Clinics and Practice

During the last couple of critical years, worldwide, there have been more than 550 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including more than 6 million deaths (reported by the WHO); with respect to these cases, several vaccines, mainly mRNA vaccines, seem to prevent and protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hypothesize that oxidative stress is one of the key factors playing an important role in both the generation and development of various kinds of disease, as well as antibody generation, as many biological paths can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cellular activities can be modulated when ROS/antioxidant balance is interrupted. A pilot study was conducted in two stages during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 involving 222 participants between the ages of 26 and 66 years. ROS levels were measured before an after vaccination in the blood samples of 20 individuals who were vaccinated with two doses of mRNA vaccine, and an increase in ROS levels was observed after the first dose, with no modifications observed until the day before the second vaccination dose. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed between time points 3 and 4 (before and after second dose), when participants were vaccinated for the second time, and ROS levels decreased from 21,758 to 17,580 a.u. In the second stage, blood was collected from 28 participants 45 days after COVID-19 infection (Group A), from 131 participants 45 days after receiving two doses of mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 (Group B), and from 13 healthy individuals as a control group (Group C). Additionally, antibodies levels were measured in all groups to investigate a possible correlation with ROS levels. A strong negative correlation was found between free radicals and disease antibodies in Group A (r = −0.45, p = 0.001), especially in the male subgroup (r = −0.88, p = 0.001), as well as in the female subgroup (r = −0.24, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant correlation (only a negative trend) was found with antibodies derived from vaccination in Group B (r = −0.01), and a negative trend was observed in the female subgroup, whereas a positive trend was observed in the male subgroup. Full article

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune illness that manifests mostly as chronic, symmetric, and progressive polyarthritis with a global frequency of 0.3–1.0%. RA is a disease that affects people all over the world. In India, the prevalence is estimated to be 0.7%, with around 10 million persons suffering from RA. Most people with rheumatoid arthritis experience fatigue on most days, with over 70% experiencing symptoms similar to chronic fatigue syndrome. Patients rate fatigue as a top priority and believe this unmanageable symptom is ignored by clinicians; a systematic review shows the biological agents for RA inflammation have only a small effect on fatigue. Fatigue predicts and reduces the quality of life, and it is as difficult to cope with as pain. Physicians have traditionally concentrated on the inflammatory aspects of the illness (e.g., synovitis), whereas RA patients have prioritized pain, exhaustion, sleep difficulties, and other quality-of-life issues. Aims and Objectives: The basic aim of the study was to access the incidence of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis and evaluate its impact on the quality of life in these patients using the MAF scale (multidimensional assessment of fatigue) after prior permission for the first time in an Asian population. Results: A total of 140 subjects and 100 controls were included in the study. Age was closely matched between the study subjects and controls. Among study subjects with the disease, 94 (67%) had a disease duration ≤ 5 years, 26 (19%) had a disease duration between 6–10 years, 10 (7%) had a duration of 11–15 years and 10 (7%) had >10 years disease duration. Among the sample, 31 (25%) study subjects had a DAS score ≤ 4.0, 63 (50%) study subjects had a DAS score (disease activity score) between 4.01 and 6.0, and in the remaining 31 (25%) study subjects, the DAS score was >6.0. The mean DAS score among study subjects was 4.96, and the study subjects had a mean activity of daily living (ADL) score of 11.64; controls had a mean score of 2.42 with a statistically significant p-value. The global fatigue index was higher in study subjects, with a mean of 33.16 in contrast with a mean of 14.41 in the controls with a significant p-value. Conclusion: Our study fatigue was a persistent problem, despite treatment. The median level of fatigue experienced by study subjects with RA was high. Therefore, as persistent fatigue is associated with functional loss, fatigue in RA remains an ‘unmet need’ and continues to be ignored by clinicians. Full article

It is an acknowledged fact that SARS-CoV-2 exhibits tropism for the human placenta. A possible mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, which are expressed in trophoblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. The present study describes a case of spontaneous miscarriage in the 20th gestational week after maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. The placenta and various fetal organs were examined for structural alterations and expression of the viral nucleocapsid protein and several immune cell markers via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histopathological examination of the placenta revealed acute chorioamnionitis, acute subamnionic placentitis, multiple intervillous thrombi, increased fibrinoid deposition, and necrotic changes of the chorionic villi. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein regions predominantly in the syncytiotrophoblast. Staining of the placental tissue for different markers helped elucidate the distribution of immune cells. Pathomorphological examination of the fetal organs demonstrated changes in microcirculation with the presence of sludge phenomenon and diapedesis haemorrhages, mostly in the lungs, brain, and myocardium. IHC staining of fetal organs revealed expression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, which was detected to the highest extent in the brain, lungs, and liver. The findings of the present report support the hypothesis of possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus. Full article

With the increasing global burden of dyslipidemia over the past 30 years, it is estimated that more than 200 million people worldwide are under statin therapy. In India, roughly 25–30% of urban populations and 15–20% of rural populations have abnormal lipid levels. Statin, which is deemed to be the gold standard lipid-lowering agent, is the first treatment of choice for these patients. Although statins at one end are highly effective against dyslipidemiaand cardiovascular diseases, at the other end, they cause adverse effects including an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to understand the coexistence of diabetes and dyslipidemia in patients undergoing statin therapy. A scoping review was conducted with published articles selected from PubMed and Google Scholar. The obtained results were filtered based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Our database search provided a total of 822 articles, of which 48 were selected for this review, with results concluding that statin users are potentially at a greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus compared with patients who are not using statins. Although many studies have been conducted to ascertain the onset of diabetes mellitus amongst statin users, the exact mechanism is not yet precisely established. Future studies are essential for identifying the exact cause of diabetes mellitus in statin users. Full article

Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, has been shown to bind to late sodium channels in mice cardiomyocytes. We sought to investigate the electrocardiographic (ECG) features associated with empagliflozin use in patients with diabetes mellitus. We compared ECG features of 101 patients before and after initiation of empagliflozin and found that empagliflozin was associated with a significant increase in QRS duration among diabetes patients with heart failure. Full article

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic may have affected the quality of clinical consultations. The objective was to use 10 proposed quality indicator questions to assess outpatient consultation quality; to assess whether the recent shift to telemedicine during the pandemic has affected consultation quality; and to determine whether consultation quality is associated with satisfaction and consultation outcome. A cross-sectional study was used to survey clinicians and patients after outpatient consultations (1 February to 31 March 2021). The consultation quality score (CQS) was the sum of ‘yes’ responses to the survey questions. In total, 78% (538/690) of consultations conducted were assessed by a patient, clinician, or both. Patient survey response rate was 60% (415/690) and clinician 42% (291/690). Face-to-face consultations had a greater CQS than telephone (patients and clinicians < 0.001). A greater CQS was associated with higher overall satisfaction (clinicians log-odds: 0.77 ± 0.52, p = 0.004; patients log-odds: 1.35 ± 0.57, p < 0.001) and with definitive consultation outcomes (clinician log-odds: 0.44 ± 0.36, p = 0.03). In conclusion, consultation quality is assessable; the shift to telemedicine has negatively impacted consultation quality; and high-quality consultations are associated with greater satisfaction and definitive consultation outcome decisions. Full article

New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in older patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although many comorbidities are associated with NOAF, the effect of anemia on the onset of atrial fibrillation is still unknown. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that anemia is associated with an increased risk of developing NOAF in critically ill patients in intensive care. We performed a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients who underwent routine hemoglobin and electrocardiography monitoring in the ICU. Receiver operating characteristics analysis determined the hemoglobin (Hb) value that triggered NOAF formation. Bivariate correlation was used to determine the relationship between anemia and NOAF. The incidence of NOAF was 9.9% in the total population, and 12.8% in the patient group with anemia. Analysis of 1931 patients revealed a negative association between anemia and the development of NOAF in the ICU. The stimulatory Hb cut-off value for the formation of NOAF was determined as 9.64 g/dL. Anemia is associated with the development of NOAF in critically ill patients in intensive care. Full article

(1) Background: Foster Kennedy syndrome (FKS) is an ophthalmological condition characterized by an insidious reduction in vision in one eye, accompanied by clinically significant papilledema in the fellow eye. The unilateral loss of vision and optic atrophy is due to compressive optic atrophy, which causes elevated intracranial pressure that leads to swelling in the fellow eye. The risk factors for FKS include the presence of mass lesions in radiographic imaging, female gender, and increased body mass index. Differential diagnoses of FKS include tumors and pseudotumor of the frontal lobe and cranial meninges. (2) Methods: We present two cases of FKS diagnosed in February 2021 and December 2021. (3) Results: A 52-year-old male with a history of poor vision in one eye after trauma complained of constant headache. Ocular examination revealed disc pallor in his right eye with disc edema in the contralateral eye. The patient was sent for computerized tomography (CT) and placed on oral prednisolone tablets. The CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of FKS. A 30-year-old female presented to the emergency department for poor vision in her left eye and headache on the left side. Medication included dexamethasone, chloramphenicol, timolol eyedrops, furosemide, and anti-oxidant tablets dispensed from a previous private eye clinic. Ophthalmoscopy showed disc pallor with 0.1 cupping and arteriolar attenuation in both eyes with macular hemorrhages in her left eye. Bilateral papilledema secondary to raised intracranial hyper-tension was suspected. CT scans showed an intracranial mass. (4) Conclusions: These two cases show the importance of ocular examination in the diagnosis of serious systemic conditions. A concise case history, extensive ocular workup, and cranial imaging with magnetic resonance imaging and/or CT scans are indicative of patients showing acute visual loss and retro-orbital pain, which can give rise to the diagnosis of sight-threatening, permanent and fatal conditions, such as FKS. Non-surgical treatments include oral steroidal therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy; however, neurosurgery is normally required. Full article

(1) Background: Quality of life (QOL) is used as a health indicator to assess the effectiveness and impact of therapies in certain groups of patients. This study aimed to analyze the QOL of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who received medical treatment by a public or private health care system. (2) Methods: This observational, prospective, longitudinal study was carried out in four referral hospitals providing cardiology services in Sergipe, Brazil. QoL was evaluated using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. The volunteers were divided into two groups (public or private health care group) according to the type of health care provided. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate QoL at 180 days after ACS. (3) Results: A total of 581 patients were eligible, including 44.1% and 55.9% for public and private health care, respectively. At 180 days after ACS, the public health care group had lower QoL scores for all domains (functional capacity, physical aspects, pain, general health status, vitality, social condition, emotional profile, and health) (p < 0.05) than the private group. The highest QoL level was associated with male sex (p < 0.05) and adherence to physical activity (p ≤ 0.003) for all assessed domains. (4) Conclusions: This shows that social factors and health status disparities influence QoL after ACS in Sergipe. Full article

Despite the increasing interest in clinical practice in sexual dysfunction (SD) and the related relevance of psychological outcomes for young people, this area has been neglected in scientific scenarios. This study aims to draw on recent scientific findings and propose future research perspectives on the risk factors, diagnostic issues, and therapies that address SD for the under-40 age category, with particular attention paid to various psychological aspects. A literature search was conducted on studies published between March 2011 and March 2021. Anxiety, depression, and relational conflicts can both cause and affect sexual dysfunction. Psychological interventions have also proved to be important to organic causes; however, no review has found either sex education programs or multidisciplinary therapies. A multidisciplinary approach involving medical doctors and psychologists (trained in psychosexology) would improve not only the recognition of disorders through organic and psychogenic symptoms, but also treatment effectiveness. Full article

Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa (URP) is a rare retinal dystrophy. We describe the clinical course of two patients with (URP) unilateral retinitis pigmentosa confirmed by genetic testing, indicating ciliary dysfunction. Methods: The methods used in this study included a detailed ophthalmic examination, multimodal retinal imaging, Goldmann visual fields, full-field electroretinography (ffERG) and targeted next-generation sequencing. Results: A 32-year-old female (patient 1) and 65-year-old male (patient 2) were found to have URP. ffERG showed a non-recordable response in the affected eye and a response within normal limits in the fellow eye of patient 1, while patient 2 showed non-recordable responses in the apparently unaffected eye and a profound reduction in the photopic and scotopic responses in the affected eye. Next-generation sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous c.373 C>T (p.Arg125Trp) and c.730-22_730-19dup variants in AGBL5 in patient 1, and a novel hemizygous c.1286 C>T (p.Pro429Leu) in patient 2; both gene mutations were 0%. Segregation analysis was not possible for either of the mutations. Conclusion: This report expands the clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of URP. Full article

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine associated with azithromycin on the QTc interval in Gabonese patients treated for COVID-19. Methods: This was an observational study conducted from April to June 2020, at the Libreville University Hospital Center in Gabon. Patients admitted for COVID-19 and treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, each combined with azithromycin were included. The QTc interval was measured upon admission and 48 h after starting treatment. The primary endpoint was QTc prolongation exceeding 60 ms and/or a QTc value exceeding 500 ms at 48 h. Results: Data from 224 patients, 102 (45.5%) who received hydroxychloroquine and 122 treated with chloroquine, were analyzed. The median baseline QTc was 396 (369–419) ms. After 48 h of treatment, 50 (22.3%) patients had a significant prolongation of QTc. This tended to be more frequent in patients treated with chloroquine (n = 33; 27.0%) than in those treated with hydroxychloroquine (n = 17; 16.7%) (p = 0.06). QTc prolongation exceeding 60 ms was found in 48 (21.3%) patients, while 11 patients had a (4.9%) QTc exceeding 60 ms at admission and exceeding 500 ms after 48 h. Conclusion: Early QTc prolongation is frequent in COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in association with azithromycin. Full article

Quality is a multidimensional issue involving various features that depend on service performance and personal assessment. Clarifying the concept of quality is essential in order to further facilitate the understanding and improvement of quality in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to investigate how clinical nurses, providing care to adult medical patients, perceive and define the concept of quality nursing care. A descriptive qualitative research design was applied. A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit nurses from the clinical sector of a general public hospital in Athens, Greece. Ten female nurses from the medical sector participated the study. Data collection was conducted through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the verbatim data. Four categories were revealed from the data analysis, namely: (a) “Quality care is holistic care”, (b) “Good care is an interpersonal issue”, (c) “Leadership is crucial”, and (d) “Best care is our responsibility”. Quality care was defined as holistic care, addressing all patient needs with competency and aiming for the best patient outcomes. It was associated with communication, teamwork, good leadership, and personal commitment. By developing an in-depth and mutual understanding about what quality means, nurse leaders and practitioners may collaborate in finding common paths to support quality interventions and enhance quality nursing care in clinical practice. Full article

Diabetic retinopathy is a vascular disease of the retina that affects patients with uncontrolled diabetes. Untreated diabetic retinopathy (DR) can eventually lead to blindness. To date, diabetic retinopathy is the third leading cause of vision loss in the working class globally. Frequent retinal screening for all diabetic people is an effective method of preventing diabetic retinopathy blindness. This has relied on the use of ophthalmologists, but due to scarce resources, such as a shortage of human resources for eye health, this has denied many patients quality eye health care in a resource-limited setting. The recent advances on the use of teleophthalmology are promising to close this gap. This study aimed to map available evidence on the use of teleophthalmology in the screening of DR globally and to explore how this can be used to complement short-staffed eye clinics, especially in resource-constrained contexts. Studies were sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and EBSCO host. The final study selection was presented using a PRISMA chart. The mixed method appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the nine studies included. The random effect model was used to estimate pooled prevalence estimates. Levels of heterogeneity were evaluated using Cochran’s Q statistic and I². Of nine included studies, eight were from high-income countries. The screening was performed at the primary healthcare level in eight of nine included studies. Only one study used a mydriatic agent, and the commonly used fundus camera was the non-mydriatic fundus camera. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of DR was 29 (95%CI: 10–34). Teleophthalmology at the primary health care level showed that early intervention in diabetic retinopathy reduced avoidable blindness and ensured remote access to eye health professionals, thus alleviating the burden on them. Full article

Lumboperitoneal shunt (LPS) implantation is a cerebrospinal fluid diversion therapy for the communicating type of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH); NPH mainly affects older adults. However, endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation with muscle relaxant increases perioperative and postoperative risks for this population. Based on knowledge from nonintubated thoracoscopic surgery, which has been widely performed in recent years, we describe a novel application of nonintubated anesthesia for LPS implantation in five patients. Anesthesia without muscle relaxants, with a laryngeal mask in one patient and a high-flow nasal cannula in four patients, was used to maintain spontaneous breathing during the surgery. The mean anesthesia time was 103.8 min, and the mean operative duration was 55.8 min. All patients recovered from anesthesia uneventfully. In our experience, nonintubated LPS surgery appears to be a promising and safe surgical technique for appropriately selected patients with NPH. Full article

Background: Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Questionnaire-32 (CUCQ-32) is a validated questionnaire to measure the quality of life (QoL) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). However, it does not have stoma-specific questions and can be lengthy. This study aimed to validate a subset of the CUCQ-32 that would be suitable for patients with a stoma. Methods: Baseline data were collected from a cohort of patients with acute ulcerative colitis who were participating in the CONSTRUCT multicentre clinical trial. A subset of the CUCQ-32 questions was selected by stepwise regression. Further validation was examined using data from the UK IBD biological therapies audit. Construct validity was carried out using the EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ5D) questionnaire, Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI), and the Harvey–Bradshaw Index (HBI). Results: Using the data from 124 patients, a short-version questionnaire (CUCQ-12) was developed. Data from 484 patients with IBD (382 patients with Crohn’s disease, 76 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 26 patients with IBD-Unclassified) and 61 patients with stoma provided further validation of the CUCQ-12. A literature review and an expert focus group identified supplementary stoma-specific questions for the CUCQ-12+. The CUCQ-12+ demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.86); established effective reproducibility (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.74); correlated well with the EQ5D (r= −0.48), HBI (r = 0.45), and SCCAI (r = 0.43); and represented good responsiveness statistics (>0.5). Conclusions: CUCQ-12+ is a valid and reliable QoL measure used for all patients with IBD in clinical practice, including patients with a stoma. Full article

Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is a frontal plane knee kinematic alteration that has been associated with patellofemoral pain (PFP) in female runners. DKV is commonly assessed in clinical practice by measuring frontal plane knee projection angle (FPPA) during squat tests. However, it remains unclear whether the DKV observed in these tests is similar to or correlates with that observed during running in female runners. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to correlate and compare DKV, by measuring FPPA values, in a lateral step-down (LSD) squat test and running in female runners with and without PFP. A two-dimensional (2D) video analysis of the LSD test and running was carried out for 21 asymptomatic female runners and 17 PFP female runners in order to determine FPPA values. A Pearson correlation test and a factorial ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction were used for statistical analysis. The FPPAs recorded in the LSD test were significantly higher than those recorded during running in the asymptomatic (16.32° ± 5.38 vs. 4.02° ± 3.26, p < 0.01) and PFP groups (17.54° ± 7.25 vs. 4.64° ± 3.62, p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in FPPA values between asymptomatic and PFP runners during the LSD test (16.32° ± 5.38 vs. 17.54° ± 7.25, p = 0.55) and running (4.02° ± 3.26 vs. 4.64° ± 3.62, p = 0.58). There was a small (r < 0.3) and non-significant (p > 0.05) correlation in FPPAs between the LSD test and running in both groups. According to our results, DKV was not similar during the LSD test and running, and there was no significant correlation in FPPA values between the LSD test and running in both groups. Therefore, clinicians and therapists should be aware of these findings when using the LSD test in clinical practice to evaluate DKV in female runners with or without PFP. Full article

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Surgery remains the best option to treat lung cancer when feasible. However, many cases are diagnosed beyond the initial stages. There has been tremendous progress in the treatment of lung cancer over the last few years. Studies have shown that biomarker-driven targeted therapies lead to better outcomes. Due to the technical difficulties and significant procedural risk associated with repeated tissue biopsies, analysis of tumor constituents circulating in the blood, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and various proteins, is becoming more widely recognized as an alternative method of tumor sampling, i.e., liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsy is superior to tissue biopsy, as it is minimally invasive and easily repeatable. Given the recent data on changes in mutations as the disease progresses or responds to treatment, liquid biopsies can help monitor the changes and guide us in giving targeted drugs. Here we present a case of advanced NSCLC who was initially started on Alectinib based on positivity for ALK gene rearrangement found in the FISH study. At the time of progression, molecular profiling liquid biopsy was obtained, which revealed KRAS-p.G12C mutation. Thus, the patient’s therapy was later on changed to sotorasib after the FDA approved a KRAS-p.G12C mutation inhibitor. Full article

Objective: The objective of this study is to further highlight the differences between different ABO blood groups and Rhesus types with health biomarkers. Methods: In total 150 active healthy blood donors participated in our study comprising of 80 males from 19–61 years and 70 females aged from 21 to 64. Participants carrying blood group A were 55 individuals, blood group B 32, blood group O 51, and blood group AB 12, RHD+ 132, and RHD- 18. All the volunteer regular blood donors were selected recognizing them as a healthy population excluding drug and supplements intake. Their blood samples were analyzed just before blood donation for biochemical, hematological, and antioxidant markers. Statistical computations were performed using the SPSS tool, specifically, the one-way ANOVA test, Chi-square statistics, and logistic regression were used as statistical models. Results: O blood donors presented better iron absorption and the worst lipid profile. Indeed, a significant trend of high atheromatic index values revealed an increased risk for hyperlipidemia, in contrast with blood group A presenting a better lipid profile with lower atheromatic index values. There was also a gender related association for blood group A compared with O that was further highlighted using binary logistic regression. Conclusion: In this study, a significant difference was observed among the ABO blood groups in several of the examined biochemical and hematological biomarkers. O blood group appeared different behavior in comparison to all the tested blood groups and furthermore the RHD-group presented a better lipid profile in comparison to the RHD+ group. In order to obtain a more comprehensive view of the correlation between the ABO blood group and biochemical markers, further studies are required. Full article