The Effects of Nature Therapy on Affective and Cognitive Functioning

A Special Issue of Behavioral Sciences (ISSN 2076-328X) belonging to the section "Cognition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 6962

Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA 16172, USA
Interests: underlying cognitive and affective mechanisms associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder); nicotine consumption; interventions; nature therapy; underlying mechanisms; reducing symptom experiences; improving well-being

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As rates of psychological distress, cognitive overload, and digital immersion continue to rise, behavioral scientists are increasingly turning their attention to the restorative role of nature-based interventions. Nature therapy—encompassing practices such as forest bathing (shinrin-yoku), horticultural therapy, green exercise, and wilderness interventions—has shown promising outcomes across a range of psychological and cognitive domains, and this Special Issue will explore its cognitive and affective outcomes with an emphasis on the psychological processes, emotional mechanisms, and behavioral changes associated with exposure to natural environments.

In this Special Issue, cognitive and affective processes are understood to be general terms that include, but are not limited to, emotion regulation, attentional functioning, executive functioning, stress reactivity, and impulse control. The chosen methodology should encompass a variety of approaches, including experimental, longitudinal, and mixed-methods. Furthermore, investigations including both the acute and long-term outcomes of interventions such as forest bathing, green exercise, and immersive wilderness programs are encouraged. Priority will be given to research that takes a comprehensive approach and utilizes diverse methodological frameworks. Additionally, contributions that address questions of accessibility and culture in nature-based interventions are also encouraged.

The primary goal of this Special Issue is to synthesize rigorous and innovative research to advance our understanding of how behavioral engagement with natural environments supports mental and emotional well-being.

Dr. Jessica D. Rhodes
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • nature therapy
  • cognition
  • affect
  • well-being
  • forest bathing
  • emotion regulation
  • attention
  • stress reactivity

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 242 KB  
Article
Nature-Based Therapy: Exploring the Processes That Foster Change
by Jessica D. Rhodes and Helen M. Boylan
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16040574 - 11 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1534
Abstract
A growing body of research has demonstrated the positive impact of nature-based interventions on cognition, affect, and overall well-being. However, important questions remain regarding the processes through which nature therapy exerts its effects. Participants (n = 188) were recruited and randomly assigned to [...] Read more.
A growing body of research has demonstrated the positive impact of nature-based interventions on cognition, affect, and overall well-being. However, important questions remain regarding the processes through which nature therapy exerts its effects. Participants (n = 188) were recruited and randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions (nature therapy, nature only, mindfulness only, and control condition). While exposure to nature alone, mindfulness alone, and the combination of the two significantly decreased negative mood, only the combination of nature and mindfulness significantly improved positive mood. The present findings highlight the unique impact that nature-based interventions that also incorporate mindfulness techniques have on positive mood. These findings are consistent with research that demonstrates that positive mood enhancement is clinically meaningful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nature Therapy on Affective and Cognitive Functioning)
22 pages, 6593 KB  
Article
Therapist-Guided Versus Self-Guided Forest Immersion: Comparative Efficacy on Short-Term Mental Health and Economic Value
by Rosa Rivieccio, Francesco Meneguzzo, Giovanni Margheritini, Tania Re, Ubaldo Riccucci and Federica Zabini
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121618 - 24 Nov 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2340
Abstract
Forest therapy, guided by clinical professionals (psychologists or psychotherapists), is increasingly recognized as a preventive and complementary health practice with evidence-based therapeutic potential; however, the specific contribution of therapist guidance compared to self-guided immersion remains unclear. This retrospective study evaluated the short-term mental [...] Read more.
Forest therapy, guided by clinical professionals (psychologists or psychotherapists), is increasingly recognized as a preventive and complementary health practice with evidence-based therapeutic potential; however, the specific contribution of therapist guidance compared to self-guided immersion remains unclear. This retrospective study evaluated the short-term mental health outcomes of therapist-guided (TG) compared to self-guided (SG) forest immersion, based on the validated State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Profile of Mood States questionnaires. Data were collected from 282 adults participating in eight paired TG–SG sessions conducted at the same forest sites across Italy. The results showed that TG sessions were associated with greater improvements in state anxiety, self-esteem, and total mood disturbance, with statistically significant effects in most cases. Therapist-led guidance also occasionally reduced interindividual variability, suggesting enhanced emotional regulation. An illustrative economic assessment, based on standardized psychometric improvements translated into quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), indicated that the TG sessions yielded approximately 1.7 times the annual per-person economic value of the SG sessions, outweighing the associated therapist-related costs. These findings suggest that TG forest therapy interventions deliver significant and economically quantifiable added value compared to SG experiences, supporting their inclusion in preventive health and mental well-being programs and justifying further longitudinal and cost-effectiveness investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nature Therapy on Affective and Cognitive Functioning)
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Review

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23 pages, 517 KB  
Review
Effects of Digital Nature Interventions on Positive Psychological Outcomes: A Scoping Review
by Dev Bandhu Poudel, Karl E. Mitchell, Samjhana Acharya, Chandra Gurung and Yasuhiro Kotera
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071257 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 2106
Abstract
(1) Background: Digital nature, delivered through different media, has been proposed as a scalable substitute for physical nature exposure to support psychological well-being, especially in high-income countries. This scoping review aimed to map the evidence on digital nature interventions and positive psychological outcomes. [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Digital nature, delivered through different media, has been proposed as a scalable substitute for physical nature exposure to support psychological well-being, especially in high-income countries. This scoping review aimed to map the evidence on digital nature interventions and positive psychological outcomes. (2) Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, supplemented by AI search and citation tracking, for studies published between 2020 and 2025. The first search was conducted between 15 November 2025 and 25 December 2025 and revisited between 5 June 2026 and 10 June 2026. We included articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals with the full text available. (3) Results: Our search yielded 67 studies from diverse cultural settings in three categories: primary studies (N = 46), review articles (N = 19) and conceptual articles (N = 2). Digital nature was associated with reduced stress and anxiety, better mood, greater restorativeness, and stronger nature connectedness, across healthy individuals, older adults, and clinical populations; reviews supported these findings at a larger scale, though some flagged mixed results for specific outcomes and technologies. Two conceptual articles explained these patterns through biophilic design and digital placemaking. (4) Conclusion: Overall, digital nature appears to be a promising approach for promoting psychological well-being, particularly where access to natural environments is limited. However, the evidence is mixed, geographically concentrated in Europe, East Asia, and North America, and methodologically heterogeneous, with no studies from low-resource settings. Further research is needed in these underrepresented regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nature Therapy on Affective and Cognitive Functioning)
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