Journal Description
Behavioral Sciences
Behavioral Sciences
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, behavioral biology and behavioral genetics published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SSCI (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, PsycInfo, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Psychology, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q2 (Development)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 28.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: International Journal of Cognitive Sciences
Impact Factor:
2.5 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2023)
Latest Articles
Loss and Grief Among Bereaved Family Members During COVID-19 in Brazil: A Grounded Theory Analysis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060829 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in countless losses around the world, profoundly affecting the lives of many people, especially those who faced the death of family members, bringing several negative repercussions to these families and constraining the experience of grief. This study aimed
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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in countless losses around the world, profoundly affecting the lives of many people, especially those who faced the death of family members, bringing several negative repercussions to these families and constraining the experience of grief. This study aimed to understand the experience of loss and grief among bereaved individuals who lost family members during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study was guided by Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory as a methodological framework. The study adhered to the Criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) checklist. Data collection took place between May and November 2023 through telephone interviews that were audio-recorded and later transcribed in full. The purposive sample consisted of 21 bereaved family members who had lost their loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were mainly female (n = 16) with a mean age of 55.5 (SD = 16.2). The loss of their family members occurred 12 to 24 months before data collection. The following central phenomenon was identified through the analytical process: “Family experience of loss and grief: between the unspoken goodbye and post-loss adjustment”. This was anchored in the following three categories: (1) Anguish and fear of the unknown; (2) Death by COVID-19—communication of death and lack of goodbyes; and (3) (Re)construction of meaning—support networks and the grieving process. Our findings recommend that policymakers allocate additional resources to grief support services to better prepare for future pandemic events. Furthermore, it is necessary to invest in the implementation of relevant training programs for healthcare professionals, with a family centered approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clinical Interventions on Grief)
Open AccessArticle
Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in a Sample of Incarcerated Men
by
Bárbara Maia, Ana Rita Cruz and Olga Cunha
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060828 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to a higher risk of criminal behaviour, while positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may offer a protective effect by mitigating the negative impact of ACEs. Both ACEs and PCEs play a significant role in shaping emotional regulation. However,
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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to a higher risk of criminal behaviour, while positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may offer a protective effect by mitigating the negative impact of ACEs. Both ACEs and PCEs play a significant role in shaping emotional regulation. However, research on the influence of PCEs within incarcerated populations remains limited. This study aimed to examine the associations between ACEs, PCEs, and emotional regulation difficulties in a prison sample, and to explore whether PCEs moderate the relationship between ACEs and emotional regulation difficulties in adulthood. The analysis considered both the overall emotional regulation difficulties score and its specific dimensions—strategies, non-acceptance, impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity. The study included 283 men, with a mean age of 40.03 (SD = 11.64), ranging from 19 to 84 years, who were incarcerated in seven prisons in northern Portugal. Data were collected using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale—Short Form. The results revealed statistically significant positive correlations between ACEs and overall emotional regulation difficulties, as well as with nearly all subscales (strategies, impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity). Conversely, PCEs were significantly negatively correlated with overall emotional regulation difficulties and most subscales (impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity). However, PCEs did not moderate the relationship between ACEs and emotional regulation difficulties. These findings may be influenced by the characteristics of the sample, highlighting the need for further research—preferably longitudinal studies—to better assess the potential moderating role of PCEs. Such research could enhance the effectiveness of prevention and intervention strategies for incarcerated populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional and Behavioral Outcomes of Adverse and Traumatic Experiences Among Justice-Involved Individuals: Future Directions for Treatment)
Open AccessReview
Individual Factors in Acculturation: An Overview of Key Dimensions
by
Ankica Kosic
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060827 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
This paper explores the influence of personality and individual factors on the acculturation process, providing a comprehensive overview of key concepts and theoretical frameworks. It organizes these factors into distinct categories, including personality traits, emotional, motivational, and cognitive aspects, identity, and self-concept. By
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This paper explores the influence of personality and individual factors on the acculturation process, providing a comprehensive overview of key concepts and theoretical frameworks. It organizes these factors into distinct categories, including personality traits, emotional, motivational, and cognitive aspects, identity, and self-concept. By examining how each of these dimensions contributes to the way individuals navigate cultural adaptation, this paper sheds light on the complex and multifaceted nature of acculturation. The insights presented emphasize the importance of understanding individual differences in predicting acculturation outcomes and highlight the role of personal factors in shaping the adaptation process.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Psychological Determinants of Acculturation)
Open AccessArticle
A Network Analysis of Health Care Access and Behavioral/Mental Health in Hispanic Children and Adolescents
by
Isis Garcia-Rodriguez, Samuel J. West, Camila Tirado, Cindy Hernandez Castro, Lisa Fuentes, Paul B. Perrin and Oswaldo A. Moreno
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060826 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
Hispanic youth have one of the highest rates of unmet physical and mental health needs. This study aims to examine how child and adolescent healthcare access creates pathways to behavioral/mental health among a national sample of 1711 U.S. Hispanic youth. Using psychometric network
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Hispanic youth have one of the highest rates of unmet physical and mental health needs. This study aims to examine how child and adolescent healthcare access creates pathways to behavioral/mental health among a national sample of 1711 U.S. Hispanic youth. Using psychometric network analysis, unique pathways in which child healthcare access (i.e., transportation and health service-related factors) and behavioral/mental health were identified. Findings indicate relationships among depression, anxiety, school settings, and friendships. These associations offer a starting point for interventionists and policymakers to ensure that interventions are not targeted individually but from an ecological systems framework. This study may raise awareness of Hispanic youth’s barriers and better equip scientists to plan and implement approaches to address identified barriers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intersectionality and Health Disparities: A Behavioral Perspective)
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Open AccessArticle
Developing the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) for Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Dysfunctional Emotion Regulation in the Effect of Irrational Beliefs on Public Speaking Anxiety
by
Sezai Demir and Mustafa Onur Kan
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060825 - 16 Jun 2025
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Public speaking anxiety, which is closely related to social anxiety, is a crucial factor in the development of adolescents. It affects their ability to regulate their emotions and irrational beliefs, which in turn shapes their relationships and academic success. The purpose of this
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Public speaking anxiety, which is closely related to social anxiety, is a crucial factor in the development of adolescents. It affects their ability to regulate their emotions and irrational beliefs, which in turn shapes their relationships and academic success. The purpose of this present study is two-fold: (a) to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for public speaking anxiety for adolescents, and (b) to determine the mediating role of dysfunctional emotion regulation on the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety. To achieve this, data were collected through face-to-face interviews from a total of 1231 adolescent students, including 642 girls (age, = 14.96) and 589 boys ( = 14.99), aged between 12 and 17 years old in five stages. Data collection was based on the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) (developed in the current study), the Irrational Beliefs Scale (IBS), the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Data were analysed through SPSS, AMOS, JAMOVI, G-POWER and Microsoft Excel programmes. This study concludes that the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) has demonstrated both valid and reliable psychometric properties. The findings of this study further reveal that internal dysfunctional emotion regulation plays a partial mediating role in the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety, and that external dysfunctional emotion regulation, on the contrary, did not have a mediating role in the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety.
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Open AccessArticle
The Role of Stereotypes in Jurors’ Indian Status Determinations and Guilt Decisions
by
Kimberly Schweitzer and Dan Lewerenz
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060824 - 16 Jun 2025
Abstract
In the United States, courts say a jury must determine whether a defendant is an Indian subject to federal jurisdiction; however, jurors are provided little guidance regarding what to consider in their Indian status determinations. Given the jurisdictional and legal defense implications Indian
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In the United States, courts say a jury must determine whether a defendant is an Indian subject to federal jurisdiction; however, jurors are provided little guidance regarding what to consider in their Indian status determinations. Given the jurisdictional and legal defense implications Indian status decisions have, we tested whether jurors consider two easily accessible potential indicators of Indian race: appearance and name. We examined whether mock jurors’ (N = 825) stereotypes of Indians influenced their determinations of whether a defendant is an Indian and whether that defendant is guilty of the crime alleged using a fully crossed 3 (defendant photo Indian stereotypicality: high, low, and none) × 3 (defendant name Indian stereotypicality: high, low, and none) between-participants design, controlling for participants’ feelings toward Indians as a group and internal and external motivations to respond without prejudice. In general, neither the defendant’s name nor photo stereotypicality predicted Indian status determinations, but jurors who thought the defendant was an Indian were more likely to find the defendant guilty. Thus, mock jurors consider factors other than the defendant’s name and appearance when deciding whether the defendant is Indian, but if the defendant is considered Indian, mock jurors are more likely to find the defendant guilty.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognitive Processes in Legal Decision Making)
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Open AccessReview
Examining the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Decision-Making: A Scoping Review
by
Felix Agyapong-Opoku, Nadine Agyapong-Opoku and Belinda Agyapong
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060823 - 16 Jun 2025
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Sleep deprivation (SD) is known to impair cognitive functions, and its effect on vigilance and concentration has been explored extensively. However, its effect on the decision-making ability has been researched to a lesser extent. With varying methodologies and conflicting findings in the literature,
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Sleep deprivation (SD) is known to impair cognitive functions, and its effect on vigilance and concentration has been explored extensively. However, its effect on the decision-making ability has been researched to a lesser extent. With varying methodologies and conflicting findings in the literature, the effect of SD on decision-making remains complex and inconsistent. Given the critical implications for fields where decision-making is essential, such as medicine, understanding the impact of SD on this cognitive process is crucial. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature on the effects of SD on decision-making, identify research trends, and highlight inconsistencies to provide implications for practice and research. The review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases searched include APA Psych, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and PubMed. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed studies from 2014 onward, exploring the impact of SD on decision-making across various tasks and designs. The final selection included 25 articles, representing 2276 participants. The review may suggest that SD, whether partial or total, impairs decision-making ability, with many studies reporting increased risky decisions. The severity of impairment varied based on the type of decision-making task and the duration of SD. However, a few studies reported insignificant effects, particularly in economic decision-making tasks. Moderating factors, such as gender and the origin of sleep loss (voluntary vs. involuntary), were also identified as influential. Sleep deprivation commonly impairs the decision-making ability, with significant implications for high-stakes professions. However, the variability in findings suggests a need for further research into the moderating factors. The review underscores the importance of adequate sleep for cognitive function and the need for policies that mitigate the risks of SD in critical decision-making environments.
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Open AccessArticle
How Autonomy Support Sustains Emotional Engagement in College Physical Education: A Longitudinal Study
by
Qifei Xia, Shu Xuan, Tingxiao Zhang and Bobo Zong
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060822 - 15 Jun 2025
Abstract
Traditional educational models and assessment tools have neglected the motivation and sustainability of students’ emotional engagement in physical education classes. The impact of self-support on emotional engagement in physical education classes and its underlying mechanisms remain under-explored. The present study was a 6-month
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Traditional educational models and assessment tools have neglected the motivation and sustainability of students’ emotional engagement in physical education classes. The impact of self-support on emotional engagement in physical education classes and its underlying mechanisms remain under-explored. The present study was a 6-month longitudinal study of 718 college students at two universities in a remote area of southern Shaanxi Province, China. The study aimed to examine the effects of autonomy support on affective engagement in physical education classes and to analyze the longitudinal mediating roles of self-acceptance and academic self-efficacy. The study found that physical education teacher support and parental autonomy support significantly promoted college students’ emotional engagement in physical education classes. Chained longitudinal mediation analyses indicated that self-acceptance and academic self-efficacy played chained mediating roles in promoting college students’ affective engagement in physical education classes in different supportive environments. This study transcends a static, cross-sectional research perspective, validates and extends self-determination theory, and promotes affective engagement in physical education learning through different autonomy supports that enhance the development of self-acceptance and academic self-efficacy in college students, providing a reference for enhancing physical education teaching and learning and improving the quality of teaching and learning.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Advances in Physical Education and Sport Teaching (2nd Edition))
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Open AccessArticle
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Depression Among Emergency Medicine Interns: Results from a National Longitudinal Cohort Study
by
Carrie Bissell, Lauren Fowler, Destiny Folk and Cortlyn Brown
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060821 - 15 Jun 2025
Abstract
To explore the prevalence of depression among emergency medicine (EM) interns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Intern Health Study is a national longitudinal cohort study examining mental health among interns across various specialties. In this secondary analysis, we focused specifically on
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To explore the prevalence of depression among emergency medicine (EM) interns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Intern Health Study is a national longitudinal cohort study examining mental health among interns across various specialties. In this secondary analysis, we focused specifically on EM interns from 2008 to 2022. Participants completed a baseline survey before their intern year and quarterly surveys throughout their intern year. Depression severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9), with scores of 10 or higher indicating moderate-to-severe depression. In total, 1956 EM interns from 160 programs completed all PHQ9 surveys. PHQ9 scores at baseline (start of the intern year) were significantly lower prior to the COVID-19 pandemic compared to during it (p < 0.001). PHQ9 scores at month 9 were significantly higher during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.05) compared to pre-COVID-19 pandemic interns at month 9. One-way ANOVA comparing pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 differences in PHQ9 from baseline to the end of intern year revealed a significant difference, with during COVID-19 differences being significantly less than pre-COVID-19. There was no significant difference in the proportion of interns with PHQ9 scores greater than 10 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the mental health of EM interns, with higher baseline depression scores observed during the pandemic. However, the smaller change in depression severity over the intern year during the pandemic suggests a complex interplay of factors that warrants further investigation. Our study is the first to examine depression among EM interns during the COVID-19 pandemic using a large, multi-year sample, providing a unique and comprehensive analysis of how the pandemic impacted mental health in this high-risk group. Unlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes, our research offers robust, generalizable insights into the trends and severity of depression in EM interns, highlighting the critical need for ongoing mental health support in medical training.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout and Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers)
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Fostering Empathy Through Play: The Impact of Far From Home on University Staff’s Understanding of International Students
by
Shuanghui Sofia Shan and Sam Illingworth
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060820 - 14 Jun 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the potential of Far From Home, a non-digital board game, as an innovative tool for fostering empathy among university staff towards international students. International students face multifaceted challenges—linguistic barriers, cultural dissonance, and systemic inequities—yet traditional staff training often fails
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This study investigates the potential of Far From Home, a non-digital board game, as an innovative tool for fostering empathy among university staff towards international students. International students face multifaceted challenges—linguistic barriers, cultural dissonance, and systemic inequities—yet traditional staff training often fails to cultivate the perspective-taking required for meaningful support. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analysed data from 82 participants across 10 game sessions, including surveys (n = 27), recorded gameplay observations, and semi-structured interviews (n = 6). Thematic analysis explored how role-playing as student avatars and collaborative problem-solving influenced staff empathy. The results demonstrated the game’s effectiveness in bridging cultural gaps, with participants reporting a heightened awareness of structural barriers and reduced stereotyping. Notably, the emergent findings suggested a “contrast commitment” effect, where witnessing biassed behaviours reinforced staff’s dedication to equitable practices. This study advocates for game-based training as a complement to existing programmes, with future research needed to assess longitudinal impacts. Potential applications include adapting the framework for other marginalised student groups and institutional contexts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Game-Based Learning)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Social–Emotional and Educational Needs of Higher Education Students with High Abilities: A Systematic Review
by
Marianne Nannings, Marjolijn van Weerdenburg, Petrie J. A. C. van der Zanden and Lianne Hoogeveen
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060819 - 14 Jun 2025
Abstract
Students with high intellectual abilities in higher education face a significant risk of underachievement due to a range of influencing factors. This systematic review explored their social–emotional and educational needs and examined interventions aimed at addressing both these needs and underachievement. A systematic
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Students with high intellectual abilities in higher education face a significant risk of underachievement due to a range of influencing factors. This systematic review explored their social–emotional and educational needs and examined interventions aimed at addressing both these needs and underachievement. A systematic literature search of a total of 118 records identified 20 social–emotional and 26 educational needs, organized into six overarching categories, illustrating the complex challenges these students face. Of the 42 records investigating an intervention, 38 focused on students directly, three on student advisors and one on teachers. While most interventions addressed multiple student needs, none fully integrated social–emotional and educational aspects. Ultimately, 17 studies examined underachievement, but only 5 implemented an intervention to reduce it. These findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to effectively support higher education students with high abilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Emotional Development of Gifted and Talented Individuals in a Rapidly Changing World)
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Open AccessArticle
Psychosocial Profiles of Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Influencing PrEP Acceptability: A Latent Profile Analysis
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Anthony J. Gifford, Rusi Jaspal, Bethany A. Jones and Daragh T. McDermott
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060818 - 14 Jun 2025
Abstract
Despite the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United Kingdom (UK), uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains inconsistent, signalling a persistent ‘PrEP Gap’. Empirical studies show the important role of psychosocial factors (e.g., stigma, identity, trust in science,
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Despite the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United Kingdom (UK), uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains inconsistent, signalling a persistent ‘PrEP Gap’. Empirical studies show the important role of psychosocial factors (e.g., stigma, identity, trust in science, and sexual behaviours) in PrEP acceptability and uptake. This study aimed to identify subgroups of MSM in the UK based on psychosocial predictors of PrEP acceptability. A cross-sectional survey of MSM (N = 500) was conducted between June and September 2023. Participants completed validated measures assessing identity resilience, internalised homonegativity, LGBTQ+ connectedness, trust in science, NHS perceptions, HIV stigma, PrEP self-efficacy, condom self-efficacy, sociosexual orientation, perceived HIV risk, and PrEP acceptability. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to identify distinct subgroups based on these psychosocial dimensions. Four psychosocial profiles were defined: (1) PrEP Ambivalent (15%); (2) PrEP Accepting (36.2%); (3) PrEP Hesitant (37%); and (4) PrEP Rejecting (11.8%). These profiles provide evidence for varied combinations of personal and structural factors influencing PrEP acceptability. PrEP acceptability among MSM in the UK is shaped by distinct psychosocial configurations, influenced by identity, stigma, trust, and perceived risk. These findings highlight the need for differentiated and targeted interventions for enhancing PrEP acceptability based on psychosocial profile. Audience segmentation strategies offer a promising pathway to bridge the awareness-to-engagement gap and address the nuanced barriers facing diverse subgroups within the MSM community.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychology of Sexual and Gender Diversity)
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Open AccessArticle
Shape of You: Eye-Tracking and Social Perceptions of the Human Body
by
Edward Morrison and Marianne Lanigan
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060817 - 14 Jun 2025
Abstract
Much research has considered how physical appearance affects the way people are judged, such as how body size affects judgements of attractiveness and health. Less research, however, has looked at visual attention during such judgements. We used eye-tracking to measure the gaze behaviour
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Much research has considered how physical appearance affects the way people are judged, such as how body size affects judgements of attractiveness and health. Less research, however, has looked at visual attention during such judgements. We used eye-tracking to measure the gaze behaviour of 32 participants (29 female) on male and female computer-generated bodies of different body mass index (BMI). Independent variables were sex and BMI of the model, area of interest of the body, and the judgement made (attractiveness, healthiness, and youthfulness). Dependent variables were the number and duration of fixations, and Likert ratings. Most visual attention was paid to the chest and midriff, but this pattern differed slightly depending on the judgement being made, and on the BMI of the body. The sex of the body also affected eye-gaze behaviour, possibly because most participants were female. The bodies at the lower end of healthy weight were judged most attractive and healthy, in line with previous research, but the lightest bodies were judged as most youthful. These results suggest that these social judgements cue similar but subtly different gaze behaviour, and broadly support the “health-and-fertility” hypothesis, that the most attractive bodies are those that indicate evolutionary fitness.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impression Formation and Decision Making)
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Open AccessArticle
Psychosocial Factors Influencing Resilience in a Sample of Victims of Armed Conflict in Colombia: A Quantitative Study
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Andrés Camargo, Rafael Vargas, Alexander Rincón-Rodríguez, Elena Jiménez and Martha Trujillo-Güiza
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060816 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
Background: This study examines the psychosocial factors influencing resilience in Colombian victims of armed conflict, highlighting the role of personal, family, and community resources in mitigating trauma. Resilience is a dynamic process that enables individuals and communities to adapt to adversity. Given Colombia’s
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Background: This study examines the psychosocial factors influencing resilience in Colombian victims of armed conflict, highlighting the role of personal, family, and community resources in mitigating trauma. Resilience is a dynamic process that enables individuals and communities to adapt to adversity. Given Colombia’s prolonged violence and forced displacement, trauma has significantly impacted both physical and emotional health. Methods: 200 adult conflict victims were recruited through snowball sampling and completed validated scales via a secure online platform. The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the APGAR Family Scale, and the Brief Resilience Coping Scale assessed resilience, social support, and psychological well-being. Results: Findings indicate that family support was strongly associated with higher resilience, with participants exhibiting higher family support scores (mean = 15.6, SD = 4.47) demonstrating significantly greater resilience (p < 0.001). Additionally, resilient coping strategies (Exp(B) = 0.772, p < 0.001) and higher subjective happiness (Exp(B) = 0.864, p = 0.001) were identified as key predictors of resilience. Significant correlations were found between resilience and mental health outcomes, with higher resilience linked to lower anxiety (ρ = −0.388, p < 0.001) and depression (ρ = −0.388, p < 0.001). Education, employment, and socioeconomic status also positively influenced resilience, with individuals with higher educational levels (χ2 = 21.265, p = 0.006) and income (χ2 = 8.945, p = 0.030) showing higher resilience scores. In contrast, alcohol consumption (Exp(B) = 0.813, p = 0.014) was negatively associated with resilience. Conclusions: This study shows that resilience in conflict victims is influenced by both individual and social factors. Strengthening family and community support, along with improving coping strategies, is essential for long-term recovery, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to enhance psychosocial well-being in affected populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
A Systematic Review on the Association Between Bilingualism and Theory of Mind in Adulthood
by
Rowena J. Xia and Brian W. Haas
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060815 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
Previous research on the relationship of bilingualism and theory of mind has largely focused on children. However, several recent studies of the theory of mind have found differences in theory of mind processing among older populations, namely adults. Given that language has been
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Previous research on the relationship of bilingualism and theory of mind has largely focused on children. However, several recent studies of the theory of mind have found differences in theory of mind processing among older populations, namely adults. Given that language has been found to play an important role in the successful theory of the mind task performance of adults, it is valuable to understand the relationship of the language ability of bilingualism and theory of mind in adults. The specific focus is on studies comparing monolinguals and bilinguals in a theory of mind assessment for an adult sample. In this systematic review, we reviewed and analyzed these studies and conducted a meta-analysis. Among the studies included for meta-analysis (k = 7), we found a significant small-to-medium effect size (d = 0.429, p < 0.0001), indicating a bilingual advantage among adults. A variety of different measures for theory of mind were included in these studies. More studies are required to better understand the relationship between multiple language processing and social cognition among adults to better understand this gap in the literature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Other Intentions: Merging Evidence on Theory of Mind across Various Research Areas)
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Open AccessReview
Ins and Outs of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Intervention in Promoting Social Communicative Abilities and Theory of Mind in Children and Adolescents with ASD: A Systematic Review
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Marco Esposito, Roberta Fadda, Orlando Ricciardi, Paolo Mirizzi, Monica Mazza and Marco Valenti
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060814 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
Social-communicative abilities and theory of mind (ToM) are crucial for successful social interactions. The developmental trajectories of social and communicative skills characterizing individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are rather complex and multidimensional, including components related to theory of mind. Due to its
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Social-communicative abilities and theory of mind (ToM) are crucial for successful social interactions. The developmental trajectories of social and communicative skills characterizing individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are rather complex and multidimensional, including components related to theory of mind. Due to its mentalistic nature, theory of mind has been rarely addressed as an outcome for Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) intervention in children and adolescents with ASD. However, there is evidence that ABA intervention might be effective in promoting social abilities in individuals with ASD. Thus, this topic is worth investigating. We present a systematic review to explore the Ins and Outs of an ABA approach to promote social and communicative abilities and ToM in children and adolescents with ASD. We applied a PRISMA checklist to consider studies published up to December 2024. The keywords that we used were ToM, perspective-taking, false belief, social cognition, and mental states, in combination with ABA intervention and ASD (up to age 18). We searched for studies using Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline. We included twenty studies on perspective-taking, identifying emotions, helping, detecting eye gazing, and social engagement, reviewing fifteen dedicated to teaching the interpretation of mental states (involving 49 children and 10 adolescents). The ToM was addressed with a multiple baseline design on target behaviors associated with ToM components such as identifying emotion, helping behaviors, and mental states. The intervention included a behavioral package consisting of Behavioral Skill Training, Derived Relations, video modeling, and role playing. The results indicated a significant number of participants who followed ABA intervention to promote social abilities and mastered the target behavior in ToM tasks; however, they showed maintenance and generalization issues across trials and settings. The role of predictors was highlighted. However, the studies are still rare and exhibit specific methodological limitations, as well as some clinical and ethical considerations. More research is needed to define best practices in ABA intervention to promote social abilities in individuals with ASD.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Other Intentions: Merging Evidence on Theory of Mind across Various Research Areas)
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Open AccessArticle
Childhood Sexual Abuse, Adult Attachment Styles, and Involvement in BDSM Practices in Adult Intimate Relationships
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Maja Selič and Vesna Jug
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060813 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the role of childhood sexual abuse in attachment styles and involvement in BDSM (bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, and sadomasochism) practices in adult intimate relationships. A model was built to test the predictive value of factors for involvement in
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This study aimed to examine the role of childhood sexual abuse in attachment styles and involvement in BDSM (bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, and sadomasochism) practices in adult intimate relationships. A model was built to test the predictive value of factors for involvement in BDSM practices. This study included 318 participants. Demographic data were collected and three questionnaires were used: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) identified past sexual abuse, the Adult Attachment Scale (RSQ) assessed attachment style in adulthood, and the Sadomasochism Checklist (SMCL) assessed interest in masochistic practices. The results show that childhood sexual abuse is associated with practicing and enjoying BDSM, positively with submissiveness, negatively with dominance, and positively with a composite score measuring both submissiveness and dominance. It is also linked to fearful and preoccupied attachment styles in adulthood, but not dismissive attachment. Men exhibit higher levels of submissiveness and dominance in BDSM compared to women. Older individuals are more inclined to engage in BDSM. Urban residents show higher involvement in BDSM compared to those in other environments. Homosexual or bisexual individuals in open relationships are more frequently involved in BDSM. These findings highlight the complexity of connections between past experiences, sexual preferences in BDSM, and secure attachment in intimate relationships.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychology of Sexual and Gender Diversity)
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Open AccessArticle
An Exploratory Network Analysis of Discussion Topics About Autism Across Subreddit Communities
by
Skylar DeWitt, Kendall Mills and Adam M. Briggs
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060812 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
Using an inductive computational approach, our present data exploration sought to use machine learning methodology to define and identify patterns and gain insight into autism-related discussions on Reddit across three different categories of subreddits: (a) individuals who self-identify as autistic, (b) parents of
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Using an inductive computational approach, our present data exploration sought to use machine learning methodology to define and identify patterns and gain insight into autism-related discussions on Reddit across three different categories of subreddits: (a) individuals who self-identify as autistic, (b) parents of individuals on the autism spectrum, and (c) behavior therapists. By doing so, we sought to review authentic autism-related discussions and identify important topics that emerged across these three demographic groups, including insights related to assessing and treating challenging behavior. Following basic and advanced preprocessing, our extraction resulted in 57 subreddits and 46,914 comments from autism spectrum subreddit members, 46 subreddits and 27,838 comments from parent subreddit members, and six subreddits with 3163 comments from behavior therapist subreddit members. Subsequent network analyses revealed interesting patterns of discussion within and across subreddit groups that may be used to inform support and resources, practice considerations, and future directions for research.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenging Behavior of Individuals with Autism and/or Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities)
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Open AccessArticle
Generative Artificial Intelligence Literacy: Scale Development and Its Effect on Job Performance
by
Xin Liu, Longxin Zhang and Xiaochong Wei
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060811 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
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With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence, its application in the workplace has shown significant innovative potential and practical value. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic and widely applicable definition and measurement framework for Generative AI Literacy. Based on the existing
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With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence, its application in the workplace has shown significant innovative potential and practical value. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic and widely applicable definition and measurement framework for Generative AI Literacy. Based on the existing literature and following a rigorous scale development process, this study constructs a Generative AI Literacy measurement framework that covers five core dimensions, basic technical competence, prompt optimization, content evaluation, innovative application, and ethical and compliance awareness, and validates its reliability and validity. Furthermore, based on the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) theory, this study explores the mechanism through which Generative AI Literacy influences employee job performance and examines the mediating role of Creative Self-Efficacy. The results show that Generative AI Literacy has a significant positive impact on job performance (β = 0.680, p < 0.001), with Creative Self-Efficacy playing a partial mediating role (indirect effect = 0.537). The developed five-dimensional framework demonstrates strong psychometric properties and provides empirical evidence for AI literacy’s role in enhancing workplace performance through Creative Self-Efficacy mechanisms. This study provides an effective measurement tool for research on the application of Generative AI Literacy in workplace settings and offers practical insights for organizations to optimize performance and promote the responsible use of AI.
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Open AccessArticle
Problematic Use of the Internet and Cybervictimization: An Empirical Study with Spanish Adolescents
by
Verónica Marcos, Francisca Fariña, Manuel Isorna, Santiago López-Roel and Katia Rolán
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060810 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
Background: Adolescence is a critical stage for the development of behaviours related to problematic Internet and social media use, as well as for the experience of cybervictimisation. The literature highlights the need to examine these types of adolescent behaviours. Method: A field study
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Background: Adolescence is a critical stage for the development of behaviours related to problematic Internet and social media use, as well as for the experience of cybervictimisation. The literature highlights the need to examine these types of adolescent behaviours. Method: A field study was designed to analyse the prevalence of problematic Internet and social media use, as well as cybervictimisation, sexting, and grooming. In total, 666 Spanish adolescents participated, 55.4% females and 44.6% males, with an age range between 14 and 18 years (M = 15.27, SD = 1.01). Results: The results showed that 15.8% of the participants were diagnosed as at risk for Internet and social media addiction; 27.2% of the participants were diagnosed as cyberbullying victims; 14.7% of the sample engaged in sexting behaviours, and 34.7% engaged in grooming behaviours. Additionally, significant gender differences were found in cybervictimisation behaviours, with females scoring higher. Conclusions: The findings are discussed in relation to the need to develop preventive and educational strategies that promote the safe and responsible use of the digital context.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychoeducation and Early Intervention)

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