed, including both clinical and pharmacological modalities. There is consistent evidence that OHPF changes brain chemistry and leads to addiction in similar ways to drugs. However, more long-term research is needed on food addiction, binge eating, and their neurobiological effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Addiction Psychiatry: Opportunities and Challenges)

15 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Headaches in Pediatric Patients during the Past Decade: Comparative Analysis by Age Group from a Multicenter Study in Korea

by Eu Gene Park, Seung Beom Han, Jin Lee, Jee Min Kim and Ji Yoon Han

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100951 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Headache is a common complaint during childhood and adolescence. It is important to be aware of the characteristics of pediatric headaches in order to make a precise and timely diagnosis. This study investigated the clinical characteristics of pediatric headaches according to the [...] Read more.

Background: Headache is a common complaint during childhood and adolescence. It is important to be aware of the characteristics of pediatric headaches in order to make a precise and timely diagnosis. This study investigated the clinical characteristics of pediatric headaches according to the underlying etiology and age group. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 3374 pediatric patients (2667 with primary headache [PH] and 707 with secondary headache [SH]) who presented with headaches at two centers between January 2012 and November 2023. Results: The incidence of PH was significantly higher in adolescents (40.1% vs. 22.9%), whereas that of SH was considerably higher in preschoolers (37.5% vs. 16.3%) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of headaches attributed to infection was significantly higher in preschool and school-aged children (90.8% vs. 80.2%, p < 0.001); adolescents exhibited significantly higher frequencies of cranial and cervical vascular disorders (3.7% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.044) and psychiatric disorders (5.6% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were observed between preschool/school-aged children and adolescents in terms of headache characteristics and the prevalence of headache-associated symptoms (60.4% vs. 74.1%, p < 0.001 in PH), neurologic abnormalities (10.2% vs. 23.6%, p < 0.001 in PH; 2.4% vs. 11.7%, p < 0.001 in SH), and headache triggers (19.9% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.008 in PH; 2.0% vs. 8.0%, p < 0.001 in SH). Conclusions: Recognizing the etiology and age-specific differences in the clinical characteristics of headaches is crucial for an accurate and timely diagnosis. Tailoring the diagnostic approach accordingly helps to achieve optimal outcomes in pediatric patients with headaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience of Pain)

17 pages, 1807 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Kynurenine Pathway, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, and Alzheimer’s Disease

by Enoc Mariano Cortés Malagón, Adolfo López Ornelas, Irlanda Olvera Gómez and José Bonilla Delgado

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090950 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, mainly affecting elderly individuals. AD is characterized by β-amyloid plaques, abnormal tau tangles, neuronal loss, and metabolic disruptions. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of the kynurenine (KP) pathway and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, mainly affecting elderly individuals. AD is characterized by β-amyloid plaques, abnormal tau tangles, neuronal loss, and metabolic disruptions. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of the kynurenine (KP) pathway and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in AD development. The KP pathway metabolizes tryptophan to produce neuroactive substances like kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid. In AD, high levels of kynurenine and the neurotoxic quinolinic acid are associated with increased neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity; conversely, reduced levels of kynurenic acid, which acts as a glutamate receptor antagonist, compromise neuroprotection. Research has indicated elevated KP metabolites and enzymes in the hippocampus of AD patients and other tissues such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. However, the finding that KP metabolites are AD biomarkers in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine has been controversial. This controversy, stemming from the lack of consideration of the specific stage of AD, details of the patient’s treatment, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric comorbidities, underscores the need for more comprehensive research. AhR, a ligand-activated transcription factor, regulates immune response, oxidative stress, and xenobiotic metabolism. Various ligands, including tryptophan metabolites, can activate it. Some studies suggest that AhR activation contributes to AD, while others propose that it provides neuroprotection. This discrepancy may be explained by the specific ligands that activate AhR, highlighting the complex relationship between the KP pathway, AhR activation, and AD, where the same pathway can produce both neuroprotective and harmful effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression in a Real-World Setting: Findings from a Cohort Study

by Tiziano Prodi, Gabriele Pezzullo, Kevin La Monica, Alberto Priori, Matteo Vismara, Bernardo Dell’Osso and Beatrice Benatti

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090949 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In the past two decades, significant advancements in neuromodulation techniques have occurred, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). According to the assumption that repeated stimulation within a condensed timeframe can yield sustained efficacy, an accelerated protocol may be [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In the past two decades, significant advancements in neuromodulation techniques have occurred, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). According to the assumption that repeated stimulation within a condensed timeframe can yield sustained efficacy, an accelerated protocol may be more effective in reducing time to response. With those premises, this study aimed to evaluate a sample of TRD patients treated with standard repetitive TMS (rTMS) and accelerated rTMS (arTMS). Methods: Nine subjects were treated with standard rTMS and 19 with arTMS. Psychometric assessment was made at the baseline and one week, one month, and three months after the treatment. A linear mixed-effect regression was performed along with other appropriate statistical analyses. Results: A significant improvement over time was observed for both depressive and cognitive symptoms. Moreover, considering the reduction in the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores, a better treatment response was observed in subjects treated with arTMS (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings showed a significant difference between the two protocols in terms of clinical response. Although further studies are needed to confirm the superiority of arTMS, the better cost-effectiveness of this technique should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: Emerging Evidence and New Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Brain Sciences

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI