Announcements

The 2nd International Conference on Bioengineering (BIOENG 2026), Bioengineering in an Era of AI, is pleased to announce its distinguished lineup of Plenary, Keynote, and Invited Speakers. Taking place from 10 to 13 November 2026 in Barcelona, Spain, the conference will bring together leading researchers, engineers, clinicians, and innovators to explore the latest advances shaping the future of bioengineering.

Conference: The 2nd International Conference on Bioengineering: Bioengineering in an Era of AI (BIOENG 2026)
Date: 10–13 November 2026
Place: Barcelona, Spain
Website: https://sciforum.net/event/BIOENG2026

Distinguished Plenary Speakers

BIOENG 2026 is honored to welcome two internationally renowned leaders in bioengineering and regenerative medicine:

• Prof. Dr. Sir Cato T. Laurencin—University of Connecticut, USA;
• Prof. Dr. Dame Molly Stevens—University of Oxford, UK.

Keynote Speakers:

The keynote program features experts representing a broad range of disciplines across bioengineering, AI, biomedical technologies, and biomechanics:

• Prof. Dr. Louis Andrew Lyon—Chapman University, USA;
• Prof. Dr. Anthony Guiseppi-Elie—Texas A&M University, USA; President and Sr. Fellow, AIIMSEI;
• Prof. Dr. Wei Gao—Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, USA;
• Prof. Dr. Franz Konstantin Fuss—University of Bayreuth, Germany.

Invited Speakers:

The conference will also feature an international group of invited experts whose work spans regenerative medicine, biomaterials, biosensing, biomedical engineering, AI, diagnostics, human–machine interaction, and global health:

• Prof. Dr. Ennio Tasciotti—San Raffaele University, Italy;
• Prof. Dr. Stelios Andreadis—State University of New York in Buffalo, USA;
• Prof. Dr. Dana Al-Sulaiman—King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia;
• Prof. Dr. Carmen Mayorga—UPC—Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Peru;
• Dr. Selim Bozkurt—Ulster University, UK;
• Prof. Dr. Leopoldo Angrisani—University of Naples Federico II, Italy;
• Prof. Dr. Maribel Vazquez—Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA;
• Prof. Dr. Silviya Petrova Zustiak—Saint Louis University, USA;
• Dr. Hana Lísalová—Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic;
• Prof. Dr. Gianluca Di Flumeri—Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;
• Dr. Luciano Sappia—Scientific Advisor and Innovation Consultant, TotemXR, Catalonia, Spain;
• Dr. Claudio Parolo—Ramón y Cajal Fellow, Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Co-founder, Global Health Innovative Solutions, Spain.

Together, these speakers will contribute to a diverse scientific program addressing emerging technologies, translational research, and the growing role of AI across bioengineering and healthcare.

Late-Breaking Poster Submissions Are Now Open

Missed the initial abstract submission deadline? Late-breaking poster submissions are now open, providing a final opportunity to present your latest research at BIOENG 2026.

Researchers are invited to submit their work for consideration in the conference poster sessions. The submission portal will remain open for a limited time, so we encourage interested researchers to submit their abstracts as soon as possible.

Submit your late-breaking poster abstract here: https://sciforum.net/submissions/BIOENG2026/link/1.

Join us in Barcelona from 10 to 13 November 2026 for four days of scientific exchange, interdisciplinary collaboration, and networking with the international bioengineering community.

Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059) is proud to announce its role as an Award Sponsor and Media Partner for the 7th International NF-kB Congress. This sponsorship highlights the journal’s commitment to supporting the scholarly community and engaging in critical industry discussions with the public. 

The 7th International NF-kB Congress is set to bring together leading researchers from Europe and around the world. This year, the meeting will feature dedicated sessions exploring the central roles of NF-kB subunits and their key regulators in major biological processes, particularly those linked to stemness, cancer, and development. 

Conference: The 7th NF-kB International Congress
Date: 7–9 October 2026
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Website: https://nfkbcongress.com/ 

We look forward to seeing you at the 7th International NF-kB Congress!

Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059) is an open access journal devoted to all aspects of research on human health and disease, the discovery and characterization of new therapeutic targets, therapeutic strategies, and research on naturally driven biomedicines, pharmaceuticals, and biopharmaceutical products.

To support the continued growth of the journal and ensure its sustainable development, we are now recruiting for the position of Associate Editor of Biomedicines.

Duties:

• Advising on determining journal/section scope and strategic development;
• Supporting and guiding Editorial Board Members and editorial staff when needed;
• Overseeing the editorial process for manuscripts in your Section, including making final decisions after peer review and revisions;
• Suggesting topics for Special Issues and helping to identify or invite Guest Editors;
• Inviting distinguished scientists to join the Editorial Board;
• Acting as an ambassador for the journal, MDPI, and open access publishing;
• Representing and promoting the journal at national and international conferences.

Benefits:

• Official certificate recognizing your position;
• Travel grants for selected conferences (subject to Journal Office approval);
• Up to two free publications per year in Biomedicines;
• Additional sponsorship support for your own conferences;
• Opportunities to expand your research network and deepen your expertise.

Experience and required qualities:

• Strong publication record in peer-reviewed journals;
• Previous editorial experience;
• Excellent time management skills and ability to commit the necessary time to the role.

How to apply: 

If you are interested in this position, please submit a cover letter, including a statement of motivation and previous editorial experience, along with a CV or an official website containing your biographical data (including a list of your publications), to the Biomedicines Editorial Office at biomedicines@mdpi.com. You can find the journal’s goals and scope on our homepage: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomedicines/about. For more information about the Editorial Board team, please see the following link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomedicines/editors.

We believe that by combining our rigorous editorial policies with your expertise, we can develop a high-quality journal. We thank you in advance for your interest and look forward to collaborating with you.

Dr. Nilesh S. Ambhore is one of the authors of the Editor’s Choice Article entitled “Inflammation in Asthma: Mechanistic Insights and the Role of Biologics in Therapeutic Frontiers” published in Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059).

Dr. Ambhore is a pharmaceutical scientist and research professional-5 in the Department of Pharmaceutics at the University of Minnesota, MN, USA. His research focuses on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory and inflammatory diseases, as well as translating these findings into new therapeutic strategies. His work spans pulmonary pharmacology, airway inflammation, nanomedicine, and targeted drug delivery, with particular interest in developing more precise approaches for complex diseases such as asthma and other chronic lung disorders. He is especially interested in understanding disease mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels and using that knowledge to develop better, more targeted therapies.

The following is an interview with Dr. Ambhore:

1. Congratulations on the success of your published paper! Could you please briefly introduce the main research content of the published paper?
Thank you. This paper is a comprehensive review of inflammation in asthma and the evolving role of biologic therapies.
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and inflammation is one of the major drivers of airway dysfunction. Although asthma has traditionally been associated with Type 2 inflammation involving pathways such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE, we now understand that other inflammatory pathways, including Type 1 and Type 17 inflammation, can also contribute, particularly in severe or treatment-resistant asthma.
In this review, we discuss the different inflammatory mechanisms involved in asthma and summarize how currently approved biologics target specific immune pathways. We also discuss emerging biologic therapies and the challenges associated with treating patients who do not respond well to conventional therapies.
The broader message of the review is that asthma should not be viewed as a disease with a single inflammatory mechanism. Understanding individual inflammatory endotypes may allow us to move toward more precise and personalized treatment strategies.

2. Can you tell us a little bit about yourself and your current research?
I am a pharmaceutical scientist with a background in pharmacology, pulmonary biology, and drug delivery. Much of my earlier research focused on understanding how molecular signaling pathways regulate airway smooth muscle function, airway inflammation, and remodeling in asthma.
Currently, at the University of Minnesota, my research has expanded toward advanced drug-delivery systems and nanomedicine. I work on developing lipid nanoparticle-based platforms for delivering therapeutics such as mRNA, siRNA, proteins, and small molecules, particularly for lung diseases.
One of my major interests is understanding how we can combine mechanistic pharmacology with innovative drug-delivery technologies to develop therapies that are more targeted and potentially more effective for patients with difficult-to-treat diseases.

3. Would you mind sharing what inspired your research?
My interest in this area comes from seeing how complicated asthma can be in real life. Patients who are diagnosed with the same disease can have very different inflammatory mechanisms, responses to treatment, and disease severity.
That made me interested in understanding what happens beyond the clinical symptoms—at the cellular and molecular levels.
I have always been particularly interested in the connection between understanding disease mechanisms and developing therapies. When we identify a pathway that contributes to disease, it naturally raises the next question: Can we target that pathway more precisely to improve treatment?
That idea has continued to guide my research, from studying molecular mechanisms of airway disease to investigating targeted therapeutic and drug-delivery approaches.

4. What was the biggest challenge you faced while writing this paper, and how did you overcome it?
The biggest challenge was probably bringing together a very broad and rapidly evolving area of research into a coherent story.
Asthma is not driven by a single inflammatory pathway. There is substantial literature covering Type 2, Type 1, and Type 17 inflammation, different asthma phenotypes and endotypes, and an expanding number of biologic therapies. We wanted the review to be more than simply a list of available drugs.
Our goal was to connect the underlying biology with therapeutic strategies—to explain why particular inflammatory pathways are being targeted and where those approaches may or may not work.
We addressed this by organizing the review around the major inflammatory mechanisms and then connecting those mechanisms to current and emerging biologic therapies.

5. How did feedback during your research influence your direction?
Discussion and feedback from colleagues were very important in shaping the review. One point that repeatedly came up was that we should avoid presenting asthma simply as a Type 2 inflammatory disease. While Type 2 inflammation is extremely important, increasing evidence shows that Type 1 and Type 17 pathways can also contribute, particularly in severe, adult-onset, or corticosteroid-resistant disease.
That perspective helped us broaden the review and emphasize the importance of understanding different inflammatory endotypes rather than treating asthma as one uniform disease.
It also strengthened our discussion of emerging therapies, because some of the most important unanswered questions involve identifying which patients are most likely to benefit from targeting specific inflammatory pathways.

6. What role did you play in your research team, and how did teamwork affect the paper’s outcome?
This was a collaborative effort with my co-author, Dr. Mohammad Irshad Reza. We worked closely on the literature review, interpretation of the evidence, organization of the manuscript, and writing and editing.
My background in pulmonary pharmacology and airway disease complemented the broader therapeutic perspective of the review. We discussed scientific literature extensively and challenged each other’s interpretations, which helped us develop a more balanced manuscript. The final paper reflects that collaboration.

7. Why did you choose the Biomedicines journal as a platform for publishing your work, and how was your experience?
We chose Biomedicines because the journal provides a broad platform for research connecting disease mechanisms, pharmacology, and therapeutic development, which fits very well with the focus of our review.
Another important consideration was the journal’s broad readership across biomedical and pharmaceutical research. We wanted the review to be accessible not only to researchers studying asthma but also to investigators working in immunology, pharmacology, drug development, and translational medicine.
Our experience was very positive. The editorial and peer-review process helped us improve the manuscript and present the material in a more organized and clinically relevant way.
I am particularly honored that the article was subsequently recognized as an Editor’s Choice Article, which is encouraging because it suggests that the topic and perspective of the review resonated with the journal’s readership.

8. What impact do you hope your research will have, and what key innovation do you see in your paper?
I hope this review helps researchers and clinicians appreciate that asthma is biologically heterogeneous and that treatment should increasingly be guided by the inflammatory mechanisms driving disease in an individual patient.
One of the key contributions of this work is bringing together the underlying inflammatory mechanisms of asthma with the rapidly evolving landscape of biologic therapies. While Type 2 inflammation has been central to our understanding of asthma, increasing evidence indicates that Type 1 and Type 17 inflammatory pathways can also contribute to severe and treatment-resistant disease.
By connecting these different inflammatory pathways with their corresponding therapeutic targets, we hope the review can help provide a clearer framework for understanding why certain biologic therapies work particularly well for some patients but not others. Ultimately, this supports the broader movement toward biomarker-driven and personalized treatment of asthma.

9. What do you think the future directions for your research are?
I think the future lies in bringing together mechanistic biology, personalized medicine, and advanced drug-delivery technologies.
For asthma and other chronic lung diseases, I am particularly interested in identifying disease-specific molecular pathways and then developing ways to deliver therapeutics directly and efficiently to the relevant cells or tissues.
My current research in nanomedicine is moving in that direction, including the development of lipid nanoparticle-based platforms for pulmonary delivery of different therapeutic cargos. Ultimately, I would like to help bridge the gap between discovering a promising molecular target and developing a therapeutic strategy that can be realistically translated toward patients.
More broadly, I believe the future of respiratory medicine will increasingly move away from a “one-size-fits-all” approach and toward treatments designed around the specific molecular and inflammatory characteristics of each patient’s disease.

Prof. Steven K. Nordeen is one of the authors of the Editor’s Choice article entitled “Endocrine-Disrupting Activities of Flavones on Steroid Receptors: Structural Requirements and Synthesis of Novel Flavone with Improved Estrogenic Activity” published in Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059).

Prof. Steven K. Nordeen is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Although formally retired, he continues to work on multiple drug development projects that involve hormone action and/or oncology.

The following is an interview with Prof. Nordeen:

1. Congratulations on your published paper. Could you please briefly introduce the main research content of this Editor’s Choice Article?
Flavonoids have long been recognized to interact with steroid receptors. However, a systematic comparison of an extensive set of related flavonoids against multiple receptors has been lacking. In this work we compared the agonist and antagonist activity of a selected set of flavonoids on four steroid receptors, the estrogen, progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor. In the case of the estrogen receptor, we used the information we gained to design novel derivatives and identified one with improved potency as an estrogen agonist. We used molecular modeling to understand how the new compound was binding to the estrogen receptor.

2. Can you tell us a little bit about yourself and your current research?
My career has focused on understanding molecular mechanisms of steroid receptors as transcription factors. The foray into flavonoids was actually a side project that became more interesting as we delved deeper into it. We used the novel flavone with improved estrogen activity in follow-up studies to show it could be delivered as a vaginal suppository to regenerate the atrophic vagina of the ovariectomized rat, a well-accepted model of menopause-related vaginal atrophy. Other unrelated efforts are directed to developing a new oncology drug and an obesity drug.

3. What inspired your research?
The focus on developing an alternate approach to the treatment of vaginal atrophy came out of a hallway conversation with a colleague, a clinical endocrinologist, who said, “I have women referred to me all the time for thyroid workup because they have lost interest in sex. There is nothing wrong with their thyroid; they haven’t lost interest in sex. They don’t want sex because it hurts.” Dyspareunia and dry vagina are two common consequences of natural or therapeutically induced menopause.

4. What was the biggest challenge you faced while writing this paper, and how did you overcome it?
The sheer number of experiments required to assess the activity of ~20 or more flavonoids against four different receptors was daunting. My technician, Betty Bona, deserves much credit for cranking through the required experiments to generate the extensive data set in the paper.

5. How did feedback during your research influence your direction?
Not a major factor.

6. What role did you play in your research team, and how did teamwork affect the paper’s outcome?
I acknowledged Betty Bona’s contribution above. My colleague Mike Wempe was instrumental in listening to my wild idea for a new estrogen and designing the synthesis of the novel flavone. His postdoctoral fellow, Vijay Kumar, carried out and optimized the synthesis. All three made major, vital contributions.

7. Why did you choose the Biomedicines journal as a platform for publishing your work, and how was your experience?
The nature of this work, which straddled the boundary of different research fields, seemed to fit well within the scope of Biomedicines.

8. What impact do you hope your research will have, and what key innovation do you see in your paper?
I hope readers will appreciate what key structural features contribute to the potential of flavonoids to impact steroid receptor signaling and how that differs from receptor to receptor. Also, I hope readers recognize that, at least in the case of estrogen receptors, flavones can bind to the receptor in more than one mode and that both modes likely contribute to the activity of the phytoestrogen. Finally, as we suggest in the paper and have subsequently demonstrated in a preclinical animal model, the novel flavone 3-fluoro, 6,4’-dihydroxyflavone is a promising candidate for an alternative therapy for vaginal atrophy, a driver of many of the symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

9. What do you think the future directions for your research are?
As discussed above, we have already used the information and synthesized product shared in the Biomedicines paper to demonstrate the potential of 3-fluoro, 6,4’-dihydroxyflavone, administered as a vaginal suppository, as a new, safer alternative to steroidal estrogens for the regeneration of the structure and function of the vaginal epithelium.

We are delighted to announce the 1st International Online Conference on Healthy Ageing (IOCHA 2027), chaired by Prof. Dr. Lydia Gimenez Llort, which will take place from 14 to 15 June 2027.

IOCHA 2027 warmly invites researchers and scholars to present their latest research, participate in interactive discussions, and join live Q&A sessions that will further advance research and innovation in the field of Healthy Ageing.

We welcome contributions that align with the following thematic areas:

1. Biological foundations of healthy ageing;
2. Brain, cognition, and mental health in ageing;
3. Nutrition, lifestyle, and disease prevention in ageing;
4. Technology, healthcare systems, and age-friendly societies.

Important deadlines:
Deadline for abstract submission: 15 February 2027;
Notification of acceptance: 15 March 2027;
Deadline for free registration: 8 June 2027.

Guide for Authors:
To submit your abstract, please click on the following link: https://sciforum.net/submissions/IOCHA2027/1.

To register for the event for free, please click on the following link: https://sciforum.net/registration/IOCHA2027/tickets.

For more information, you may refer to: https://sciforum.net/event/IOCHA2027.

For any enquiries regarding the event, please contact us at iocha@mdpi.com.

We look forward to seeing you at the 1st International Online Conference on Healthy Ageing.

The ESMO Congress is a highly influential global oncology meeting for clinicians, researchers, patient advocates, journalists and healthcare industry representatives from all over the world. ESMO 2026 will be a platform for breakthroughs in oncology research, clinical practice and patient care. Participants can expect impactful new data, interactive education, excellent networking opportunities and an innovative exhibition area. By attending the ESMO Congress 2026, oncologists will not only gain insights into the latest developments but also play an active role in shaping the future of oncology on a global scale.

The following open access journals will be represented at this conference:

• Cancers;
• Current Oncology;
• Diagnostics;
• Uro;
• Biomedicines;
• Hemato;
• Radiation;
• Onco;
• Diseases;
• Clinics and Practice;
• Gastrointestinal Disorders;
• Tomography;
• JOMA;
• JPM.

If you are planning to attend the above conference, please feel free to start an online conversation with us. Our delegates look forward to meeting you in person at booth #P8097 and answering any questions that you may have.

For more information about this conference, please visit the following website:

https://www.esmo.org/meeting-calendar/esmo-congress-2026.

Mr. Aleksandar Sic is one of the authors of the hot paper entitled “Chronic Stress and Headaches: The Role of the HPA Axis and Autonomic Nervous System” published in Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059).

Mr. Aleksandar Sic is a young researcher passionate about connecting clinical medicine with scientific research. For the past two and a half years, he has been a volunteer Research Fellow and Research Mentor at Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center in Chicago, where he has had the privilege of working under the mentorship of Professor Nebojsa Nick Knezevic from the University of Illinois. Their research focuses mainly on pain medicine, chronic pain and chronic stress, while his personal academic interests also extend to clinical neurology and nephrology. During his medical studies at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, he was awarded the Diploma Supplement Distinction after achieving a top 1% result among final-year medical students on the faculty’s longitudinal knowledge retention examination. In 2025, he was honored to receive the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) Award, which also gave him the opportunity to attend the Academy’s Annual Congress in Helsinki, Finland, as an honorary guest and invited speaker. His research has also been presented at numerous scientific conferences across the United States and Europe, where it has received multiple awards. He hopes to continue combining research and patient care throughout his career as a physician–scientist.

The following is an interview with Mr. Sic:

1. Congratulations on your published paper! Could you briefly describe the main research content of this paper, as well as its key innovative highlights?
Thank you! In this paper, we explored how chronic stress contributes to the development and progression of primary headache disorders, particularly migraines and tension-type headaches. We focused on the biological mechanisms linking chronic stress with headaches, emphasizing the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system. Our review shows how dysregulation of these systems promotes neuroinflammation, central sensitization and vascular changes that increase both headache frequency and severity.
The main innovation of our work is that it integrates these mechanisms into a single comprehensive framework while also discussing all possible therapeutic approaches that target the underlying effects of chronic stress. We are especially pleased that the paper has already been cited more than 100 times, as we believe this demonstrates that our work is actively contributing to the advancement of clinical neurology and to a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of headache disorders.

2. What inspired your team’s research?
Our team has always been driven by the desire to explore and summarize emerging topics that can have real clinical relevance. Chronic stress and headaches are both extremely common, yet the biological mechanisms connecting them are often discussed separately. We wanted to bring together the latest evidence, provide a comprehensive overview of these mechanisms, and highlight potential therapeutic targets. Ultimately, our goal was to create a resource that could help both researchers and clinicians better understand this complex relationship and stimulate further research in the field.
We believe we achieved that goal. We are also particularly proud that this project brought together medical students, resident physicians and experienced clinicians, all of whom contributed equally to its success. I believe this collaborative environment, where every team member’s ideas and efforts were valued, was one of the key reasons the paper has had such a strong impact.

3. What was the biggest challenge your team faced while writing this paper, and how did you overcome it together?
I think the biggest challenge was coordinating such a large international team. As the first author, I was responsible for leading the project from the initial idea to the final manuscript. This included organizing the workflow, assigning tasks, integrating contributions from all co-authors, and making sure the project progressed on schedule. Since our authors were based in different continents and worked across multiple time zones, maintaining efficient communication and keeping everyone aligned required a great deal of organization and persistence on my part.
I believe one of my biggest contributions was bringing all of these individual pieces together into a coherent manuscript while ensuring that every co-author’s expertise was reflected. At the same time, I was fortunate to work with an exceptionally dedicated group of co-authors who were always responsive and committed to the project. Our senior mentor closely supervised the entire process, providing invaluable guidance whenever it was needed. I think this combination of strong leadership, excellent teamwork, and experienced mentorship was what ultimately made the project successful.

4. What role did you play in your research team, and how did teamwork affect the paper’s outcome?
My main contribution was transforming a collection of ideas and evidence into a clear and cohesive scientific manuscript. I was heavily involved in the literature search, writing, critical analysis, and revision of the paper, ensuring that the final manuscript presented a consistent scientific message while remaining clinically relevant.
Teamwork had a major impact on the final outcome. Throughout the project, we continuously exchanged ideas and challenged each other’s interpretations. There were times when our opinions differed on how certain findings should be interpreted or presented. In those situations, it was my responsibility to carefully evaluate the available evidence, consider everyone’s perspective, and make the final decision on the direction that was most scientifically sound. I believe that this open exchange of ideas, combined with constructive discussions and mutual respect, ultimately strengthened the manuscript and improved its quality, which led to its publication.

5. Why did your team choose Biomedicines as a platform for publishing your work, and how was your experience with the publication process?
We chose Biomedicines because we wanted a high-impact, open access journal that would give our work the visibility and recognition we believed it deserved. We were confident in the quality and clinical relevance of our work, and we wanted it to be freely accessible to researchers and clinicians around the world.
The publication process was rigorous but more than fair. We went through two rounds of major revisions, and although they required a significant amount of work, the reviewers provided constructive comments which we implemented, and they helped us improve the manuscript. As authors, it’s easy to become somewhat subjective about your own work, so the reviewers helped us identify details and areas for improvement that we had overlooked. We are also very grateful to our Academic Editor, Professor Felipe Fregni, who carefully evaluated our revisions and ultimately recognized that the manuscript was ready for publication. Looking back, I believe the peer-review process made the paper substantially stronger.

6. What impact do you hope your research will have, and what key innovation do you see in your paper?
I hope our research will continue to contribute to a better understanding of the biological mechanisms linking chronic stress and primary headache disorders, while also encouraging researchers to further explore this field. From a clinical perspective, I hope it helps clinicians look beyond headache symptoms alone and consider chronic stress as an important biological factor that can be targeted therapeutically.
I believe the key innovation of our paper is that it integrates evidence from multiple disciplines into a single comprehensive framework. Rather than discussing the HPA axis, autonomic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and central sensitization separately, we demonstrate how these interconnected mechanisms collectively contribute to headache pathophysiology. I hope this integrated perspective will inspire both future research and more personalized approaches to patient care.