Brain Sciences

18 pages, 312 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Interventions for Emotional Dysregulation, and Underlying Bio–Psycho–Social Factors

by Thomas Easdale-Cheele, Valeria Parlatini, Samuele Cortese and Alessio Bellato

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050453 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 28302

Abstract

In this narrative, comprehensive, and updated review of the literature, we summarize evidence about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing emotion dysregulation and improving emotion regulation in children, adolescents, and adults. After introducing emotion dysregulation and emotion regulation from a theoretical standpoint, [...] Read more.

In this narrative, comprehensive, and updated review of the literature, we summarize evidence about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing emotion dysregulation and improving emotion regulation in children, adolescents, and adults. After introducing emotion dysregulation and emotion regulation from a theoretical standpoint, we discuss the factors commonly associated with emotion regulation, including neurobiological and neuropsychological mechanisms, and the role of childhood adverse experiences and psycho–social factors in the onset of emotion dysregulation. We then present evidence about pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions aiming at improving emotion dysregulation and promoting emotion regulation across the lifespan. Although our review was not intended as a traditional systematic review, and the search was only restricted to systematic reviews and meta-analyses, we highlighted important implications and provided recommendations for clinical practice and future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Biological Correlates of Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Developmental Psychopathology)

38 pages, 2703 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca²⁺]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations

by Martin L. Pall

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050454 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8803

Abstract

The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca²⁺]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented [...] Read more.

The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca²⁺]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented here predicts that autism epidemic causation involves central roles of both electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and chemicals. EMFs act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation and [Ca²⁺]i elevation. A total of 15 autism-implicated chemical classes each act to produce [Ca²⁺]i elevation, 12 acting via NMDA receptor activation, and three acting via other mechanisms. The chronic nature of ASDs is explained via NO/ONOO(-) vicious cycle elevation and MeCP2 epigenetic dysfunction. Genetic causation often also involves [Ca²⁺]i elevation or other impacts on synaptogenesis. The literature examining each of these steps is systematically examined and found to be consistent with predictions. Approaches that may be sed for ASD prevention or treatment are discussed in connection with this special issue: The current situation and prospects for children with ASDs. Such approaches include EMF, chemical avoidance, and using nutrients and other agents to raise the levels of Nrf2. An enriched environment, vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3s in fish oil may also be helpful. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Situation and Prospects)

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23 pages, 1454 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuropsychopharmacological Induction of (Lucid) Dreams: A Narrative Review

by Abel A. Oldoni, André D. Bacchi, Fúlvio R. Mendes, Paula A. Tiba and Sérgio Mota-Rolim

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050426 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 14309

Abstract

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a physiological state of consciousness that occurs when dreamers become aware that they are dreaming, and may also control the oneiric content. In the general population, LD is spontaneously rare; thus, there is great interest in its induction. Here, [...] Read more.

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a physiological state of consciousness that occurs when dreamers become aware that they are dreaming, and may also control the oneiric content. In the general population, LD is spontaneously rare; thus, there is great interest in its induction. Here, we aim to review the literature on neuropsychopharmacological induction of LD. First, we describe the circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep regulation and the mechanisms that control REM sleep with a focus on neurotransmission systems. We then discuss the neurophysiology and phenomenology of LD to understand the main cortical oscillations and brain areas involved in the emergence of lucidity during REM sleep. Finally, we review possible exogenous substances—including natural plants and artificial drugs—that increase metacognition, REM sleep, and/or dream recall, thus with the potential to induce LD. We found that the main candidates are substances that increase cholinergic and/or dopaminergic transmission, such as galantamine. However, the main limitation of this technique is the complexity of these neurotransmitter systems, which challenges interpreting results in a simple way. We conclude that, despite these promising substances, more research is necessary to find a reliable way to pharmacologically induce LD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In the Arms of Morpheus: Recent Advances in Dreaming and in Other Sleep-Related Metacognitions)

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16 pages, 899 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Fatigue on Sleep and Other Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease

by Stefania Diaconu, Vlad Monescu, Rafaela Filip, Laura Marian, Cristian Kakucs, Iulia Murasan, K. Ray Chaudhuri, Dragos Catalin Jianu, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu and Bianca Opritoiu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040397 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3004

Abstract

Fatigue is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but even so, it may still be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in current practice due to its non-specific manifestations. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of fatigue in PD patients [...] Read more.

Fatigue is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but even so, it may still be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in current practice due to its non-specific manifestations. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of fatigue in PD patients compared to healthy controls and to identify the main characteristics and associations of fatigue with other non-motor symptoms and the impact of fatigue on sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. Materials and methods: case–control study in which 131 PD patients and 131 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Main characteristics of fatigue, sleep, and other non-motor symptoms were assessed using specific validated questionnaires. Results: According to the Chalder fatigue scale, fatigue is more prevalent in PD patients (38.16%) compared to healthy controls (26.71%). Fatigue was identified in 46.54% of the PD patients using the Parkinson’s Fatigue Scale (PFS-16). PD patients with fatigue presented a worse motor status, more sleep disturbances (insomnia, daytime sleepiness), a broader spectrum of non-motor symptoms (pain, anxiety, urinary disturbances), worse cognitive performances, a lower level of happiness, and worse quality of life compared to PD patients without fatigue. Conclusion: Fatigue is a common symptom of PD and needs to be assessed, considering its consequences on quality of life. Sleep disturbances have a great influence over fatigue in PD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Parkinson’s Disease: Opportunities and Challenges)

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21 pages, 27681 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Acupuncture Extended the Thrombolysis Window by Suppressing Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Regulating Autophagy–Apoptosis Balance after Ischemic Stroke

by Zhihui Zhang, Tianliang Lu, Shanshan Li, Ruyu Zhao, Honglei Li, Xinchang Zhang, Yiyang Li, Yawen Xia and Guangxia Ni

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040399 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The narrow therapeutic window (within 4.5 h) and severe hemorrhagic potential limits therapeutic efficacy of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis for patients. Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) [...] Read more.

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The narrow therapeutic window (within 4.5 h) and severe hemorrhagic potential limits therapeutic efficacy of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis for patients. Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) acupuncture is an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine, specifically designed to address acute ischemic stroke by targeting key acupoints such as Shuigou (GV26) and Neiguan (PC6). In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of XNKQ acupuncture in extending the time window for thrombolysis and interrogated the molecular mechanisms responsible for this effect. Methods: The effect of extending the thrombolysis window by acupuncture was evaluated via TTC staining, neuronal score evaluation, hemorrhagic transformation assay, and H&E staining. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was performed to identify the therapeutic targets and intervention mechanisms of acupuncture. Evans blue staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to evaluate the level of autophagy and apoptosis and validate their interactions with BBB endothelial cells. Results: Acupuncture alleviated infarction and neurological deficits and extended the thrombolysis window to 6 h. The RNA-seq revealed 16 potential therapeutic predictors for acupuncture intervention, which related to suppressing inflammation and restoring the function of BBB and blood vessels. Furthermore, acupuncture suppressed BBB leakage and preserved tight junction protein expression. The protective effect was associated with regulation of the autophagy–apoptosis balance in BBB endothelial cells. Acupuncture intervention dissociated the Beclin1/Bcl-2 complex, thereby promoting autophagy and reducing apoptosis. Conclusion: XNKQ acupuncture could serve as an adjunctive therapy for rt-PA thrombolysis, aiming to extend the therapeutic time window and mitigate ischemia–reperfusion injury. Acupuncture suppressed BBB disruption by regulating the autophagy–apoptosis balance, which in turn extended the therapeutic window of rt-PA in IS. These findings provide a rationale for further exploration of acupuncture as a complementary candidate co-administered with rt-PA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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24 pages, 1885 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Necessity of Taking Culture and Context into Account When Studying the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Development

by Julie M. Schneider, Mohammad Hossein Behboudi and Mandy J. Maguire

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040392 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6119

Abstract

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through [...] Read more.

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through distinct pathways. Specifically, while a families’ income-to-needs ratio is linked with physiological stress and household chaos, caregiver education influences the day-to-day language environment a child is exposed to. Variability in either one of these environmental experiences is related to subsequent brain development. While this work has the potential to inform public policies in a way that benefits children, it can also oversimplify complex factors, unjustly blame low-SES parents, and perpetuate a harmful deficit perspective. To counteract these shortcomings, researchers must consider sociodemographic differences in the broader cultural context that underlie SES-based differences in brain development. This review aims to address these issues by (a) identifying how sociodemographic mechanisms associated with SES influence the day-to-day experiences of children, in turn, impacting brain development, while (b) considering the broader cultural contexts that may differentially impact this relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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18 pages, 306 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

AI and Aphasia in the Digital Age: A Critical Review

by Adam John Privitera, Siew Hiang Sally Ng, Anthony Pak-Hin Kong and Brendan Stuart Weekes

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040383 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8441

Abstract

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all [...] Read more.

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all languages to model how damage to specific brain regions impacts linguistic universals such as grammar. These tools, including generative AI (ChatGPT) and natural language processing (NLP) models, could also inform practitioners working with clinical populations in the assessment and treatment of aphasia using AI-based interventions such as personalized therapy and adaptive platforms. Although these possibilities have generated enthusiasm in aphasiology, a rigorous interrogation of their limitations is necessary before AI is integrated into practice. We explain the history and first principles of reciprocity between AI and aphasiology, highlighting how lesioning neural networks opened the black box of cognitive neurolinguistic processing. We then argue that when more data from aphasia across languages become digitized and available online, deep learning will reveal hitherto unreported patterns of language processing of theoretical interest for aphasiologists. We also anticipate some problems using AI, including language biases, cultural, ethical, and scientific limitations, a misrepresentation of marginalized languages, and a lack of rigorous validation of tools. However, as these challenges are met with better governance, AI could have an equitable impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Language(s), Social Environment and Culture on Brain Development and Function)

26 pages, 1687 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Prevalence and Correlates of the Concurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Claudia Aymerich, Malein Pacho, Ana Catalan, Noorulain Yousaf, Violeta Pérez-Rodríguez, Matthew J. Hollocks, Mara Parellada, Georgina Krebs, Bruce Clark and Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040379 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10383

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young people with ASD, (ii) the prevalence of an ASD diagnosis among young people with OCD, and (iii) the clinical and therapeutic implications of such comorbidity. Method: A multistep literature search was performed from database inception until 17 November 2023. This PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023480543), identified studies reporting on the prevalence, sociodemographic, psychopathologic, prognostic, and therapeutic correlates of OCD and ASD concurrence in children and adolescents. A quantitative meta-analysis with random effects was conducted to analyse the pooled prevalence of OCD among samples with a mean age of < 18 years old with ASD and the prevalence of ASD among individuals under 18 with OCD. Sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the effect of diagnostic criteria and different continents. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of gender, age, IQ, and OCD severity scores. A narrative review of the clinical and therapeutical implications of the comorbidity was provided. Results: 42 studies were selected for the systematic review (SR), and 31 of them were also included in one of the meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of OCD among ASD youth samples (n = 8916, mean age = 10.6 ± 1.6; 16.4% female) was 11.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 6.9%; 18.8%), and the pooled prevalence of ASD among OCD children and adolescent samples (n = 6209, mean age = 14.1 ± 1.4; 45.7% female) was 9.5% (95% CI = 6.0%; 14.7%). Meta-regressions found a statistically higher prevalence of ASD among samples with a lower prevalence of females (β = −4.7; 95%CI = −8.6; −0.8). Children with both OCD and ASD present higher rates of functional impairment, psychopathology, and other comorbidities, compared to youth with either of the disorders alone. Conclusions: OCD and ASD are highly concurrent conditions in youth, with symptomatic, prognostic, severity, and therapeutic implications. Future research should focus on conducting longitudinal cohort studies prospectively to determine development trajectories, along with randomized controlled trials to assess the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolutionary and Developmental Pathways of Obsessive Compulsive Rituals in Psychopathology)

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14 pages, 871 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Repeated Bilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Auditory Cortex for Tinnitus Treatment: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Ali Yadollahpour, Samaneh Rashidi, Nader Saki, Pramod Singh Kunwar and Miguel Mayo-Yáñez

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040373 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7478

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive and painless technique of brain neuromodulation that applies a low-intensity galvanic current to the scalp with the aim of stimulating specific areas of the brain. Preliminary investigations have indicated the potential therapeutic efficacy of multisession [...] Read more.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive and painless technique of brain neuromodulation that applies a low-intensity galvanic current to the scalp with the aim of stimulating specific areas of the brain. Preliminary investigations have indicated the potential therapeutic efficacy of multisession tDCS applied to the auditory cortex (AC) in the treatment of chronic tinnitus. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of repeated sessions of bilateral tDCS targeting the AC on chronic tinnitus. A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted on patients (n = 48) with chronic intractable tinnitus (>2 years duration). Participants were randomly allocated to two groups: one receiving tDCS (n = 26), with the anode/cathode placed over the left/right AC, and the other receiving a placebo treatment (n = 22). A 20 min daily session of 2 mA current was administered for five consecutive days per week over two consecutive weeks, employing 35 cm² electrodes. Tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) scores, tinnitus loudness, and tinnitus distress were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and were assessed before intervention, immediately after, and at one-month follow-up. Anodal tDCS significantly reduced THI from 72.93 ± 10.11 score to 46.40 ± 15.36 after the last session and 49.68 ± 14.49 at one-month follow-up in 18 out of 25 participants (p < 0.001). The risk ratio (RR) of presenting an improvement of ≥20 points in the THI after the last session was 10.8 in patients treated with tDCS. Statistically significant reductions were observed in distress VAS and loudness VAS (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in the control group were observed. Variables such as age, gender, duration of tinnitus, laterality of tinnitus, baseline THI scores, and baseline distress and loudness VAS scores did not demonstrate significant correlations with treatment response. Repeated sessions of bilateral AC tDCS may potentially serve as a therapeutic modality for chronic tinnitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Methods in Neuroimaging: Advances and Challenges)

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12 pages, 226 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Role of Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypnosis: A Theoretical Review

by Gavriel Knafo and Joel Weinberger

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040374 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6633

Abstract

This review provided a comprehensive examination of various theories that attempt to explain hypnosis, focusing on the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. We conducted a thorough analysis of key theories, from historical origins to recent models centered on cognition, social factors, and [...] Read more.

This review provided a comprehensive examination of various theories that attempt to explain hypnosis, focusing on the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. We conducted a thorough analysis of key theories, from historical origins to recent models centered on cognition, social factors, and attributions. A central theme emerged: the critical role of the unconscious as a “gatekeeper” that modulates and guides the hypnotic experience. This notion appears in various forms across many theories, with the unconscious actively shaping and regulating the flow of information between conscious and unconscious realms during hypnosis. Understanding this dynamic interplay is crucial for comprehending the complex nature of hypnosis. The synthesized view of the unconscious as a “gatekeeper” offers a framework for integrating insights from diverse perspectives and highlights the centrality of unconscious processes in shaping hypnotic phenomena. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms of this unconscious “gatekeeper” role and its impact on hypnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypnotizability and Hypnosis: Basic and Clinical Science)

47 pages, 775 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Review of EEG Affective Recognition with a Neuroscience Perspective

by Rosary Yuting Lim, Wai-Cheong Lincoln Lew and Kai Keng Ang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040364 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8995

Abstract

Emotions are a series of subconscious, fleeting, and sometimes elusive manifestations of the human innate system. They play crucial roles in everyday life—influencing the way we evaluate ourselves, our surroundings, and how we interact with our world. To date, there has been an [...] Read more.

Emotions are a series of subconscious, fleeting, and sometimes elusive manifestations of the human innate system. They play crucial roles in everyday life—influencing the way we evaluate ourselves, our surroundings, and how we interact with our world. To date, there has been an abundance of research on the domains of neuroscience and affective computing, with experimental evidence and neural network models, respectively, to elucidate the neural circuitry involved in and neural correlates for emotion recognition. Recent advances in affective computing neural network models often relate closely to evidence and perspectives gathered from neuroscience to explain the models. Specifically, there has been growing interest in the area of EEG-based emotion recognition to adopt models based on the neural underpinnings of the processing, generation, and subsequent collection of EEG data. In this respect, our review focuses on providing neuroscientific evidence and perspectives to discuss how emotions potentially come forth as the product of neural activities occurring at the level of subcortical structures within the brain’s emotional circuitry and the association with current affective computing models in recognizing emotions. Furthermore, we discuss whether such biologically inspired modeling is the solution to advance the field in EEG-based emotion recognition and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends of Biomedical Signal Processing in Intelligent Emotion Recognition)

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14 pages, 784 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Techniques for Improving Cognitive Function: A Review

by Ruijuan Chen, Lengjie Huang, Rui Wang, Jieying Fei, Huiquan Wang and Jinhai Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040354 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6888

Abstract

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques are widely utilized to study and improve cognitive function, with the aim of modulating different cognitive processes. For workers performing high-intensity mental and physical tasks, extreme fatigue may not only affect their working efficiency but may also lead to cognitive [...] Read more.

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques are widely utilized to study and improve cognitive function, with the aim of modulating different cognitive processes. For workers performing high-intensity mental and physical tasks, extreme fatigue may not only affect their working efficiency but may also lead to cognitive decline or cognitive impairment, which, in turn, poses a serious threat to their physical health. The use of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques has important research value for improving and enhancing cognitive function. In this paper, we review the research status, existing problems, and future prospects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcutaneous acupoint stimulation (TAS), which are the most studied physical methods in non-invasive neuromodulation techniques to improve and enhance cognition. The findings presented in this paper will be of great reference value for the in-depth study of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in the field of cognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-invasive Neuromodulation for Brain Function: Past, Present and Promise)

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14 pages, 1378 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Treatments for Cluster Headache in a Swedish Cohort

by Gabriella Smedfors, Felicia Jennysdotter Olofsgård, Anna Steinberg, Elisabet Waldenlind, Caroline Ran and Andrea Carmine Belin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040348 - 31 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6341

Abstract

Background: Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating condition, but current therapies leave CH patients in pain. The extent of this problem in Sweden is unknown. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to 479 Swedish CH patients to investigate patterns and perceived effects of [...] Read more.

Background: Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating condition, but current therapies leave CH patients in pain. The extent of this problem in Sweden is unknown. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to 479 Swedish CH patients to investigate patterns and perceived effects of treatments. Results: Three hundred fourteen answers were analyzed. The population was representative regarding age of onset and sex. Less than half (46%) were satisfied with their abortive treatments, 19% terminated functioning abortive treatments due to side effects. Additionally, 17% of chronic CH patients had not tried the first-line preventive drug verapamil. A small subset had tried illicit substances to treat their CH (0–8% depending on substance). Notably, psilocybin was reported effective as an abortive treatment by 100% (n = 8), and with some level of effect as a preventive treatment by 92% (n = 12). For verapamil, some level of preventive effect was reported among 68% (n = 85). Conclusions: Our descriptive data illustrate that many Swedish CH patients are undertreated, lack functional therapies, and experience side effects. Further studies are warranted to search for new treatment strategies as well as a revision of current treatment guidelines with the aim of reducing patient disease burden to the greatest extent possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

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33 pages, 454 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders in Syndromic Autism

by Ann C. Genovese and Merlin G. Butler

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040343 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8596

Abstract

Syndromic autism refers to autism spectrum disorder diagnosed in the context of a known genetic syndrome. The specific manifestations of any one of these syndromic autisms are related to a clinically defined genetic syndrome that can be traced to certain genes and variants, [...] Read more.

Syndromic autism refers to autism spectrum disorder diagnosed in the context of a known genetic syndrome. The specific manifestations of any one of these syndromic autisms are related to a clinically defined genetic syndrome that can be traced to certain genes and variants, genetic deletions, or duplications at the chromosome level. The genetic mutations or defects in single genes associated with these genetic disorders result in a significant elevation of risk for developing autism relative to the general population and are related to recurrence with inheritance patterns. Additionally, these syndromes are associated with typical behavioral characteristics or phenotypes as well as an increased risk for specific behavioral or psychiatric disorders and clinical findings. Knowledge of these associations helps guide clinicians in identifying potentially treatable conditions that can help to improve the lives of affected patients and their families. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychiatry)

26 pages, 5230 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comparative Study on Feature Extraction Techniques for the Discrimination of Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease with Electroencephalography in Resting-State Adults

by Utkarsh Lal, Arjun Vinayak Chikkankod and Luca Longo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040335 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4029

Abstract

Early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) share similar symptoms, complicating their diagnosis and the development of specific treatment strategies. Our study evaluated multiple feature extraction techniques for identifying AD and FTD biomarkers from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. We developed an optimised machine [...] Read more.

Early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) share similar symptoms, complicating their diagnosis and the development of specific treatment strategies. Our study evaluated multiple feature extraction techniques for identifying AD and FTD biomarkers from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. We developed an optimised machine learning architecture that integrates sliding windowing, feature extraction, and supervised learning to distinguish between AD and FTD patients, as well as from healthy controls (HCs). Our model, with a 90% overlap for sliding windowing, SVD entropy for feature extraction, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for supervised learning, achieved a mean F1-score and accuracy of 93% and 91%, 92.5% and 93%, and 91.5% and 91% for discriminating AD and HC, FTD and HC, and AD and FTD, respectively. The feature importance array, an explainable AI feature, highlighted the brain lobes that contributed to identifying and distinguishing AD and FTD biomarkers. This research introduces a novel framework for detecting and discriminating AD and FTD using EEG signals, addressing the need for accurate early-stage diagnostics. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation of sliding windowing, multiple feature extraction, and machine learning methods on AD/FTD detection and discrimination is documented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep into the Brain: Artificial Intelligence in Brain Diseases)

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16 pages, 3107 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Interplay between Glioblastoma Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: New Perspectives for Early Diagnosis and Targeted Cancer Therapy

by Assunta Virtuoso, Giuseppa D’Amico, Federica Scalia, Ciro De Luca, Michele Papa, Grazia Maugeri, Velia D’Agata, Celeste Caruso Bavisotto and Agata Grazia D’Amico

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040331 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4281

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stands out as the most tremendous brain tumor, constituting 60% of primary brain cancers, accompanied by dismal survival rates. Despite advancements in research, therapeutic options remain limited to chemotherapy and surgery. GBM molecular heterogeneity, the intricate interaction with the tumor [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stands out as the most tremendous brain tumor, constituting 60% of primary brain cancers, accompanied by dismal survival rates. Despite advancements in research, therapeutic options remain limited to chemotherapy and surgery. GBM molecular heterogeneity, the intricate interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME), and non-selective treatments contribute to the neoplastic relapse. Diagnostic challenges arise from GBM advanced-stage detection, necessitating the exploration of novel biomarkers for early diagnosis. Using data from the literature and a bioinformatic tool, the current manuscript delineates the molecular interplay between human GBM, astrocytes, and myeloid cells, underscoring selected protein pathways belonging to astroglia and myeloid lineage, which can be considered for targeted therapies. Moreover, the pivotal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in orchestrating a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression is highlighted, suggesting their utility in identifying biomarkers for GBM early diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

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18 pages, 769 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synthetic Cathinones: Epidemiology, Toxicity, Potential for Abuse, and Current Public Health Perspective

by Shanshan Chen, Wenhua Zhou and Miaojun Lai

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040334 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 14675

Abstract

Synthetic cathinones, derived from cathinone found in the plant Catha edulis, represent the second largest and most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. They are considered as β-keto analogs of amphetamine, sharing pharmacological effects with amphetamine and cocaine. This review describes the [...] Read more.

Synthetic cathinones, derived from cathinone found in the plant Catha edulis, represent the second largest and most frequently seized group of new psychoactive substances. They are considered as β-keto analogs of amphetamine, sharing pharmacological effects with amphetamine and cocaine. This review describes the neurotoxic properties of synthetic cathinones, encompassing their capacity to induce neuroinflammation, dysregulate neurotransmitter systems, and alter monoamine transporters and receptors. Additionally, it discusses the rewarding and abuse potential of synthetic cathinones drawing from findings obtained through various preclinical animal models, contextualized with other classical psychostimulants. The review also offers an overview of current abuse trends of synthetic cathinones on the illicit drug market, specifying the aspects covered, and underscores the risks they pose to public health. Finally, the review discusses public health initiatives and efforts to reduce the hazards of synthetic cathinones, including harm reduction methods, education, and current clinical management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abuse Liability and Toxic Potential of Synthetic Psychoactive Cathinones)

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18 pages, 3679 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Breathing Right… or Left! The Effects of Unilateral Nostril Breathing on Psychological and Cognitive Wellbeing: A Pilot Study

by Maria Elide Vanutelli, Chiara Grigis and Claudio Lucchiari

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040302 - 23 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 13781

Abstract

The impact of controlled breathing on cognitive and affective processing has been recognized since ancient times, giving rise to multiple practices aimed at achieving different psychophysical states, mostly related to mental clarity and focus, stress reduction, and relaxation. Previous scientific research explored the [...] Read more.

The impact of controlled breathing on cognitive and affective processing has been recognized since ancient times, giving rise to multiple practices aimed at achieving different psychophysical states, mostly related to mental clarity and focus, stress reduction, and relaxation. Previous scientific research explored the effects of forced unilateral nostril breathing (UNB) on brain activity and emotional and cognitive functions. Some evidence concluded that it had a contralateral effect, while other studies presented controversial results, making it difficult to come to an unambiguous interpretation. Also, a few studies specifically addressed wellbeing. In the present study, we invited a pilot sample of 20 participants to take part in an 8-day training program for breathing, and each person was assigned to either a unilateral right nostril (URNB) or left nostril breathing condition (ULNB). Then, each day, we assessed the participants’ wellbeing indices using their moods and mind wandering scales. The results revealed that, after the daily practice, both groups reported improved wellbeing perception. However, the effect was specifically related to the nostril involved. URNB produced more benefits in terms of stress reduction and relaxation, while ULNB significantly and increasingly reduced mind-wandering occurrences over time. Our results suggest that UNB can be effectively used to increase wellbeing in the general population. Additionally, they support the idea that understanding the effects of unilateral breathing on wellbeing and cognition requires a complex interpretive model with multiple brain networks to address bottom-up and top-down processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychology)

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14 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cognitive Decline: Current Intervention Strategies and Integrative Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease

by Kate S. Branigan and Blake T. Dotta

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040298 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5337

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents a pressing global health challenge, with an anticipated surge in diagnoses over the next two decades. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder unfolds gradually, with observable symptoms emerging after two decades of imperceptible brain changes. While traditional therapeutic approaches, such as [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents a pressing global health challenge, with an anticipated surge in diagnoses over the next two decades. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder unfolds gradually, with observable symptoms emerging after two decades of imperceptible brain changes. While traditional therapeutic approaches, such as medication and cognitive therapy, remain standard in AD management, their limitations prompt exploration into novel integrative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in AD research focus on entraining gamma waves through innovative methods, such as light flickering and electromagnetic fields (EMF) stimulation. Flickering light stimulation (FLS) at 40 Hz has demonstrated significant reductions in AD pathologies in both mice and humans, providing improved cognitive functioning. Additionally, recent experiments have demonstrated that APOE mutations in mouse models substantially reduce tau pathologies, with microglial modulation playing a crucial role. EMFs have also been demonstrated to modulate microglia. The exploration of EMFs as a therapeutic approach is gaining significance, as many recent studies have showcased their potential to influence microglial responses. Th article concludes by speculating on the future directions of AD research, emphasizing the importance of ongoing efforts in understanding the complexities of AD pathogenesis through a holistic approach and developing interventions that hold promise for improved patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Neuropsychology)

12 pages, 1099 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Individualised Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Targeting of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Enhancing Cognition: A Randomised Controlled Trial

by Donel M. Martin, Yon Su, Ho Fung Chan, Victoria Dielenberg, Esther Chow, Mei Xu, Ashley Wang, Stevan Nikolin, Adriano H. Moffa and Colleen K. Loo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040299 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5614

Abstract

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been demonstrated to produce cognitive enhancing effects across different neuropsychiatric disorders; however, so far, these effects have been limited. This trial investigated the efficacy of using a novel individualised approach to target the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [...] Read more.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been demonstrated to produce cognitive enhancing effects across different neuropsychiatric disorders; however, so far, these effects have been limited. This trial investigated the efficacy of using a novel individualised approach to target the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) for enhancing cognitive flexibility based on performance on a cognitive task. First, forty healthy participants had their single target site at the L-DLPFC determined based on each individual’s performance on a random letter generation task. Participants then received, in a cross-over single-blinded experimental design, a single session of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to their individualised DLPFC target site, an active control site and sham iTBS. Following each treatment condition, participants completed the Task Switching task and Colour–Word Stroop test. There was no significant main effect of treatment condition on the primary outcome measure of switch reaction times from the Task Switching task [F = 1.16 (2, 21.6), p = 0.33] or for any of the secondary cognitive outcome measures. The current results do not support the use of our novel individualised targeting methodology for enhancing cognitive flexibility in healthy participants. Research into alternative methodological targeting approaches is required to further improve rTMS’s cognitive enhancing effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: Emerging Evidence and New Perspectives)

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20 pages, 5997 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCase Report

Effects of Cervical Spinal Manipulation on Saccadic Eye Movements

by Adam Klotzek, Monem Jemni, Shad James Groves and Frederick Robert Carrick

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030292 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6797

Abstract

Quantifying saccadic eye movements can assist in identifying dysfunctional brain networks in both healthy and diseased people. Infrared Oculography is a simple and non-invasive approach to capturing and quantifying saccades, providing information that might aid in diagnosis and outcome assessments. The effect of [...] Read more.

Quantifying saccadic eye movements can assist in identifying dysfunctional brain networks in both healthy and diseased people. Infrared Oculography is a simple and non-invasive approach to capturing and quantifying saccades, providing information that might aid in diagnosis and outcome assessments. The effect of spinal manipulation on quantified saccadic performance parameters has not been fully studied despite known post-manipulative effects on the brain and brainstem regions controlling them. This case study investigates spinal manipulation’s immediate and long-term effects on saccadic eye movements by quantifying the saccades of a male patient diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome. The patient performed horizontal saccades that were quantified before and immediately following cervical spinal manipulation both at the case study’s start and following a 2-week interim, during which the subject received six manipulative treatments. Immediate and long-term post-manipulative effects were observed, and the results revealed various post-manipulative effects across all quantified parameters in addition to between right and leftward saccades. The immediate post-manipulative effect was greatest at the case study’s onset, while the long-term right and leftward saccadic symmetry were most affected. The observations in this case study demonstrate that cervical spinal manipulation influences saccadic eye movements, providing new insights into its central neurological effects and therapeutic applications beyond its most commonly known use in pain management. More importantly, it encourages scientists to undertake further clinical investigations on wider scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

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24 pages, 643 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder

by Muhammet Celik, Mark S. Gold and Brian Fuehrlein

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030294 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 14560

Abstract

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. It contributes to over 140,000 annual deaths, to over 200 related diseases and health conditions globally, and accounts for 5.1% of the global disease burden. Despite its [...] Read more.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. It contributes to over 140,000 annual deaths, to over 200 related diseases and health conditions globally, and accounts for 5.1% of the global disease burden. Despite its substantial impact, AUD remains undertreated, marked by a scarcity of approved medications. This paper explores the current treatment landscape and novel strategies for both alcohol withdrawal syndrome and AUD. Promising results, including the use of psychedelics alongside psychotherapy, noninvasive neural-circuit-based interventions, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, have emerged from recent studies. While these advancements show potential, further research is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of their effectiveness. The clear shortage of approved medications and other treatment modalities underscores the pressing need for ongoing research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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16 pages, 279 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Clustering Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Time Series in Glioblastoma Characterization: A Review of the Evolution, Applications, and Potentials

by Matteo De Simone, Giorgio Iaconetta, Giuseppina Palermo, Alessandro Fiorindi, Karl Schaller and Lucio De Maria

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030296 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4042

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss how the clustering analysis technique can be applied to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series data in the context of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly heterogeneous brain tumor. The precise characterization of GBM is challenging and requires advanced [...] Read more.

In this paper, we discuss how the clustering analysis technique can be applied to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series data in the context of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly heterogeneous brain tumor. The precise characterization of GBM is challenging and requires advanced analytical approaches. We have synthesized the existing literature to provide an overview of how clustering algorithms can help identify unique patterns within the dynamics of GBM. Our review shows that the clustering of fMRI time series has great potential for improving the differentiation between various subtypes of GBM, which is pivotal for developing personalized therapeutic strategies. Moreover, this method proves to be effective in capturing temporal changes occurring in GBM, enhancing the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. By thoroughly examining and consolidating the current research, this paper contributes to the understanding of how clustering techniques applied to fMRI data can refine the characterization of GBM. This article emphasizes the importance of incorporating cutting-edge data analysis techniques into neuroimaging and neuro-oncology research. By providing a detailed perspective, this approach may guide future investigations and boost the development of tailored therapeutic strategies for GBM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perfusion and Functional MRI in Basic and Clinical Neuroscience)

17 pages, 507 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Auditory Processing and Speech-Sound Disorders

by Konstantinos Drosos, Alexandra Papanicolaou, Louiza Voniati, Klea Panayidou and Chryssoula Thodi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030291 - 19 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 9758

Abstract

Background: Speech-sound disorders (SSD) have been linked to auditory processing difficulties, and auditory processing disorders (APD) have been related to phonological awareness and literacy development. To this date, there has not been a systematic literature review investigating the results of psychophysiology and language [...] Read more.

Background: Speech-sound disorders (SSD) have been linked to auditory processing difficulties, and auditory processing disorders (APD) have been related to phonological awareness and literacy development. To this date, there has not been a systematic literature review investigating the results of psychophysiology and language assessments related to SSD and APD in children. Methods: The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline EBSCO, and Scopus to identify studies with children diagnosed/suspected of having APDs and SSDs. The quality of methodology in the selected articles was evaluated with the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results: Seven out of 378 relevant studies met the selection criteria. The findings were summarized for children with SSD and APD based on (a) metalinguistic and literacy skills, (b) cognitive abilities, and (c) temporal processing abilities. Three articles indicated that children with APD and SSD exhibit lower temporal task accuracy and reaction time. In two studies, children with SSD exhibited lower scores in discrimination, sequencing, and recall of brief stimuli in rapid succession. Conclusions: This review revealed associations between SSD severity and APD that may underline low performance in metalinguistic skills. Diagnostic assessments have been proposed based on the review to adequately identify children with SSD and APD and provide useful information for more suitable intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurolinguistics)

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15 pages, 2033 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sensory Integration: A Novel Approach for Healthy Ageing and Dementia Management

by Ongart Maneemai, Maira Cristina Cujilan Alvarado, Lina Graciela Calderon Intriago, Alicia Jeanette Donoso Triviño, Joicy Anabel Franco Coffré, Domenico Pratico, Kristof Schwartz, Tadele Tesfaye and Takao Yamasaki

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030285 - 18 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9836

Abstract

Sensory processing is a fundamental aspect of the nervous system that plays a pivotal role in the cognitive decline observed in older individuals with dementia. The “sensory diet”, derived from sensory integration theory, may provide a tailored approach to modulating sensory experiences and [...] Read more.

Sensory processing is a fundamental aspect of the nervous system that plays a pivotal role in the cognitive decline observed in older individuals with dementia. The “sensory diet”, derived from sensory integration theory, may provide a tailored approach to modulating sensory experiences and triggering neuroplastic changes in the brain in individuals with dementia. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the current knowledge regarding the sensory diet and its potential application to dementia. This review encompassed an extensive search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, covering articles published from 2010 to 2023. Keywords such as “sensory integration”, “sensory modulation”, “healthy aging”, and “dementia” were utilized to identify relevant studies. The types of materials retrieved included peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, ensuring a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape. This article offers a comprehensive exploration of the effectiveness of sensory diets such as tactile stimulation, auditory therapies, and visual interventions, which have demonstrated noteworthy efficacy in addressing challenges linked to aging and dementia. Research findings consistently report positive outcomes, such as improved cognitive function, elevated emotional well-being, and enhanced overall quality of life in older individuals. Furthermore, we found that the integration of sensory diets with the metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality opens up personalized experiences, fostering cognitive stimulation and emotional well-being for individuals during aging. Therefore, we conclude that customized sensory diets, based on interdisciplinary cooperation and leveraging technological advancements, are effective in optimizing sensory processing and improve the overall well-being of older individuals contending with sensory modulation challenges and dementia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Brain Health and Dementia: Prevention and Early Detection of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: Series II)

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17 pages, 1436 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of a Diabetic Microenvironment on Neurodegeneration: Special Focus on Neurological Cells

by Vishal Chavda, Dhananjay Yadav, Snehal Patel and Minseok Song

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030284 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4030

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition associated with high levels of blood glucose which leads to serious damage to the heart, kidney, eyes, and nerves. Elevated blood glucose levels damage brain function and cognitive abilities. They also lead to various neurological and neuropsychiatric [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition associated with high levels of blood glucose which leads to serious damage to the heart, kidney, eyes, and nerves. Elevated blood glucose levels damage brain function and cognitive abilities. They also lead to various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. High neuronal glucose levels can cause drastic neuronal damage due to glucose neurotoxicity. Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, play a vital role in maintaining brain glucose levels through neuron–astrocyte coupling. Hyperglycemia leads to progressive decline in neuronal networks and cognitive impairment, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and fostering a neurodegenerative environment. In this review, we summarize the various connections, functions, and impairments of glial cells due to metabolic dysfunction in the diabetic brain. We also summarize the effects of hyperglycemia on various neuronal functions in the diabetic brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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11 pages, 1170 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Gene Expression of GABA_A Receptor Subunits and Association with Patient Survival in Glioma

by Rafael Badalotti, Matheus Dalmolin, Osvaldo Malafaia, Jurandir M. Ribas Filho, Rafael Roesler, Marcelo A. C. Fernandes and Gustavo R. Isolan

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030275 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3413

Abstract

Rapid neuronal inhibition in the brain is mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activation of GABA_A receptors. The GABRA5 gene, which encodes the α5 subunit of the GABA_A receptor, has been implicated in an aggressive subgroup of medulloblastoma (MB), a type of [...] Read more.

Rapid neuronal inhibition in the brain is mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activation of GABA_A receptors. The GABRA5 gene, which encodes the α5 subunit of the GABA_A receptor, has been implicated in an aggressive subgroup of medulloblastoma (MB), a type of pediatric brain tumor. However, the possible role of GABA_A receptor subunits in glioma remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the expression of genes encoding GABA_A receptor subunits in different types of glioma, and its possible association with patient prognosis assessed by overall survival (OS). Data were obtained from the French and The Cancer Genome Atlas Brain Lower Grade Glioma (TCGA-LGG) datasets and analyzed for expression of GABA_A receptor subunit genes. OS was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier estimate. We found that genes GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRB3, GABRG1, and GABRG2 showed a significant association with OS, with higher gene expression indicating better prognosis. In patients with GBM, high expression of GABRA2 was associated with shorter OS, whereas, in contrast, higher levels of GABRB3 were associated with better prognosis indicated by longer OS. In patients with lower grade gliomas, GABRA3, GABRB3, GABRG1, and GABRG2, were associated with longer OS. High GABRB3 expression was related to longer survival when low grade glioma types were analyzed separately. Our results suggest an overall association between higher expression of most genes encoding GABA_A receptor subunits and better prognosis in different types of glioma. Our findings support the possibility that down-regulation of GABA_A receptors in glioma contributes to promoting tumor progression by reducing negative inhibition. These findings might contribute to further evaluation of GABA_A receptors as a therapeutic target in glioma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Brain Tumor Treatment)

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18 pages, 638 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Cognitive, Emotional, and Daily Functioning Domains Involved in Decision-Making among Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

by Federica Alfeo, Tiziana Lanciano, Chiara Abbatantuono, Giorgia Gintili, Maria Fara De Caro, Antonietta Curci and Paolo Taurisano

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030278 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7313

Abstract

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional or prodromal stage of dementia in which autonomies are largely preserved (autonomies are not particularly affected). However, this condition may entail a depletion of decision-making (DM) abilities likely due to a gradual deterioration of the prefrontal [...] Read more.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional or prodromal stage of dementia in which autonomies are largely preserved (autonomies are not particularly affected). However, this condition may entail a depletion of decision-making (DM) abilities likely due to a gradual deterioration of the prefrontal cortex and subcortical brain areas underlying cognitive–emotional processing. Given the clinical implications of a decline in self-determination observed in some MCI sufferers, the present systematic review was aimed at investigating the literature addressing DM processes in patients with MCI, consistent with PRISMA guidelines. The six online databases inquired yielded 1689 research articles that were screened and then assessed based on eligibility and quality criteria. As a result, 41 studies were included and classified following the PICOS framework. Overall, patients with MCI who underwent neuropsychological assessment were found to be slightly or moderately impaired in DM abilities related to financial management, medical adherence, specific cognitive performances, risky conditions, and especially uncertain life circumstances. Comparative cross-sectional studies indicated not only mid-stage cognitive functioning in MCI but also borderline or deficit DM patterns evaluated through different tasks and procedures. Further research addressing MCI profiles suggested an association between explicit memory, executive functions, and DM performance. These findings highlight the diversity of MCI manifestations, in addition to the critical importance of DM features and correlates in patients’ daily functioning. Due to a lack of consensus on both MCI and DM, this review paper sought to shed light on assessment and intervention strategies accounting for the interplay between emotion, motivation, and learning to foster DM in cognitively impaired individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Brain Health and Dementia: Prevention and Early Detection of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: Series II)

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24 pages, 685 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neurofilaments Light Chain in Neurodegenerative Dementias: A Review of Imaging Correlates

by Chiara Gallingani, Chiara Carbone, Manuela Tondelli and Giovanna Zamboni

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030272 - 13 Mar 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4508

Abstract

Neurofilaments light chain (NfLs) are currently recognized as a marker of axonal injury and degeneration. Their measurement in biological fluids has a promising role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of the therapeutic response in neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative dementias. In recent years, [...] Read more.

Neurofilaments light chain (NfLs) are currently recognized as a marker of axonal injury and degeneration. Their measurement in biological fluids has a promising role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of the therapeutic response in neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative dementias. In recent years, their relationship with clinical phenotypes and measures of disease severity has been extensively studied. Here, we reviewed studies investigating the association between NfLs and imaging measures of grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) damage in neurodegenerative dementias. We identified a large number of studies investigating this association in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and disorders of the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum. Results were heterogeneous, possibly due to different methodological approaches—both in NfL measurements and imaging analyses—and inclusion criteria. However, a positive association between NfL levels and GM atrophy, WM microstructural disruption, glucose hypometabolism, and protein accumulation emerged invariably, confirming the role of NfLs as a reliable biomarker for neurodegenerative dementias, albeit not specific. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neurological Disorders)

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19 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Subject-Independent Emotion Recognition Based on EEG Frequency Band Features and Self-Adaptive Graph Construction

by Jinhao Zhang, Yanrong Hao, Xin Wen, Chenchen Zhang, Haojie Deng, Juanjuan Zhao and Rui Cao

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030271 - 12 Mar 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4541

Abstract

Emotion is one of the most important higher cognitive functions of the human brain and plays an important role in transaction processing and decisions. In traditional emotion recognition studies, the frequency band features in EEG signals have been shown to have a high [...] Read more.

Emotion is one of the most important higher cognitive functions of the human brain and plays an important role in transaction processing and decisions. In traditional emotion recognition studies, the frequency band features in EEG signals have been shown to have a high correlation with emotion production. However, traditional emotion recognition methods cannot satisfactorily solve the problem of individual differences in subjects and data heterogeneity in EEG, and subject-independent emotion recognition based on EEG signals has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this paper, we propose a subject-independent emotion recognition model based on adaptive extraction of layer structure based on frequency bands (BFE-Net), which is adaptive in extracting EEG map features through the multi-graphic layer construction module to obtain a frequency band-based multi-graphic layer emotion representation. To evaluate the performance of the model in subject-independent emotion recognition studies, extensive experiments are conducted on two public datasets including SEED and SEED-IV. The experimental results show that in most experimental settings, our model has a more advanced performance than the existing studies of the same type. In addition, the visualization of brain connectivity patterns reveals that some of the findings are consistent with previous neuroscientific validations, further validating the model in subject-independent emotion recognition studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends of Biomedical Signal Processing in Intelligent Emotion Recognition)

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15 pages, 3691 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Emotion Classification Based on Transformer and CNN for EEG Spatial–Temporal Feature Learning

by Xiuzhen Yao, Tianwen Li, Peng Ding, Fan Wang, Lei Zhao, Anmin Gong, Wenya Nan and Yunfa Fu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030268 - 11 Mar 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8144

Abstract

Objectives: The temporal and spatial information of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is crucial for recognizing features in emotion classification models, but it excessively relies on manual feature extraction. The transformer model has the capability of performing automatic feature extraction; however, its potential has not [...] Read more.

Objectives: The temporal and spatial information of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is crucial for recognizing features in emotion classification models, but it excessively relies on manual feature extraction. The transformer model has the capability of performing automatic feature extraction; however, its potential has not been fully explored in the classification of emotion-related EEG signals. To address these challenges, the present study proposes a novel model based on transformer and convolutional neural networks (TCNN) for EEG spatial–temporal (EEG ST) feature learning to automatic emotion classification. Methods: The proposed EEG ST-TCNN model utilizes position encoding (PE) and multi-head attention to perceive channel positions and timing information in EEG signals. Two parallel transformer encoders in the model are used to extract spatial and temporal features from emotion-related EEG signals, and a CNN is used to aggregate the EEG’s spatial and temporal features, which are subsequently classified using Softmax. Results: The proposed EEG ST-TCNN model achieved an accuracy of 96.67% on the SEED dataset and accuracies of 95.73%, 96.95%, and 96.34% for the arousal–valence, arousal, and valence dimensions, respectively, for the DEAP dataset. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ST-TCNN model, with superior performance in emotion classification compared to recent relevant studies. Significance: The proposed EEG ST-TCNN model has the potential to be used for EEG-based automatic emotion recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends of Biomedical Signal Processing in Intelligent Emotion Recognition)

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13 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hypnotic Modulation of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity

by Giuseppe De Benedittis

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030249 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5478

Abstract

Hypnosis, a time-honored therapeutic approach, has gained widespread recognition for its effectiveness in addressing a range of psychological and somatic disorders. While its primary effects are mediated by central top–down mechanisms, hypnosis also exerts peripheral influence by modulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS). [...] Read more.

Hypnosis, a time-honored therapeutic approach, has gained widespread recognition for its effectiveness in addressing a range of psychological and somatic disorders. While its primary effects are mediated by central top–down mechanisms, hypnosis also exerts peripheral influence by modulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Psychophysiological measures, such as heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV), electrodermal activity (EDA), respiratory rate (RR), and the analgesia nociceptive index (ANI), serve as reliable indicators of ANS activity. Studies have consistently demonstrated hypnosis’ ability to significantly impact ANS functions, lowering sympathetic activity and enhancing parasympathetic tone. This effect is particularly pronounced during relaxation procedures and is influenced by mediating factors like hypnotizability and task conditions. Despite methodological limitations, this review highlights the potential of enhanced ANS modulation through hypnosis, including its connections to the central nervous system (CNS), to optimize therapeutic outcomes in patients with psychosomatic disorders associated with ANS dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)

20 pages, 491 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

by Mario Renato Velit-Salazar, Paulo R. Shiroma and Eloise Cherian

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030248 - 3 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 11782

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy individuals and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) was [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy individuals and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) was used as a guide to structure and report the findings for this review. A literature search included the MEDLINE database up until December 2022. We included randomized or open-label human studies of MDMA, psilocybin, mescaline, LSD, DMT, or cannabis reporting non-emotionally charged neurocognitive outcomes (“cold cognition”) measured through validated neuropsychological tests. Results: A total of 43 full-text papers on MDMA (15), cannabis (12), LSD (6), psilocybin (9), DMT/ayahuasca (1), and mescaline (0) were included, mostly on healthy subjects. A single article on MDMA’s effects on cognition in subjects with PTSD was included; there were no studies on psychedelics and neurocognition in MDD. Most of the studies on healthy subjects reported detrimental or neutral effects on cognition during the peak effect of psychedelics with a few exceptions (e.g., MDMA improved psychomotor function). Performance on the type of neurocognitive dimension (e.g., attention, memory, executive function, psychomotor) varies by type of psychedelic, dosage, and cognitive testing. Conclusions: Small samples and a lack of uniformed methods across studies preclude unequivocal conclusions on whether psychedelics enhance, decrease, or have no significant effect on cognitive performance. It is foreseen that psychedelics will soon become an available treatment for various psychiatric disorders. The acute and long-term effects on cognition caused by psychedelics should be assessed in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Neuropsychology)

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19 pages, 5627 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Akkermansia muciniphila Is Beneficial to a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease, via Alleviated Neuroinflammation and Promoted Neurogenesis, with Involvement of SCFAs

by Chen-Meng Qiao, Wen-Yan Huang, Yu Zhou, Wei Quan, Gu-Yu Niu, Ting Li, Mei-Xuan Zhang, Jian Wu, Li-Ping Zhao, Wei-Jiang Zhao, Chun Cui and Yan-Qin Shen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030238 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3932

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may represent potential strategies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment. Our previous research revealed a decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) in PD mice; however, whether Akk is beneficial to PD is unknown. To answer this question, [...] Read more.

Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may represent potential strategies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment. Our previous research revealed a decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) in PD mice; however, whether Akk is beneficial to PD is unknown. To answer this question, the mice received MPTP intraperitoneally to construct a subacute model of PD and were then supplemented with Akk orally for 21 consecutive days. Motor function, dopaminergic neurons, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis were examined. In addition, intestinal inflammation, and serum and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) analyses, were assessed. We found that Akk treatment effectively inhibited the reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and partially improved the motor function in PD mice. Additionally, Akk markedly alleviated neuroinflammation in the striatum and hippocampus and promoted hippocampal neurogenesis. It also decreased the level of colon inflammation. Furthermore, these aforementioned changes are mainly accompanied by alterations in serum and fecal isovaleric acid levels, and lower intestinal permeability. Our research strongly suggests that Akk is a potential neuroprotective agent for PD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism and Pathology of Parkinson's Disease)

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18 pages, 432 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review

by Mohammad Ghafouri, Sabrina Correa da Costa, Ali Zare Dehnavi, Mark S. Gold and Teresa A. Rummans

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030227 - 28 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 14118

Abstract

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a growing public health concern, with rising prevalence and significant impact on individuals across age groups. This systematic review examines 24 studies investigating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for CUD among adolescents (up to 17), young adults (18–24), and [...] Read more.

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a growing public health concern, with rising prevalence and significant impact on individuals across age groups. This systematic review examines 24 studies investigating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for CUD among adolescents (up to 17), young adults (18–24), and older adults (25–65). Database searches were conducted for randomized controlled trials of CUD interventions reporting outcomes such as cannabis use, abstinence, withdrawal symptoms, and treatment retention. For adolescents, interventions such as contingent rewards and family engagement have shown promise, while young adults benefit from technology-based platforms and peer support. In older adults, pharmacological adjuncts combined with counseling have shown promise in enhancing treatment outcomes. However, optimal treatment combinations remain uncertain, highlighting the need for further research. Addressing CUD requires tailored interventions that acknowledge developmental stages and challenges across the lifespan. Although promising interventions exist, further comparative effectiveness research is needed to delineate the most efficacious approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychiatry)

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20 pages, 1104 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Optimization of a Natural Language Processing Approach for the Automatic Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Using GPT Embeddings

by Benjamin S. Runde, Ajit Alapati and Nicolas G. Bazan

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030211 - 25 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5054

Abstract

The development of noninvasive and cost-effective methods of detecting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is essential for its early prevention and mitigation. We optimize the detection of AD using natural language processing (NLP) of spontaneous speech through the use of audio enhancement techniques and novel [...] Read more.

The development of noninvasive and cost-effective methods of detecting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is essential for its early prevention and mitigation. We optimize the detection of AD using natural language processing (NLP) of spontaneous speech through the use of audio enhancement techniques and novel transcription methodologies. Specifically, we utilized Boll Spectral Subtraction to improve audio fidelity and created transcriptions using state-of-the-art AI services—locally-based Wav2Vec and Whisper, alongside cloud-based IBM Cloud and Rev AI—evaluating their performance against traditional manual transcription methods. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were then trained and tested using GPT-based embeddings of transcriptions. Our findings revealed that AI-based transcriptions largely outperformed traditional manual ones, with Wav2Vec (enhanced audio) achieving the best accuracy and F-1 score (0.99 for both metrics) for locally-based systems and Rev AI (standard audio) performing the best for cloud-based systems (0.96 for both metrics). Furthermore, this study revealed the detrimental effects of interviewer speech on model performance in addition to the minimal effect of audio enhancement. Based on our findings, current AI transcription and NLP technologies are highly effective at accurately detecting AD with available data but struggle to classify probable AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD, due to a lack of training data, laying the groundwork for the future implementation of an automatic AD detection system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep into the Brain: Artificial Intelligence in Brain Diseases)

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33 pages, 754 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuromodulation of Eating Disorders: A Review of Underlying Neural Network Activity and Neuromodulatory Treatments

by Kevin Wu, Yu Tung Lo, Jonathon Cavaleri, Matthew Bergosh, Jennifer Ipe, Robert G. Briggs, Kay B. Jann, Stuart B. Murray, Xenos L. Mason, Charles Y. Liu and Darrin J. Lee

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030200 - 22 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6968

Abstract

Eating disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that involve pathological relationships between patients and food. The most prolific of these disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The current standard of care involves psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and the management of [...] Read more.

Eating disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that involve pathological relationships between patients and food. The most prolific of these disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The current standard of care involves psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and the management of comorbid conditions, with nutritional rehabilitation reserved for severe cases of anorexia nervosa. Unfortunately, many patients often fail to respond, leaving a concerning treatment gap between the current and requisite treatments for eating disorders. To better understand the neurobiology underlying these eating disorders, investigations have been undertaken to characterize the activity of various neural networks, primarily those activated during tasks of executive inhibition, reward processing, and self-reference. Various neuromodulatory techniques have been proposed to stimulate these networks with the goal of improving patients’ BMI and mental health. The aim of this review is to compile a comprehensive summarization of the current literature regarding the underlying neural connectivity of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder as well as the numerous neuromodulatory modalities that have been investigated. Importantly, we aimed to summarize the most significant clinical trials to date as well as to provide an updated assessment of the role of deep brain stimulation, summarizing numerous recently published clinical studies that have greatly contributed to the literature. In this review, we found therapeutic evidence for transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in treating individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. We also found significant evidence for the role of deep brain stimulation, particularly as an escalatory therapy option for the those who failed standard therapy. Finally, we hope to provide promising directions for future clinical investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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20 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects and Mechanisms of Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels and Clinical Outcomes in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Daan G. M. Kaagman, Erwin E. H. van Wegen, Natalie Cignetti, Emily Rothermel, Tim Vanbellingen and Mark A. Hirsch

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030194 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 15491

Abstract

Introduction: Exercise therapy may increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and improve clinical outcomes in people living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This systematic review was performed to investigate the effect of exercise therapy on BDNF levels and clinical outcomes in human PD and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Exercise therapy may increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and improve clinical outcomes in people living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This systematic review was performed to investigate the effect of exercise therapy on BDNF levels and clinical outcomes in human PD and to discuss mechanisms proposed by authors. Method: A search on the literature was performed on PubMed up to December 2023 using the following key words: Parkinson’s disease AND exercise, exercise therapy, neurological rehabilitation AND brain-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/blood, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/cerebrospinal fluid AND randomized clinical trial, intervention study. Only randomized clinical trials comparing an exercise intervention to treatment as usual, usual care (UC), sham intervention, or no intervention were included. Results: A meta-analysis of BDNF outcomes with pooled data from five trials (N = 216 participants) resulted in a significant standardized mean difference (SMD) of 1.20 [95% CI 0.53 to 1.87; Z = 3.52, p = 0.0004, I² = 77%], favoring exercise using motorized treadmill, Speedflex machine, rowing machine, and non-specified exercise. Significant improvements were found in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), UPDRS-III, 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Methodological quality of trials was categorized as “good” in three trials, “fair” in one trial, and “poor” in one trial. Conclusion: Key results of this systematic review are that exercise therapy is effective in raising serum BDNF levels and seems effective in alleviating PD motor symptoms. Exercise therapy confers neuroplastic effects on Parkinson brain, mediated, in part, by BDNF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers Identification for Neurological Diseases and Neurorehabilitation)

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11 pages, 1741 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Structural Neural Networks in the Recovery Process of Motor Paralysis after Stroke

by Ikuo Kimura, Atsushi Senoo and Masahiro Abo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030197 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2278

Abstract

In recent years, neurorehabilitation has been actively used to treat motor paralysis after stroke. However, the impacts of rehabilitation on neural networks in the brain remain largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated changes in structural neural networks after rehabilitation therapy in patients who received [...] Read more.

In recent years, neurorehabilitation has been actively used to treat motor paralysis after stroke. However, the impacts of rehabilitation on neural networks in the brain remain largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated changes in structural neural networks after rehabilitation therapy in patients who received a combination of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) and intensive occupational therapy (intensive-OT) as neurorehabilitation. Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) for upper extremity (FMA-UE) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), both of which reflected upper limb motor function, were conducted before and after rehabilitation therapy. At the same time, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging (3D T1WI) were performed. After analyzing the structural connectome based on DTI data, measures related to connectivity in neural networks were calculated using graph theory. Rehabilitation therapy prompted a significant increase in connectivity with the isthmus of the cingulate gyrus in the ipsilesional hemisphere (p < 0.05) in patients with left-sided paralysis, as well as a significant decrease in connectivity with the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus (p < 0.05). These results indicate that LF-rTMS combined with intensive-OT may facilitate motor function recovery by enhancing the functional roles of networks in motor-related areas of the ipsilesional cerebral hemisphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Application of Neuroimaging in Cerebral Vascular Diseases)

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20 pages, 10515 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Novel EEG-Based Assessment of Distraction in Simulated Driving under Different Road and Traffic Conditions

by Vincenzo Ronca, Francois Brambati, Linda Napoletano, Cyril Marx, Sandra Trösterer, Alessia Vozzi, Pietro Aricò, Andrea Giorgi, Rossella Capotorto, Gianluca Borghini, Fabio Babiloni and Gianluca Di Flumeri

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(3), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030193 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3103

Abstract

The drivers’ distraction plays a crucial role in road safety as it is one of the main impacting causes of road accidents. The phenomenon of distraction encompasses both psychological and environmental factors and, therefore, addressing the complex interplay contributing to human distraction in [...] Read more.

The drivers’ distraction plays a crucial role in road safety as it is one of the main impacting causes of road accidents. The phenomenon of distraction encompasses both psychological and environmental factors and, therefore, addressing the complex interplay contributing to human distraction in automotive is crucial for developing technologies and interventions for improving road safety. In scientific literature, different works were proposed for the distraction characterization in automotive, but there is still the lack of a univocal measure to assess the degree of distraction, nor a gold-standard tool that allows to “detect” eventual events, road traffic, and additional driving tasks that might contribute to the drivers’ distraction. Therefore, the present study aimed at developing an EEG-based “Distraction index” obtained by the combination of the driver’s mental workload and attention neurometrics and investigating and validating its reliability by analyzing together subjective and behavioral measures. A total of 25 licensed drivers were involved in this study, where they had to drive in two different scenarios, i.e., City and Highway, while different secondary tasks were alternatively proposed in addition to the main one to modulate the driver’s attentional demand. The statistical analysis demonstrated the reliability of the proposed EEG-based distraction index in identifying the drivers’ distraction when driving along different roads and traffic conditions (all p < 0.001). More importantly, the proposed index was demonstrated to be reliable in identifying which are the most impacting additional driving tasks on the drivers’ distraction (all p < 0.01). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging)

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14 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Revealing the Complexity of Fatigue: A Review of the Persistent Challenges and Promises of Artificial Intelligence

by Thorsten Rudroff

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020186 - 19 Feb 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4851

Abstract

Part I reviews persistent challenges obstructing progress in understanding complex fatigue’s biology. Difficulties quantifying subjective symptoms, mapping multi-factorial mechanisms, accounting for individual variation, enabling invasive sensing, overcoming research/funding insularity, and more are discussed. Part II explores how emerging artificial intelligence and machine and [...] Read more.

Part I reviews persistent challenges obstructing progress in understanding complex fatigue’s biology. Difficulties quantifying subjective symptoms, mapping multi-factorial mechanisms, accounting for individual variation, enabling invasive sensing, overcoming research/funding insularity, and more are discussed. Part II explores how emerging artificial intelligence and machine and deep learning techniques can help address limitations through pattern recognition of complex physiological signatures as more objective biomarkers, predictive modeling to capture individual differences, consolidation of disjointed findings via data mining, and simulation to explore interventions. Conversational agents like Claude and ChatGPT also have potential to accelerate human fatigue research, but they currently lack capacities for robust autonomous contributions. Envisioned is an innovation timeline where synergistic application of enhanced neuroimaging, biosensors, closed-loop systems, and other advances combined with AI analytics could catalyze transformative progress in elucidating fatigue neural circuitry and treating associated conditions over the coming decades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Neurorehabilitation: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

15 pages, 2625 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Acquisition of Social Communication Skills in Children with Autism: Preliminary Findings from Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Parent Training, and Video Modeling

by Daniela Bordini, Ana Cláudia Moya, Graccielle Rodrigues da Cunha Asevedo, Cristiane Silvestre Paula, Décio Brunoni, Helena Brentani, Sheila Cavalcante Caetano, Jair de Jesus Mari and Leila Bagaiolo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020172 - 9 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8612

Abstract

Social communication skills, especially eye contact and joint attention, are frequently impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and predict functional outcomes. Applied behavior analysis is one of the most common evidence-based treatments for ASD, but it is not accessible to most families in [...] Read more.

Social communication skills, especially eye contact and joint attention, are frequently impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and predict functional outcomes. Applied behavior analysis is one of the most common evidence-based treatments for ASD, but it is not accessible to most families in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as it is an expensive and intensive treatment and needs to be delivered by highly specialized professionals. Parental training has emerged as an effective alternative. This is an exploratory study to assess a parental intervention group via video modeling to acquire eye contact and joint attention. Four graded measures of eye contact and joint attention (full physical prompt, partial physical prompt, gestural prompt, and independent) were assessed in 34 children with ASD and intellectual disability (ID). There was a progressive reduction in the level of prompting required over time to acquire eye contact and joint attention, as well as a positive correlation between the time of exposure to the intervention and the acquisition of abilities. This kind of parent training using video modeling to teach eye contact and joint attention skills to children with ASD and ID is a low-cost intervention that can be applied in low-resource settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and among Immigrants and Minority Groups in High-Income Countries (HICs))

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24 pages, 2837 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Social Brain Perspectives on the Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience of Human Language

by Nathan Oesch

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020166 - 7 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7804

Abstract

Human language and social cognition are two key disciplines that have traditionally been studied as separate domains. Nonetheless, an emerging view suggests an alternative perspective. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of the social brain hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of brain size and [...] Read more.

Human language and social cognition are two key disciplines that have traditionally been studied as separate domains. Nonetheless, an emerging view suggests an alternative perspective. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of the social brain hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of brain size and intelligence), the social complexity hypothesis (thesis of the evolution of communication), and empirical research from comparative animal behavior, human social behavior, language acquisition in children, social cognitive neuroscience, and the cognitive neuroscience of language, it is argued that social cognition and language are two significantly interconnected capacities of the human species. Here, evidence in support of this view reviews (1) recent developmental studies on language learning in infants and young children, pointing to the important crucial benefits associated with social stimulation for youngsters, including the quality and quantity of incoming linguistic information, dyadic infant/child-to-parent non-verbal and verbal interactions, and other important social cues integral for facilitating language learning and social bonding; (2) studies of the adult human brain, suggesting a high degree of specialization for sociolinguistic information processing, memory retrieval, and comprehension, suggesting that the function of these neural areas may connect social cognition with language and social bonding; (3) developmental deficits in language and social cognition, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), illustrating a unique developmental profile, further linking language, social cognition, and social bonding; and (4) neural biomarkers that may help to identify early developmental disorders of language and social cognition. In effect, the social brain and social complexity hypotheses may jointly help to describe how neurotypical children and adults acquire language, why autistic children and adults exhibit simultaneous deficits in language and social cognition, and why nonhuman primates and other organisms with significant computational capacities cannot learn language. But perhaps most critically, the following article argues that this and related research will allow scientists to generate a holistic profile and deeper understanding of the healthy adult social brain while developing more innovative and effective diagnoses, prognoses, and treatments for maladies and deficits also associated with the social brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Early Language Acquisition)

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21 pages, 926 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Diverse Roles of Reactive Astrocytes in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

by Kangqin Yang, Yang Liu and Min Zhang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020158 - 4 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8253

Abstract

Astrocytes displaying reactive phenotypes are characterized by their ability to remodel morphologically, molecularly, and functionally in response to pathological stimuli. This process results in the loss of their typical astrocyte functions and the acquisition of neurotoxic or neuroprotective roles. A growing body of [...] Read more.

Astrocytes displaying reactive phenotypes are characterized by their ability to remodel morphologically, molecularly, and functionally in response to pathological stimuli. This process results in the loss of their typical astrocyte functions and the acquisition of neurotoxic or neuroprotective roles. A growing body of research indicates that these reactive astrocytes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), involving calcium homeostasis imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal lipid and lactate metabolism, glutamate excitotoxicity, etc. This review summarizes the characteristics of reactive astrocytes, their role in the pathogenesis of ALS, and recent advancements in astrocyte-targeting strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Neuroinflammation)

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20 pages, 8080 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mental Workload Classification and Tasks Detection in Multitasking: Deep Learning Insights from EEG Study

by Miloš Pušica, Aneta Kartali, Luka Bojović, Ivan Gligorijević, Jelena Jovanović, Maria Chiara Leva and Bogdan Mijović

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020149 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7066

Abstract

While the term task load (TL) refers to external task demands, the amount of work, or the number of tasks to be performed, mental workload (MWL) refers to the individual’s effort, mental capacity, or cognitive resources utilized while performing a task. MWL in [...] Read more.

While the term task load (TL) refers to external task demands, the amount of work, or the number of tasks to be performed, mental workload (MWL) refers to the individual’s effort, mental capacity, or cognitive resources utilized while performing a task. MWL in multitasking scenarios is often closely linked with the quantity of tasks a person is handling within a given timeframe. In this study, we challenge this hypothesis from the perspective of electroencephalography (EEG) using a deep learning approach. We conducted an EEG experiment with 50 participants performing NASA Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) under 4 different task load levels. We designed a convolutional neural network (CNN) to help with two distinct classification tasks. In one setting, the CNN was used to classify EEG segments based on their task load level. In another setting, the same CNN architecture was trained again to detect the presence of individual MATB-II subtasks. Results show that, while the model successfully learns to detect whether a particular subtask is active in a given segment (i.e., to differentiate between different subtasks-related EEG patterns), it struggles to differentiate between the two highest levels of task load (i.e., to distinguish MWL-related EEG patterns). We speculate that the challenge comes from two factors: first, the experiment was designed in a way that these two highest levels differed only in the quantity of work within a given timeframe; and second, the participants’ effective adaptation to increased task demands, as evidenced by low error rates. Consequently, this indicates that under such conditions in multitasking, EEG may not reflect distinct enough patterns to differentiate higher levels of task load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Brain-Computer Interface)

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15 pages, 294 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Interplay of Anxiety, Depression, Sleep Quality, and Socioeconomic Factors in Somali Hemodialysis Patients

by Samet Kose and Nur Adam Mohamed

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020144 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3537

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in kidney failure patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) in Somalia and examine the relationship between anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: We conducted a study with 200 kidney failure patients on HD treatment [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to assess anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in kidney failure patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) in Somalia and examine the relationship between anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: We conducted a study with 200 kidney failure patients on HD treatment for over 3 months. Participants completed sociodemographic questionnaires, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Among the 200 participants (mean age = 52.3; SD = 14.13), 58.5% were men, 64% had CKD for 1–5 years, and 52.6% received HD for 1–5 years. Depressive symptoms were found in 61.5% (PHQ-9) and 37.5% (HADS depression subscale) of HD patients. Poor sleep quality (PSQI) was observed in 31.5% and significantly correlated with PHQ-9 (r_s = 0.633), HADS anxiety (r_s = 0.491), and HADS depression (r_s = 0.529). The ISI score correlated significantly with PHQ-9 (r_s = 0.611), HADS anxiety (r_s = 0.494), and HADS depression (r_s = 0.586). All PSQI components correlated with depression and anxiety, except sleep medication use. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that HADS anxiety (β = 0.342) and HADS depression (β = 0.372) predicted ISI scores. HADS anxiety (β = 0.307) and HADS depression (β = 0.419) predicted PSQI scores. Conclusions: Higher anxiety and depression levels negatively correlated with various dimensions of sleep quality in kidney failure patients. Early identification and appropriate management of these psychological disturbances are crucial for enhancing patients’ overall quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience)

18 pages, 1062 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving Outcomes in People with Spinal Cord Injury: Encouraging Results from a Multidisciplinary Advanced Rehabilitation Pathway

by Maria Grazia Maggio, Mirjam Bonanno, Alfredo Manuli and Rocco Salvatore Calabrò

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020140 - 28 Jan 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6313

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) consists of damage to any segment of the spinal cord extending to potential harm to nerves in the cauda equina. Rehabilitative efforts for SCI can involve conventional physiotherapy, innovative technologies, as well as cognitive treatment and psychological support. The [...] Read more.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) consists of damage to any segment of the spinal cord extending to potential harm to nerves in the cauda equina. Rehabilitative efforts for SCI can involve conventional physiotherapy, innovative technologies, as well as cognitive treatment and psychological support. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a dedicated, multidisciplinary, and integrated intervention path for SCI, encompassing both conventional and technological interventions, while observing their impact on cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes and the overall quality of life for individuals with SCI. Forty-two patients with SCI were included in the analysis utilizing electronic recovery system data. The treatment regimen included multidisciplinary rehabilitation approaches, such as traditional physiotherapy sessions, speech therapy, psychological support, robotic devices, advanced cognitive rehabilitation, and other interventions. Pre–post comparisons showed a significant improvement in lower limb function (Fugl Meyer Assessment-FMA < 0.001), global cognitive functioning (Montreal Cognitive Assessment-MoCA p < 0.001), and perceived quality of life at both a physical and mental level (Short Form-12-SF-12 p < 0.001). Furthermore, we found a significant reduction in depressive state (Beck Depression Inventory-BDI p < 0.001). In addition, we assessed patient satisfaction using the Short Form of the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ), offering insights into the subjective evaluation of the intervention. In conclusion, this retrospective study provides positive results in terms of improvements in motor function, cognitive functions, and quality of life, highlighting the importance of exploring multidisciplinary approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Neurorehabilitation: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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26 pages, 2406 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mitochondrial Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia

by Ali Ali, Ali Esmaeil and Raed Behbehani

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020135 - 27 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9218

Abstract

Background: Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare disorder that can be at the forefront of several mitochondrial diseases. This review overviews mitochondrial CPEO encephalomyopathies to enhance accurate recognition and diagnosis for proper management. Methods: This study is conducted based on publications [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare disorder that can be at the forefront of several mitochondrial diseases. This review overviews mitochondrial CPEO encephalomyopathies to enhance accurate recognition and diagnosis for proper management. Methods: This study is conducted based on publications and guidelines obtained by selective review in PubMed. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, Cochrane reviews, and literature meta-analyses were particularly sought. Discussion: CPEO is a common presentation of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, which can result from alterations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Genetic sequencing is the gold standard for diagnosing mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, preceded by non-invasive tests such as fibroblast growth factor-21 and growth differentiation factor-15. More invasive options include a muscle biopsy, which can be carried out after uncertain diagnostic testing. No definitive treatment option is available for mitochondrial diseases, and management is mainly focused on lifestyle risk modification and supplementation to reduce mitochondrial load and symptomatic relief, such as ptosis repair in the case of CPEO. Nevertheless, various clinical trials and endeavors are still at large for achieving beneficial therapeutic outcomes for mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Key Messages: Understanding the varying presentations and genetic aspects of mitochondrial CPEO is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Neuro-Opthalmology)

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50 pages, 2491 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Short-Term Effect of Auditory Stimulation on Neural Activities: A Scoping Review of Longitudinal Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography Studies

by Kanon Kobayashi, Yasushi Shiba, Shiori Honda, Shinichiro Nakajima, Shinya Fujii, Masaru Mimura and Yoshihiro Noda

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020131 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7301

Abstract

Explored through EEG/MEG, auditory stimuli function as a suitable research probe to reveal various neural activities, including event-related potentials, brain oscillations and functional connectivity. Accumulating evidence in this field stems from studies investigating neuroplasticity induced by long-term auditory training, specifically cross-sectional studies comparing [...] Read more.

Explored through EEG/MEG, auditory stimuli function as a suitable research probe to reveal various neural activities, including event-related potentials, brain oscillations and functional connectivity. Accumulating evidence in this field stems from studies investigating neuroplasticity induced by long-term auditory training, specifically cross-sectional studies comparing musicians and non-musicians as well as longitudinal studies with musicians. In contrast, studies that address the neural effects of short-term interventions whose duration lasts from minutes to hours are only beginning to be featured. Over the past decade, an increasing body of evidence has shown that short-term auditory interventions evoke rapid changes in neural activities, and oscillatory fluctuations can be observed even in the prestimulus period. In this scoping review, we divided the extracted neurophysiological studies into three groups to discuss neural activities with short-term auditory interventions: the pre-stimulus period, during stimulation, and a comparison of before and after stimulation. We show that oscillatory activities vary depending on the context of the stimuli and are greatly affected by the interplay of bottom-up and top-down modulational mechanisms, including attention. We conclude that the observed rapid changes in neural activitiesin the auditory cortex and the higher-order cognitive part of the brain are causally attributed to short-term auditory interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychology)

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41 pages, 911 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability: A Review

by Vilfredo De Pascalis

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020115 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 13302

Abstract

This comprehensive review delves into the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and variations in hypnotizability by examining research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Key focus areas include functional brain imaging correlations in hypnosis, EEG band [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review delves into the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and variations in hypnotizability by examining research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Key focus areas include functional brain imaging correlations in hypnosis, EEG band oscillations as indicators of hypnotic states, alterations in EEG functional connectivity during hypnosis and wakefulness, drawing critical conclusions, and suggesting future research directions. The reviewed functional connectivity findings support the notion that disruptions in the available integration between different components of the executive control network during hypnosis may correspond to altered subjective appraisals of the agency during the hypnotic response, as per dissociated and cold control theories of hypnosis. A promising exploration avenue involves investigating how frontal lobes’ neurochemical and aperiodic components of the EEG activity at waking-rest are linked to individual differences in hypnotizability. Future studies investigating the effects of hypnosis on brain function should prioritize examining distinctive activation patterns across various neural networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)

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